Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Department of Humanitics and Social Sciences

MA Culture Society Thought
Admission Test 2024-25
A
Application No.

Room No. SeatNo.

1. This question paper has 65 questions (100 marks). General Apitude (GA)
section for 40 marks and the subject specificsection for 60marks. Both
sections are compulsory.
2.The GA section consists of 26 questions, out of which 12 questions carry 1
mark each, while the remaining 14 questions carry 2 marks each.
3. The subject specificsection consists of 39 questions,out of which 18 questions
each.
carry 1 mark each, which the remaining 21 questions carTy 2 marks
4. The question paper consists of multiple choice questions (MCQ).
correct
1. MCOshave four choices out of which ONLY ONE choice is the
answer. The candidate has to choose the correct answer bymarking the
correct choice cicle on the OMR sheet.

5. Allof the questions will be worth 1 or 2 marks.

6. There are Two types of MCQs:
1. MCQs - 1 mark for each correct answer; 1/3 mark will be deducted for
every wTOng answer.

2. MCQs -2 marksfor each correct answer; 2/3 marks will be deducted for
every incorrect response.

1
 General Aptitude

Questions 1 to 12 carry ONE MARK each

Q1. Choose the sentence that is
grammatically correct.
A. Had I known about your
B. Had I knew about your injury,I would not have asked you to drive.
I
injury,
C. Had I known about your would not have asked you to drive.
injury, Icould not asked youto
D. Had I known about your
injury, I won't have asked you todrive.drive.

Q2. The most appropriate antonym for

"decrepit" is
A. infirm
B. sturdy
C. indescribable
D. descriptive

Q3. Consider amathematical operator @' such

value of 5@5 would be
that: 2@2=5;3@3= 11; 404 =19. Then the
A. 28
B. 29
C. 31
D. 33

Q4.The floor of a square-shaped room with the length of a side as

new tiles. The room has four square pillars of 12 feet is to be refurbished with
cross-sectional dimension
its four corners. If the size of new tiles is 1 foot by 1 foot, then 1 foot by 1foot on each of
the minimum number of such tiles
required for refurbishment would be

A. 136
B. 140
C. 144
D. 148
Q5. The most appropriate antonym for "parsimonious" is
A. cheerful
B. extravagant
C. beautiful
D. pious

2
 O6. Aperson walks 3 km cast followed by 4 km
location and the person's current location is north. The dlistance between the person's starting
A. 3.00 km
B. 4.00 km
C. 5.00 km
D. 5.34 km
Q7. Avegetable vendor sells apples with 10%
apples for Rs. 825, then the cost price of 1 kg ofprofit on the cost price. If the vendor sells 5 kg of
apples would be
A. 150.0
B.907.5
C. 181.5
D. 750.0

Q8. "To obviate" is

A. "to render unnecessary"

B. "to make obvious"
C. "to boast"
D. "to violate"

Q9. What is the next number in theseries 1, 4,2, 5, 3, 6,

4?
A. 2
B.5
C.6
D. 7

Q10. The word temper" may be used

A. as a noun as well as a verb
B. as a noun as well as an adverb
C. as a gerund as well as a verb
D. only as a noun

Q11. A Suffragist is someone who

A. believes in the moral benefitsof suffeing
B. devises ways of making others suffer
C. wants women to have the right to vote
D. is an excellent strategist

3
Q12. Which of the following is NOT an idiomatic English phrase?

A. in high spirits
B. in good spirits
C. in low spirits
D. in enjoyable spirits

Questions 13 to 26 carry TWO MARKS each

Read the following passage and answer questions 13 to 15.
entirely 'Indian-English' in origin and usedended.
Did you know that 'playback singing' is aterm the silent era of movies in India
exclusively in India? It was probably coined a little after
own songs, most Indian ones id not This
While most Hollywood stars of the time sang their
singers to be heard without being seen, and
created the scope, in the 1940s and 1950s, for Indian Mangeshkar sisters, Lata and Asha, took
reality. The
the concept of playback singing became aheard, never seen. Apparently, for the first two decades of
centre stage, albeit backstage, only to be
Bombay since very few people recognized them
their careers they could move around freely in
until of course they started humming a tune!
thought of an Indian female vocalist performing
The point I'm making is that back then even the heard -
stage, swaying to the music, expressing herself via a song that could be seen - not just
on a
on stage seventy years ago?
was a far cry. Can you picture Lata or Asha doing that
live on stage, grooving to the beat, and belting
But some female singers were already performing and posh nightclubs in Calcutta, Madras, and
restaurants
out pop songs and jazz classics in chic sang
Bombay. Dressed to kill, they made eye contact with their audience, o0zed confidence, and
career option for talented women in India.
from deep within- and so was bom yet another

