RISA-3D Analysis and Design Checklist

The following checklist is to be used for typical structural steel design using RISA-3D and RISAConnection. Some
information is also provided for the interface with RISAFoundation. This checklist may not be complete for all
situations. Other codes may apply in addition to or instead of the references made to ASCE 7. It is the responsibility
of the engineers performing and checking the calculations to determine the applicability of this checklist and any other
steps or code compliance that may be required. The steps presented below are roughly in the order necessary to
effectively perform analysis and design. Some iteration may be necessary.

Step Description
1. Check to see if you are running the correct versions of RISA-3D, RISAFoundation & RISAConnection.
(Go to Help & About RISA…) The checklist is based on versions 16.x.x, 10.x.x & 8.x.x respectively.
2. If available, import model geometry using the following methods:
a) Save model geometry as a .dxf file which can be imported by RISA-3D.
b) Export a STAAD file (.std) from Frameworks which can be imported by RISA-3D.
c) Export a CIS/2.stp file from a Smartplant 3D model. The .stp file can be converted to a RISA-3D file
by using the RISA CIS/2 Translator (https://risa.com/p_cis2.html).
3. The Y axis should be the vertical axis. RISAFoundation can only be used if the Y axis is the vertical axis.
The X axis should match the X axis used by piping. When appending files with a different vertical axis,
change the vertical axis using Tools – Switch Vertical Axis
4. Check and clean up imported geometry.
5. Append the appropriate RISA-3D template file with basic loads combinations, load combinations,
materials, section sets and connection rules. If starting without imported model geometry, start with the
appropriate RISA-3D template file. The selection of which RISA-3D template may depend on seismic
requirements (seismic design category and if the structure has irregularities).
a) Template file “IBC 2018 and ASCE 7-16 Rev 16.x Low Seismic.r3d” can be used for SDC B & C
where the orthogonal combination of seismic forces (100% + 30%) per ASCE 7 12.5.3 is not
required.
b) Template file “IBC 2018 and ASCE 7-16 Rev 16.x FDN Rho 1.3.r3d” can be used where the
orthogonal combination of seismic forces is considered. The file is also set up for a redundancy
factor, rho=1.3. Rho can be changed in RISA-3D combination in the model settings but the value is
included with the factors in the RISAFoundation combinations.
6.
Update (global) model settings ( on RISA Tool bar)- Description: Enter model title, company,
designer (first initial and last name) and job number. Provide notes as necessary. When a template is
used, keep information (revision) of template file for the benefit of the checker.
7. Update model settings – Solution: Some typical values: Internal Sections = 100, Area Load Mesh = 144
2 2 2
in (144 in or 92903 mm is the default, but must be reduced (81 or 52900) for area loads to work
correctly, see Step 35), Shear Deformation = checked, Torsional Warping = checked, Convergence P-
Delta = 0.5, Eigen Solution = 1.E -4, Merge Tolerance = 0.12. The number of section provides the
number of locations where member results are provided. Use 2 when gathering member connection
loads. Either 3 or 5 can be used to determine member deflections.
8. Update model settings – Codes: Select the appropriate codes per project requirements. Adjust Stiffness
= Yes (Iterative) for direct analysis method. If Yes (Tau = 1) is used, must perform additional checks or
increase the notional loads (See AISC Chapter C).
9. Update model settings – Concrete (when used):
a) Shear Tie Options: Typical default values, # shear regions = 4, region spacing incr. = 4”.
b) Check box items at the top right: Typical default is for the first (Use Cracked Sections), second (Use
Cracked Slabs), and fourth (Unused Force Warnings) boxes to be checked. Should check “bad
framing warning” only when doing concrete design. Checking the “Min 1 Bar Dia Spacing” box will
allow a minimum spacing of one bar diameter between parallel bars. Otherwise, the greater of two
bar diameters or one inch clear spacing is used.
c) Biaxial Column Design: Typically the exact integration method is checked and the parme beta factor
= 0.65.
d) Concrete Stress Options: Rectangular stress block
e) Concrete Rebar Set: Allows the selection of different rebar size standards (U.S. Customary, metric,
British, Euro, and Canadian).

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Step Description
f) Column Steel Percentage: Minimum = 1%, Maximum = 8%.
10. Update model settings – Seismic: Enter applicable values as determined from the calculations. Correct
values must be entered for omega and rho since these are used in the load combinations from the load
combination template file (even if the seismic load calculation is not used). Note, if a value is entered for
the period, the Ct will not be used. If a period value is not entered, the period will be estimated using the
Ct value. It is preferred that a period value is entered since the approximation per ASCE 7 is intended for
buildings and not industrial structures.
11. Update model settings – Footings (when used): Enter appropriate values based on project and code
requirements.
12. Verify that the “Lock isolated rotational instabilities without notification?” is unchecked. This is located in
menu: Tools – Application Settings – Solutions and Results (“Application Settings” has replaced
“Preferences”).
13. Assign project grids ( on RISA Tool bar) to identify column lines (preferred but not required). If used,
they must match the gridlines used on the drawings.
14. Create or update material properties.
15. Create Section Sets. Identifies shape, type, design list, material and design rules. All members in the
model should be included in a section set. Example preferred naming: B1 for beams, C1 for columns,
HBR1 for horizontal bracing, VBR1 for vertical bracing. Keep section set labels in alphabetical and
numerical order. This can be achieved by inserting lines as new labels are added.
