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Reduction of Order

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Reduction of Order

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mabdullah.gmial.com
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4.

2 REDUCTION OF ORDER

Method of Reduction of Order


Suppose that 𝑦1 denotes a nontrivial solution of (1) and that 𝑦1 is defined on an interval 𝐼.
We seek a second solution 𝑦2 so that the set consisting 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 is linearly independent
on 𝐼.
General Case
Suppose we divide by 𝑎2 (𝑥) to put equation (1) in the standard form
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0. (2)
Where 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are continuous on some interval 𝐼. Let us suppose further that 𝑦1 (𝑥)
is a known solution of (2) on 𝐼 and that 𝑦1 (𝑥) ≠ 0 for every 𝑥 in the interval. If we define
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥),
it follows that
𝑦′(𝑥) = 𝑢′(𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑦1′ (𝑥)
𝑦′′(𝑥) = 𝑢′′(𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 2 𝑢′(𝑥) 𝑦1′ (𝑥) + 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑦1′′ (𝑥)
So equation (2) becomes
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦
= 𝑢′′ (𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 2 𝑢′ (𝑥) 𝑦1′ (𝑥) + 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑦1′′ (𝑥)
+ 𝑃(𝑥)[𝑢′ (𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑦1′ (𝑥)] + 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥) = 0
After simplification, we have
𝑢(𝑥)[𝑦1′′ (𝑥) + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦1′ (𝑥) + 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥)] + 𝑢′′ (𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑢′ (𝑥)[2 𝑦1′ (𝑥) +
𝑃(𝑥)𝑦1 (𝑥)] = 0, (3)
But as 𝑢(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑦1′′ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦1′ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦1 = 0
So (3) reduces to
𝑢′′ (𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑢′ (𝑥)[2 𝑦1′ (𝑥) + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦1 (𝑥)] = 0,
Let us take 𝑤 = 𝑢′(𝑥), then 𝑤′ = 𝑢′′(𝑥). Therefore above equation becomes
𝑤′(𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑤(𝑥)[2 𝑦1′ (𝑥) + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦1 (𝑥)] = 0, (4)
Observe that equation (4) is a linear and separable. Separating variables and integrating,
we obtain
𝑑𝑤 𝑦1′ (𝑥)
+ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0,
𝑤 𝑦1 (𝑥)

Integration yields

ln 𝑤 + 2 ln 𝑦1 = − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ln 𝑐

ln|𝑤𝑦12 | = − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ln 𝑐 = ln 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ln 𝑐 = ln 𝑐 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥

Or
𝑤𝑦12 = 𝑐 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
Or
𝑐 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝑤=
𝑦12
But 𝑤 = 𝑢′(𝑥), so we have
𝑐 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 = 𝑢′ (𝑥) =
𝑦12

On further solving, we have


𝑐 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝑢(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1
𝑦12
By choosing 𝑐 = 1 and 𝑐1 = 0, we have
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝑢(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦12
So we find from 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥) that the second solution of equation (2) is

𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 (𝑥) = 𝑦1 (𝑥) ∫ 𝑑𝑥. (5)
𝑦12

It makes a good review of differentiation to verify that the function 𝑦2 (𝑥) defined in (5)
satisfies equation(2) and that 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 are linearly independent on any interval on which
𝑦1 (𝑥) is not zero.
EXAMPLE 1: Find the general solution to
𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0 (1)
Given that 𝑦1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −2𝑥 is a solution.
SOLUTION: Let
𝑦2 = 𝑢(𝑥 )𝑦1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑢(𝑥 )𝑒 −2𝑥
be the solution of (1), then it must satisfies (1).
𝑦′2 = 𝑢′ 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2 𝑢 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦′′2 = 𝑢′′ 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4𝑢′ 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4 𝑢 𝑒 −2𝑥
Substituting the values of 𝑦2′ and 𝑦′′2 in (1).
𝑦2′′ + 4𝑦2′ + 4𝑦2 = (𝑢′′ 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4𝑢′ 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4 𝑢 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 4(𝑢′ 𝑒 −2𝑥 −
2 𝑢 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 4(𝑢(𝑥 )𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 0
After simplification, we have
𝑢′′ (𝑥 )𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
This tells us either 𝑢′′ (𝑥 ) = 0 or 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0.
But 𝑒 −2𝑥 ≠ 0, so 𝑢′′ (𝑥 ) = 0
Integration yields
𝑢′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑐
Again integrating, we have
𝑢(𝑥 ) = 𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑑
If we take 𝑐 = 1 and 𝑑 = 0, we have
𝑢(𝑥 ) = 𝑥
So we have obtained the second solution as 𝑦2 = 𝑢(𝑥 )𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 .
Method II. We can also use the formula derived in (5) as
𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 (𝑥) = 𝑦1 (𝑥) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦12

𝑒 − ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −4𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 .
𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑒 −4𝑥

To see whether they linearly independent or not, we use Wronskian of the two
function 𝑦1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −2𝑥 and 𝑦2 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 .
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 −4𝑥
𝑊 = |𝑦 ′ 𝑦2′ | = | −2𝑥 | = 𝑒 ≠ 0.
1 −2𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥
− 2𝑥𝑒
So 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 are linearly independent. Hence the general solution is
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 .

Exercise 4.2
In Problems 1–16 the indicated function 𝑦1 (𝑥) is a solution of the given DE. Use
reduction of order or formula (7) as instructed, to find the 2nd solution 𝑦2 (𝑥).

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