TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

CASE STUDY - takes place in the fields of social care, nursing, psychology, education, etc, and
involves long-time study of a person or group. Finding the reasons behind such occurrences.

ETHNOGRAPHY - emphasizes any groups or cultures, and reveals the nature or characteristics of
their own (cultures)

PHENOMENOLOGY - It’s like a live experience like storytelling. How people find their
experiences meaningful

CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS - Analysis or examination of the substance; language used
in communication

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS - Examination of primary documents. The past events to the present time

GROUNDED THEORY - Discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data
collection and analysis

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Human understanding and interpretation - Show an individual’s mental, social, and spiritual
understanding, including his or her, beliefs, likes, and dislikes

Active, powerful, and forceful - A lot of changes occur continuously in every stage of qualitative
research. Inclined to discover your qualitative research

Multiple research approaches and methods - Allows you to approach or plan your study in
varied ways.

Specify to generalization - Directed to a general understanding of something

Contextualization - Involves all variables, factors, or conditions affecting the study and
understanding of human behavior

Diversified data in real-life situations - Collecting data in a natural setting like observing people
as they live and work etc

Abounds with words and visuals - It resorts to quoting some respondents’ answers

Internal analysis - Examine the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject individuals,
likewise people’s perceptions or view
What is a research title?

- The most important element that defines the research problem

- It is usually read first and the most read part of the research
- It contains the least words enough to describe the purpose of your research
- It can be revised until the final defense
- Does not need to be entertaining but informative

 A part of a research title has the (what, who, where, when questions)
 You begin your research work with a problem

HOTS-higher order thinking strategies

Guidelines in choosing a research topic

1. Interest in the subject matter- being curios about a subject makes you determined…
2. Availability of information- collecting a lot of information as evidence to support your claims
is part of any research work
3. Timelines and relevance of the topic-it is relevant if it related to the present
4. Limitations on the subject- this makes you link your choosing with course requirements
5. Personal resources- assess your research abilities

Research topics to be avoided

1. Controversial topics- topics that may tend to be biased or prejudicial

2. Highly technical subjects- topics that require an advanced study
3. Hard to investigate subjects- subjects that has no available reading materials
4. Too broad subjects- topics that are too broad
5. Too narrow subjects-subjects that are so limited or specific
6. Vague subjects- topics that will prevent you from having a clear focus on your paper
Chapter 1 of the research paper is called The problem and its background (sometimes called as
The Introduction)

A) Background of the study

B) Statement of the problem
C) Scope and delimitation
D) Significance of the study
Others have sections such as Objectives of the Study and Hypotheses

Objectives of the study- a research objective is a clear , concise, and declarative statement

Research question- “what is the impact of corruption scandal on Samsung brand image?”
Research aim- “Evaluating the Impact of corruption scandal on Samsung brand image”
Research Objective 1 –“To explore the underlying factors that caused the emergence of the
scandal”

According to Calderon and Gonzales (1993) stated that any problem is “any significant,
perplexing, and challenging situation, real or artificial , the solution of which requires reflexive
thinking”

 Research question require background knowledge you have about the topic
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY (BoS)

Purpose of the BoS

a. The general definition of the topic/problem area

b. Historical basis for the existence of the problem
c. Efforts made towards addressing similar challenges
d. How the efforts failed to be realized hence the need for your study
Contents of The BoS

a. Presentation of the problem- describe the existence of an unsatisfactory condition or a

problem that need a solution
b. Historical Background of the problem – give the historical background of the background, if
applicable
c. Geographical conditions of the study locale- If applicable, describe the geographical location
of the study.
d. Rationale of the study- give the reasons why the study should be conducted

(nasa book ang do’s and don’ts pg 39-40)

B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

- series of questions used in researching the topic
- composed of the purpose statement and research questions
(nasa book ang guidelines pg 40 ni Calderon at Gonzales)

C. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

a. Scope of the study- the coverage of the research…
b. Delimitation of a Study- limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study. Limitations
include the ff:
1. Sample size-will determine the quality of data and the rs that will be identified among the
variables
2. Lack of available and/ or reliable data- this will limit the scope of analysis and the ability of
the researcher determine the relationships among the data
3.Lack of prior studies – this will limit the effectiveness of the literature review and initial
understanding of the research
4. Chosen data collection method- the quality of data collected must be clear …
5. Nature of the information collected- researcher should not rely on pre existing data
6. Access- The amount and quality of available data…
7. Time period-it is advisable to select a research problem and design
8. Bias- the researcher must be aware of his or her personal biases
9. Language- this may have an effect on data collection…