passage describes two modes of performance in India in the decades immediately after
Q13. The and not seen. Second,where female
Independence. First, where female singers could be heard combinations describes the first and
following
singers were both heard and seen. Which of the
second modes respectively?
A. masculine, feminine
B.outdoor, indoor
C. recording, live
D.vocation, hobby
following occurred prior to the emergence of the term
Q14.According to the passage, which of the
'playback singing'?

A.Emergence of 'playback insinging' in Hollywood.

B. The end of the silent era Indian cinema.
C.The Mangeshkar sisters attained fame.
languages.
D. Hollywood musicals were dubbed in Indian

4
 Q13. What are the appropriatesynonyms for
the passage: tlheterms "centre stage" and
"backstage"" as given in
A. middling, undercover
B. medium, offstage
C. limelight, in
D. prime focus, camera
delayed
Read the following passage and answer
questions 16 to 18.
When the band's musicians had put their
instruments back in
basement, the air was green. For part of the way the patrons oftheir
the
cases and came out of the
New
behind the musicians, as if reluctant to sever the bond that had Titania walked in a group
formed in the club during the night
among the people gathered there, by chance or habit, and they went forward in a
men inside the turned-up collars of their overcoats, single party, the
assuming a cadaverous look, like mummies
brought into the open air from the sarcophagi, which,
moment crumble to dust; but awave of excitement, onpreserved for four thousand years, in a
the contrary, infected the women, who
sang, each to herself, leaving their cloaks open over their low-cut
long skirts through the puddles in unsteady dance evening dresses, swishing their
movements, thanks to that process peculiar to
intoxication which makes a new euphoria bloom from the colapse and dulling of the
euphoria, and in all of them there seemed to remain the hope previous
that the party was not yet over, that
the players at a certain point would stop in the middle of the
take out their saxophones and double basses. street, reopen their cases, and again

Q16. The given passage implies that

A. the musicians have just finished
B. the musicians are preparing for aperforming.
C. the musicians are performing in theperformance.
open.
D. the musicians are preparing for a dance.

Q17. In the passage, who are being compared to

mummies"?
A. The musicians
B. Egyptian pharaohs
C. The women
D. The men

Q18. According to the passage, the men were while the women were
A. pale, enthused
B. euphoric, infected
C. hopeful, unsteady
D. awake, intoxicated

5
Q19. Consider the following statements:
Some flowers are rose-colored.
Anything rose-colored does not come cheap.
inferenccs are made:
Based on these statements, the following
(i) Rose-colored flowers are expensive.
(ii) Some flowers are cheap.

Which of the following options is correct?

A. (i)
B. (ii)
C. Both (i) and (i)
D. Neither (i) nor )

rearranged without
of ways in which the letters of the word SOCIETY can be
Q20. The Dumber
using Y as the first letter is

A. 4320
B. 5040
C. 720
D.5880
bought by
table below shows the quantity (in Kg) and price (in Rs. per Kg) of two items
Q21. The due to
percentage change in the price of the two items
Rohan in the year 1990 as well as the
inflation in the year 1991.
Price (for 1990) Change in price (in %)
Item Quantity (for 1990)
50 10
10
Apple 100
5
Banana 20

across the two years, his

of the two items purchased identical
If Rohan wishes to keep the quantity change by %.
total expenditure on the two items must

A. 20
B. 25
C.30
D. 35
average score of 100 of these
students in a course is 61. If the
Q22. The average score of 101 remaining student is
students is 60.8, then the score of the

A, 61
B. 71
C. 81
D. 91

6
 Q23. The following pie charts
depict two groupsof stucdents opting for
different disciplines.
Maths 15% Hnh 104h)
Englsh 15W
Biology 256

