VMUN

BACKGROUND
GUIDE
uNHRC
 Vydehi Model United Nations 2024

United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)

Background Guide

Agenda:
Deliberating on the Illegal Migration of Refugees with
special emphasis to the EU Region and developing a
global action plan to end statelessness
 I. Letter from the Executive Board
Dear Delegates,
It gives us great honour and immense pleasure to welcome you all to the United Nations
Human Rights Council at Vydehi MUN. As representatives of member nations of the
UNHRC, you are tasked with debating, deliberating, and reaching a consensus on the
agendas at hand.
This background guide has been designed to help you get started on your research.
However, this document shouldn’t be your only source of research. Building upon the
outlook presented by this guide, you are expected to carry out your own research
through authentic sources and make sure to engage in comprehensive and pragmatic
debate throughout the sessions.
The Executive Board will not interfere in the flow of debate unless absolutely required.
Therefore, the onus to ensure that the committee does not stagnate lies on the
delegates. We strongly believe that with good research, the delegates will be able to
steer the committee in the right direction.
Please do not hesitate to get in touch with the Executive Board at any time before or
during the conference in case you have any queries about the agenda or the rules of
procedure. Further, we have added one addendum to this letter that talks about the
nature of evidence entailed in this simulation.
We request the delegates not to view this conference as a zero-sum game. Model UN
conferences are collaborative rather than competitive and we would like to keep this
spirit alive during our committee. Our goal isn’t to solve the world’s problems in three
days, but rather to educate ourselves about them, thereby ensuring that we go on to
become a generation of sensitised leaders, equipped with the skills and will to make our
world a better place. With that being said, we wish you all good luck and eagerly look
forward to the conference.

With warm regards,

Aryan Sood - Chairperson(aryansood.work@gmail.com)
Stuti Pathak - Vice - Chairperson (pathakstuti19@gmail.com)
Aabid Maldar – Vice Chairperson (aabidmldr@gmail.com)
Addendum 1: Nature and Proof of Evidence
Documents from the following sources will be considered as credible proof for any
allegations made in committee or statements that require verification:
1. Reuters: Appropriate Documents and articles from the Reuters News agency
will be used to corroborate or refute controversial statements made in
committee.
2. UN Documents: Documents by all UN agencies will be considered sufficient
proof. Reports from all UN bodies including treaty-based bodies will also be
accepted.
3. National Government Reports: Government Reports of a given country used
to corroborate an allegation on the same aforementioned country will be
accepted as proof. The documents stated above will hold a binding nature of
the establishment.
4. Other sources like Wikipedia, Amnesty International, or newspapers like the
Guardian, and so on and so forth will not be accepted as credible proof; but
may be used for a better understanding of any issue and even be brought up in
debate if the information given in such sources is in line with the beliefs of a
government or a delegate.
 Beginner’s Guide to Model UN
Question 1: What is the United Nations?

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 to maintain

international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and
promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights by 51 countries.
The United Nations has 6 principle organs.
The UN has 4 main purposes:

● To keep peace throughout the world;

● To develop friendly relations among nations;
● To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer
hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights
and freedoms;
● To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals

PRINCIPLE ORGANS OF UNITED NATIONS

Question : How to prepare for the Model United Nations overview?

General Research and Preparation guidelines

There are three consistently significant parts of representative planning. They are:
useful; meaningful; and positional planning. Practical readiness outfits the
representatives with essential apparatuses, including a comprehension of the guidelines
important to act in board of trustees. The meaningful component gives preparation of
explicit data on the subject regions. At long last, positional planning requires the
understudies to embrace viewpoints that are not their own. In light of this, the EB gives
three instruments to help you: this Guide to Delegate Preparation, Background Guides,
and position papers. Together, these will guarantee you will be prepared for the
gathering. Past perusing and understanding the material we have given, the more
pragmatic experience you can gain through banter, goal composing, making
introductions, and so forth, the more ready you will be.

Meaningful Preparation
The Background Guides are a consequence of broad exploration and exertion with
respect to the Executive Board and are the establishment of considerable groundwork
for every advisory group. We recommend that you read them, talk about them, and read
them once more. On the off chance that an agent has not perused and ingested the data
in the Background Guide, the person won't contribute adequately to the board. An
ambitious beginning on the Background Guides will empower you to completely
comprehend the subjects and start to tissue out your own thoughts. Advise yourself that
you should go about as policymakers, dissecting and shaping the data you have gotten
into arrangements and goals. Conversations with different representatives will likewise
assist you with fostering your thoughts. While the Background Guide will give a large
portion of your meaningful readiness, autonomous exploration is valuable, fulfilling and
important for a fruitful gathering.