16. Add members as necessary for shapes not included in the member library. If the program is used to
calculate section properties, compare values against tabulated values.
a) When the creator of the RISA-3D file adds or modifies shapes in the database, all changes and
additions should be summarized in the calculations so that the checker is alerted to the changes and
can check them.
b) When the checker opens a RISA-3D file with custom or changed shapes, it is recommended that the
checker does not save the changes unless the checker plans on using the changes in other files to
be created. See Step 54 for more about managing database files.
17. Built-up or custom shapes can be imported from RISASection as follows:
a) Create shape in RISASection. Save file to “RISASection Files” directory where the program files are
located. (Example: C:\RISA\3D\16.00\RISASection Files). Note, the directory is specified in Menu:
Tools – Application Settings – File Locations.
b) When new sections are added to the RISASections files directory while RISA-3D is running, RISA-
3D will need to be closed (exit program) and reopened to see the new added files.
c) For RISA-3D to perform code checks on custom shapes, in the “Section Information” in RISASection
(middle box on right side), select “Hot Rolled Steel” for the material type and select the appropriate
shape type.
d) When selecting shapes in RISA-3D (“Shape Selection”), the custom shapes that are designated as
Hot Rolled Steel will show up in the “Hot Rolled” tab when selecting “RISASection” from the
Database/Manufacturer pulldown menu.
18. For imported model geometry, assign Section Sets to members. When creating the model geometry, use
Section Sets as members are created.
a) Draw members in the positive direction so that there is consistency of where the I & J node of the
elements are located.
b) For repetitive structures, consider modeling repetitive elements complete with section sets, releases,
AISC parameters, connection rules, seismic rules and loads defined. And then copy repetitive
elements to complete the structure.
19. Individual elements should be used between each story for column members. Avoid using one physical
member for columns of multiple story heights.
20. Individual elements should be used between each column for beam or girder members. Avoid using one
physical member for a beam that spans over multiple columns.
21. Members are typically placed at the element centerline in RISA-3D where the actual members may be
constructed with a common top of steel elevation. Usually, the eccentricity due to members with different
depths is not considered. It is up to the engineer to decide when the eccentricity should be considered.
Care should be used when using the “Maintain Top of Member” feature as this adds links to offset
members. This may cause moments to occur at the ends of members causing complications when
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Step Description
gathering loads for connection design.
22. Unsymmetrical bracing elements, such as single WT sections, must consider the eccentricity. One of the
following three approaches may be used to account for the eccentricity:
a) Model the eccentricity: This approach has RISA-3D account for the eccentricity automatically.
Model brace node to node with pinned ends. Divide each brace element into four individual
elements. Copy the middle two elements to a distance equal to the eccentricity. Delete the original
middle two elements. Connect the two end elements with the copied middle elements with a rigid
link (fixed ends). Correct the unbraced lengths of the elements (4 times the actual length). Apply
the appropriate connection rules. Note there is a risk that this approach may cause the brace
connection to not work in RISAConnection (especially for shorter braces).
b) Apply a moment due to the eccentricity (not model the eccentricity): Model the brace element as
normal (point to point). Run the envelope solution. Determine the maximum axial load and multiply
it by the eccentricity. Apply this moment at the 10% and 90% location (positive at one end and
negative at the other) so that the flange of the WT is in compression. The moment can be applied
as a Dead Load (BLC1) and may be divided by 1.2 (typical load factor). At the completion of the
design, the magnitude of the applied moments must be checked.
c) Check the member for the eccentricity after the design outside the program: This choice is NOT
recommended. Each brace member would have to be checked manually and would require an
amplified first-order analysis per AISC 360 Chapter C.
23. For single angle members, eccentricity may be neglected when the member use a reduced effective
slenderness ratio per AISC 360 E5. Instead of modifying the shapes library with a smaller radius of
gyration (rz), determine and enter a k value to provide the required slenderness ratio.
24. Model member releases: For imported model geometry, assign member releases by using the Draw
New Member Tool ( in the graphical editing tool bar), using the Modify Properties tab. When creating
the model geometry, assign member releases as members are created.
25. As member releases are assigned, assign connection rules. Considerations for connection rules:
a) Connection rule labels should match the designations of the standard connection details. For
example FB1A.
b) When the same connection is used for different size members a different connection rule should be
used. For example, FB1A-01, FB1A-02 etc. Note that the -01 and -02 values would not be shown
on the design drawings. The -1 and -2 may correspond to the section set names, for example, B1
and B2. When more than ten variations exist, it is suggested to use two digits (e.g. -01, -02) so that
results show up in order in RISAConnection.
c) When connections are to be designed using the load combinations with the overstrength factor (see
Step 46), a separate connection rule should be used. For example FB1A-1S, where the “S”
indicates that seismic overstrength factor applies.
d) When RISAConnection is used for bracing connection design, the adjacent brace(s) and beam must
have the same connection rule. Thus, a connection rule label such as BA11A- FB1A (Bracing
designation first) can be used on both. The design drawings would then only use BA11A for the
brace and FB1A for the beam
e) Confirm member releases match the assigned connection type.
f) Member types (Beam, Column, HBrace, VBrace) must be correctly defined for the member
corresponding to the connection. For example, if the connection is a vertical brace, the brace
element must be a “VBrace” type, otherwise RISAConnection will not design the connection.
g) Member orientation must be correct in order for RISAConnection to work. This is important for WT
and angle bracing members.
h) RISAConnection limitations are as follows:
i) “Diagonal Brace Connection” must have a horizontal beam framing into the column at the
brace location. See help file, “Connection Rules” – “Other Considerations”.
ii) Brace connections to column base plates is not supported.
iii) Has limited beam bracing configurations when connected to the web of a column. (Limited to
double angle or directly welded for the gusset to column connection)
iv) Cannot design cap plates or moment connections where beams run over the column.
