© 2024 JETIR September 2024, Volume 11, Issue 9 www.jetir.

org (ISSN-2349-5162)

Complete Solution to the Hubble tension from

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Temperature
Subramanian. S, Independent Researcher, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (Diploma)
Gomathi Ambal Polytechnic, Maveeran Pooli Thevar Nagar, Malaiyadikurichi – 627 755,
Thirunelveli – District, Tamilnadu, India.
No.77a/34, Veeraperumal Koil Street, Mylapore, Chennai – 600 004, India

Abstract:
This paper presents a complete solution to the current issue of Hubble tension that arises between Planck 2018 team and SHOES
team. Herein we introduce a new constant named as "Dark Constant." Dark Constant is the ratio of X-Energy with the energy of
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. While estimating X-Energy, we also show the relationship between X-Energy and
Hubble's constant (Ho). In the same way we show relationship between Hubble's constant (H o) and Cosmic Microwave
Background Temperature (T). There by we derive a solution to the Hubble tension/issue, estimate the value for Dark Constant,
and an estimate for the total age of the universe. This paper estimates the Temperature (T) when age of the universe was 1 second.
The main finding of this paper is that the Hubble's constant (H o) is proportional to the Cosmic Microwave Background
temperature and according to this research the correct value for H o at 2.725K is 72.4646989313493 Km/s/Mpc. Thereby this
research resolves the tension arising due to the differing values for H o presented by the various team.
Keywords:
Hubble constant, Hubble tension, CMB, CMB-Temperature, age of the universe, intergalactic, Dark Constant, Cosmic ladder.

1. Introduction:
In 1908, H.S Leavitt’s discovery gave the relationship between period and Luminosity which was used to calculate the Cosmic
distances from the earth to stars depending upon their brightness [1]. In 1917, Slipher had calculated the radial velocities of 25
“Spiral nebulae”, out of which three are moving away, thus underlining the concept of the expansion of the universe [2].
Big – Bang theory with the expansion of the universe [3]. Edwin Hubble and Georges Lemaitre gave birth to the Hubble –
Lemaitre law [4]. Calculating the present value of Hubble parameter Ho by the relation between the radial velocity of galaxies and
their distances [5]. Value of Ho obtained from the planck 2018 of CDM model is 67.04 + 0.5 km/s/Mpc [6], and according to the
SHOES team value is 73.04 + 1.04 km/s/Mpc [7]. The value of Ho obtained from the above said teams shows discrepancy known
as Hubble tension which still exists. Inhomogeneity concept of the universe with the distribution of galaxies and cosmic structure
which are not uniform and also with some differences in the density of matter [8]. Early Dark Energy (EDE) models which was
used to study the early expansion of the universe. [9]. Modified gravity as a F(R) gravity [10, 11]. Phantom energy as a dark
energy with “W < - 1” and Relativistic Degree of Freedom [12]. Vacuum energy as a dark energy which interacts with matter and
radiation [13]. Estimating the value of Ho by using the black holes shadow through observation and Cosmic distance estimation
[14]. Estimating the value of Ho through statistical method by Grey sirens [15]. Ellipsodial Geometry with anisotropy universe
and not a isotropy in the FLRW model [16]. To resolve the Hubble tension by using quantum gravity [17]. Solving the Hubble
tension from CMB temperature extraction method with Ho = 66.8713 km/s/Mpc and Ho = 66.8945 km/s/Mpc [23] are the papers
regarding resolving the Hubble tension. But Hubble tension still exists and there is no clear or correct solution to this present
issue.
In our worksheet we demonstrate that using the respective value of Ho from Planck 2018 - team and SHOES-team and calculating
the CMB temperature (T) for each of these methods not only vary among themselves but also differ largely from the present CMB
temperature of 2.725K. In our method we derive a relationship between Hubble's constant Ho and CMB temperature (T) by first
finding the ratio between X-Energy and CMB Energy. We have named this ratio as "Dark Constant" and using this ratio we
establish the relationship between X-Energy and CMB (T) as well as the relationship between X-Energy and Ho. Using all these
relationships we derive the correct value for Ho and its associated CMB (T), which matches the present CMB temperature of
2.725K. The value of Planck's constant (h) used in our calculations is 6.62607015x10-34Js[21]. We now proceed to provide the
proofs with mathematical equations and examples in the following sections of this paper.
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2. Dark Constant(DC):
Since the CMB is a perfect black body radiation and its energy radiation can be calculated by the Planck's famous formula
E=hv (1)
Now the above equation (1) can be written as follows,
ECmb = hvcmb (2)
Where Ecmb is the energy of the CMB radiation in joule, h is the Planck's constant and v is the peak frequency of CMB radiation
in Hz or s-1
Now the ratio of the X-Energy with the Energy of the CMB radiation is called as the Dark Constant. This Constant is the
dimensionless Constant. This can be expressed in the equation as,
X-Energy Ex
= = Dark Constant(DC) (3)
CMB- Ecmb
Energy
Value of Dark Constant,(DC) is 1.46594448887768 x10-29
In the same way, ratio of the Hubble Constant Ho with the frequency v of CMB is called as the Dark Constant (DC) and it can be
expressed as follows,
Ho
= Dark Constant(DC) (4)
Vcmb

