5. A painstaking attention to detail is aimed, without asserting an artist’s personal style ‘ ee. a. Conceptualism b. Dadaism ¢. Photorealism d. Expressionism 6. As a movement, it began in the 1960s and instead of being concerned with entertaining its audience, the heart of the artwork is its idea or message. @. Installation Art b. Performance Art ¢. PopArt d. Neoclassical Art 7. One of the well-known installation artists’ a. Chuck Close b. Barba Kruger c. Damien Hirst d. Yayoi Kusama 8. This art movement is related to graffiti art as it is aby-product of the rise of graffiti in the 1980s. a. Op Art b. Street Art ¢. Earth Art d. Prehistoric Art. 9. Akind of an immersive work where the environment or the space in which the viewer ‘steps into or interacts with is transformed or altered. a. Installation Art b. PopArt —c. Neoclassical Art d. Performance Art 10. The birthplace of Baroque period. a. France b. Rome c. Italy d. Germany LESSON 1: Art in Early Civilizations Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. identify the central theme of the prehistoric art; and 2. explain how art is linked with religion in early Egyptian civilization. LET’S ENGAGE In this lesson we will be learning about archeological exploration of prehistoric art. How early human pave the way for the rise of early civilization through the three periods of the stone age culture. As we go through the module, let us assess your knowledge about the early humans by giving your ideas and the physical description of how the stone age man look like. Give also some example of art during the Egyptian civilization Archeologist explorations reveal that there has been a gradual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of early humans. The Stone Age has witnessed how humans were able to lead more stable lives and eventually come up with permanent shelters and when stones were used to make tools for survival. Paleolithic period in art was the time when primitive cave artworks were created with the use of primitive stone tools by primitive men. This period was commonly represented by the naturalistic images of prey animals and the men that hunted them. Prehistoric caves were also heavily decorated with painted hand-stenciled rock art. The Neolithic Period or the shift from old stone age or Neolithic happened when man began to develop culture and change his lifestyle, Neolithic are reflected the great shift in living conditions. The naturalistic art style of the hunter gatherer of the Paleolithic had been replaced by geometrically abstract art of Neolithic farmers whofall of Bulls found in a cave in Las : | /www.ancient.eu/Lasce! ‘The figures depicted on the walls done with a certain level of crispness and life that there were initial hesitations of the work’s authenticity. However, evidence later on pointed out that the cave paintings were created during the Paleolithic period. The painting evoke naturalism, which is evidently seen through the contours of the animals’ body and their dark colors. Although most people would think that early humans were primitive, some of their art techniques were considered advanced to their time. Some of the early humans already used their own version of spray-painting techniques by using ground pigments blown through reeds or hollowed-out bones since these were the readily available materials for them. Aside from this spray-painting technique, early human also worked with foreshortening and contrasting of lights and shadows. These techniques created the illusion of three-dimensional forms and seemingly real representation of animals. Artworks can be considered ornamental but there is little evidence to fully back up this notion, that early humans created these cave paintings for that very purpose. Most of these works were discovered inside the deep recesses of caves so they may not necessarily be used as decorative items. Some would say that these caves with paintings all over the walls and ceilings served as a kind of sanctuary for the early humans. As a safe haven, religious rituals could have possibly transpired within the confines of the caves. Some believed that there was a linkage between what was drawn and what could happen in real life. For example, drawing or painting the capture of prey would translate to an actual capturing of an animal in real life. In addition, some of the works found reflected some of the early beliefs of humans especially with life and fertility. One of the works that reflected such beliefs would be a sculpture called the “Venus of Willendorf.” Figure 2 shows that the woman has oversized breasts, enlarged hips, and round abdomen, The representation may show the importance of taking care of these body parts for procreation and consequently the survival of species.Neolithic art has developed especially when life for the early humans has become more stable. They have learned to cultivate the land and domesticate animals. By 4000 BCE, there were several monumental and architectural structures erected. One of them is the Stonehenge located in Southern England. The purpose of this fascinating edifice remains a mystery up to this day and age. Some regard it as a temple while others see