26. Check orientation of members. Member orientation can easily be reviewed by rendering the members.
27. Assign boundary conditions. For pinned connections it is preferred to use a fixed boundary and release
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Step Description
the bending moment degrees of freedom on the member. The torsion degree of freedom should remain
fixed (reduces locking of nodes). Note: when using the “Modify Boundary Condition for the Selected
Joints” tool, “Reaction” should be used instead of “Fixed” in the pull down menus otherwise reaction
values will not be provided.
28. Model geometric imperfections to meet AISC Chapter C requirements. Modeling imperfections is not
required if notional loads are used instead. See Step 40 for entering notional loads. (The use of notional
loads is preferred over modeling of imperfections)
29. Modeling for second order effects to meet AISC Chapter C requirements. To account for P- (P-Little
Delta) effects, add nodes (typically 3, evenly spaced at the quarter points) to each compression member
(columns, braces, and beams functioning as compression elements). It is not necessary to split
members to account for P- effects. To add nodes, use the “Draw New Members” tool, select the “Split
Members” tab, and in the “Physical” box select “Just Add Joints to Physical Members”.
30. Assigning Hot Rolled Steel Design Parameters: (must verify or define for every element)
a) Column buckling unbraced length (AISC E2): Lbyy & Lbzz (blank defaults to member length)
b) Lateral torsional buckling unbraced lengths (AISC F2): Lcomp top & Lcomp bot (blank defaults to
member length).
c) Torsional Unbraced length (AISC E4): L-torque (blank defaults to member length)
d) Effective Length Factor (AISC Commentary App 7): Kyy & kzz (1.0 if Direct Analysis Method,
except for single angle members, see Step 23).
e) Lateral Torsional Buckling Factor (AISC F1): Cb, recommend entering a value of 1.0 for all
members, allowing larger values for members close to unity while refining design. When allowing
RISA-3D to calculate the Cb value (by leaving it blank), the value must be checked.
f) Function (Lateral or Gravity): If the adjust stiffness option is set to yes, then all members with a
“lateral” function will be considered for the stiffness reduction as required for the Direct Analysis
Method.
Automated Unbraced Length Commands:
g) Lbyy: Available only for Lcomp-top and Lcomp-bot, the value entered for Lbyy will be used.
h) Segment: All joints which fall along the length of a physical member are assumed to provide
bracing. (Available for Lbyy, Lbzz, Lcomp-top, Lcomp-bot & L-torque)
31. Assigning Concrete Design Parameters: (must verify or define for every element)
a) Beams:
i) Icr Factor is used to reduce the bending stiffness of concrete beams. If left blank, the default
is 0.35 for beams. (note, the “Use Cracked Stiffness” box must be check in the Model
Settings, see Step 9).
b) Columns:
i) Column buckling unbraced length: Luyy & Luzz (blank defaults to member length, “segment”
can be used on physical members)
ii) Equivalent Moment Correction Factor, Cmyy & Cmzz: Used for the moment magnification
procedure (ACI 318-11 10.10.6, ACI 318-14 6.6.4.5.3). If left blank, they are automatically
calculated. Values are only used for non-sway frames.
iii) Effective Length Factor: Kyy & kzz, defaults to 1.0 if left blank. See ACI 318-11 10.10 or
ACI 318-14 6.2.5.
iv) Sway Flags (y & z): Checked indicates the column is subject to sidesway for bending. If
blank it is considered to be in a braced frame.
v) Icr Factor is used to reduce the bending stiffness of concrete columns. If left blank, the
default is 0.70 for columns. (note, the “Use Cracked Stiffness” box must be check in the
Model Settings, see Step 9).
c) Service Level Stiffness: For service level analysis, the level of cracking will be less. For load
combinations that has the “Service Load” flag checked on the design tab of the Load Combination
spreadsheet, the stiffness is increased by a factor of 1.43 (See ACI 318-11 R10.10.4.1)

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Step Description
32. Direct Analysis Method requirements:
a) Effective Length Factors (Kyy & kzz) may be 1.0
b) Model settings – Codes – Adjust Stiffness - Yes (Iterative)
c) Bending Stiffness reduction is applied to all “Lateral” members with a member type of “beam” or
“Column”.
d) Axial Stiffness reduction is applied to all “Lateral” members with a member type of “Column” or
“VBrace”.
e) Per AISC 341 Section C1 commentary, the reduced stiffness used in the direct analysis method
should not be used when determining the period and when determining seismic drifts. RISA-3D
does not use reduced stiffnesses when determining the period. However, when checking seismic
drifts, the “Adjust Stiffness” should be “No” in the Global Settings Codes tab.
33. Seismic Design Rules – Depending on the code requirements, certain members and their connections
may need to be designed using the load combinations with the overstrength factor.
a) Check structure for horizontal and vertical irregularities (ASCE 7 Section 12.3). Modify structure to
eliminate irregularities or assign seismic rules to design members with the load combinations with
the overstrength factor.
b) Identify members that are collector elements. Assign seismic rules to design members with the load
combinations with the overstrength factor.
