04-09-2024

Indian Institute of Information Technology Una

Himachal Pradesh

ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY (ICMD102)

By:BY:XYZ
Dr. Jaspreet Kaur
Faculty of Chemistry
School of Basic Sciences, IIITU
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Outline

01 Introduction to course objectives

02 Syllabus

03 Water Pollution

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Introduction to the Course

Course Code – ICMD102
Course Title - Engineering Chemistry
Number of Credits – 3-0-2-4 (L-T-P-C)
Course Type – General Institute Requirements (GIR) Course
OBJECTIVES
To learn about hard-soft water and solve problems based on hardness estimation.

To comprehend the structure, properties, synthesis and applications of polymers.

To investigate engineering materials such as fuels and lubricants.

To acquire a thorough understanding of nanotechnology and practical applications in everyday contexts.

To apply the electrochemical principles in batteries and semiconductor devices.

To analyze the structure and properties of compounds using IR, UV, NMR, Thermal analysis and chromatography.

To develop proficiency in conducting laboratory experiments, demonstrating safe and proper utilization of
standard chemistry glassware and equipment.

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Syllabus Overview
UNIT I: WATER AND ITS TREATMENT
Sources of water, Hard and Soft Water, Estimation of Hardness by EDTA Method, Softening of Water,
Boiler Feed Water, Treatment Methods, Specifications for Drinking Water, BIS and WHO Standards,
Desalination Processes- Reverse Osmosis and Electrodialysis.

UNIT-II: POLYMER AND COMPOSITES

POLYMER: Introduction, Functionality and Classification of Polymers, Mechanism of Polymerization,
Molecular Weight, Structure-Property Relationship, Moulding Techniques, Synthesis, Properties and
Application of Commercially Important Polymers, Conducting Polymers.
COMPOSITES: Introduction to Composites, Classification, Constituents, Advantages and applications
of composites.

UNIT-III: FUELS AND LUBRICANTS

FUELS: Classification, Types of Coal, Determination of Calorific Value of Solid Fuels, Bomb
Calorimeter, Theoretical Oxygen, Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Coal, Manufacture of
Metallurgical Coke, Flue Gas Analysis, Biofuels.
LUBRICANTS: Definition, Theories, Characteristics, Additives to Lubricants, Solid Lubricants.

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Syllabus Overview
UNIT IV: INTRODUCTION TO NANOCHEMISTRY
Nanotechnology, Concept of Nanochemistry, Synthesis, Characteristics and Applications of Carbon
Nanostructures- Graphene, Graphite, Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, Nanowires, Nanorods, Porous
Nanostructures, Drawbacks and futuristic aspects of Nanotechnology, Green Chemistry, Nanosensors.

UNIT V: BASICS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS: Introduction, Electrolytic and galvanic cells, electrochemical series,
Nernst equation, cell EMF.
BATTERIES: Types, Working principle and uses.
CORROSION: Types, Passivity, Polarization, Over-potential and its significance. Factors affecting
corrosion. Protection from corrosion.
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTROCHEMISTRY: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen Cell, Clean energy conversion
and storage devices.

UNIT VI: CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES

Introduction to Spectroscopy, UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation and Application; IR
Spectroscopy: Principle and Applications; NMR: Principle, Instrumentation, Applications Of NMR;
Thermal Method: Instrumentation, Fundamental Principles and Applications of TGA, DTA and DSC;
Introduction to Chromatographic Techniques.
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Syllabus Overview (Contd.)

Text Books
1. Vairam, S., “Engineering Chemistry- A textbook of chemistry for engineers”, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.,
2018.
2. Palanna, O. G., “Engineering Chemistry”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., 2017.
3. Dara, S. S. and Umare, S. S., “A Text Book of Engineering Chemistry”, S. Chand Publishing, 2011.

Reference Books
1. Poole, Jr, Charles, P., and Frank J. Owens., “Introduction to nanotechnology”, John Wiley and
Sons, 2009.
2. Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S., “Introduction to spectroscopy: a guide for students of
organic chemistry”, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1979.

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Syllabus Overview (Contd.)