Positional Preparation
We expect representatives to receive the situation of a particular country all through the
UN reproduction. This is a vital component of the "global" experience of a model UN
as it powers representatives to analyze the points of view, issues, and arrangements of
one more country at an exceptionally major level. It is additionally quite possibly the
most troublesome parts of MUN on the grounds that understudies should go up against
natural inclinations of their own public viewpoints and authentic data. The position
papers are the focal point of positional planning before the meeting. Albeit generally
short, we request that you invest energy and exertion on investigating and keeping in
touch with them.
Materials arranged by the EB are not intended to fill in for your individual exploration.
All things being equal, they ought to give a beginning stage, motivating you to ask
yourself inquiries about the current issues. The best-arranged agents are those that
accept the given materials as the start of their exploration and dig further into the theme
regions. Past these materials are a large group of data administrations, starting with
United Nations sources. UN's assets regularly have ordered measurements, outlines, and
charts which you may discover supportive in understanding the issues. Most UN report
communities convey records of UN gatherings; maybe the most ideal approach to
comprehend your nation's position is to see it iterated by its diplomat.
Explicit assets to research include:

•Yearbook of the United Nations: The Yearbook is a decent beginning stage for your
examination. The Yearbook will furnish you with general data on what has been done
on your theme during a specific year. It likewise gives exceptionally accommodating
references to past articles and goals.

•United Nations Chronicle: This magazine gives you general data on the procedures
of the UN. Watch out for exceptional reports on your theme region, which will advise
you about the point and countries' situations on it.
•UN Document Index: This record for all UN reports comes in three distinct renditions:
UNDI (1950-1973), UNDEX (1970-1978), and UNODC (1979-present). Contingent
upon which of the three you are utilizing, you will track down a subject record, a nation
file, and an alphanumeric rundown of all reports distributed (this is helpful in light of
the fact that each panel has its own novel alphanumeric prefix and accordingly you can
track down every one of the records put out by a board of trustees during a specific year
paying little heed to the particular theme.

●UN Resolutions: This arrangement is both significant and extremely simple to utilize.
The record is aggregate from 1946, which implies that you need just check the most
current list to track down every one of the goals on your point that the UN has at any
point passed.

•Other UN Sources: Depending on the subject, there may be extra pertinent UN

sources. Check for books and exceptional reports put out by the WHO. Past United
Nations sources, notwithstanding, are general wellsprings of data. Explore your school
and nearby libraries. Look at diaries, periodicals, and papers for more current sources.
Remember to ask the curators for help.

•Books: Up-to-date books are probably going to give you a profundity and exactness
that is hopeless from UN sources or periodicals. Try to check library postings for bound
materials. Book research, in any case, can take a decent arrangement of time, so use
prudence when choosing books.

•Periodicals: Periodicals are valuable for straightforward, current data on points (the
Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature and InfoTrack fill in as a record for these
materials). Try not to anticipate that they should supply you with the profundity of data
you will require for the Conference.

•People: A regularly ignored source; individuals can help you extraordinarily in your
exploration. A few groups to remember are: bookkeepers, individual agents, personnel
counselors, and your board of trustees' Director, Moderator, and Assistant Directors.
Not exclusively can these individuals help you discover what you are searching for, yet
they may likewise suggest new sources that you had not thought of. Try not to spare a
moment to call or email your advisory group Director.

•Embassies and Consular Offices: Contact the government office or consular office
of the country that you are addressing. These spots are happy to help you in your
exploration via mailing factual information and other unclassified data.
RESEARCH AID
(This is just a suggested pattern, you can research your way, individual differences
makes us all special but these suggestions may aid you in understanding where to start)

1. Start from knowing

a. United Nations
b. Your committee
c. Mandate of the committee (functions and power)
d. Bodies it works with
e. Final result of your committee
f. Funding channels

2. Know your Agenda

a. Historical background
b. Current trends
c. Future aims
d. International legal instruments

3. Within the agenda cover the following areas

a. Political
b. Economic
c. Social
d. Technology and its role
e. Arms and army strength
f. Legalities
g. Impacts and implications of (a-f) on historical background, current
trends, future aims and international legal instruments.