34. Add loads to model using the correct Basic Load Combinations (BLC). Every BLC must have a load
Category for the load to be transferred to RISAFoundation. The load categories listed below are to be
used when using the load combination template files referenced in Step 5.
a) Dead (DL) - grating, handrail, concrete, piping, equipment, electrical, fireproofing. To account for
connections, a Y Gravity factor of 1.15 should be used for the structural steel weight (BLC #1).
b) Fluid (FL) – contained in piping & equipment with a well defined density & volume
c) Thermal (TL, OL8, OL9, OL10) – thermal loads on the structure, due to piping, or applied by piping
guides or stops:
i) TL (BLC 12) - Piping thermal loads transferred to the structure with a guide or stop. These
loads are included in wind and seismic load combinations and are applied in the positive and
negative direction.
ii) TLv (OL8, BLC 13) – Thermal loads from piping that are applied in the vertical direction
(negative loads are applied downwards)
iii) OL9 & OL10 (BLC 14 & 15) – Piping thermal loads transferred to the structure by friction.
These loads are not included in the wind and seismic load combinations.
iv) OL9 & OL10 (BLC 16 & 17) – Thermal loads applied to the structure due to a temperature
differential on the structure. Caution: When thermal loads are applied to beam and column
elements and the member stiffness are adjusted for the direct analysis method, the amount
of thermal expansion or contraction for an unrestrained member will be 25% greater that it
should be (1/0.8). To obtain the correct value, the adjust stiffness should be set to no (model
settings) or if appropriate, the function in the hot rolled steel design parameters can be set to
gravity.
d) Live (LL)
e) Snow (SL)
f) Wind (WLX, WLZ, WL+X & WL+Z). WLX & WLZ provide the total wind load for all items. WL+X and
WL+Z are used to repeat the wind load on the structural steel elements. These basic load cases are
used in the load combinations that consider wind load acting in a direction other than the orthogonal
directions per AISC Wind Loads for Petrochemical and Other Industrial Facilities (see Figure 5.2).
g) Seismic (ELX, ELY & ELZ) for static analysis, (SX & SZ are used for a modal response spectrum
analysis in the load combinations)
h) Seismic loads, used in a static analysis, can be created from entered dead and fluid loads. Copy DL
or FL entries to the appropriate seismic basic load combination and use “Fill Block” to modify the
direction of load and “Math on Block” to modify values. See step 37 for a method of determining
magnitudes of seismic forces considering the vertical distribution of seismic forces per ASCE 7,
12.8.3.
i) For some load combination templates, loads must be duplicated in order for the load combinations
to work properly:

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Step Description
i) IBC and ASCE 7 Rev 14.x Low Seismic: In order for the pipe and equipment empty cases to
work correctly, loads from BLC 58, 59, 60, 67, 68 & 69 must be copied into BLC 61 (ELX-Y),
62 (ELZ-Y), 63 (ELY-X), 70 (ELX-Y), 71 (ELZ-Y) & 72 (ELY-X).
ii) IBC and ASCE 7 Rev 14.x Rho 1.3: In order for the pipe and equipment empty cases to
work correctly, loads from BLC 58, 59, 60, 67, 68 & 69 must be copied into BLC 61 (ELX-Y),
62 (ELZ-Y), 63 (ELY-X), 70 (ELX-Y), 71 (ELZ-Y) & 72 (ELY-X). .
j) Moving loads are defined by selecting the following menu, Modify – Moving Loads Pattern Library
( on RISA Tool Bar). Once in the dialog box, moving load patterns can be added, edited or
deleted. The pattern can then be selected in Menu - Insert – Moving Load (
in Data Entry ). In this dialog box, the Tag, pattern, increment, and joints where the loading is
applied are defined. The Tag (for example M1) is used in the load combinations (in the BLC
column) to include the moving load in the load combination. When using custom moving loads see
Step 54 on how to managing RISA-3D database files.
35. Gravity, wind, and seismic loads can be applied to members as line loads or area loads. It is more
convenient to use area loads for these types of loads. However, area loads may not provide the correct
loading. When using area load, the line loads created by RISA-3D to simulate the area load shall always
be checked. RISA-3D creates a BLC (usually the first blank BLC) and has a name similar to “BLC 18
Transient Area Loads”. These BLC contain the line loads and can be viewed. Below are other tips about
area loads:
a) When using area loads for grating dead and live load, the area load shall be a one way distribution
in the direction of the bearing bars (arrows should match the direction of the bearing bars).
b) When the area load encircles a platform with interior beams, the line loads calculated by RISA-3D
may not be correct. The accuracy of the calculated line load is a function of the Area Load Mesh
2 2
value in the solution tab of the Model Setting. Using a default value of 144 in (92903 mm ) for the
Area Load Mesh will likely provide incorrect results when encircling the entire platform areas with
2 2
interior beams. A smaller value of 81 in (52900 mm ) is recommended.
c) When using area loads for wind, diagonal members (typically all bracing members) are not loaded.
To correct this, additional line loads need to be added to the wind BLC for all diagonal members.
d) If using line loads instead of area load, area loading can be used to automate line loads by solving
the load case with the area load and then copying the line loads from the BLC that is created by
RISA-3D into the appropriate BLC.
36. Run a trial solution using gravity loads (DL category) and lateral loads in the X and Z direction (Wind or
Seismic categories).
a) Correct all locked nodes.
b) Review the animated deflected shape.
c) Review magnitudes of deflection and drifts.
d) Correct connectivity or stiffness problems.
e) If member releases are changed update connection rules as necessary.
f) If changes were made (added members, changed member sizes), review the structure again for
horizontal or vertical irregularities. Check that Hot Rolled Steel Design parameters, connection rules
and seismic rules are correct.