Ho is the Hubble constant and it is expressed in s-1 and Vcmb is the frequency of CMB radiation in s-1. Like that 𝑇𝑝  and 𝑇𝑢 can
related as
Tp
= Dark Constant(DC) (5)
Tu

Where Tp is the Time period in s and Tu is the age of the universe in s

3. Relationship between X-Energy & CMB Temperature (T):

We know that,
h x v = 2.8214 x K x T (According to the Reference paper [18]) (6)
Above equation can be rearranged as:
h x Vcmb = 2.8214 x K x T (7)
Since E = h x v equation (7) can be rearrange as follows,
Ecmb = 2.8214 x K x T (8)
Where Ecmb is the energy of CMB radiation in joule, K is Boltzmann constant and T is the CMB temperature in Kelvin (common
to both early and late universes), according to the Reference paper [19] value of the Boltzmann constant is 1.380649 x10-23J/k.
Substitute
Ecmb = Ex/Dark Constant in equation (8):
Ex
= (2.8214) x (K) x (T) (9)
Dark Constant

Rearranging the above equation (9), we get:

Ex = (2.8214) x (K) x (T) x (DC) (10)
Substitute K = 1.380649 x10-23, DC = 1.46594448887768 x 10-29 in the above equation
(10), we get:
Ex = 5.71038605191071 x 10-52 x T - (11)
(Or)
Ex = ∆ x T (1 2)
Where Ex is the X- Energy expressed in joule, T is the CMB Temperature in Kelvin and ∆ is the Constant and the value is
5.71038605191071x10-52 J/K.
Highlight points:
(1) X-ENERGY Ex is directly proportional to the CMB Temperature (T)
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(2) This formula can be directly used for the late & the early universe.
(3) Increasing of (T) causes the X-Energy (Ex) to increase.
(4) Decreasing of (T) causes the X-Energy (Ex) to decrease
(5) Points (3) & (4) confirms that the Temperature (T) is very high when the age of the universe is
1s (T=1.16035414939817x1018K) see Example 7: and the Temperature (T) is gradually decreases to the present Cosmic
Microwave Background Temperature T=2.725K (Value of T according to the Reference Paper [20])
4. Estimating X-Energy:
Example: 1 To find out the X-Energy Ex given that CMB temperature is 2.725 K (according to the Reference paper [20])
We know that,
Ex = ∆ x T from equation (12)
-52
= 5.71038605191071x10 x 2.725
-51
= 1.55608019914567x10 J
Example 1a:
To find out the X - energy (Ex) given that temperature (T) is 1.16035414939817 x 10 18K
[value T is taken from Example 7] and the age of the universe is 1s.
Solution:
Ex = ∆ x T from equation (12)
-52 18 -34
= (5.71038605191071x10 ) x (1.160354 14939817x10 ) = 6.62607015x10 J

5. Showing Relationship between X-Energy (Ex) & Ho:

We know that,
Ecmb = h x vcmb from equation (2)
1
Substitute Vcmb =
𝑇𝑝

We get:
ℎ
Ecmb = (13)
𝑇𝑝

Substitute Tp = Tu x Dark Constant (DC) from equation (5) to the above equation (13), we get:
ℎ
Ecmb = (14)
𝑇𝑢 𝑋 𝐷𝐶
Substitute Age of the universe T u = 1/H0 in the above said equation (14), we get:
(ℎ) 𝑥 (𝐻0 )
Ecmb = (15)
𝐷𝐶
Substitute Ecmb = Ex/DC in the above said equation (15), we get:
𝐸𝑥 (ℎ) 𝑥 (𝐻0 )
=
𝐷𝐶 𝐷𝐶

Simplifying the above, we get the final equation as,

Ex = h x Ho (16)
Where Ex is the X – Energy and it’s expressed in Joule, h is the Planck’s constant and H0 is the Hubble’s constant
expressed is S-1.

