4.

DEMOGRAPHY

Prepared by: Lianne S. Decano, MSN, RN

 DEMOGRAPHY

-Science of population
-”snyos”=people; “ypagly”= to draw or to write
-focuses on changes in Population size, Population
composition, or Structure and Distribution of population in
spae

• Achille Gillard- demography is the natural and social history

of human species
 DEFINITION AND USES
OF DEMOGRAPHY
-deals with the study of human population’s size, composition and
distribution in space
Population size
• number of people in a given place or area at a given time
Population composition
• characteristics of population in relation to certain variables such as
age, sex, occupation, educational level etc.
Spatial distribution
• how people are distributed in a specific geographic location
 DEMOGRAPHY
Demographic information can be obtained from a variety of sources:

• Census – official and periodic enumeration of population.

Two ways of assigning people when the census is being taken:

1.De Jure (in law) – done when people are assigned to the place where
they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of census;
(e.g. survey, census)
 DEMOGRAPHY
Demographic information can be obtained from a variety of sources:
2. De Facto (in fact) – people are assigned to the place where they are
physically present at the time of census regardless of their usual place of
residence (e.g. RFA)

• Sample Surveys – data obtained from a small number of people

proportionate to the total population will always be generalized for the
whole population.

• Registration Systems – vital events (such as births, deaths,

marriages) collected by the civil registrar’s office
 sources of demographic data

CIVIL REGISTRATION AND VITAL STATISTICS

• systems which produce births, deaths and causes of death information which
are of fundamental strategic importance for countries’ development process

1. Defining patterns, trends, and impact inclusive of the causes of mortality.

2. Understanding emerging health issues
3. Defining appropriate and relevant health–sector reforms, poverty
reduction, and development efforts.
4. Defining baseline levels and monitor and track progress towards both
National and International development goals and assess effective health
programs.
 sources of demographic data

Disease or Patient Registries

• collection of secondary data related to patient
• “Organize systems that use observational study methods to collect
uniform data”

Population Census
• It is the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing
and publishing otherwise disseminating demographic, economic and
social data pertaining at a specified time to all persons in a country
 sources of demographic data

Vital registration records

• RA 3753 (Civil Registry Law) requires the registration of births and deaths
to the local registrars

Weekly reports from field health personnel

• RA 3573 (Law on Reporting of Notifiable Diseases) provides that any case
of notifiable disease be reported to provincial and city health officer
• Problems: under-reporting, crisis-oriented concept of health, symptom
diagnosis, syndromic approach
• Sources of demographic data
 sources of demographic data

Individual Health records and Family records Tools used in

Community Diagnosis (CDX):
• birth certificate, school clinic records, employment/factory clinic
files, insurance records, health center records, hospital records,
health facility logbooks, death certificate
• Publications on trusted websites
• NSO, NSCB, DOLE, etc.
 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

1.Population Size – knowing the population size allows the nurse to make
comparisons about population changes over time. It also helps her
rationalize the types of health programs or interventions which are going to
be provided for the community.

• Natural Increase – difference between number of births and number

of deaths occurring in a population in a specified period of time.
• Rate of Natural increase – difference between the crude birth rate
and crude death rate occurring in a population in a specified period of
time
 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

2. Population Composition –
-commonly described in terms of its age and sex.
-utilized by the nurse to decide who among the population groups merits
attention in terms of health services and programs.

• Sex Composition/ Sex Ratio – comparison of number of males to

number of females
 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

2. Population Composition –
• Age composition :
a.Median Age
b.Dependency Ratio
 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

2. Population Composition –

Using the data above compute for the Median Age

 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

2. Population Composition –
 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

2. Population Composition –
 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

2. Population Composition –
 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

2. Population Composition –
 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

3. Population Distribution – help the nurse decide how meager

resources can be allocated based on the concentration of population in a
certain place

• Urban-Rural Distribution - illustrates the proportion of the people

living in urban compared to the rural areas
• Crowding Index - gives implication by which a communicable
disease will be transmitted from one host to another
 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY

• Population Density determines how congested a place is and

provides implications in terms of the adequacy of basic health services
present in the community
POPULATION
PYRAMID
 POPULATION PYRAMID