37. Seismic Vertical Distribution (ASCE 7, 12.8.3) – The vertical distribution of seismic loads can be
determined as follows. (This method applies to structures that do not have rigid diaphragms and where
the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure is being used)
a) Create a rigid diaphragm at each level that has seismic mass (typically DL & FL). Go to Menu –
Spreadsheets – Diaphragms (or in Data Entry ). The diaphragms should
be active at this time.
b) The seismic model settings (see Step 10) must be entered correctly for the next steps.
c) Select menu Insert – Seismic Load to open the seismic load dialog box.
d) Check the Seismic Load Parameters.
e) Select the Seismic Weight LC. When using the load combinations from the template files listed in
Step 5, the load combination to use is typically 82: W = Seismic Weight W/ Liquid.
f) Select BLC where diaphragm loads will be added “Add Loads to BLC starting”. Suggest using 101.

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Step Description
g) Click on “Calc Loads”.
h) Review the “Seismic Generation Force Results”. Check that the correct total base shear in the X
and Z directions are obtained. These results are typically copied into the calculations to determine
the acceleration at each level. The acceleration at a level is calculated by taking the Force Z or
Force X value and dividing it by the weight.
i) Once the vertical distribution is obtained, the diaphragms must be made inactive.
j) Check that created nodes (loads applied to diaphragm) do not coincide with members. If the nodes
are on physical members, the loads from these nodes will be incorrectly applied to the model.
Change the members to non-physical members so that loads are not applied.
k) Based on the calculated acceleration at each level, apply seismic forces in the approriate BLC.
l) Once all the loads are entered, run seismic load cases (93 through 98) to check that the correct
base shears are obtained.
38. Modal Response Spectrum Analysis (May be required because of irregularities, see ASCE 7 Section
12.6)
a) If necessary, add the project specific response spectra to the Response Spectra Library. Go to
menu Modify – Response Spectra Library ( on RISA Tool Bar). When adding site specific
response spectra, see Step 54 on how to managing RISA-3D database files.
b) When running a modal response spectrum analysis, the reduced stiffness and notional loads should
not be included when determining the period or when evaluating seismic drift limits. RISA-3D does
not use reduced stiffness when determining the period. Notional loads in the horizontal direction do
not affect the period determination. However, when checking seismic drifts, the “Adjust Stiffness”
should be “No” in the Global Settings Codes tab. Small notional loads typically do not influence the
results of seismic drift.
c) To run the modal response spectrum analysis, select on the RISA Tool Bar, then select
”Dynamics Eigensolution/Response Spectra” and then select solve. The Dynamics dialog box will
open.
i) Select the number of modes. A sufficient number of modes must be selected to obtain a
mass participation of at least 90% (ASCE 7, Section 12.9). A typical starting point is to use
30.
ii) Specify the load combination for the seismic mass. For example, when using the load
combinations from the templates (see Step 5) the load combination to used is typically 82: W
= Seismic Weight W/ Liquid.
iii) Select Combination method: In general CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination) should be
used. For situations where the rigid response is important Gupta may be used. See the
RISA-3D General Reference for more information.
iv) Select the horizontal directions for modal response spectrum analysis (typically X & Z).
Typically, a modal response spectrum analysis in the vertical direction is not performed.
v) Select the Spectra to be used (an entered site specific or an ASCE version). When the
ASCE spectra is selected, seismic inputs of SDS, SD1 and TL must be correctly entered in the
seismic model settings (see Step 10).
vi) The “Use Dominant Mode for Signage” should be checked.
d) After selecting “Start Solution”, RISA-3D will determine the frequencies and mass participation of
each mode. As the bottom of the dialog box, the total mass participation is provided. The mass
participation must be greater than 90%.
e) Review the dominate mode shapes and their periods. Mode shapes can be reviewed by selecting
the model display options icon in the Window Tool Bar (F2) and selecting the Deflection
Diagrams tab. There are several options on how to display the mode shapes.
f) Check that the calculated periods are less that the limit per ASCE 7 Section 12.8.2. If conservatively
heavy loads have been used, check that a lower mass will not cause a higher seismic force.
Consideration should also be made if piping may increase the stiffness (which decreases the period)
of the structure.
g) Models that have a lot of beam elements and a lot of individual loads may not obtain the required
mass participation without running a significant number of modes. If it takes more than 100 modes
to obtain the required mass participation, it is an indication that seismic mass needs to be lump
together instead of using the mass of individual members. For example, the mass of the structural
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Step Description
elements can be applied at the top of each column at each story, based on the reactions column
member forces obtained by running the seismic mass case (LC 82). A load case can then be
created to include the point loads accounting for the structure dead load and other applied loads that
are part of the seismic mass.
h) After a solution has been obtained with the proper mass participation, the scaling factors must be
determined.
i) With the Load Combination window open (open with ), select the scaling factor icon
in the Window Tool Bar.
ii) Click on the top right calculate button on the “Static Base Shear” line. The Seismic Loads
dialog box will open. Check that the correct values have been used and check that the static
base shear is correct. Click OK to close the Seismic Loads dialog box.
iii) If values are not shown in the “Unscaled Base Shear” boxes, click on the calculate button on
that line.
iv) Scaling factors can be calculated by the program or manually inputted. To have the program
calculate the scaling factors, start by entering the “Base Shear Multiplier”. This value is the
minimum percentage (85% per ASCE 7 12.9.4.1) of the calculated base shear determined
form the equivalent lateral fore procedure. Click on the calculate button by the scaling factor
values (third calculate button).
v) To have the scaling factors applied to load combinations with SX, SY or SZ (ones without
*SF), click the box at the lower left and the scaling factor will be applied. (This is not
necessary with the load combinations from the template files). Then click OK.