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

- discusses the purpose that the researcher will serve to society
- describes the contribution of the study to the existing body of language
-nandito rin yung beneficiaries chuchu (mga magbebenefit sa study)

Presenting written Statement of the Problem

1. Introduction-states briefly the backgroundof the study and identifies the rationale of the
research problem
2.Statement of the Problem- states clearly the purposes or interests of the study, poses specific
questions abt the problem
3. Scope and Delimitation- sets the boundaries and parameters of the study, narrows the scope
4. Significance of the Study- shows the benefits of the study to address issues and problems…

 OUTLINE - is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships and it is a type of tree

structure
-a tool used to organize written ideas
 CHAPTER 4

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

-it will strengthen your claims..

- the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books and other reference materials

The ff infos may be collected:

1. Background knowledge abt the problem

2. Theories that give details abt the problem

3. Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem

4. Detailed and broad results of related studies

5. Gaps and recommendations of additional study …

Significance and rationale of RRL and toddies

- is to find out the similairites and differences between the past and present studies, to get
ideas..

-helps recognize and define a research problem

- gives the researchers bg analysis aspets, which have been studied

Literature- an oral written record of man’s significant experiences… Can be direct or indirect

 Direct expressions (formal) – basta written siya

 Indirect expressions (informal)- hindi written or spoken, inferences or reflections of his
surroundings sha

Review of Related Literature- an analysis of man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world

(nasa book ang purposes pg 51)

Styles or Approaches of RRL

1. Traditional RRL-summarize present forms of knowledge on a specific subject

-does not require you to describe your method but expects to state your intentions

- pa essay form ang structure

Diff types;

a. Conceptual review- analysis of concepts or ideas to give meaning to some anation or world
issues

b. Critical review- focuses on the theories or hypotheses..

c. State of the art review- makes the researcher deal with latest research studies

d. Expert review- encourages a well known expert to do RRL bcos of the influence of a certain
ideology..

e. Scoping review- prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of ptoject making
abt community development...

2. Systematic RRL- called systematic review that is required at the graduate level

- a style that involves sequential acts of a review of related literature

- base sa research question form ang structure

EFFECTIVE STEPS IN LITERATURE REVIEW

Step 1: Search for Literature

Step 2:Reading and Citing Source of Material

1. Acknowledgement- identifies individuals who have contributed to the making..

2. References or Bibliography- a whole list of literary materials.. it is arranged alphabetically or

in order sequence. This holds as the summary of the information of all your sources. Infos
needed (author’s name, date of pub, page number, plusher, place of
publisher ,volume ,edition ,other)

APA (American Psychological Association)-the most frequently used style of referring other
than MLA (Modern Language Association) and Chicago Manual Style

Step 3; Creating or synthesizing your rrl

(PDF NA BAGONG SEND)

Statement of the problem

- well defined problem that must be followed

- it allows the researcher to present other essential elements of research undertaking such as
the major variables, objectives and appropriate methodology

Writing the problem of the statement in quali (has 2 types)

General Problem

– pertains to the opening paragraph that gives specific details on other essential elements
which are the purpose, major variables, participants, setting, and time coverage of the study..

Guidelines by Cristobal and Cristobal(2017)

-It should clearly state the main task of the rs

-it should present the major variable

-should identify the participants

-should state the research setting and time

Specific problems- stated as questions unlike gen prob which is stated in declarative form.

-it should be anchored on the gen prob (the formulated ques), hindi dapat yes or no ques
Content of Scope and Delimitation

-reveals, recognizes, shares , and expresses the method used , coverage, parameter,
instruments, persons involved, and protocols to follow

- explains the extent or parameter of research

- it explores on the coverage, and processes involved in the research (M.K. & Simon and Goes
2003)

- declares the choices that the researchers carried out during the rs processS

Scope and Delimitation

-It is informative because it is where you declare the things that you have to carry out and
follow through the rs

Scope of the rs- Commonly refers to the depth your research area or parameters,it includes
restriction of the target population, research locale, specified duration, design, procedure, and
instrument used.
Delimitation
Writing Scope and Delimitation

Brainstorming-just simply writing down what comes to your mind

EX of Scope and Deli

Ctto sa tatlong bibe

Significance of the Study

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