it as complex calendar the tracked the movements of both the Sun and Moon. Others ascribe some magical element to it by associating it with Merlin the Magician from King Arthur's story. For whatever purpose it was built on, it still remains as one for the architectural wonders the world has ever seen. Figure 3. Stonehenge hutps:/, jermet.com/the-venus-of-willendorf ‘As the Neolithic period drew to a close, it was evident that different elements of civilization flourished in various parts of the world, It is also notable that most carly civilizations emerged and flourished in river valleys: the Nile in Egypt, Indus in India, Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, Huang Ho River in China.included cave paintings and engravings, small sculptural artifacts, and early architecture. Mesolithic Rock Art A number of notable Mesolithic rock art sites exist on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. The art consists of small painted figures of humans and animals, which are the most advanced and widespread surviving from this period in Europe and possibly worldwide. Notably, this collection is the largest concentration of such art in Europe. ‘The human figure is frequently the main theme in painted scenes. When in the same scene as animals, the human runs towards them. Hunting scenes are the most common, but there are also scenes of battle and dancing, and possibly agricultural tasks and managing domesticated animals. In some scenes gathering honey is shown, most famously at Cuevas de la Arafia en Bicorp. The painting known as The Dancers of Cogul is a good example of the depiction of movement in static art. In this scene, nine women are depicted, something new in art of this region, some painted in black and others in red. They are shown dancing around a male figure with abnormally large phallus, a figure that was rare if not absent in Paleolithic art. Along with humans, several animals, including a dead deer or buck impaled by an arrow or atlatl, are depicted. Prehistoric rock art depicts human figures surrounding an animal that has been speared, Other large game with horns and antlers surround the human figures. ‘The Egyptian civilization can be divided into three periods: Old, Middle, and New Kingdom. Looking at the three periods, it can be noticed that for the Egyptians, art should be something religious and spiritual. There may have been differences in the techniques used and style emphasized, but there are common denominators among the artworks created during their respective time periods. During the Old Kingdom, it was evident that religion was bound to the afterlife. A concrete manifestation of this would have to be the erection of tombs, But the tomb was not just for keeping the dead bodies of this important people, particularly the pharaohs; they also served as a shelter for the next journey, which is the afterlife. They decorated the tombs with everyday objects that would reflects day-to-day activities as if the afterlife is a mere continuation of what transpired on earth. One of the cosmetic palettes found in Egypt was called the Narmer Palette. It was a palette utilized and applied dark colors around King Narmer’s eyes, The palette was also a symbol that commemorates the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. The unification was significant because it marked the beginning of their civilization.Mesolithic Art During the Mesolithic period, humans developed cave paintings, engravings, and ceramics to reflect their daily lives, Key Points The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age is an archaeological term used to describe specific cultures that fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods. The use of small chipped stone tools called microliths and retouched bladelets are the key factor to identify the Mesolithic as a prehistoric period. Mesolithic people likely continued the art forms developed during the Upper Paleolithic Period, including cave paintings and engravings, small sculptural artifacts, and early megalithic architecture. The most extensive collection of Mesolithic rock art has been found on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. These paintings consist of human and animal figures in scenes of hunting and early agricultural activities, such as collecting honey. A Mesolithic pendant excavated in England bears striking similarities with contemporary pendants produced in Denmark. Whether this points to intercultural contact or travel across vast expanses is unclear. Key Terms Microlit small stone tool. Mesolithic: A prehistoric period that lasted between 10,000 and 5,000 BC. Megalith: A construction involving one or several roughly hewn stone slabs of great size. The Mesolithic Period, or Middle Stone Age, is an archaeological term describing specific cultures that fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods. While the start and end dates of the Mesolithic Period vary by geographical region, it dated approximately from 10,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE. The Paleolithic was an age of purely hunting and gathering, but toward the Mesolithic period the development of agriculture contributed