Note: International legal instruments are applicable on Nations for them to reach
individuals they should be incorporated in domestic law as individuals are subjects of
it i.e. domestic law is applicable on citizens. So it is crucial to understand the
relationship between the two and bridge and the gap for effective implementation.
4. Know your country
 a. Historical background, Current trends, Future aims of the agenda from
your country’s perspective.
b. Political, Economic, Social, Technology and its role, Arms and army
strength and Legal aspect related situation in your nation. (emphasis
on High value resources, crisis, support services, governance, political
system and administrative conditions)
c. Membership and participation in regional organizations
d. International organizations other than UN
e. Allies and non allies (friends and enemies) of your nations

NOTE: Research alone is not enough, as it would be simply reading out from the
internet what is needed is to“Analyze” i.e. to present your understanding of the
research.
II. Overview of the Committee

A. Introduction to the Human Rights Council

Human rights are inalienable entitlements established not by law, but by human
birthright, and the history of human rights has been shaped by all major world events
and by the struggle for dignity, freedom, and equality everywhere. However, human
rights gained formal recognition only after the inception of the United Nations (UN) and
the establishment of the UN Charter. In its subsequent attempt to “promote and
encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all”, the UN
established specific Charter-based and Treaty-based mechanisms. Charter-based
mechanisms derive from provisions of the charter whereas treaty-based mechanisms
include the international conventions and covenants, along with their respective treaty
bodies, that aim to promote, protect, and safeguard the human rights of all individuals.
The Human Rights Council (HRC) is a UN subsidiary body established under the UN
Charter. It is the main organ of the United Nations (UN) responsible for strengthening
the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe.

The HRC is mandated to respond to urgent human rights crises and make pertinent
recommendations for the cessation of human rights violations prevalent around the
world. It has a global scope and works to promote all human rights and uphold the
integrity of International Conventions and Covenants on Human Rights. As a part of
the treaty-based mechanisms, the Universal Declaration for Human Rights (UDHR) 1
was adopted by the General Assembly as a “common standard of achievement” for all
peoples and countries to pursue the protection and promotion of human rights. After
decades of standing alone as the only landmark document on human rights, it was
joined by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR)2, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 3 and
its two Optional Protocols to comprise the International Bill of Rights.

To further facilitate the implementation of the UDHR, the UN Secretariat established a

UN department responsible for overseeing its human rights program. This department,
known as the Centre for Human Rights, expanded its reach in the 1980s and moved
from New York to Geneva. In 1993, at the World Conference on Human Rights,
Member States created the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR)4 with the responsibility of coordinating the human rights agenda across all
intergovernmental agencies and departments within the UN. OHCHR is responsible
for the substantive, logistical, and administrative needs of all UN human rights
mechanisms, including core treaty-based bodies, thematic working groups, and the
HRC.

Source: https://www.minorityrightscourse.org/mod/page/view.php?id=1626

B. Partnerships
The HRC continues to spearhead global efforts in upholding human rights by forging
partnerships and providing assistance to non-governmental organisations (NGOs),
National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) of member nations, and other civil society
actors playing a role in safeguarding and promoting human rights. These partnerships
facilitate many of the HRC’s major initiatives, including providing humanitarian
assistance and aid through programs or frameworks targeting groups deprived of their
access to fundamental human rights and freedoms. NGOs that have received
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) consultative status and NHRIs can directly
address HRC during discussions and debates and inform it of situations occurring in
their home states. Groups and NGOs that have not achieved ECOSOC consultative
status can also provide written documents on a Member State as part of the Universal
Periodic Review (UPR) which serves to assess the human rights situations in all United
Nations Member States.

C. Mandate and Functions

The HRC possesses a unique and comprehensive mandate outlined in General
Assembly resolution 60/251 of 2006 on the “Human Rights Council” and guided by the
principles of “universality, impartiality, objectivity and non-selectivity, constructive
international dialogue, and cooperation.” The General Assembly mandates the HRC
to promote universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; to address
and provide recommendations on all, particularly grave and systematic violations of
human rights, and to promote an effective system of coordination within the UN system
with respect to human rights issues.

In 2007, the HRC adopted resolution 5/1 on “institution-building,” which established

mechanisms and structures to guide its program of work, rules of procedure, and other
operational functions. The resolution also established the format for the Special
Procedures, the UPR, and the Complaint Procedure, which comprise the main powers
of the HRC.

