Topic I. Global Demography.

The study of the worldwide population rather than the population of a

specific country, region, or city. Global demography is useful because it
provides the "big picture" of the entire human population without influence
from local economic, cultural, or geographic factors.
Characteristics.
1. Population Growth: The global population has been steadily
increasing over time. While growth rates have slowed in recent years,
the overall population continues to rise, albeit at a slower pace.
2. Age Distribution: The age distribution of the global population is
shifting, with an increasing proportion of older individuals due to
declining fertility rates and improvements in healthcare leading to
longer lifespans. This trend has significant implications for healthcare,
retirement systems, and economic productivity.
3. Fertility Rates: Fertility rates vary widely across different regions and
countries. Generally, fertility rates have been declining globally,
influenced by factors such as education, access to contraception, and
socio-economic development.
4. Urbanization: The world is becoming increasingly urbanized, with
more people living in cities than ever before. This trend has
implications for infrastructure, resource management, and social
dynamics.
5. Migration: Migration patterns are influenced by factors such as
economic opportunity, political instability, and environmental changes.
Migration can have significant social, economic, and political impacts
both in the countries of origin and destination.
6. Population Aging: Many countries are experiencing population aging,
characterized by a growing proportion of elderly people relative to
younger generations. This demographic shift poses challenges related
to healthcare, pensions, and labor force participation.
7. Dependency Ratios: Changes in age demographics affect
dependency ratios, which measure the number of dependents (children
and elderly) relative to the working-age population. Higher dependency
ratios can strain social welfare systems and economic productivity.
8. Health and Mortality: Improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and
living standards have led to declines in mortality rates globally.
However, disparities in health outcomes persist, particularly between
developed and developing countries.
9. Ethnic and Cultural Diversity: The global population is
characterized by ethnic, cultural, and linguistic diversity.
Understanding and managing diversity is essential for promoting social
cohesion and addressing issues of equity and inclusion.
10. Environmental Impact: Population growth and demographic
trends have significant implications for the environment, including
resource consumption, pollution, and climate change. Sustainable
 development strategies must consider demographic factors to mitigate
environmental degradation.

Difference between Rural and Urban Areas

RURAL AREAS URBAN AREAS
1. Population Density: Rural 1. Population Density: Urban
areas generally have lower areas are characterized by
population densities high population densities,
compared to urban areas. with large numbers of people
People in rural areas often living in relatively small
live farther apart and are geographical areas. This
spread across larger density facilitates economic
geographic areas. productivity, social
2. Aging Population: Many interaction, and access to
rural areas experience services.
population aging as younger 2. Youthful Population:
individuals migrate to urban Urban areas typically have
centers in search of younger populations
employment and compared to rural areas, with
opportunities. This trend can higher birth rates and lower
result in declining median ages. This
populations and challenges demographic trend is fueled
in maintaining essential by factors such as better
services for older residents. access to education,
3. Economic Activities: healthcare, and employment
Traditional rural economies opportunities.
often revolve around 3. Economic Opportunities:
agriculture, forestry, fishing, Urbanization is associated
and mining. However, there with diverse economic
is increasing diversification, activities, including
with some rural areas manufacturing, services,
developing tourism, finance, technology, and
renewable energy, and niche creative industries. Urban
industries. centers attract investment,
4. Access to Services: Access talent, and innovation,
to healthcare, education, and driving economic growth and
other services can be limited development.
in rural areas due to factors 4. Infrastructure and
such as geographical Services: Urban areas tend
isolation, inadequate to have better infrastructure
infrastructure, and shortages and services compared to
of skilled professionals. rural areas, including
5. Migration: Rural transportation networks,
outmigration, particularly of healthcare facilities,
young adults, can lead to educational institutions, and
demographic imbalances cultural amenities. However,
and a shrinking workforce. disparities in access can
This phenomenon is often exist within cities, affecting
driven by a lack of economic marginalized communities.
opportunities and amenities 5. Immigration: Urban areas
in rural areas compared to often attract migrants from
urban centers. rural areas and other
countries in search of
employment, education, and
a better quality of life. This
influx of migrants contributes
to cultural diversity and labor
force dynamics in urban
centers.
Topic 2. Global Migration

This is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in

order to find work.

Reasons of Migration
1. Individual’s efforts to maximize their income.
2. Chances of secure employment.
3. Availability for entrepreneurial activity.
differ from one country to another.
4. Family strategy for survival chances.
5. Educational opportunities.
6. Recruitment for military service.
Topic 3. Sustainable Development

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to transform our world. They
are a call to action to end poverty and inequality, protect the planet, and ensure
that all people enjoy health, justice and prosperity. It is critical that no one is left
behind.

Familiarize

1. No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

2. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote
well-being for all at all ages.
4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women
and girls.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable, and modern energy for all.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote sustained, inclusive,
and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment,
and decent work for all.
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build resilient
infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and
foster innovation.
10. Reduced Inequality: Reduce inequality within and among
countries.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and human
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure
sustainable consumption and production patterns.
13. Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate change
and its impacts.
14. Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.
15. Life on Land: Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and biodiversity
loss.
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Promote peaceful
and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive
institutions at all levels.
17. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen the means of
implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development.