to the rise of permanent settlements. The later Neolithic period is distinguished by the domestication of plants and animals. Some Mesolithic people continued with intensive hunting, while others practiced the initial stages of domestication. Some Mesolithic settlements were villages of huts, others walled cities. The type of tool used is a distinguishing factor among these cultures, Mesolithic tools were generally composite devices manufactured with small chipped stone tools called microliths and retouched bladelets. The Paleolithic utilized more primitive stone treatments, and the Neolithic mainly used polished rather than chipped stone tools. Art from this period reflects the change to a warmer climate and adaptation to a relatively sedentary lifestyle, population size, and consumption of plants—all evidence of the transition to agriculture and eventually the Neolithic period, Still, food was not always available everywhere, and Mesolithic populations were often forced to become migrating hunters and settle in rock shelters. It is difficult to find a unique type of artistic production during the Mesolithic Period, and art forms developed during the Upper Paleolithic (the latest period of the Paleolithic) were likely continued. TheseFigure 4. Narmer Palette hltps://en.m,wikipedia.org/wiki /narmer At the back of the palette, King Narmer can be seen wearing the crown of Upper Egypt looking victorious over a stain enemy. In addition, two more dead warriors can be seen beneath him. To his right is a falcon, the god Horus perched on papyrus stalks, which is a symbol of lower Egypt. The top is sculpted with bull-shaped heads with human features that is a representation of Hathor. This god symbolizes love and joy. What is very prominent is the king's size in comparison with the objects in the palette. Narmer, being the subject, is evidently larger than the people around him. This is a clear indication and assertion of his royal status. The front palette, on the other hand, shows lion-like figures with intertwined necks bound on leashes and tamed by two men. The Narmer palette is one of the artifacts that emphasizes the king’s supreme and absolute authority. In most cases, the king is not just an authority figure but can be depicted and revered as a deity. This common notion among Egyptian is seen in Egyptian tomb sculptures, which is basically large in dimensions and proportions and made out of hard materials. During the Old Kingdom, one of the architecture wonders was also constructed. ‘The pyramid in Giza served as tombs since their main purpose was to provide a resting place for the pharaohs. These pyramids are massive in size and were constructed using roughly more than two million limestone blocks. The stones used for the pyramids were quarried from nearby plateau. The construction of the pyramids highlighted the ingenuity and advancement of the Egyptians for their time. he Great Pyrumid of Giza yuips://en.m.wikipedia.org/ wik/ great. pyramid of-gizaFigure 7. King Tunkhamen ‘Tutankhamun, Exyptological pronunciation Tutankhamen, was an ancient Egyptian pharach who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the 18th dynasty during the New Kingdom of Egyptian history. His father was the Pharaoh Akhenaten, believed to be the mummy found in the tomb KVS5. https://www.thetimes.co.uk IT’S YOUR TURN Imagine yourself as an archeologist in an excavation site in France or Spain. You come across a hole and upon further examination, the hole leads to a cave that has inscribed paintings on it. What images do you sec? Think about the scenario and write down or draw the image or figure that pop in your head. Elaborate what does this figure/image much mean for you, and reason out why you have chosen this? Draw the figure you think of in a long bond paper. To check your understanding of the lesson, answer the following essay questions. Use the rubrics below as a guide in writing your essay. (10 pts each) 1. What was the importance and significance of art during the prehistoric period? 2. During the early Egyptian civilization, in what ways were art and religion interconnected? Criteria Score 4 3 2 1 Expert Accomplished | Capable | Beginner Quality of -Piece was |-Picce was|-Piece had -Piece had Writing written in an | written in an_| little style or | no style or extraordinary _| interesting voice voice style and __| style and voice | -Give some |-Gives no voice -Somewhat —_| new new -Very informative —_| information | information informative and organized | but poorly| and very and organized —_| poorly organized organized Grammar, “Virtually —no|-Few spelling|-A number|-So many usage and spelling, and of spelling, | spelling, Mechanics punctuation or | punctuation | punctuation | punctuation errors, minor | or andEgypt was not immune from foreign invaders and eventually fell into the hands of the Hyksos. This Asiatic tribe introduced Bronze age weapons and horses to the Egyptians. When these foreign invaders were overthrown, the Egyptian formed the New Kingdom. It was a time of expansionism through territorial acquisition. Consequently, with the expansion came an increase in wealth leading not only to economic but also