Chemistry 35%
Philosophy 259%
Physics 25% Socinlagy 50%

Group A
Group B
Which one of the following statements can be
deducted from the charts
A. The number of students opting for
B. The number of students opting for Maths equals the number of students opting for English.
C. Among all disciplines, the number Biology equals the number of students opting for
of students opting for Sociology Physics.
D. The number of students opting for is the highest.
Maths and Biology equals the number of students
English and Philosophy opting for
Read the following passage and answer
questions 24 to 26.
Theatre scholars have identified the political and cultural changes during the decades of
and the 1950s, with 1947 as a watershed year, the 1940s
directly concerned with national liberation andwhich became important for raising issues that were
effects at homeby staging 600 plays in the first Independence,
six years of
worker's rights,World War II and its
curtailed governmental censorship. Governmental efforts were
by its formation, its efforts were severely
sponsoring the formation of cultural boies that would assemble, channelized instead into
traditions of the nation and its theoretical forms. Such identify, and develop the cultural
1950s of the Sangeet Natak Akademi in New Delhi and efforts resulted in the establishment of in the
New Delhi. Independence- Partition thus the National School of Drama, also in
identified the pan-Indian cultural
as brought forth a call for a national theatre in three
phases,
by IPTA [Indian People's Theatre movement that was part of the colonial struggle, spearheaded
Association]; the Nehruvian cultural policy to seek unity in
diversity through centralized organizations
and the National School of Drama in the like the Sahitya Akademi, the Sangeet Natak Akademi
fifties; and the seventies' call for "back to the
decolonize our theatres'. Evidently, the ideological basis roots" to
for the rubric of a 'national' theatre in
these phases and movements was quite
heterogenous.
Q24. The following are decades and phases in
Indian Theatre.
(x) 1950s (i)) call for "back to the roots"
y)1970s (ii) IPTA led cultural
(2) 1940s movemenl
(iii)centralized state institutions
Choose the correct combination,
A. z - ii, x-i, y- iii
B. z- ii, x- ii, y -i
C.z-i, X-iii,y -ii
D. z-i, x-i, y-ii

7
 following was at least partly responsible for the call
Q25. According to the passage, which of the
"back to the roots" in Indian theatre?

A. Nehruvian cultural policy

B. govermmental censorship
C. the Bengal Famine
D. None of the above
CORRECT?
which of the following sentences is
Q26. According to the given passage,
important role in the 1970s.
A.Governmental censorship played an hunger and violation of workers' rights.
B. Nehruvian policy was responsible for
of the anti-colonial movement.
C. The IPTA was part
communal.
D.The plays performed by the IPTA were

8
 Subject (Culture, Society, Thought)
Questions 27 to 44 carry ONE MARK each
Q27. Whereas a metaphor connects two
metonymy connects them based on entities on the basis of some shared quality or
qualities,
A.
B. temporal progress
C.
ancestry or lineage
D.
association or contiguity
nationality
Q28.What did Kant mean by
Enlightenment (Auflärung)?
A.Refutation of religion
B. Freedom from slf-incurred
immaturity
C. Mystical experience of wisdom
D. Identity of man and nature

Q29. According to Marx, the capitalist buys the worker's

the capitalist for money is labour power -a labour with money. What is, thus, sold to
price of labour power? commodity. What is the term he uses to denote the

A. Income
B. Wages
C. Profit
D. Cost of existence

Q30. According to Weber, which among the

following combinations refers to the unequal
distribution of economic rewards and social honour?
A. Charisma and Role
B. Class and Charisma
C. Class and Status
D. Role and Privilege

Q31. Who wrote the following works?: Death On the Nile;

Five Little Pigs; Murder at the
Vicarage.
A Arthur Conan Doyle
B Edgar Allan Poe
C Agatha Christie
D. Stieg Larsson

9
 features a famous courtesan as a protagonist?
Q32. Which of the following plays
is in Session)
A Shantata! Court chalu ahe (Silence! The Court
B Mrcchakatika(The LittleClay Cart)
C. Abhijnanashakuntala (The Recognition of Shakuntala)
D. Name, Place, Animal, Thing
Copy
of life's preciousness is beautifully depicted in my films like Certified
Q33. The theme illustrator and graphic designer.
I am also a poet, philosopher, painter,
and The Koker Triology.
Who am 1?