6. Showing Relationship between H0 & CMB Temperature (T)

Equating equation (12) & (16) equation
Ex = ∆ x T from equation (12)
Ex = h x Ho from equation (16)
h x Ho = ∆ x T
Or, Ho = ∆ x T/h, substituting ∆/h as S’, we get:
Ho= S’ x T (17)
Hubble’s constant Ho is directly proportional to the CMB temperature (T) and the above equation (17) clearly shows that the
value of Ho depends on the CMB temperature (T). Ho is the Hubble’s constant expressed in s-1 and S’ is a constant & its value is:
S’ = 8.61805855150916x10-19K-1s-1 or Hz/K (17a)
7. Solution to Hubble Tension:
There are papers which tries to give solution to the Hubble tension but still the contention over the Hubble constant value
presented by these various researches remains. Equation (17) shows the relationship between H 0 & T (CMB Temperature).
Current measurement of the CMB Temperature according to the Reference paper [20] is 2.725K and this Temperature is uniform

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across the sky. Presence of the important relationship between these two (H 0 & T) could eliminate the present issue or tension.
This can be explained via two conditions as stated below:
(1) Value of H0 is correct when the value of (T) equals the present value of 2.725 K (T = 2.725 K)
(2) Value of H0 is not correct when the value of (T) unequal the value of 2.725 K (T ≠ 2.725 K)
Example: 2
Value of H0 obtained according to the Planck 2018 of CDM model is 67.04 + 05 Km/s/Mpc.Find the CMB Temperature?
According to the Reference paper [22] Km/s/Mpc is converted to s-1
 67.04 / 3.08567758128x1019
 H0 = 2.17261843579233x10-18s-1
We know that, H0 = S’ x T from equation (17)
𝐻0
T= (From the above equation)
S’

Substituting the values of H0 and S’ as below

2.17261843579233𝑥10(−18)
T=
8.61805855150916𝑥 (−19)

Hence, the final resultant value for T is:

T = 2.52100681703058K (18)
Value of H0 is not correct since the above result (18) will not equal to the present value of the CMB Temperature whose value is
2.725K. (2.521K ≠ 2.725K)
Example: 3
Value of H0 obtained according to the SHOES team are 73.04 + 1.04 Km/s/Mpc. Goal is to find the CMB temperature.
According to the Reference paper [22] Km/s/Mpc is converted to s-1
 73.04 / 3.08567758128x1019
 H0 = 2.36706519317231x10-18s-1 (18a)
We know that, H0 = S’ x T from equation (17), which can be rewritten as below.
𝐻0
T=
S’

Applying the values for S’ and H0 from equations 17a and 18a we get:
2.36706519317231𝑥10−18
T=
8.61805855150916𝑥 −19

T = 2.74663391879346 K (19)
Value of H0 is not correct since the above result (19) will not equal to the present value of the CMB temperature whose value is
2.725K. (2.746K ≠ 2.725)
Example: 4
To find the present value of H0 when the CMB Temperature is 2.725K
We know that,
 H0 = S’ x T from equation (17)
 = (8.61805855150916x10-19) x (2.725) (value 2.725K from Reference paper [20]
 H0 = 2.34842095528625x10-18s-1
Convent the above value H0 into Km/s/Mpc
 H0 = 72.4646989313493 Km/s/Mpc
Thus for the present CMB temperature 2.725K correct Hubble’s constant H 0 is 72.4646989313493 Km/s/Mpc. This is the solution
for the present issue or Hubble tension.
8. Estimating the value of Dark Constant (DC):
Example 5:
To find out the value of Dark Constant given that the X-Energy (Ex) is = 1.556080199145 67x10 -51 J (taken from Example 1) and
the present CMB temperature is 2.725K and with CMB frequency is 160.2GHz. (The given CMB Temperature and Frequency
values are according to Reference paper [20])
Solution:
𝐸𝑥
Dark Constant,(DC) = from equation (3)
𝐸𝑐𝑚𝑏

Substitution, Ecmb = h x Vcmb from equation (2), wherein h = 6.62607015x10 -34 Js (Planck’s constant according to the Reference
paper [21]
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2.8214𝐾𝑇 (2.8214 𝑥 1.380649𝑥10−23 𝑥2.725)
Vcmb = = = 160.198491355166 GHz.
ℎ 6.62607015𝑥10−34

(Or) Vcmb = 160.2 GHZ approximately.