vi) Load combinations 101 through 104 (SX, SZ, Rho * SX*SF, and Rho * SZ*SF) should be run
to check that the correct base shears are provided. Note, the solution solving SX and SZ do
not include the Response Modification Coefficient (R) or the Importance value (I). Multiply SX
and SZ by I/R and then compare them to the total based shear calculated by using the
equivalent lateral force procedure (ASCE 7, Section 12.8). The factored SX and SZ must be
at least 85% of the calculated base shear (ASCE 7, Section 12.9.4.1).
i) Load combinations with the dynamic seismic load (with SX*FS and SZ*FS instead of ELX & ELZ)
are required to be solved.
j) The Modal Response Spectrum Analysis results may require high scaling factors. For example, in
the case where you are determining X direction responses, the Y and Z forces may be larger and
sometimes more than 25% of the X direct forces. This is because there are small contributions
from the X direction mode shapes (due to torsional mode shapes for example) causing the total X
direction force to be much less than the 85% minimum. When a torsional mode shape occurs,
some of the mass goes in the positive X and some goes in the negative X and they cancel each
other out. Thus, the scaling factors become larger to get the 85% minimum. The scaling factor is
applied to forces in all the directions and thus the Y and Z forces can become significant. To reduce
the torsional mode shapes, additional horizontal diaphragm stiffness is required. For moment
frame structures this may be achieved by increasing the weak axis inertia (wider flanges) of the
beams in the moment frames. Other solutions include adding horizontal bracing or connecting all
horizontal bracing systems making a continuous diaphragm.
39. Review entered loads by running load categories individually.
a) Are the individual loads in the correct direction and have the expected magnitude?
b) Does the dead load relative to the fluid load and live load look reasonable?
c) Do the piping thermal loads (friction, guides, axial stops) look reasonable and match the pipe stress
analysis?
d) Do the wind loads look reasonable? For example, the side with the larger area should have a larger
load.
e) Check seismic loads:
i) Are they equal in both directions (may not be if pipe loads from pipe stress analysis are
used)?
ii) Does the seismic mass times the seismic acceleration equal the base shear in each
direction?
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iii) As a minimum, the seismic base shear must be equal to (or greater than) the seismic
acceleration times the seismic mass, even when seismic pipe loads from pipe stress analysis
are used.
f) How does the total wind load compare to the total seismic load (which one governs)?
40. For AISC structural steel designs, notional loads are applied to account for geometric imperfections. See
AISC 360 Chapter C. Geometric imperfections must be accounted for while using the Direct Analysis
method or the Effective Length method. The following strategies can be used:
a) The notional loads should be based on the gravity loads for the applicable load combination. To
simplify the determination of notional loads the maximum gravity load (DL + FL + LL + T(vertical) +
SL, LC 78) can be conservatively used for all load combinations. An exception may be for hydro test
loads cases with high hydro test loads.
b) In situations where there are insufficient columns in the load combination sheet in RISA-3D, the
notional loads can be added as a dead load. This will in most cases be conservative since the DL
has a load factor of 1.2 (LRFD). Cases with DL factors of less than one will typically be conservative
when all the gravity loads are conservatively included.
c) To determine the notional loads, run all gravity loads and use the reactions to apply the horizontal
loads (0.002 times the reaction) at the top of the columns (for single story structures) or an
appropriate percentage at each story.
d) Alternatively, the notional loads maybe created in RISA-3D by copying the gravity loads (point, line
or area loads) and manipulating them to obtain the required directions and magnitudes (“Fill Block”
to modify the direction of load and “Math on Block” to modify values). Gravity factors of 0.002x1.15
to account for connections must be added to structure DL (BLC #1) for the X & Z direction.
e) The additional base shear caused by the notional loads does not need to be considered for the
design of the foundation. However, the overturning effects of the notional loads shall be considered
in the design of the foundation. The horizontal reactions can be corrected by applying an additional
horizontal force at the base of the column equal and opposite in direction to the sum of the notional
loads applied to the column.
41. Load Combinations – Load combinations should be taken from the project template or one of the generic
templates. When using templates (see Step 5), the combinations shall be reviewed for the correct
application. The following entries and selections must also be made on the “Design” tab:
a) ASIF (Allowable Stress Increase Factor): Use 1.0 (blank) for steel design.
b) CD (Load Duration Factor): Used for NDS timber design (blank for steel design)
c) ABIF (Allowable Bearing Increase Factor): Used with RISAFoot to set the allowable bearing
increase for footing design.
d) Service check boxes: This has two applications. First, where checked, the load combination will be
considered as a service level loading and the cracked concrete section properties will be multiplied
by a factor of 1.43 (see Step 31). Second, where checked, the load combination will be considered
as a service level soil bearing and stability loading in RISAFoot.
e) Remaining Check Box Columns: These designate which load combinations should be used for the
code checking of each material type and which combinations are used for RISAConnection.
If RISAFoundation will be used, the load combination should be copied from RISAFoundation in the
template files since the ASD combinations are different (no vertical seismic for the uplift cases). Since
RISAFoundation does not support nested combinations, nested combinations should not be used in
RISA-3D.
42. Select the appropriate load combinations for the envelop solution. Load combination types should match
selected code (i.e. LRFD combination with LRFD code).
