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Problems Class 1

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7 views

Problems Class 1

You can get a new one for you and your mum and dad and then I can do it for you and your mum and dad and HH is a

Uploaded by

Zahra Mahmood
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHAS1224: Waves, Optics & Acoustics Problem Solving Tutorial 1

These questions are designed to give you some practice with ideas at the heart of the course. To answer these questions, it
is expected that you will need more than the hour of the problem solving tutorial alone. Therefore, you are expected to
have made a serious effort to answer all these questions before attending the tutorial, such that the time of the tutorial
can be used to help you with any specific difficulties that you may have encountered. Model answers will be posted on
moodle after the tutorial.

1. The damped, driven harmonic oscillator obeys the following equation:

d2 ψ dψ
m 2
= −sψ − b + F0 eiωt
dt dt
Show that ψ(t) = Aei(ωt+φ) is a solution to this equation, and that A and φ satisfy:

F0 1
Aeiφ =
m (ω02 − ω 2 ) + 2iγω

where γ = b/2m. p (Note that A is often written as a magnitude rather than a complex number; you can find this
form by evaluating A(ω)A? (ω).) Now demonstrate, using the expression for Aeiφ , that the impedance is given
by:
Z0 (ω) = b + i(mω − s/ω)

2. The amplitude of a driven, damped harmonic oscillator (mψ̈ + bψ̇ + sψ = F0 cos ωt) can be written as:
F0 1
A(ω) = p
m (ω − ω0 )2 + 4γ 2 ω 2
2 2

where γ = b/2m as usual.


p
(a) Show that the maximum amplitude occurs at a frequency ω = ω02 − 2γ 2
(b) What will this frequency be for γ = 0 ? What will the amplitude be ? Comment on the physical significance
of the result.

3. (a) Consider adding together two simple harmonic oscillations at the same frequency A1 ei(ωt+φ1 ) and A2 ei(ωt+φ2 )
to give a single oscillation Aei(ωt+φ) . Use complex exponentials to show that:

A2 = A21 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cos(φ2 − φ1 )


A1 sin φ1 + A2 sin φ2
φ = tan−1
A1 cos φ1 + A2 cos φ2

You may find it useful to first consider |z1 + z2 |2 = (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )? for two complex numbers z1 and z2 .
(b) Draw phasor diagrams for and calculate the sums of the following pairs of oscillations:
(i) A1 = 2, φ1 = 0, A2 = 2, φ2 = π/3
(ii) A1 = 3, φ1 = 5π/4, A2 = 2, φ2 = π/3
(c) A harmonic system vibrates with the following sum of two oscillations:

7.5 cos(6.28t + 27◦ ) − 7.5 sin(6.20t − 120◦ )

where time is measured in seconds. Find the frequency of the net motion, and the time interval separating
successive beats.
4. (a) Two sinusoidal waves travel in the same direction along a string and interfere to produce a resultant wave
given by:
y(x, t) = (3.0 mm) cos (20x − 4.0t + 0.82)
with x in meters and t in seconds. The two waves are identical, except for phase; one of the waves has zero
phase. What is:
(i) The wavelength of the two waves ?
(ii) The phase difference between the waves ?
(iii) The amplitude of the waves ?

PHAS1224 Problem Solving Tutorial 1 1


(b) A disturbance y1 (x, t) = A cos(kx − ωt) is superposed on another disturbance y2 (x, t) = A cos(k 0 x − ω 0 t).
Derive an expression for the resultant, and sketch it.
5. A wave travels along a string at a speed of 280 m/s.

(a) What will be the speed if the string is replaced by one made of the same material and under the same tension
but having twice the radius?
(b) What will be the speed if the string is replaced by one made of a material with half the density and half the
radius ?
(c) What change in the tension will be needed to make the wave travel at a speed of 420 m/s on a string of the
original density but half the original radius ?

6. (a) Two strings with mass 1 kg/m and 2 kg/m are joined together. If the two are put under a tension of 20 N/m,
and a wave pulse of amplitude 1 cm is sent down the lighter string towards the join, what will be the amplitude
on both strings after the wave pulse reaches the join ?
(b) If a co-axial extension cable with characteristic impedance 120 Ω is joined to an aerial cable with characteristic
impedance 75 Ω, what amplitude of signal will be received at the end of the extension cable if a signal
of 100 µV is received at the aerial ? [Hint: you can treat the voltage as the amplitude of a wave and the
impedances in just the same way as the impedance on a string]
(c) If I have the two transmission lines in the previous question, which way around should I connect them to
maximise the transmitted amplitude ?

PHAS1224 Problem Solving Tutorial 1 2

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