The Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite

Thirteen men were shot dead by firing squad on September 12 , 1896 , less than two weeks after the
start of the revolution , at Plaza de Armas at Fort San Felipe in Cavite Puerto , the provincial capital of
Cavite . Despite the fact that there was no actual uprising in the city , they were preemptively arrested ,
tried , and given a death sentence . Maximo Inocencio , Maximo Gregorio , Severino Lapidario , Luis
Aguado , Alfonso de Ocampo , Victoriano Luciano , Feliciano Cabuco , Hugo Perez , Jose Lallana , and
Eugenio Cabezas were ten of the thirteen men who were Masons . Francisco Osorio , Antonio de San
Agustin , and Agapito Conchu were the non- Masons .

Emilio Aguinaldo planned to attack the Spanish armory at Fort San Felipe shortly before the Katipunan
were discovered . He asked other Katipuneros to help him recruit enough men so they could overrun the
Spanish fortress . Their meetings took place at Cabuco's home . Aguinaldo and the other Katipuneros
decided to arm the provincial jail inmates who had been forced to work at the fortress . Lapidario , who
served as the provincial jail's warden , was tasked with finding the prisoners . Aguado was to give
Lapidario cash so he could buy weapons . They intended to set off fireworks from Inocencio's warehouse
to announce the rebellion . Luciano , Conchu , Perez , Pablo Jose , Marcos Jose , and Juan Castaeda were
further rebellion leaders . The uprising was set to begin on September 1. Aguinaldo received a letter
from Andres Bonifacio on August 26 informing him that the Katipunan assembly in Balintawak had
chosen to start the revolution on August 30 with a blackout at the Luneta , formerly known as the
Bagumbayan , to serve as the signal . The Spanish powder magazine at San Juan was attacked by
Bonifacio and his soldiers on the designated day . The Spanish government imposed martial law in
Manila as well as the provinces of Cavite , Laguna , Batangas , Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac , and Nueva
Ecija later that day .

In a meeting with Spanish Governor Fernando Pargas on the morning of August 31 , 1896 , Aguinaldo
was informed of the imposition of martial law . Then he went to Cabezas ' haberdashery and asked him
to tell Lapidario that there was nothing left for them to do but to take up arms . Lapidario was recruited
for the envisioned revolt by Cabezas . However , Cabezas was opposed to the uprising beginning on
August 31 , 1896 , so they continued to talk about it . They made the decision to delay the assault until
September 3. Nevertheless , the Spanish were informed of the scheme by a seamstress by the name of
Victoriana Sayat , and they promptly detained Lapidario , de Ocampo , and Aguado . The three were
questioned while being held incommunicado in the boat Ulloa . It is assumed that they were tortured .

De Ocampo disclosed the identities of his associates , and on September 3 the thirteen suspects were
apprehended alongside dozens of other Cavite leaders , including the musician Julian Felipe who would
later write the Philippine song . For nine months , Felipe was detained at Fort San Felipe . Pablo and
Marcos Jose , as well as Juan Castañeda of Imus , who are also thought to have been part in the revolt ,
were later also released . De Ocampo attempted suicide by slicing his stomach with a piece of broken
glass while he was awaiting trial . However , he was charged with treason before a military tribunal ,
which on September 11 found them guilty after a four - hour trial . At 12:45 p.m. The thirteen patriots
were executed by musketry the next day after being taken from their cells and carried to the Plaza de
Armas , outside of Fort San Felipe . Later , their remains were interred in a common grave at the Caridad
Catholic cemetery . The remains of seven of the martyrs - Maximo Inocencio , Victorino Luciano ,
Francisco Osorio , Luis Aguado , Hugo Perez , Jose Lallana , and Antonio San Agustn - were later
excavated and reburied elsewhere . However , the graves for the remaining individuals - Agapito Conchu
, Maximo Gregorio , Alfonso de Ocampo , Eugenio Cabezas , Feliciano Cabuco , and Severino Lapidario -
remained undiscovered .

Maximo Inocencio , who was born in Cavite on November 18 , 1833 , had nine kids with Narcisa
Francisco . He and fellow Masons Enrique Paraiso and Crisanto delos Santos were banished to Cartagena
, Spain after being convicted of participating in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and given ten years in prison .
They succeeded in getting away . Later , Inocencio crossed the border into France , where he was able to
get a pardon from Marseilles . He restarted his career in construction , trading , shipbuilding , logging ,
and sawmilling upon his return to the Philippines . He worked at the Cavite arsenal as a contractor .

He was a Katipunan organizer who was born on November 18 , 1856 , in Pasay , Morong ( now Rizal ) .
He was married to Celedonia Santiago and the couple had four children together . He was enlisted into
Regiment No. 72 and went to Jolo , Sulu to battle the Muslims when he was a student Guerra in Cavite .
in Letran . After his return , he was named head clerk of the Comisaria de

By freeing the inmates and arming them to join the revolution , Severino Lapidario planned to launch
the rebellion . Lapidario , who was born on January 8 in Imus , Cavite , served as a corporal in the
Spanish marine infantry and was charged with involvement in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 . He later won
back his superiors ' trust , and in 1890 he was appointed alcalde ( warden ) of the provincial jail at
Cavite . Because he permitted inmates Noveleta , Kawit , and Bacoor . to visit their families on occasion ,
he gained the respect of the inmates . They were reportedly deployed on covert propaganda missions by
him to Noveleta, Kawit, and Bacoor.