-graphical representation of the age and sex composition of the population

STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING POPULATION PYRAMID
A.Compute the percentage of the population falling in each age-sex group
using the total population
B.Each age group is represented by a horizontal bar. The first bar representing
the youngest age group is drawn at the base of the pyramid
C.The Bars for males are traditionally presented on the left side of the central
vertical axis while bars for females are presented on the right side
D.The length of each bar corresponds to the percent (%) of the population
falling in the specific age and sex group being plotted
POPULATION PYRAMID
 POPULATION PYRAMID

TYPE 1
• It has a broader base and its slide bows much more sharply as they
slant from 0-4 age group to the top.
• Marked reduction in infant and child mortality but are not reducing
their fertility.
 POPULATION PYRAMID

TYPE2
• Pyramid has a broad base and gently sloping sides.
• High rates of birth and death
• Low median age and high dependency ratio
 POPULATION PYRAMID

TYPE 3

• A bell Shape and transitional type

• After more than 100 years of declining birth and death rates, has
reversed the trend in fertility
 POPULATION PYRAMID

TYPE 4
• Old Fashioned Beehive
• Low Birth rates
• High median age
• Low Dependency Ratio
• Dependents are mostly elderlies
 POPULATION PYRAMID

TYPE 5
• Decline in fertility
• Low death rate
• Rapid birth rate reduction
 VITAL STATISTICS
• Study of the characteristics of human populations
• includes birth, death, fetal death, marriage, divorce, annulment, judicial
separation, adoption, legitimation and recognition (United Nations)

3. Mortality Rates:
1. Fertility Rates:
◦ Crude Death Rate
◦ Crude Birth Rate
◦ Specific Mortality Rate
◦ General Fertility Rate ◦ Cause-of-Death Rate
◦ Infant Mortality Rate
2. Morbidity Rates: ◦ Maternal Mortality Rate
◦ Incidence Rate ◦ Proportionate Mortality Rate
◦ Prevalence Rate ◦ Swaroop’s Index
◦ Case Fatality Rate
FERTILITY RATES
 CRUDE BIRTH RATE

• measures how fast people are added to the population through

birth.
• Childbirths per 1,000 people per year
 GENERAL FERTILITY RATE

• The General Fertility Rate (GFR) is the number of live

births per 1,000 women age 15 – 44 in a given year.
GENERAL FERTILITY RATE
MORTALITY RATES
 CRUDE DEATH RATE

• overall death rate in a given population

• “the number of deaths per 1000 persons” for a
specified place for a given year.
THERE WERE 2 DEATHS FOR EVERY
1,000 PEOPLE IN THE CITY
 SPECIFIC DEATH RATE

• Represents particular classes of deaths.

• observed rates due to specific causes (e.g. TB); or occurring in
specific groups (e.g. age or sex groups) or during specific time
periods (e.g. annual, monthly, or weekly).
 PROPORTIONATE DEATH RATE

• proportion of deaths in a specified population

over a period of time due to different causes.
• common uses are for given causes or group or for
deaths
 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE

• Deaths due to complications from pregnancy or

childbirth.
• Death of a women while pregnant or within 42 days
of termination of pregnancy.
 INFANT MORTALITY RATE

• number of Deaths per 1,000 live births or

children under one year of age.
 NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE

• newborn death occurring within 28

days postpartum
 POSTNATAL MORTALITY RATE

• death of children aged 29 days to

one year old
 POSTNATAL MORTALITY RATE

• partitioned into those dying within the first week of life

and the remainder that survive the first 7 days but die
before one month of age.
• The risk of dying in the first week of life is measured by
the early neonatal mortality rate
MORBIDITY RATES
 INCIDENCE RATE

• occurrence of new cases of a disease in a community over a given

period relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease
during that same period
• most sensitive indicator of the changing health of a community
 PREVALENCE RATE
• number of all cases of specific disease in a population at a given point
in time to the population at the same point in time
• number of existing cases during a special period or interval of time
and include OLD and NEW cases that appear within the same period
 PREVALENCE PROPORTION

• measures the total number of existing cases

of a disease at a particular point in time divided
by the number of people at that point in time
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEMOGRAPHIC
DATA
Age and Sex Distribution in the
Philippine Population (2020
Census of Population and
Housing)
Of the 108.67 million household population in
2020, 55.02 million (50.6%) were males
while 53.65 million (49.4%) were females. By
age group, 33.4 million (30.7%) were under
15 years of age (young dependents). On the
other hand, persons aged 15 to 64 years
(working-age or economically-active
population) totaled to 69.40 million (63.9%)
while those in age groups 65 years and over
(old dependents) comprised the remaining
5.86 million (5.4%).
Sex ratio stands at 103
males per 100 females

