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Bitumen Basics

basic introduction of bitumen

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Haswanth Kollu
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42 views9 pages

Bitumen Basics

basic introduction of bitumen

Uploaded by

Haswanth Kollu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PAVEMENT

MATERIALS
PART 2: BITUMEN/ASPHALT BINDER
BACKGROUND

- Mankind's oldest engineering - Natural: Lake asphalt, rock asphalt.


material - Manufactured: Fractional distillation
- Most expensive and most of crude oil
important ingredient in
bituminous road construction
- Has strong adhesive and water
proofing properties
- Should not be confused with
‘Tar’
Source: Blownasphalt.com

2
BITUMEN IN INDIA

- Can be classified using API gravity values:


density/weight of a unit volume of
material expressed at 10 ℃

- API = 141.5/SG – 131.5

- 10 for water; 5-10 for Asphalt

- Low API: more bitumen, more sulfur

3
PROPERTIES
- Physical : Empirical, Mechanical (rheological)
- Chemical

Physical Tests

- Consistency tests: Penetration, Softening point, Ductility, Viscosity


- Ageing tests: Short term ageing (TFO, RTFO); Long term ageing (PAV)
- Purity tests
- Safety tests: Cleveland open cup
- Other tests: Specific gravity, spot test
4
Method: Temperature at which a standard steel ball
PHYSICAL TESTS placed in a standard brass ring filled with bitumen
travels a standard distance (1 inch), when heated at a
standard rate (5 ℃/min). The test assembly is placed
under water/ethylene glycol.

PENETRATION
Correlation with performance: Some literature identifies
it to be a rutting quantifying parameter. Higher the
softening point, stiffer the binder, better performance in
Method: Penetration of a standard needle weight rutting.
(100 gms/200 gms) for a standard time (5 s/ 60 s)
at a standard temperature (25 ℃/ 4 ℃)
Empirical test method

Correlation with performance: No, Empirical


Can you innovate alternatively?

Choice of Temperature: Average pavement


temperature
SOFTENING POINT

Can you innovate alternatively?

5
Method:
1. At 60 ℃: Time taken by the bitumen to pass
PHYSICAL TESTS through pre-marked points in an u-tube
viscometer when subjected to a standard air
pressure.
2. At higher temperatures (130 ℃/ 160 ℃):
Torque required to rotate a standard spindle
DUCTILITY TEST placed under the bitumen sample when rotated
at standard rate (20 rpm)
Correlation with performance: Some literature
Method: Distance travelled by a standard bitumen briquette identifies it to be a rutting quantifying parameter.
(center c/s area is 1 cm2), before breaking, when pulled at a Higher the viscosity, stiffer the binder, better
standard rate (5 cm/min) at a standard temperature (25 ℃). performance in rutting.
SG of water and bitumen should be same (use alcohol/salt to
decrease/increase)
Fundamental material property
Correlation with performance? Yes, but at lower temperatures
(15 ℃/4 ℃). Pulled at a slower rate (1 cm/min)

VISCOSITY

6
Method 2: Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT): 35 g
PHYSICAL TESTS sample placed in glass Jars kept at 163 ℃ for 85
minutes, rotated at 15 RPM with an airflow of 4000
ml/min
Improved version of TFOT: Takes shorter duration.
SHORT TERM AGEING

Method 1: Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT): 50 g sample placed in a


cylindrical flat bottom (9.5 mm deep, sample depth is 3 mm),
rotated at 5-6 rev per minute at 163 ℃ for 5 hours.
Simulates short term ageing of thin film of bitumen during
production to compaction.
Change in physical/rheological properties are assessed to get
the effect of ageing

SHORT TERM AGEING

7
PHYSICAL TESTS
Purity Tests:

LONG TERM AGEING Solubility in Trichloroethylene/Carbondisulfide. Bitumen,


dissolved and filtered through a glass fibre pad. 99 %
solubility desired.
Safety Tests:
Method: PAV: Pressure ageing vessel test: RTFO aged samples
(50 g) placed in stainless steel pans for 20 hours in a heated Cleveland open cup apparatus. Flash and fire point
pressurized vessel (2.10 Mpa) at standard temperatures (90
℃, 100 ℃ or 110 ℃).
Gradual release of pressure required. After removal, place in
oven at 163 ℃ for 15 min, scrape the materials into a single
container, place in an vacuum oven at 170 ℃ (30 minutes) for
degassing to removed entrapped air.
What does it simulate? Asphalt binder is exposed to heat and
pressure to simulate in-service aging over a 7 to 10 year OTHER TESTS
period.

8
THANK YOU
NIKHILSABOO.CIV@IITBHU.AC.IN

HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/PROFILE/NIKHI
L_SABOO2/

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