Special Procedures5 are mechanisms that enable independent parties to report,

monitor, and advise on country-specific or thematic situations for the HRC. Each
investigation has a mandate and a mandate holder, who is typically a Special
Rapporteur, an independent expert, or a working group, to carry out the investigation.
Special Procedures are empowered to undertake country or field visits, with the
support of OHCHR, and to bring specific cases and concerns to the attention of
Member States. They can send communications detailing accusations of violations or
abuses of human rights, engage in advocacy efforts, and offer technical assistance
when possible.
D. Universal Periodic Review
The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is a unique process conducted by the United
Nations (UN) Human Rights Council. It involves the assessment of the human rights
records of all UN Member States. The UPR was established in 2006 with the aim of
ensuring that every country's human rights situation is scrutinised by both the
international community and the country itself.
 III. Introduction to Agenda

Deliberating on the Illegal Migration of Refugees with Special

Emphasis on the EU Region and Developing a Global Action
Plan to End Statelessness

A. Overview
In recent times, the European Union has plunged into an economic and energy crisis still
battling the effects of the global pandemic as well as countering its dependency on Russia in
a response to the war in Ukraine. Accompanying these crises, the EU is dealing with a massive
inflow of refugees within its borders from multiple source points. The current refugee crisis
exemplifies Europe’s ambivalence and failure to manage contemporary forced migrations.
Despite being the birthplace of human rights and the concept of political asylum, Europe is
presently governed by the securitarian mentality that prevails on a worldwide scale. Faced
with the largest influx of migrants and refugees since World War II, Europe has demonstrated
the arbitrariness of its internal and external boundaries. The management of humanitarian
migrations is one of the areas where significant progress has been made in the
communitarization process, that is, in developing an EU-wide approach to an issue that was
previously the prerogative of individual states; however, this has unfortunately resulted in an
increase in national interests and national egoisms. It is vital to notice that the many urgent
calls to Europe tend to focus on distributing the burden of refugees rather than on the proclivity
to share responsibility for managing this massive task. The predicament that occurs strikes on
the fundamental foundation of the international system of protection, given that a State-centric
government system with inherent constraints must interact with a problem such as forced
migration, which by definition transcends national borders. Ironically, the desperation that
allows people to scale barbed wire barricades, as well as legal and regulatory barriers, has
resulted in a level of cooperation, albeit modest, that European countries had not before
achieved. The refugee crisis highlights the inescapable schism between the inclusive logic of
universal human rights and the nation-state’s right to exclude undesirables. Indeed, as a result
of a unilateral process of definition by the countries of destination, the figure of the refugee
exemplifies the contradiction of a State-centric system in response to the current global
society’s demands for justice and belonging and demonstrates the limitations of our systems
for protecting the poor and vulnerable, which are based on the fiction of national societies
delimited by national fences. Critics also claim that the mass inflow of refugees leads to the
depletion of national resources, and opportunities and strains the economy of the state forcing
residents to compete with refugees. Over 500,000 persons in Europe are currently stateless.
Statelessness occurs due to a variety of factors, including discrimination against minority
groups, state succession, gaps or inconsistencies in nationality rules, and purposeful policies
to deprive or strip people of their nationality. The Soviet Union’s dissolution in 1991 resulted
in widespread statelessness across the Baltic states and Eastern Europe. Groups of people
slipped through gaps as borders were redrawn in the countries that once comprised
Yugoslavia, leaving people stateless. Despite the fact that many have successfully established
their nationality, certain Romani people and members of other minority groups continue to
their nationality. suffer difficulty in obtaining the documentation required to certify Thousands
of children are born stateless in Europe each year because states do not have comprehensive
measures in place to identify and prevent statelessness. Furthermore, there are stateless
people who have migrated to Europe but have been left in limbo due to a lack of mechanisms
for identifying and determining statelessness - often after being denied asylum.
B. Important Definitions
● Refugee - As determined by the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, a
refugee is someone who, “owing to a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of
race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is
outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to
avail themselves of the protection of that country.”
● Asylum Seeker- A person who identifies as a refugee, but who has not yet been formally
processed as such by the host country. In layman’s terms, there are people who want to
receive refugee status but have yet to be accepted or formally processed.
● Stateless Person- This is a person who, according to the 1954 Convention on Status of
Stateless Persons, is someone who is not considered a national, kind of like a citizen, of any
state under the exercise of each state’s laws. Some people may become stateless while others
are so at birth. This can happen when a state does not want to take responsibility any longer
for a particular minority, or due to a natural disaster or crisis a group of people is forced from
their homes and it is uncertain from whence they came.
● Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) - Internally displaced persons are people who have fled
their homes out of necessity, like a refugee, but the key difference is that they have not crossed
an international border. Meaning they remain under the jurisdiction, or everyone’s favorite
word sovereignty, of their home country (even if their country is the persecutor) and retain the
same rights in that country and under international law.
C. Conventions, Treaties, Resolutions, and Actions