The sex ratio in the Philippines was

computed at 103 in 2020. This means
that there were 103 males for every 100
females.
 MEDIAN AGE

The median age of the Philippine population

continues to rise during the past three
decades. In 2020, the median age was
computed at 25.3 years, which means that
half of the household population was younger
than 25.3 years, while the other half is older
than 25.3 years. This is higher than the
median ages of 24.3 years and 23.3 years that
were posted in 2015 and 2010, respectively.
Dependency ratio declines to 57
dependents per 100 persons in the
working-age group
The overall dependency ratio of the
Philippines was computed at 57, which
indicates that for every 100 working-age or
economically-active population, there were
about 57 dependents (48 young dependents
and 8 old dependents). This is lower than the
dependency ratio in 2015, which was recorded
at 58 dependents per 100 working-age
population (50 young dependents and 8 old
dependents
There are more males than
females in children under
five years old
Children below five years old comprised
10.2 percent (11.07 million) of the
household population which is slightly
lower than the 10.8 percent (10.82
million) posted in 2015. The sex ratio
remained at 107 males per 100 females
in 2015 and 2020.
 About two in every five
household population are
of school age
In 2020, the school-age
population (5 to 24 years old)
accounted for 42.78 million
(39.4%) of the 108.67 million
household population compared to
the 40.84 million (40.6%) school-
age population that was reported
in 2015.
Youth accounts for less than a
third of the household
population
Youth or persons whose age ranges from
15 to 30 years totaled to 31.40 million or
about 28.9 percent of the household
population in 2020, higher than the 29.39
million (29.2%) recorded in 2015. In the
Philippines, individuals belonging to this
age group are considered of voting age
for the Sangguniang Kabataan in
accordance with Republic Act No. 8044
(Sangguniang Kabataan Act of 2015)
About 63 percent of the
household population is of
voting age
The voting-age population (18 years
old and over) accounted for 63.4
percent (68.95 million) of the
household population in 2020, up
from 61.9 percent (62.26 million) in
2015.
Senior citizens constitute 8.5
percent of the household
population
In the Philippines, people aged 60 years
old and over are regarded as senior
citizens. They made up 8.5 percent (9.22
million) of the household population in
2020, higher than the 7.5 percent (7.53
million) recorded in 2015. There were
more females (55.5%) than males
(44.5%) among the senior citizens, in
2020. The same trend was observed in
2015
More than half of the female
population are of reproductive
age
Women of reproductive age (15 to 49
years old) totaled to 27.85 million or 51.9
percent of the 53.65 million female
household population in 2020. These
figures were lower compared with the
52.2 percent (26.02 million) posted in
2015.
Aging index increases by 4.2
points from 23.4 in 2015 to
27.6 in 2020

In the Philippines, the aging index or the

proportion of persons aged 60 years and
over per 100 persons under the age of 15
years was computed at 27.6 percent in
2020. This means that there is one
person aged 60 years and over for every
four children under 15 years old. In 2015,
the aging index was 4.2 points lower at
23.4
2022 Causes of Deaths in the
Philippines
The top three causes of death in the country from January to
December of 2022 were ischaemic heart diseases, neoplasms, and
cerebrovascular diseases. The leading causes of death in the same
period in 2021 were ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular
diseases, and COVID-19 virus identified. From January to
December of 2022, ischaemic heart diseases were the leading
cause of death with 119,966 cases or 18.3 percent of the total
deaths in the country. On the other hand, neoplasms, came in
second with 66,606 deaths (10.2% share). Cerebrovascular
diseases were the third leading cause which accounted for 66,466
recorded cases (10.2% share) from January to December 2022.
Deaths due to diabetes mellitus recorded 41,288 cases or 6.3
percent share, making it the fourth leading cause of death, while
deaths due to hypertensive diseases, which ranked fifth, recorded
37,490 cases or 5.7 percent share
 Thank you!
There are so many people out there who will tell you
that you can’t. What you’ve got do is turn around and
say, “Watch me!”

ASHLEY PURDY