political stability. After the New Kingdom, Egypt witnessed the Amarma Revolution led by King Akhenaton and Queen Nefertiti. He moved the capital the capital to Tel El-Amarna. During his reign, King Amenhotep wanted to revolutionize the arts and religion. He later on changed his name to Akhenaton, which came from Aton who is the son of god. This changing of names also signified the shift in religion. During this period, the only god to be revered was Aton. Most sculpture during this period had curving lines and full-bodied forms. There is emphasis to life-like feature of the face like an elongate jaw and thick- lidded eye. Naturalism was not only used to depict the pharaoh but also was used for members of the royal family. The bust of Queen Nefertiti has long and sensuous neck. This figure was enhanced by applying paint to the limestone. a Neferneferuaten Nefertiti was an Egyptian queen and the Great Royal Wife of Akhenaten, an Egyptian Pharaoh. Nefertiti ‘and her husband were known for a religious revolution, in which they worshipped one god only, Aten, or the sun disc, hitps:/ /www.biography.com/rovalty nef The use of naturalism in artwork was rather short-lived. When King Akhenaton died, his successors returned to the more rigid and conventional styles they employed during the period of the kingdoms. They also destroyed images and figures of Aton and subscribe to monotheism. Probably one of the greatest discoveries from the Egyptian civilization was the tomb of Tutankhamen. He became king at a very young age of eighteen. Howard Carter discovered his tomb in 1922. They were astonished to find gold artworks and that the coffin was made out of solid gold. The body of king the young king was covered in linen and a gold mask covered his face.grammatical | grammatical | grammatical ‘grammatical | errors errors errors errors LESSON 2: Art of Emerging Europe Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: ; ; 1. compare and contrast the artworks produced during the different time, periods and art movements; and 2. discuss the importance of art to the development of Western culture. LET’S ENGAGE In the two boxes, draw two different images of something that you consider beautiful. In what ways are your drawing similar? In what ways are they different? When it comes to both art and architecture, both civilizations intended to promote the possibility of having an objective and widely accepted standards for beauty. The and impact of both classical worlds are far-reaching. Most art movements have taken inspiration from the certain artistic elements from the two civilizations. ‘There are different art movements that emerged within the different time periods in Europe. Each movement has a distinctive characteristic to them highlighting the different trends and changes as they transition from one period to the next. LET'S TALK ABOUT IT Ancient Greece ‘The Greeks were known to excel in various field and aspects of society. For example, their political ideals eventually became the framework for the democratic form of government in the modern times. They also valued poetry, drama, and philosophy, which remain interesting fields of study for the contemporary times, For those who want to be involved in the arts-painting, sculpture, and architecture-one is required to have a certain skill sets and body of knowledge. ‘The development of Greek art can be divided into four periods: Geometric, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic, The Geometric Period was a time when Greece was starting to get back from the onslaught of what seemed to be their Dark Ages. It was a period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight in most of the artworks, The archaic Period, on the other hand, place importance on human figures.The building of the Altar of Augustinian Peace was commissioned by the Roman Senate on July 4, 13 BC to honor Emperor Augustus, who was returning from successful campaigns in Spain and Gaul. https:/ /travel.syic.com ‘This monumental column stands as 2 landmark in the city and one of the best-preserved monuments of ancient Rome, bttps:/ /www.ancienthistorvlist.com Middle Ages As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline of the Roman Empire and Renaissance. It was a period that is characterized by ignorance and darkness. Another dominant characteristic of the period was that the Church was the central figure and authority of the period. Since the Church was the most important figure, the most important products of the early Middle Ages would have to be copied of the Christian scriptures. The printing press came later after the Middle Ages, so copies of the scripture were done by hand. These copies were also done with illustrations which highlight the religious focus of the period. During this time, great cathedrals were also built. These cathedrals can be categorized into two periods: Romanesque (1050-1200), inspired by the old Roman Empire; and Gothic (1200-1500), which had a more northern flavor from the Goths-vulgar and barbarian.The peak of Greck sculpture and architecture was during the classical period. It was during this time when the Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and