A Wong Kar-Wai
B. Nuri Bilge Ceylan
C Govindan Aravindan
D. Abbas Kiarostami
sphere" in
the following places can be the best example of the concept "public
Q34. Which of Habermas?
post-enlightenment Europe as explicated by Jurgen
A. Post Office
B. Bank
C.Court
D.Coffee House

anthropologists is approvingly cited by Ambedkar in his paper

Q35. Which of the following
"Castes in India"(1916)?

A. Senart
B. Gabriel Tarde
C. Ketkar, V
D. LeviStrauss

the island of Lesbos.

Q36. Identify the lyric poet from
A. Pindar
B. Sappho
C. Hölderlin
D. Ovid

schools is the Tripitaka related?

Q37. To which of the following

A. Jainism
B. Buddhism
C. Samkhya
D. Nyaya

10
038. Karukku is a well-known
A dance fom from Kerala
B. ancient Tamil epic
C.
autobiographical work of a Dalit wriler
D. Sanskrit play

Q39.What are the four Purusharthas?

A. Artha, Kama, Moksha, Saty a.
B. Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha
C. Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, Sanyasa
D. Satya, Ananda, Kama, Moksha.

can not step into

Q40. The statement from the pre- Socratic Greek philosopher Heraclitus that you
the samne river twice means

A that nothing stays the same and existence is like the flow of ariver.
B that atoms are indestructible and are eternally in motion.
C. that there are void spaces between atoms.
D that there is no water in the river.

Q41. In 1932, the creation of separate electorates for Dalits was the subject of a major debate
between
A. Nehru and Gandhi
B. Nehru and Ambedkar
C. Gandhi and Ambedkar
D. Patel and Ambedkar

Q42. Which of the following does not belong to the corpus of concepts developed by Michel
Foucault?

A. Discipline
B. Deployment of Sexuality
C. Habitus
D. Archaeology

Q43. Hegel's system of philosophy is

A. cultural relativism
B. relative idealism
C. absolute idealism
D. historical materialism

11
 Q44. An individual's way of acting or thinlking, whether fixed or not, stands capable of coming
into action through external constraints exerted over the individual.

Which of the following concepts describes the above statement?

A.Rationality
B. Social Fact
C. Deviation
D. Affect

Questions 45 to 65 carry TWO MARKS each

045. Match the authors with the centuries in which they worked.
1. Mary Wollstonecraft m. 17 century
2. Emily Dickinson D. 18" century
3. Aphra Behn o. 19h century
4. Lalithambika Antharjanam p. 20th century

Choose the correct combination.

A. 1-p; 2-n; 3-m; 4-o
B. 1-n; 2-p; 3-o; 4-m
C. 1-n; 2-o; 3-m; 4-p
D. 1-0; 2-n; 3-m; 4-p

Q46. Person Acan act without interference from B. Bcan set the rules for Ato act, but decides not
todo so. Which of the following statements coecdy captures the relationship between Aand B?
(a) A andB are equal.
(b) B is in a dominant position.
(c) Ais totally free
(d) Bis indecisive

Read the following passage and answer the questions 47 and 48 below.
Aview of how theory functions in an interpretive science suggests that the distinction that appears
in the experimental or observational sciences between "description" and "explanation" appears
here as relative..between inscripions" (thick description") and specification" ("iagnosis") -
between setting down the meaning particular social actions have for the actors whose actions they
are, and seting as explicitly as we can manage, what knowledge thus attained demonstrates about
the society in which it is found and beyond that about social life as such.

12
Q47. Consider the following statements

i. The writer prefers the methods of observable sciences to interpretive sciences.

ü. The writer unifies the methodologies of observable sciences and interpretive sciences.
ii. The writer conjectures the methodology of interpretive scicnces as tentative.
iv. The writer considers "witing" as part of the methodology of the interpretive sciences.
Which one of the following is correct with reference to the above passage?
A.iand ii
B.i and ii
C. Just ii
D. Just iv

Q48. Which one of the following statements is false?

A. The writer defines "thick description" as a form of writing.
society.
B. The task of the interpretive sciences is to arrive at a theory about
theory of social life as such.
C. Atheory about a particular society can be extended to a
D. Atheory of social actions is attained on completely objective perspective.