LAB EXPERIMENTS:
1) To determine the total hardness of the given hard water using EDTA titration method to estimate
of total.
2) To determine the carbonate, non-carbonate and total hardness in the given water sample by EDTA
method.
3) To determine the alkalinity of the given water sample by titrating it against 0.02 N H2SO4 solution.
4) To determine the strength of given solution of Mohr’s salt.
5) To estimate amount of chlorine present in given sample of bleaching powder.
6) To determine the iron content in the given salt by using external indicator.
7) To estimate Dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the given water sample by Winkler’s Method.
8) To determine the strength of an acid by pH – metric method.
9) To determine the strength of a mixture of acid solution (HCl and CH3COOH) by titrating against
Sodium hydroxide solution conductometrically.
10) To identify the surface tension of an unknown liquid using Stalagmometer.
11) To identify the viscosity of an unknown liquid using Ostwald viscometer.
12) To separate the mixture of amino acids by thin layer chromatography.
13) To prepare urea formaldehyde resin.
14) To prepare polymer of Bakelite.
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UNIT I:
WATER AND ITS TREATMENT

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Water Pollution

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Water Pollution (Contd.)

Waterless countries- just 10 countries
account for 60 % of the world
population without access to clean
water (WaterAid, 2018)

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Water Pollution (Contd.)

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Water Pollution (Contd.)

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Introduction
What is Water Pollution?
• The World Health Organisation (WHO) says that polluted water is water whose
composition has been changed to the extent that it is unusable. In other words, it is
toxic water that cannot be drunk or used for essential purposes like agriculture, and
which also causes diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and poliomyelitis
that kill more than 500,000 people worldwide every year.
• The main water pollutants include bacteria, viruses, parasites, fertilisers, pesticides,
pharmaceutical products, nitrates, phosphates, plastics, faecal waste and even
radioactive substances. These substances do not always change the colour of the
water, meaning that they are often invisible pollutants. That's why small amounts of
water and aquatic organisms are tested to determine water quality.

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Causes of Water Pollution

Main causes of Water Pollution
The most common cause of poor quality water is human activity and its consequences,
which we will now go on to explain:
Global warming
Rising global temperatures caused by CO2 emissions heat the
water, reducing its oxygen content.

Deforestation
Felling forests can exhaust water resources and generate organic residue
which becomes a breeding ground for harmful bacteria.

Industry, agriculture and livestock farming

Chemical dumping from these sectors is one of the main causes
of eutrophication of water.

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Causes of Water Pollution

EUTROPHICATION

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Causes of Water Pollution (Contd.)

Rubbish and faecal water dumping
The UN says that more than 80% of the world's sewage finds its way into seas and
rivers untreated.

Maritime traffic
Much of the plastic pollution in the ocean comes from fishing boats, tankers and
cargo shipping.

Fuel spillages
The transportation and storage of oil and its derivatives is subject to leakage that
pollutes our water resources.

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Effects of Water Pollution

Deteriorating water quality is damaging the environment, health conditions and the global
economy. Here are some of the other consequences:
 Destruction of biodiversity. Water pollution depletes aquatic ecosystems and triggers
uncontrolled proliferation of phytoplankton in lakes — eutrophication —.

 Contamination of the food chain. Fishing in polluted waters and the use of waste water
for livestock farming and agriculture can introduce toxins into foods which are harmful to
our health when eaten –Biomagnification-.

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Effects of Water Pollution

 Lack of potable water. The UN says that billions of people around the
world have no access to clean water to drink or sanitation, particularly in rural
areas.

 Disease. The WHO estimates that about 2 billion people have no option but to
drink water contaminated by excrement, exposing them to diseases such as
cholera, hepatitis A and dysentery.

 Infant mortality. According to the UN, diarrhoeal diseases linked to lack of

hygiene cause the death of about 1,000 children a day worldwide.