focusing on creating artworks. The time of alexander the Great was the Hellenistic period. During this time, art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and depicting reality. Hellenistic sculptures started to emphasize balance while showcasing dynamic. One of the famous Hellenistic sculpture is the “Lacoon and His Sons.” “Lacoon and His Sons.” This is an example of work wherein the Greeks emphasized the details of the body. Most subjects of their work included that of the gods from Greek mythology. https:/ /en wikipedia. org/wiki/Laoco'Xe3% Ancient Rome The Roman Republic was established around 500 BCE. This civilization eventually transformed into one of Western Europe's mightiest empire. Since they had expanded and covered many territories, they interacted with neighboring civilizations particularly with the Greeks, It can be said that Roman civilization came of age during the Hellenistic Period. As mentioned earlier, it was a period when the Greek culture’s influence has reached its peak in the Mediterranean world. The Romans were fond of the Greeks and their achievements in the arts. The fusion of Greek and Roman cultures can be seen in most Roman artworks. Some would argue that the Romans merely copied Greek art. This eventually made the Romans produce artworks that are often looking stern, harsh, and strong. They also invoked the principle of realism in most of their works, highlighting the features of human beings. Aside from this, the Romans were also known to be master builders, which earned reputation for grand monuments and architectural infrastructures. One of their architectural achievements would have to be the Colosseum. ‘This amphitheater was planned and constructed during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. One of its main uses was for entertainment purposes like public events and gladiator games. This structure was a concrete manifestation of Roman builders’ craftsmanship which focused on logical organization of the entire edifice.Lamentation by Giotto (1305-1306). This 77°x79" fresco can be seen in the Arena Chapel in Padua. It was created by Giotto depicting the Lamentation or Mourning of Christ. In the foreground of the work, the viewers finds five figures Surrounded the dead body of Christ. The body id held by three of the figures-three women who wore halos and biblical ‘costumes. The body of Christ does not touch the ground but is held gently by three women. There are two figures with their backs turned towards the viewer. We cannot sce into their faces and do not know if they are females or males. The female figure at the far end of the Christ figure appears to have the attributes of Mary Magdalene-that is, red hair and touching the feet of Christ. The woman who cradles the head of Christ is most likely Mary. hitps:/ /www.wikiart ora/en, Madonna of San Giorgio alla Costa by Giotto. The painting takes the name of the church in which it has been discovered until a few decades ago. It was attributed to Giotto only in 1939 by German art uti Rote Gare heen painting, Virgin Mary i sitting on a marble throne. The painting has a three-dimensional feel ieee chow eaten himself’ from the Byzantine style of painting which charac Sn ee alan hitps://www.Aravelingintuseany.com aes Renaissance Art During the Renaissance Period, artists valued the “individual” as a subject of arts. The influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks during the Renaissance period to empower the “individual,” Most artworks emphasized naturalism, which was also an influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis on the proportionality of the human body. Most artist also added perspective of depth wherein spaces were explored in different artworks. This technique provided a three-dimensionalPerspective of most Renaissance paintings. Renaissance artists also gave importance to non-religious themes or subjects. This was also brought by the privatizations of the art during the Renaissance period, however most artworks remained religious in its focus and theme. ‘The Last Supper. It is a Inte 150 century mural painting by Italian artist, Leonardo Oa Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Gazie in Milan, Italy. It is one the western's most recognizable paintings. It depicts the biblical scene where Jesus Christ reveals to his apostles that one of them would betray him. Leonardo pictured the consternation among them. https://en.m.wikipedia ‘The Birth of Venus- it is u painting by the Italian artist Sando Botticelli probably made in mid-1480s, It depicts the goddess Venus arriving at the shore after her birth when she had emerged from ven, hupsi:/ /www.ulfizi.it/en/artworksBacchus by Caravaggio, 1595. It was painted during Caravaggio's sojourn with his first patron, Cardinal del Monte, and represents Cravaggio's interpretation of naturalism. https/ /en. ikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus-%28caravggio%s29 The Triumph of Venus by Boucher. The painting depicts the goddess Venus emerging from the sea, carried aloft on a wave upon a mother-of-pearl shell surrounded by admirers. Naiads, nymphs, and gods, winged cupids floating above them, Boucher’s