ANIMAL TISSUES

CLASS - 9
SCIENCE
Epithelial Tissue
• Characteristics
• Covering or Protective tissue in animal body.
• Epithelial cells are tightly packed.
• Cells form continuous sheet.
• Very little / No Intercellular space.
• All Epithelial tissues are separated by others
through basement membrane.
Epithelial tissue
• Functions
• Protection to body from injury, infection or
damage.
• Absorption - water and nutrients
• Eliminate - Waste
Epithelial tissue Types-
1) Squamous epithelium
• Cells are extremely thin.
• Cells are flat
• Irregularly shaped
• Types
• a) Simple Squamous epithelium- single layer of
cells, forms delicate lining. Eg:- Mouth and
oesophagus.
• b) Stratified squamous epithelium:-cells are
arranged in layers, prevent wear and tear.
• Eg:-Skin
2) Cuboidal Epithelium
• Cube like cells.
• Tall - wide
• Occurrence :-
• Eg- Salivary glands
• Lining of kidney tubules.
• Functions
• Absorption
• Secretion
• Protection
3) Columnar Epithelium
• Pillar like cells
• Tall- wide
• Occurrence
• Inner lining of intestine
• Lining of stomach.
• Functions
• Absorption
• Secretion
• Protection
4) Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium
• Cells have cilia on free surface.
• Cilia - hair like projections.
• Cilia facilitates movements.
• Occurrence
• Respiratory tract.
5) Glandular epithelium
• epithelial tissue folds inward, and a
multicellular gland is formed. This is glandular
epithelium.
• Occurrence
• In Both Exocrine and Exocrine glands.
MUSCLE TISSUE /
MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Characteristics
• Composed of muscle cells or muscle fibres.
• Muscle fibres are elongated and large sized.
• Contractile proteins are present in fibres.

⬇
• Contraction and relaxation

➡
•
• Contractile proteins Movement of body.
• Types
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle
Skeletal Muscles
• Characteristics
• Muscle fibres are elongated and cylindrical.
• Fast in nature.
• Unbranched.
• Each cell is multi nucleated ( many nuclei)
• Striations are present -alternate dark and light
bands.
• Easily fatigue.
• Other names
• Attached to skeletal - Skeletal muscles
• Striations are present - Striated muscles.
• Are the control of our will -voluntary muscles
• Functions -
• Helps in body movements
• Maintain posture.
Smooth Muscles
• Fibres are spindle shaped.( Pointed at the end)
• Single and centrally located Nucleus in each
cell. ie, Uninucleated
• Striations are absent.
• Unbranched
• Slow
• Do not fatigue.
• Other names
• Found in visceral organs - Visceral muscles
• Striations are absent - Unstriated muscles
• Not under the control of our will - Involuntary
muscles.
• Function
• Peristalsis
Cardiac Muscles
• Characteristics
• Fibres are cylindrical in shape.
• Each fibre is uninucleated.
• Fibres are branched.
• Striations are present.
• Do not fatigue.
• Only Present in heart.
• Other names
• Striations are present - Striated muscles.
• Not under the control of our will - Involuntary
muscles.
Conclusion - Muscular tissue
Connective Tissue
• Connects various body parts.
• Prevents organ from getting displaced by body
movements.
• Acts like binding, supporting and packing
material.
• Cells are loosely spaced.
• Cells are embedded in an Intercellular matrix.
• Matrix may be jelly, fluid, dense or rigid.
Types of connective tissue
• Areolar connective tissue - Loose and
Dense(Tendon and ligament)
• Adipose connective tissue
• Skeletal connective tissue- Bone and Cartilage
• Fluid connective tissue- Blood and lymph
Areolar connective tissue -
Loose connective tissue
• Structure- Cells+ loose gel like matrix.
• Occurrence - Between skin and muscles,
around blood vessels and nerves, In bone
marrow, In space inside organs.
• Functions
• Connects skin + muscles
• Fills the space inside the organ
• Supports internal organ
• Helps in repair of tissues.
Areolar connective tissue -
Dense connective tissue
• Tendons
• Fibrous tissue
• Great strength
• Limited flexibility
• Connects muscles to bones.
bones
• Ligament
• Considerable strength
• Little matrix is present.
• Connects bone with bones.
bones
Adipose connective tissue
• Structure -
• Aggregation of fat cells, Cells are rounded/ Oval,
Cell contains large fat droplet.
• Occurrence- Below skin, Between internal organs.
• Functions -
• Prevents body from mechanical shocks.
• Fats reservation.
• Act as an insulation.(less heat loss from the body)
• Temperature regulation.
Skeletal connective tissue -
Cartilage
• Widely spaced out cells.
• Extensive matrix - Protein and Sugars
• Matrix is slightly elastic.
• Cartilage is slightly elastic.
• Occurrence - Ear pinnae, nose tip, trachea, larynx.
• Smoothens bone surface at joints.
• Function
• Support and flexibility to body parts.
Skeletal connective tissue-
Bone
• Nature - Very strong, Non flexible, hard and
rigid, Bone cells are embedded in hard matrix,
Matrix is composed of calcium and
phosphorus compounds.
• Functions
• Forms a frame work
• Supports the body
• Provides shape to body.
• Protects vital organs like Brain, Lungs etc.
Fluid connective tissue
• Connects different parts of the body
• Maintains a continuity in the body.
• Two types
• Blood
• Lymph
Fluid connective tissue -
Blood
• Composed of blood cells / Blood corpuscles
• Blood cells move in liquid matrix called blood
plasma.
• Blood cells are of three types - RBS, WBC and
Platelets.
• Functions
• Blood flows and transport gases,digested food,
hormones and waste materials.
Fluid connective tissue -
Lymph
• Colourless fluid.
• RBCs and blood proteins are absent.