1) The 1951 Refugee Convention

The Refugee Convention or the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is an
international treaty that outlines the obligations and rights of Refugees and the State’s
responsibility toward them. It defines a refugee and provides a legal framework for
determining refugee status and granting protection to those who meet this definition.
This includes the principle of non-refoulement [Article 33(1)] i.e. prohibiting States from
forcibly returning refugees to a territory where their life or freedom would be
threatened. The convention not only recognizes the right of persons to seek asylum
from persecution in other countries but also outlines rights that a State must provide
including the right to access courts, education, housing, and public assistance, as well
as the right to work and the freedom of movement within the host country. The
convention is an essential International legal instrument that has formed the basis for
the development of regional refugee frameworks. However, it must be noted that the
convention only applies to refugees that were displaced before January 1, 1951, in
Europe.

2) 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees

The 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees further extended the applicability
of the 1951 Refugee Convention by removing the temporal and the geographic
limitations of the Conventions making them applicable to refugees worldwide and
regardless of the time of displacement. The 1967 Protocol does not replace the 1951
Convention but expands its scope. It is considered an integral part of the Convention
and is often referred to alongside it as the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol.

3) The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular

Migration(GCM)
The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM) is a non-legally
binding framework adopted by UN member states in 2018 to improve international
cooperation on migration. It consists of 23 objectives arranged around ten guiding
concepts, which include migrant human rights, smuggling and trafficking, migrant
 children, regular channels and safe migration, return, reintegration, and sustainable
reintegration.

4) Dublin Regulation
The Dublin Regulation, officially known as Regulation (EU) No. 604/2013, is an
important piece of immigration regulation. It is an EU law that set the criteria and
methods for identifying which EU Member State is responsible for considering an
asylum application. The first country of entry rule, as stated in Article 13 of the
Regulation, is an important principle. It states that the Member State of the EU where
an asylum seeker first illegally enters the EU is responsible for investigating their
asylum claim. The following is a citation from Article 13 (1): an applicant has irregularly
crossed the border into a Member State by land, sea or air having come from a third
country, the Member State thus entered shall be responsible for examining the
application for international protection. Because it ignores geographical and
geopolitical concerns, the Regulation imposes an undue burden on Member States at
the EU’s external frontiers. The majority of asylum seekers from the Middle East and
Northern Africa (MENA) region come on the coastlines of Greece, Italy, and Spain.
These practical considerations are not taken into account by the rule.

5) The 1954 Convention on Statelessness

The 1954 Convention is designed to ensure that stateless people enjoy a minimum set
of human rights. It establishes the legal definition of a stateless person as someone
who is “not recognized as a national by any state under the operation of its law.” Simply
put, this means that a stateless person is someone who does not have the nationality
of any country. The 1954 Convention also establishes minimum standards of treatment
for stateless people with respect to a number of rights. These include but are not limited
to, the right to education, employment, and housing. Importantly, the 1954 Convention
also guarantees stateless people a right to identity, travel documents, and
administrative assistance.

6) The 1961 Convention On Statelessness

The 1961 Convention aims to prevent statelessness and reduce it over time. It
establishes an international framework to ensure the right of every person to a
 nationality. It requires that states establish safeguards in their nationality laws to
prevent statelessness at birth and later in life. Perhaps the most important provision of
the convention establishes that children are to acquire the nationality of the country in
which they are born if they do not acquire any other nationality. It also sets out
important safeguards to prevent statelessness due to loss or renunciation of nationality
and state succession. The convention also sets out the very limited situations in which
states can deprive a person of his or her nationality, even if this would leave them
stateless. There were 61 states party to the 1961 Convention in November 2014 when
teams at UNHCR launched the Campaign to End Statelessness in 10 Years.