Triumph of Venus is an archtype of Ri subject that is playfully imbued with eroticism, to the coo! plette, dynamic, interlocking arabesques.ltips://cn.opisani float among dolphins and doves, 'ococo Style, from the mythological Pyramidal composition, and series ofMichel, “David.” This sculpture is an example of how humanism was t belief system during the Renaissance. There is emphasis on the details of the body of the human body. i hueps://en.m.wi wiki-Davit ‘The Creation of Adam, It is a fresco painting by Italian artist, Michelangelo, which forms part of the Sistine Chapel's ceiling. It illustrates the biblical creation narrative from the book of Genesis in which God gives life to Adam, the first man. htips://en.sn,wikipedia.org/ wiki /the-creation-of-Adam Baroque and the Rococo The term “baroque” is derived from the Portuguese term barocco which is translated as “irregularly shaped pearl.” This is a suitable description that Rome was the birthplace of the Baroque Period, which according to some historians was a response to Protestantism. This period roughly spanned from 1600 to 1750. Although it was a period following the Renaissance, it can be said that a lot of artists have developed styles and techniques different from their Renaissance predecessors,‘The Swing. In the history of painting, Jean-Honore Fragonard's The Swing’ 1767 is unmatched in its frivolity and over the-top romance. It is considered to be one of the masterpieces of the Rococo era. At the center of the work, a young, woman clothed in a billowing, ruffled, ballet-pink dress floats in a dramatically lit clearing, rocking above the ground on crimson cushioned swing. She flings her shoe towards a mischievous cupis sculpture while she gazes at the man sprawled in the bushes beneath her. Her paramour wears a pewer-hued suit, extends a black tricorne hat into the brush, and looks up the woman's skirt with what can only be described as the goofiest, most lovestruck grin possible. In the shadows behind her, an older man--perhaps her husband—pulls the swing’s reins. https/ /www.astey.net article “The Ausumption of the Virgin.” A painting by Titian located at Venice, italy. The Biblical events in the painting shows ‘how the Baroque Period reverted to having religious subjects in their works. htips:/ /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/assumption Most artists used colorful palettes and ornamentation in their work. This was a time when Italy in particular, strengthened not only their religion but also other aspects like politics and art. Expansion was the central theme of this period, which became very much evident in the artworks produced during this time. Motion and space were taken into consideration by artists like the use of dramatic lightning and the concept of time. Aside from art, music also flourished during the Baroque Period. This is because people believed that music could serve as powerful tool to communicate messages that can evoke certain feelings among its listeners. Baroque music was able to clearly distinguish loud from soft and solo from ensemble, Since the birthplace of this periodwas in Rome, it did not come as a surprise that most composers come from Italy. Eventually, the influence of Baroque music spread outside Italy and reached other parts of Burope. Other well-lnown Baroque composers include Germany's Bach and Handel. Since Baroque composers, through their works, tried to evoke certain emotions from their audience, they began to make more complex musical compositions and performances, however, it can be noted that initially, this kind of music was limited only to powerful institutions like the Church and individuals like the patrons. Eventually, such performances would be made accessible to the middle class and the masses. Neoclassicism Neoclassicism is a movement was a movement in Europe that transpired during the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries. It was the dominant art movement that time which basically aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman into art and architecture. The ancient Greeks and Europeans had placed emphasis on human reason and keeping society in order. These very principles were also the dominant principles during the enlightenment period. Some historians would also say that this movement was a reaction to the artworks produced during the Baroque Period. ‘There was a call to veer away from such extravagance I terms of style and form of the Baroque Period. Z a & Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix is a semi-nude life-size reclining neo-Classical portrait sculpture by the Italian ‘sculptor Antonio Canova. hitps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ve Romanticism Romanticism, as an art movement, used the central themes of Neoclassicist artwork as a springboard. Romanticists have highlighted heroic elements into their work, During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic movements. One of the major revolutions in history would be the French Revolution. Such revolutionary movements became the focal point of most Romantic works.Realism as a modern movement in art veered away from traditional forms of art, In a