Substitute h = 6.62607015x10-34 & Vcmb = 160198491355.166 Hz in the above said equation (2)
Ecmb = (6.626070715x10-34) x (160198491355.166)
Ecmb = 1.0614864416435x10-22 J
1.55608019914567𝑥10−51
Dark Constant,(DC) = = 1.46594448887768x10-29
1.0614864416435𝑥 −22

9. Estimating the total age of the universe:

Example 6
To estimate the total age of the universe
Solution:
X – Energy, Ex = ∆ x T from equation (12)
Put T = 1K in the above said equation, we get:
Ex = ∆
Ex = 5.7103860519107x10-52 J
H0 = S’ x T from equation (17)
Put T = 1K in the above said equation
H0 = S’
Now Hubble’s constant.
H0 = 8.61805855150916x10-19s-1
Convent the above value s-1 into Km/s/Mpc
H0 = 26.5925500665502 Km/s/Mpc
Age of the universe Tu is calculated by the formula
1
Tu =
𝐻0

Substitute H0 = 8.61805855150916x10-19 in the above said equation

Age of the universe,
1
Tu = = 1.16035414939417x1018s
(8.61805855150916𝑥10−19 )

(Or)
Converting seconds to Billion Years, total age of the universe is:
Tu = 36.77 Billion Years

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10. Estimating the Temperature (T) when the age of the universe is 1 second:
Example: 7
We know that
1
Tu =
Ho
Substitute Tu = 1s in the above equation
We get:
Ho = 1s-1
Ho = S' x T from equation (17)
Rearranging the above equation,
Ho
T =
S'
Substitute S' = 8.61805855150916x10 -19 from equation 17a and Ho = 1s in the above said equation, we get the value of T as
below:
1
T= = 1.16035414939817 x 1018K
8.61805855150916x10-19
Thus when the age of the universe is 1s, the value of Temperature (T) is
1.16035414939817 x1018K

11. Conclusion:
1) Ratio of X-Energy (Ex) with the Energy of CMB radiation (Ecmb) is called as the Dark Constant & it's value is
1.46594448887768x10-29. Throughout the universe it's always be a Constant. [See Example 5:]
2) For the present CMB Temperature (2.725 K), the X-Energy (Ex) is 1.55608019914567x10-51J. (Example1)
3) When the age of the universe is 1s, value of the Temperature (T) is 1.16035414939817x10 18 K & value of the X-Energy
(Ex) is 6.62607015x10-34 J (Example 7 &1a)
4) Equation (17) shows the relationship between Hubble Constant (H o) & CMB Temperature T.
5) Since the present CMB Temperature is 2.725K and it's uniform across the sky, with the presence of above mentioned
relationship could eliminate the present issue (or) Hubble tension.
6) By using the two conditions, present issue or Hubble tension could be solved.
Condition 1:
Value of Ho is correct when the value of (T) equals the present value of 2.725K (T = 2.725K).
Condition 2:
Value of Ho is not correct when the value of (T) not equals to the value of 2.725K (T ≠ 2.725 K).
7) Value of CMB Temperature T differs from each other for the two respective teams. [Example 2 & 3]
(a) Planck 2018 CDM model is 67.04 ± 05 Km/s/Mpc (Ho) with 2.52100681703058K (T)
(b) SHOES team are 73.04 ± 1.04 Km/s/Mpc (Ho) with 2.74663391879346K (T)
8) Ho=72.4646989313493 Km/s/Mpc for the present CMB Temperature 2.725K. [refer Example 4:] and this is the solution for
the present issue or Hubble tension.
9) Showing the relationship between X- Energy and CMB Temperature (T) with new Constant ∆ = 5.71038605191071x10-52J/K
10) Showing the relationship between Ho (Hubble's constant) & CMB Temperature T With new constant
S' = 8.61805855150916 x 10-19s-1 K-1or Hz/K.
11) Total age of the universe is estimated as Tu = 36.77 Billion Years [see Example 6:]

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12. Acknowledgement:
We hereby acknowledge the following personnel for their contribution to this paper:

1. Hare Krishna Charitable Trust, Tiruchendur, Tamilnadu, for their charitable support necessary for procuring relevant
books and research materials.
2. Vaibhav Ram, Karthik Srinivasan and Sridhar Srinivasan for their support with English grammar checking, typing,
formatting and layout.

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