43. Solve envelope of required load combinations. Review and evaluate the following:
a) Unity values for bending - below acceptable value?
b) Unity values for shear - below acceptable value?
c) Drift and deflections of key members - below acceptable values? To properly evaluate deflections,
drift and the stability coefficient (ASCE 7 Section 12.8.7), use the specific deflection or drift
combinations (located before the ASD combinations in the template files). This early evaluation
provide an indication if the structure has sufficient stiffness.
d) Reactions – are loads too high for the planned type of foundations or anchorage?
44. Hints for fine tuning the design:

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a) Break up physical members where columns, beams or braces intersect the physical member.
b) Double check that the AISC parameters (unbraced lengths) are correct.
c) Let the program calculate Cb. Caution must be used when the unbraced length is not equal to the
member length, or where physical members are used over multiple spans. In these cases, RISA-3D
usually does not calculate Cb correctly. This option should be used sparingly since each load case
will have a different Cb value which will making checking difficult.
d) Provide additional lateral bracing.
e) Add vertical or horizontal bracing to stiffen the structure.
f) Add vertical bracing to distribute shear loads to other locations.
g) If changes were made (added members, changed member sizes), review the structure again for
horizontal or vertical irregularities. Check that Hot Rolled Steel Design parameters, connection rules
and seismic rules are correct.

45. Steps for connection design running RISAConnection: (See hint, last step below)
a) Run batch solution in RISA-3D.
b) Open the RISAConnection application. If a RISAConnection file has already been created with the
RISA-3D file, open the file at this time.
c) The file names of the RISA-3D must be the same as the RISAConnection File (not including the file
extension). If the file names are not identical, any connection configurations will be over written by
the default settings when transferring RISA-3D information to an existing RISAConnection file.
d) Select RISAConnection in the “Director” (up right corner of RISA-3D)
e) Several dialog boxes will appear. Usually, from RISA-3D you will obtain a warning stating that a
number of connections are invalid. Click “yes” to continue. From RISAConnection you will likely
obtain a warning that the entire exchange file could not be read. Click ‘OK”. It is okay to get these
warnings. Many of the invalid connections should be connections that are not supported by
RISAConnection. Review the “Connection Design Results” to determine if corrections need to be
made for connections to transfer properly.
f) Save the RISAConnection file. The file must be saved in the same directory and same name as the
RISA-3D file.
g) Review the model settings. Provide the appropriate information in the description tab. Review the
solution tab setting. Check that the appropriate code is being used (this is selected in RISA-3D).
The 3 lower boxes should be checked.
i) Bolt Group Analysis Method: Center of Rotation should be selected since it is more accurate
than the elastic method which may be excessively conservative.
ii) Weld Analysis Method: Center of Rotation should be selected since it is more accurate than
the elastic method.
iii) Consider Bolt Hole Deformation: For typical structures this can be unchecked. When bolt
hole deformation is considered, lower strength is available (see AISC J3.10) and is desirable
when loads reverse.
iv) Check Weld Filler Metal Matching: Should be checked.
v) Check Rotational Ductility: Should be checked. This is used to check if the “pinned”
connection assumption is correct.
vi) Full Shear Eccentricity Considered: This can be unchecked to allow eccentricity to be
ignored when the code allows it to be ignored.
vii) PZ (panel zone) Deformation Considered: This should be unchecked unless panel zone
deformation is considered in the analysis (RISA-3D does not consider panel zone
deformation).
h) Review and modify geometry of each connection group. Note that changes should only be
performed at the group level. Changes made to an individual connection will be only for that
connection and not the remaining connections in the group. Avoid having “Various” show up at the
group level for dimensions (it is okay for loads).
i) The geometry (edge distances, bolt spacing etc.) must match the geometry of the general notes and
connection schedule. For fireproofed members, remember to account for the thickness of the
fireproofing.
j) Solve the connection groups as they are reviewed and modified.

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k) Once all the connection groups are solved, the results can be transferred back to RISA-3D (File –
Export – Export Connection Results to RISA-3D).
l) Connections that RISAConnection does not support will need to be designed in other software.
m) Hint: Save defaults before transferring information into RISAConnection from RISA-3D. Open a file
from a previous calculation that has similar connections. Select the desired connection and save the
connection as a default by clicking on the save connection as default icon in the tool bar or selecting
the option in the Connection menu. Do this for other connections as desired. Note only one
connection default may be saved for each connection type.
46. Steps for connection design running RISAConnection with members having Connection Rules using the
load combinations with the overstrength factor – Currently, RISAConnection applies the loads from the
combinations with the overstrength factor to all the connections. Use the following steps to design
connections to the correct load combinations:
a) Run the batch solution in RISA-3D without the load combinations with the overstrength factor.
b) Export information to RISAConnection and work through the connection designs per the steps
outlined in the Step above.
c) If results are to be captured in a calculation, export information back to RISA-3D and screen copy
the results into the calculations.
d) Run the batch solution in RISA-3D with the load combinations with the overstrength factor.
e) Export information to RISAConnection and work though the connection designs of only the
connections requiring to be designed using the combinations with the overstrength factor. Do not
solve any other combinations.
f) If results are to be captured in a calculation, export information back to RISA-3D and screen copy
the results into the calculations.
47. Known Errors in RISAConnection (Errors may have been corrected)
a) Skew angle error for Chevron Braces. This is a bug in RISAConnection. Sometimes the error is
solved by deleting and redrawing the bracing elements. The error can also be caused by a beam
perpendicular to the bracing sharing the node used for the bracing. Copy the beam away from the
node and delete the original beam. Then run a solution and then transfer the information to
RISAConnection (it should work at this point). Then copy the beam back to the correct location
(delete the extra beam).
b) Moment connection is overstressed because the Story Shear force is zero and it should be non-
zero. This error can be corrected be deleting and redrawing the column element above and below
the connection.
c) Connections with different connection rules get lumped together in another connection rule in
RISAConnection. There is no fix for this problem at this time. Each connection in the group will
need to be set up separately.