way, it revolutionized themes and techniques in paintings. In addition, this movement also expanded and widened existing notions of what can be considered art. Since artists worked within the context of revolutions and social change, artistic works began to depict real-life events. Idealistic concepts and images were replaced by real manifestation of society. There is a move to combine both art and life in artistic work since the modern world were suitable for subjects of art. This movement also reexamined existing belief systems and traditions. ‘A Burial At Ornans is a painting of 1849-50 by Gustave Courbet, and one of the major turning points of 19th-century French art. The painting records the funeral in September 1848 of his great-uncle in the painter's birthplace, the small town of Omans. https: /en,m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.Bun Impressionism The Impressionism movement started in France, which led to a break from the tradition in European painting. Impressionism is a style of painting that emerged in the mid-to late 1800s. Impressionist artists incorporated scientific principles to achieve a more distinct representation of color. The distinctive characteristic of this style is that it allows the artist to emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event or scene, The said impression is communicated by the artist through his work and can be seen through the brushstrokes, distinction of colors, and the lights and shadows used by the artist.The major and central themes of Romanticism movement include the emphasis on the goodness of mankind. Most works also promoted justice, equality, and social order. Artist also emphasized emotions and feelings of man, which was a deviation from the humanist principles of rationalism. sins: //wwewbritnicen.com Realism Realism as a style of work focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirror reality. There is little room for imagination in this movement since emphasis is placed in observable traits that can concretize through artworks. Realism was heavily influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture since most artworks during that period placed emphasis on the human body.https://blogs.longword.edu Berthe Morisot. “The Harbor at Lorient” (1869). Impressionist artists started moving art outdoors which aimed to include the shifting light they wanted to capture in their works, This work by Morisot is one of the first few “open air” paintings under the Impressionism movement. Iittps://www,artble.com Post-Impressionism It is an art movement that emerge in France, which is a result of both the influence and rejection of impressionism. Most artists that belong to this movement started off as impressionists but later on saw the inherent limitations and flaws of impressionism. This eventually led to the development of individual style that gave emphasis to defining from with the use of broken colors and short brush stroke. Some of the famous post-impressionism artist include Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, and Vincent Van Gogh. Most of the works of the said painters became the framework of the contemporary techniques and trends during the twentieth century,Fauvism This is a style of painting that emerged in France around the turn of the twentieth century. What makes fauvists revolutionary is that they used pure and vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint tubes directly to the canvas. This is done to produce @ sense of explosion of colors in the canvas. The fauves, just like the impressionists, painted directly from nature. The difference lies with how the fauves have this strong Fauvism was inspired by the teachings of Gustave Moreau, who was a Symbolist artist and a professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He taught his students about the expressive and expressive reaction to how they portray their subjects. Most fauvist works reject conservative and traditional renderings of three-dimensional space. What artists did was they introduced and promoted a picture space that is that is defined by the movement of co! Cubism Between 1907 and 1914, French artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque introduced a new visual arts style called cubism. This style would later on have a huge influence on artists during the twentieth century. Cubists highlighted the two- dimensional surface of the picture plane. Focusing on a flat surface was a rejection of the dominant techniques like the use of perspective, foreshortening, and modeling. In addition, one of the things that cubism rejected was the existing and prevailing notion that art should imitate nature. Cubists emphasized that they are not I any way obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space. They presented a new depiction of reality that may appear fragmented objects for viewers.\ ESN es SES MS nae Whentheld with Crowe isa July 1890 painting by Vincent van Gogh. It has been cited by several critics as one of his greatest works, It is commonly stated that this was ‘an Gogh's final panting, Howeves art hivosene oe uncertain aa to which palating wax'van Gophs les ee no clear historical records exist hups:/ /en.m.wikipedia.ore/wiki /whetafield ‘The Story Night is an oil on canvas painting by Dutch Post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition hutps:/ /en.m.