1. Maximo Inocencio

Aguado was the son of a Spanish navy captain . He was named the Spanish arsenal's supply chief at Fort
San Felipe . He wed Felisa Osorio , the eldest daughter of Antonio Osorio , a Chinese - Filipino
businessman who was rumored to be the wealthiest in Cavite at the time and the sister of Francisco
Osorio . The widow of Luis Aguado would subsequently wed Daniel Tria Tirona.

2. Maximo Gregorio

Daniel Tria Tirona .

3. Severino Lapidario

4. Luis Aguado
A monument honoring the Thirteen Martyrs was built in 1906 in Cavite City's San Roque neighborhood ,
at the start of the San Roque causeway . At the base of the memorial , their relatives reinterred the
bones of their loved ones . At the intersection of M is where the monument is situated . Valentin Street ,
Zulueta Road , Lopez Jaena Road , and the P. Burgos Avenue .

92

93

De Ocampo , a Katipunero , Mason , and Spanish mestizo who was born in Cavite in 1860 , served as a
sergeant in the Spanish colonial army before married to Ana Espiritu . being appointed assistant
provincial jail warden . He had two kids and was married to Ana Espiritu.

Born on March 23 , 1863 ; owner of Botica Luciano , a gathering spot for the Katipuneros on Calle Real
( now Trece Martires Street , Cavite City ) . The Abella brothers , who were among the Bicol martyrs
killed in Bagumbayan on January 4 , 1897 , were among the revolutionists and other Masons with whom
he maintained contact as a Mason in the Bicol region . His formula for unusual perfumes and lotions
won him a prize from the Scientific Society of Brussels in Belgium . He was a talented pharmacist and a
member of the Colegio de Farmaceuticos de Manila .

Being the youngest of the Thirteen Martyrs at age 31 , Feliciano Cabuco . On June 9 , 1865 , he was born
into a prosperous family in Caridad , Cavite . He married Marcela Bernal , also from Caridad , with whom
he had two sons who died as infants . When he joined Masonry and subsequently the Katipunan , he
was employed as a clerk in the Canacao Hospital . The rebel leaders , known as cabecillas , also held
meetings in his home .

Hugo Perez , a physician , was born in Binondo , Manila , in 1856. He was supposedly a Worshipful
Master of a Cavite lodge and was known as Comandante by his fellow katipuneros .

Jose Lallana was a tailor whose store served as a gathering spot for the Katipunan . He was born in
Cavite in 1836 and had two children , Clara and Ramon , with Imus resident Benita Tapawan . To exact
revenge on his father's murder , Ramon enlisted in the Revolution . He is thought to have been killed in
action , yet he never came home .

In 1855 , Eugenio Cabezas was born in Manila's Santa Cruz district . He was a goldsmith who ran a
jewelry and watch repair business in Calle Real ( Trece Martires Street ) in Cavite that the Katipunan
frequently utilized as a gathering place . He had seven kids total with Cavite resident Luisa Antonio .

5. Alfonso de Ocampo

6. Victoriano Luciano

7. Feliciano Cabuco

8. Hugo Perez
9. Jose Lallana

10. Eugenio Cabezas

He was the descendant of a well - off family in Cavite . He was a straightforward pharmacist who was
neither a Freemason nor a Katipunero , but that is about all that is known about him .

He was a wealthy family's scion . He completed his education at the University of Santo Tomas and
Colegio San Juan de Letran . Juliana Reyes , who he was married to . He was the owner of La Aurora , the
sole bookshop in the community where the local Katipunan members would gather .

A native of Binondo , Manila , who moved to Cavite and worked as a teacher , musician , photographer ,
painter , and lithographer . A newly founded city located close to the province's heart was given the
name Trece Martires in their honor and became the capital of Cavite in 1954. Its 13 barangays were
each given a martyr's name . A new memorial honoring the thirteen patriots was unveiled on May 24 ,
2004 , in Trece Martires , close to the city hall .

11. Francisco Osorio

12. Antonio San Agustin

13. Agapito Conchu

One of the most significant gatherings of the Katipuneros during the Spanish Colonial Period was the
Tejeros Convention . It shows how the struggle that developed during the revolution between the
Magdiwang and Magdalo factions . It also demonstrates the Katipunan's organizational structure and
intra - group personality conflicts , which helps to explain how the Philippines current political system
came to be .

The Katipunan , a revolutionary group in the Philippines established in Manila in 1892 by rebellious
Filipinos seeking independence from Spain , included a branch known as the Magdiwang . In Cavite , the
Magdiwang and the Magdalo were the two main Katipunan factions , with the Magdiwang having
control over a larger number of people and the Magdalo ( led by Baldomero Aguinaldo , the cousin of
Emilio Aguinaldo and the famous leader of Magdalo ) having control over a smaller number . The
Magdiwang chapter was started by Mariano Alvarez , related by marriage to Andres Bonifacio

. After the Katipunan's initial victories over the Spanish forces , a rivalry developed . The Magdalo
faction's Emilio Aguinaldo emerged as the most favored leader following the triumph at Imus on
September 3 , 1896. A superior Spanish force under the command of General Ernesto Aguirre was
routed by his soldiers and the Katipuneros in the town of Imus . The general's sword was taken by
Aguinaldo's troops , who then made it their own . On the other hand , the Magdiwangs were also a
potent force .

Andres Bonifacio , head of the According to the Magdiwangs , the Magdalos borrowed weaponry from
them but never gave them back . The identical assertion was made by the other group . Katipunan , was
the uncle of the group's leader , Mariano Alvarez . according to the Magdiwangs, the Magdalos
borrowed weaponry from them but never gave them back. The identical assertion was made by the
other group.

A. Katipunan Disputes : The Tejeros Convention