48. Steps for connection design running Ram Connection or other software:
a) Run envelop solutions using the appropriate load combinations.
b) Transfer data (member forces & member connection rules) into the connection summary
spreadsheet.
c) Run the macros and use the connection log sheet to determine forces to enter into the connection
software.
d) Use the connection log to document what software is used for every connection.
49. As connections are designed, members may need to be changed or other modification to the model may
need to be made. Thus, care should be taken to maintain consistency with member section sets,
connection rules, seismic rules, effective lengths, etc. After changes are made to accommodate the
connections, rerun the envelop of load combinations and review the unities, deflections and drift.
50. Design base plate and anchorage:
a) Design base plate using RISABase. Envelop loads will need to be used for RISABase since there is
no link from RISA-3D to RISABase.
b) Design shear bars if necessary. Typically, shear bars are used when the seismic design category
(SDC) is C or higher. If the anchor bolt were to be design to resist shear (SDC C or higher), the
shear strength of the anchor bolt must be developed or only 0.4 times the strength can be used.
c) Design the anchor bolts. Design shall include the concrete strength and required details.
51. Collect the required data for the calculations package. Note, before this step is made, consider having

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Step Description
the checker start the review of calculations used as inputs to the design, the review of the RISA-3D
model and review of the connection designs. If views are used in the calculation package or certain
nodes are selected to collect data, save the selection states by using this icon (Save or Recall
Selection States) in the selection tool bar.
52. Steps for transferring loads to RISAFoundation:
a) Run any load case in RISA-3D (a solution must be run in order for loads to be transferred to
RISAFoundation.
b) When a modal response spectrum analysis is used: Dynamic loads do not transfer to
RISAFoundation. Reactions from dynamic loads must be entered manually as point loads.
Reactions may be copied into Excel and manipulated to match the format to copy into Basic Load
Cases 43 & 44 (EQ Structure +X & +Z, Categories ELX & ELZ) RISA-3D as point loads. The loads
are automatically transfered to RISAFoundation and have the correct load category for the load
combinations. Solving LC 43 & 44 can also serve as a quick check to see if the total load is correct.
c) Only loads that applied with defined load categories are transferred to RISAFoundation.
d) Select RISAFoundation in the “Director” (up right corner of RISA-3D)
e) A dialog boxes will appear. Typically all reactions should be brought over regardless of elevation.
f) Review the model settings.
i) Provide the appropriate information in the description tab.
ii) Review the solution tab settings.
iii) Review the Design tab settings. The subgrade modulus, if not known, can be approximated
by taking the bearing allowable and assuming it will cause a 1” settlement. For example, 2
3
ksf/inch x 12”/ft = 24 k/ft . In general, it is conservative for soil bearing and slab bending if
the modulus used is lower than the actual modulus.
g) Review (graphically) if the loads were transferred correctly.
53. Steps for updating RISA-3D file with a RISAFoundation design file with an updated RISA-3D analysis.
(These are the steps to append an updated RISA-3D analysis into a RISAFoundation analysis created
from a previous version of the RISA-3D analysis)
a) Open the RISA-3D file that contains the latest RISA-3D model.
b) Run a solution, switch to RISAFoundation
c) Delete any RISAFoundation information (nodes, material, design rules, pile definitions, etc.)
d) Save file, switch back to RISA-3D, save the file and exit.
e) Open the RISA-3D file that contains the RISAFoundation design.
f) In RISA-3D, Delete all the nodes and elements. (NOTE, nothing should be done with the
RISAFoundation inputs)
g) Delete all the material definitions except for one line. Rename the material label to something (i.e.,
temp) that would not match to the material names that will come from the updated file. This material
will be deleted later.
h) Delete all the Section Sets except for one line. Rename the section set to something (i.e., temp)
that would not match to the section set names that will come from the updated file. This section set
will be deleted later.
i) Delete all the Connection Rules.
j) Delete all the Basic Load Combinations
k) Delete all the Load Combinations.
l) From the File menu select Append. Select the latest RISA-3D file.
m) Delete the temporary material.
n) Delete the temporary section set.
o) Run the envelop solution and compare the results to the original file.
p) Switch to RISAFoundation
q) Check all inputs for correctness. Delete any temporary material or definition entries.
r) File is ready for foundation design.
54. Managing RISA-3D Database Files:
a) The default location of RISA-3D database files is in a subdirectory called Databases in the directory
with the executable file. The path can be determined (or changed) by selecting Tools – Application
Settings – File Locations. Database files have a file extension of “fil”. If extensive changes or
additions are planned for certain database files, it is suggested that backups of the database files
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Step Description
are made giving the ability to revert back to the original file.
b) Structural Steel Shapes are stored in multiple database files. For example, aiscdb32.fil stores AISC
shapes.
c) Moving loads are saved in file ml_lib32.fil.
d) Seismic response spectra data is saved in file rspect32.fil.
e) When a moving load or seismic response spectra data is added, the database files should be saved
with the RISA-3D file (e.g. as a subdocument in the document management system) so that the
checker can use the database files and properly check the inputted data. Note, it is not necessary
to save shape library files, since RISA-3D files saves the added shapes within the file. RISA-3D
does not save moving load or response spectra data within the RISA-3D file.

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