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ File Art Nouveau Between 1890 and 1910, countries from Europe and the United States witnessed the emergence and flourishing of a new art style. This ornamental style of art was a break from the conservative historicism, which was the prevailing and dominant theme of most Western artworks. This ornamental style uses long and organic lines that are concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry and glass design, among others. In most works, the defining characteristic of art Nouveau is the asymmetrical line that usually is in the form of insect wings or flower stalks. The line is done in such a graceful and elegant manner that somehow evokes a certain power to it. Walter Crane Swan, Rush and Iris (1875) This is one ‘The Kiss is an oil-on-canvas painting with added of Walter Crane’s earliest designs for wallpaper. Flowers gold leaf, silver and platinum. By the Austrian and animals were the most common decorative elements Symbolist painter Gustav Klimt. It was painted of The Arts and Crafis Movement. ‘At some point in 1907 and 1908, «uring the Inutps:/ /eommon.wikimedia.org, height of what scholars call his “Golden Period.” hutps:/ uw. gustay-klimt.comhuips://www.moma,org ;www pabbpccaso.or Symbolism Symbolism in painting represents a mixture of form and feeling, of reality and the artist’s inner subjectivity. Albert Aurier in an article on Paul Gauguin published in 1891 gave the first definition of symbolism as an aesthetic, describing it as the subjective vision of an artist expressed through a simplified and non-naturalistic style and hailing Gauguin as its leader. The groundwork for pictorial symbolism was laid as early as the 1870s by an older generation of artists. These founders of Symbolism produced imaginary dream worlds populated with biblical figures and Greek mythology creatures, which were often monstrous. Their artworks created what would become the most persistent subjects in symbolist art: love, fear, anguish, death, sexual awakening, and unrequited desire. Women became the favorite symbol for the expressionism of these universal emotions. Gedipus and the Sphinx is an 1864 oil on canvas painting by Gustave Moreat that was frst exhibited at the French Salon of 1864 where it was an immediate success. It is now in the Metropolitan Museuim of Art, Wikipedia Itps:/ farthurioart/earlos-sehwabe ttps:/ /wew,metmudeumorg,‘The Little Knitter (1882) is a fine example of Bouguereau's work, both in subject matter and painting technique. The ssmbolism is apparent, the bare feet of the young woman suggesting that she is impoverished. hups://w Expressionism Expressionism was a modernist movement, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20" century. Its conventional trait was to show the world solely from subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionist artist tried to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality. Expressionism was an artistic style in which the artist tried to describe not the objective reality but the subjective emotions, objects, and events that aroused him. ‘The artist achieved his goal by distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements. htips:/ /www.pinterest.phy/pinSurrealism It as an artistic movement of the twentieth century that studied the operation of the mind, advocating the illogical, the imaginative, and the radical. The term “surreal” is often used loosely to mean simply “strange” or “dreamlike.” The word “surrealist” (suggesting “beyond reality”) was introduced by the French modernist poet Guillaume Apollinaire in a play written in 1903 and performed in 1917. But it was Andre Breton who was the leader of a new group of poets and artists in Paris at the time, who, in his Surrealist Manifesto (1924), defined surrealism as “Pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought. Most surrealist artists used involuntary or unconscious drawing or writing to open ideas and images from their unconscious minds, and others tied to describe dream worlds or hidden psychological tensions. Surrealism quickly became an international movement because it was attractive to writers, artists, photographers, and filmmakers who shared aggressive rejection of conventional artistic and moral values. Surrealism, as an identifiable cultural movement, ended with the death of Breton in 1966. Surrealism’s most distinguished artists were Max Ernst, Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte, Yves Tanguy, and Giorgio de Chirico; all contributed to the advancement of the movement. “hea he Son of Man “ Weg Teor Mags Constructivism Constructivism was a Russian art movement that was operating from the early nineteenth century until the 1940s. Constructivist art was dedicated to complete abstraction with a liking to modernity, where subjects were often geometric, experimental, and rarely emotional. Constructivist subjects were always minimal and where the artwork was broken down to its most basic elements.