Q49. People who feel no temptation before closed doors, who about have no cuiosity about human
the people who live in those
beings, who are content to admire scenery without wondering from sociology. They will findit
houses on the other side of the river, should probably... stay away
interested in human beings only if they can
unpleasant or, at any rate, unrewarding. People who are find sociology much less
will
change, convert or reform them should also be warned, for they
useful than they hoped.
passage?
Which among the following arguments can be inferred from the above

A. Sociology is not practical, therefore, it cannot reform society.

B. Sociology requires extensive travelling.
C. Sociology is purely empirical.
D. Sociology should not be confused with social work.

tumko khabar hote taq"

Q50. "Maana ki tagaaful na karoge lekin/khaag ho jaayenge hum
before you comne to know."
"While youmay not ignore me,/ I'l be ashes before you
These lines are by

A Mir Taqi Mir

B Faiz Ahmed Faiz
C Sahir Ludhianvi
D. Mirza Ghalib

13
Read the following passage and answer the questions 51 and 52 below.
The uniqueness of the work of art is identical to its embeddedness in the context of tradition. Of
course, the tradition itself is thoroughly alive andextremcly changeable. An ancient statueof
Venus, for example existed in tlhe traditional context for the Greeks (who made it an object of
worship) that was different from the context in which it existed for the medieval clerics (who
viewed it as asinister idol). But what was equally evident to both of them was its uniqueness-that
is its aura. Originaly, the embeddedness of an artwork in the context of tradition is a cult. As we
know, the earliest artworks originated in the service of rituals -first magical and then religious. And
it is highly significant that the artwork's auratic mode of existence is never entirely severed from
its ritual function.

Q51.Which one of the following statements is false?

A. The ancient Greek people saw the statue of Venus as full of aura.
B. The signification of the statue of Venus changed over time.
C. The clerics of the medieval period saw the statue of Venus without any aura.
D. The statue of Venus is embedded in the traditions of magic and ritual.

Q52. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Anartwork attains cult valuein a tradition.

B. An artwork attains cult value in a ritual.
C. At times, an artwork is a magical object.
D. An artwork's cult value makes it lose its uniqueness.
Q53. In his essay "Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences", Jacques
Derrida proposes that
A. the idea of a discourse capable of breaking completely with all received discourses can
only be a myth.
B. the affirmation of play is only possible for gods, not for mortals.
C. Lévi-Strauss's study of myth is biased against doctors and engineers.
D. the discourse of the human sciences became decisively algebraic in the twentieth century.

Q54. Match the following books with their primary narative setings.
(i-i) give the titles of the books. (p-s) give the primary narrative settings.
i. Covenant of Water p. Kerala
ii. Sacred Games q. Mumbai
iii. InCustody r Kolkata
s. Delhi
Choose the correct combination.

A. i.-p; ii-q; ii-s

B. i.-s; ii-q; ii-r
C. i-p; ii-r; ii-q
D. i.-r; i-s; ii-p

14
Q55. According to Marx, the boundaries of the village have been but scldom altered, and though
the villages themselves have been sometimes injured andeven desolatcdby war, famine, and
disease, the same name, the same limits, the same interests and even the sane families have
contributed for ages. The inhabitants gave themselves no trouble about the brcaking up and the
division of kingdoms; while the village remains enúre, they care not to what power it is transferred
or towhat sovereign it devolves:its internal economy remains unchanged.
On what basis does Marx support the idea of self-sufficiency of the Asian village?

A. The village is deeply involved in power shifts beyond its boundaries.

B. The core socio-economicstructure in the village is unaltered.
C. The village life is unaffected by crisis and disaster.
D. The division of kingdoms influences local forms of governance in the village.

Q56. Which of the following combinations agree with Locke's distincion between
the primary
and secondary qualities of things?
A. Primary: shape, colour, size
Secondary: number, smell, texture

B. Primary: smell, texture, number

Secondary: size, shape, texture

C. Primary: size, shape, number

Secondary: smell, texture,colour

D. Primary: texture, shape, smell

Secondary: number, colour, size

literature as mythical,
Q57. Who, among the following, has mapped the thematic modes of
romantic, high mimetic, low mimetic and ironic?

A Northrop Frye
B. Alexander Pope
C. Roland Barthes
D. Erich Auerbach

15
Q58. "The novel comes into contact with the spontaneity of the
inconclusive present; this is what
keeps the genre from congealing. The novelist is drawn towards everything that is not yet
completed. He may turm up on the field of representation in any authorial pose, he may depict real
moments in his own life or make allusions to them, he may interfere in the
heroes, he may openlypolemicize with his literary enemies and so forth."3 -conversations
of his
Mikhail Bakhtin.