7) The European Union Platform for Statelessness

The EMN Platform on Statelessness has the intention to raise awareness in regard to
statelessness and to bring all the relevant stakeholders in the field together:
representatives of Member States, the European Commission, the European
Parliament, European agencies, international organisations, and NGOs. The first
practical objective of this platform was to determine the state of play of statelessness
in the European Union.

8) Rome Statute
The International Criminal Court was formed under the Rome Statute, an international
treaty. While it is not currently directly relevant to the agenda, it is an important treaty
that handles serious international crimes. The Statute can play an important role in
international refugee law by addressing human rights breaches that fall under the
Statute’s purview. Crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity such as
persecution, sexual violence, extermination, enslavement, murder, and other
inhumane acts are all deemed criminal acts under the Agenda and International
Refugee Law. One example of a Rome Statute violation related to this agenda would
be the trafficking of women and sexual assault against them in Northern African
countries.

D. Case Studies
1) The United Kingdom
The issue of immigration had a big part in the United Kingdom’s secession from the
European Union (dubbed “Brexit”). The results of the UK government’s Brexit. One of
the primary promises made by Brexit supporters was to reclaim control of immigration
policy and restrict the number of immigrants arriving in the UK. The United Kingdom
then began to reorganize its immigration policy, with the goal of controlling the amount
and types of immigrants entering the country while also aligning it with the
government’s goal of recruiting high-skilled employees while lowering low-skilled
worker immigration. Discussants should also be aware of the new Illegal Migration Bill
introduced in the UK House of Commons15, which aims to curb illegal migration into
the UK (small boat crossings) and expedite the removal of individuals who do not have
the right to be here. The UNHCR highlighted their concern over this law, stating If
implemented, the measure will amount to an asylum ban, removing the right to seek
refugee status in the United Kingdom for people who arrive irregularly, regardless of
how compelling their claim may be.

2) France
France has struggled with border management, particularly in the context of
unauthorised immigration. While the government has implemented measures to
strengthen border control, such as increased surveillance, cooperation with
neighbouring countries, and enhanced security measures, it is important to note that
as a member of the European Union, the government can only do so much to
implement such policies.

3) Italy
The Italian government’s stance on refugees and asylum seekers has garnered
headlines. Italy prohibited a ship carrying asylum seekers from docking in November
2021. Italy’s new far-right government barred 35 asylum seekers from leaving their
boats because they were ineligible for refuge. In Italy, there is no one piece of
legislation that governs all aspects of asylum (such as requirements, processes for
expediting the removal of individuals who do not have the right to be here. assessing
a person’s status, and services for reception and integration of individuals seeking
asylum and those obtaining international protection).
 4) Germany
Since 2015, Germany has taken the lead in pushing a coordinated EU response to the
refugee crisis, and it has actively participated in the development of EU asylum
regulations. The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF) in Germany
analyses and decides on asylum requests. The BAMF renders asylum decisions based
on past applications presented by EU member states and adjacent countries.
Germany’s reaction to refugees seeking asylum in the EU has been marked by a
commitment to humanitarian values and a recognition of the importance of shared
responsibility in addressing the issues caused by large refugee migrations. Germany
took the lead in relocating and admitting several hundred refugees, unaccompanied
minors, and asylum seekers from Greece and humanitarian admission programs.17 in
2020. In 2020, 3,253 refugees were received as part of resettlement

5) Denmark
Danish immigration policies have been more stringent in recent years. Concerning
Middle Eastern refugee seekers, Denmark has taken strong measures, including
cutting social support for asylum applicants. The Ghetto rules, which target
communities with a large Middle-Eastern population, are a famous example of
stringent immigration regulations. The legislation attempted to minimize
socioeconomic segregation and foster integration by instituting measures such as
required creche attendance for children, language requirements, and harsher penalties
for specific crimes committed in certain regions. It should be noted that the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights supports the Danish Legal Group Against Ghetto
Laws.

E. QARMA

1) What is the viability of the EU-wide refugee asylum plan?

2) What actions should be included in a global plan to end statelessness?
3) What are the ways for repatriation of refugees and IDPs in conflict zones?
4) What are the loopholes in current legislation both International and EU-centric that
need to be addressed to deal with the refugees in Europe? crisis?
5) How can the HRC safeguard and ensure the basic human rights of asylum seekers,
IDPs, and Stateless people?
6) How would temporary asylum status be granted and how would the Non - Refoulement
principle be applied to the current refugee crisis?