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Summary of water pollution

The waters of the River Ganges flow clear and clean through the Indian city of Rishikesh at
the gateway to the Himalayas. In these mountains, nobody would guess that this water
will be transformed into one of the most heavily polluted rivers in the world, with faecal
bacteria levels up to 31 million per 100 millilitres. This is according to reports from Sankat
Mochan Foundation, an organisation struggling to restore the Ganges to its former glory.
These levels mean that the sacred river has become synonymous with water pollution, a
worldwide problem affecting one in every three people on the planet, according to the
United Nations (UN).
Half of the world's inhabitants will live in water-scarce areas by 2025, so every drop of
polluted water today is an irreparable loss for tomorrow.

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Water
What is Water?
 Water is made up of tiny molecules of hydrogen and oxygen.
 Each molecule is so small (0.275 nm) that you cannot see it with the
most powerful microscope.
 Pure water has no taste, no color and does not smell of anything.
 Water exists in three forms on earth:
 Solid (Ice, Hail, Snow or Frost)
 Liquid (In lakes, oceans, rain, dew, fog or mist)
 Gas (Steam or water vapour -“invisible” water in the air)
 Its most important use as an engineering material is in the “ STEAM
GENERATION”
 It is also used as a COOLANT in power an chemical plants.
 Besides, water is used predominantly in drinking, bathing, sanitary,
washing irrigation, textiles, chemicals, paper, etc.

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Water (Contd.)
One estimate of global water distribution (Percents are rounded, so will not add to 100)

Source: Igor Shiklomanov's chapter "World fresh water resources" in Peter H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the
World's Fresh Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York).

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Water (Contd.)
This image shows blue spheres representing
relative amounts of Earth's water in
comparison to the size of the Earth.
The largest sphere represents all of Earth's
water. Its diameter is about 860 miles. This
sphere includes all of the water in the oceans,
ice caps, lakes, rivers, groundwater,
atmospheric water, and even the water in you,
your dog, and your tomato plant.
The world's liquid fresh water constitutes of
99 percent is groundwater, much of which is
not accessible to humans. The diameter of
this small bubble is about 169.5 miles.
The tiny dot represents fresh water in all the
lakes and rivers on the planet. Most of the
water people and life of earth need every day
comes from these surface-water sources. The
diameter of this sphere is about 34.9 miles.

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Sources of Water
Purest form of natural water.
Contains suspended matter Obtained due to evaporation from
with disease causing earth’s surface. on its journey down
pathogenic bacteria. gets loaded with industrial gases
Therefore not suitable for Rain Water and suspended solid particles.
direct human consumption. Fed by rain and spring water.
Contains dissolved minerals of the
River Water soil such as chlorides, sulphates,
bicarbonates of Na, Ca, Mg, Fe. Also
Surface contain organic matter, small
Water particles of rock and sand, other
Lake Water suspended impurities.
Has constant chemical composition.
Source Contain less dissolved minerals but
Sea Water more organic matter.

Most impure form of water.

Contains dissolved salts (eg NaCl,
Underground Spring and Na2SO4, KHCO3, Mg(HCO3),
Water Well Water Ca(HCO3)2, KBr, MgBr2, etc.

Percolates into soil. Comes in contact with a Clearer in appearance due to

number of mineral salts. filtering action of soil. Contain more
dissolved salts. Thus has more
hardness.
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Characteristics
Characteristics imparted by impurities in water

Physical Impurities Chemical Impurities Biological Impurities

 Dissolved mineral matter

 Colour Microorganisms such as
Hardness
 Taste algae, bacteria, fungi,
Alkalinity
 Odour viruses, pathogens,
Total solids
 Turbidity parasitic worms, etc.
Corrosion
 Dissolved gases

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Characteristics (Contd.)
BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES
 The source of biological impurities is usually the discharge of domestic and sewage
wastes, excreta, etc.
 Micro-organisms are abundant on the surface instead of deep waters.
 They have high growth in the temperature range of 20-35°C.
 The commonest type of microorganism – algae, fungi and bacteria form “slime”
which causes fouling as well as corrosion. It is the common cause of clogging.
Therefore, chemical treatment like chlorination is done to tackle biological
impurities.
 Even the bottle sludge and
phytoplanktons on the surface are the
breeding grounds of worms like flat
worms, hair worms, tin round worms,
etc. They are parasitic in nature and
affects fishes as well as human health.

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Thank You!
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