Which of the following may be correctly inferred from this passage?

A. Anovelist must maintain a position of objectivity when describing his own time.
B. The novel, just like the epic, is a form capable of intervening in the author's own present.
C. Many authorial positions or stances are available to the novelist.
D. All novels attempt to provide a conclusion tothe inconclusive present."

Q59. "IH a person possesses any tolerable amount of common sense and experience, his own mode
of laying out his existence is the best, not because it is the best in itself, but because it is his
oWn
mode". Which of the following is a defence of the above statement?
A. Virtue
B. Equality
C. Community
D. Liberty

Q60. "During these last decades the interest in professional fasting has markedly diminished. It
used to pay very well to stage such great performances under one's own management, but today
that is quite impossible. We live in a different world now. At one time the whole town took a lively
interest in the hunger artist; from day to day of his fast the excitement mounted; everybody wanted
to see him at least once a day....".

Which of the following is correct with respect to this passage?

A. It is about Mahatma Gandhi and provides a critique of his political methods.
B "Professional fasting" is described as work that is increasingly popular among artists of
various kinds.
C. It suggests that artists are only interested in fame, not in money.
D It is an extract from a story by Franz Kafka.

16
Q61. "Take any action allowed to be vicious: Wilful murder. for instance. Examine it in all lignts,
call vice. In whichever Way
and see ifyou can find that matter of fact, or real existence, which you
thoughts. There is no other
you take 1t, you find only certain passions, motives, volitions, and your reflection in to your own
matter youconsider the obiect. You can never find it. till you turn
towards this action". What aspect
breast, and find a sentiment [disapprovall., which arises in you,
of moralitydoes this statement capture?
A. Moral values are a product of our sentiments
B. Morality is objective
C. Moral values are the product only of reason
D. Morality is based on care

(iv) correctly fill(s) the blank.

Q62. Some of the following phrases (i) to

Virtue according to Aristotle is

(i) reasoD

(ü) the mean by reference to two vices

(ii) happiness people to have
(iv) traits of character that are good for
combinations is correct?
Which of the following

A. i, ii, ii
B. ii, iv
C. i, iv
D.i, iv

burgeoning confidence inthe human ability to

Q63. "The enlightenment was characterised by aand fundamental principles, to predict its future,
make sense of the world, to grasp its regularitiesmankind. After millennia of ignorance, terror, and
and to manipulate its powers for the benefit of understand nor control, mankind faced the
superstition, cowering before forces it could neither
world in which it might feel safely and
prospect of being able to at last build a human world, a
securely at home."

Theabove paragraph represents

A. a critique of the enlightenment
controlling the inner human nature
B. the idea that controlling outer nature ends up in
through reason
C. the idea that both human beings and society can be perfected
D. the idea that humans cannot make sense of the
world

17
 Q64.To refuse to give, or to fail to invite, is - likerefusing to accept - the equivalent of
declaration of war; it is arefusal of friendship and intercourse. Again, one gives because one is
forced to do so, because the recipient has asort of proprielary right over everything which belongs
to the donor. This right is expressed and conceived as a sort of spiritual bond.

According to Marcel Mauss, what does the refusal to receivelaccept denote in the system of gift
giving?
A. Loss of rank/status
B. Making of a self-reliant society
C. Free will
D. Scarcity

Q65. "If one considers an article of manufacture, as for example, a book or a paper knife- one
sees that it has been made by an artisan who had a conception of it; and he has paid attention,
equally, to the conception of a paper knife and to the pre-existent technique of producion which is
a part of that conception and is, at bottom, a formula. Thus thepaper knife is at the same time an
article producible in a certain manner and one which, on the other hand, serves a definite purpose,
for one cannot suppose that a man would produce a paper knife without knowing what it was for.
Let us say, then, of the paper knife that its essence- that is tosay the sum of the formulae and the
qualities which made its production and its definition possible- precedes its existence"- Jean Paul
Sartre Existentialism is Humanism.

According to Sartre, for a human béing

A. essence precedes existence

B. existence precedes essence

C. to exist is to be a value of a bounded variable

D. existence is a gift of God

18