Sketch of solutions 2018 Calculus 1-3

1. Test the series for convergence or divergence, give reasons for your answers.
∞  
X 1
(a) (−1)n tan−1
n=1
n
∞
X 1
(b) 2
n=2
n[ln(n)]
∞
sin n1


X
(c)
n=2
ln(n)

solution.
(a) Check that tan−1 n1 > 0, decreasing and has a limit 0 as n → ∞.
Hence the series converges by Alternating Series Test.
1
(b) The function f (x) = x ln(x) 2 is continuous, positive, decreasing for

x ≥ 2 so we use integral test.

Z ∞ Z ∞
1
f (x)dx = dx
2 2 x(ln x)2

By substitution t = ln x, dt = x1 dx with t ≥ ln 2, the given integral

Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1
2
dx = 2
dt
2 x(ln x) ln 2 t
P∞ 1
is converges by p-test. The series n=2 n[ln(n)]2 also converges by
Integral Test.
(c) Take the limit

,
sin n1 1
→1
ln(n) n ln n
P∞ 1 1
as n → ∞. To compute n=2 n ln n , let f (x) = x ln x where f (x) is
continuous, positive, decreasing so we use integral test. By substitu-
tion as in (b), Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1
dx = dt
2 x ln x ln 2 t
P∞ sin( n1 )
which is diverges by p-test. Hence the series n=2 ln(n) also diverges
by Integral Test.

2. (a) Find the sum of the series.

∞
X (−1)n π 2n+1
n=0
42n+1 (2n + 1)!

1
 (b) Determine the interval of convergence for the following power series.
∞   
X 1
1 − cos xn
n=1
n

solution.
(a) Recall that
∞
1 3 1 X (−1)n x2n+1
sin x = x − x + x5 − · · · =
3! 5! n=0
(2n + 1)!
√
2
Hence the series is sin π4 = 2
(b) Use ratio test
     
1 1
1 − cos xn+1 1 − cos xn
n+1 n
   
1 1 −1
1 − cos n+1 sin n+1 (n+1)2
= |x| = |x| → |x|
1 − cos n1 sin n1 −1



n2

as n → ∞ by L’Hopital. Hence the series absolutely convergse for

|x| < 1 and diverges for |x| > 1. When |x| = 1, the series
∞   
X 1
1 − cos
n=1
n

converges by Limit Comparison Test with n12 . Therefore the interval

of convergence is [−1, 1].
Caution: It is not recommend to use Limit Comparison Test with
  
1 1
an = 1 − cos xn and bn = 2 xn
n n
because an , bn can be negative, depeding on x. Basically we can use
Limit Comparison Test only when an , bn > 0.(하지만, 문제를 푸는데
는 도움이 될 때도 있긴 하다.)
∞
X
3. Let {an } be a sequence with 0 < an ≤ 1. Assume that an converges.
n=1
Determine if the series √
∞
X sin( an )
√
a (n + nan )
n=1 n

is convergent or not. Give reasons for your answer. ( Hint : Use (limit)
1
comparison test with √ √ .)
an (n + nan )
solution. Check limn→∞ an = 0 and
√  √
sin( an ) an
√ √ →1
an (n + nan ) an (n + nan )

2
 as n → ∞.
√
an 1 1 1
√ =√ √ ≥ √ ≥
an (n + nan ) an (n + nan ) (n + n) 2n
P∞ 1 P∞ √
a
since 0 < an ≤ 1 where n=1 2n diverges by p-test. Therefore n=1 an (n+√nnan )
P∞ √
sin( an )
diverges by (Direct) Comparison Test, consequently the given series n=1 an (n+√na n)
also diverges by Limit Comparison Test.
4. A sequence {an } is defined recursively by the equations
 
1 n+1
a1 = , an+1 = an , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
2 2n
Find the sum of the series
∞
X
nan
n=1
1
(Hint : = 1 + x + x2 + · · · for |x| < 1.)
1−x
solution. First compute {an } directly, from the relation we have
 
n+1 an+1 1 an
an+1 = an ⇒ = .
2n n+1 2 n
an
By substitution bn = n , we have
1
bn+1 = bn
2

n−1
n 1 n
b1 21 = 21 since b1 = a1 = 1/2, therefore an = n


so that bn = P 2 .
∞
To compute n=1 nan , consider the series
1
= 1 + x + x2 + · · · for |x| < 1.
1−x
By differenciating we have
1
= 1 + 2x + 3x2 + · · · for |x| < 1,
(1 − x)2
then multiplying x to both sides
x
= x + 2x2 + 3x3 + · · · for |x| < 1
(1 − x)2
By differentiate again
 
d x 1+x
2
=
dx (1 − x) (1 − x)3
= 1 + 22 x + 32 x2 + · · · + n2 xn−1 + · · ·
X∞
= n2 xn−1 for |x| < 1.
n=1

Consequently,
∞ ∞  n
X X 1 2 1 1+x
nan = n = = 6.
n=1 n=1
2 2 (1 − x)3 x= 21

3
5. (a) Let an > 0 for all n = 1,P 2, . . . and limn→∞ (nan ) = 12 . Determine
∞
whether or not the series n=1 an converges. Give reasons for your
answer.
P∞ P∞
(b) Let n=1 tan(an ), n=1 sin(bn ) (0 < an , bn < π2 ) be convergent se-
ries. Determine the following series is convergent or not. Give reasons
for your answer.
X∞
(an + bn )
n=1

solution.
(a)
an 1
lim = (> 0).
n→∞ 1 2
n
P∞ 1 P∞
and we know n=1 n diverges.(by integral test.) Hence n=1 an
diverges by Limit Comparison Test.
P∞ P∞
(b) From the convergencey of the series n=1 tan(an ), n=1 sin(bn ),
we have tan(an ), sin(bn ) → 0 as n → ∞, and from this we obtains
another limits an , bn → 0 as n → ∞. Hence

tan(an ) sin(bn )
→ 1, →1
an bn
P∞ P∞
as n → ∞. Therefore n=1 an , n=1 bn converge respectively by
Limit Comparison Test, which deduce that
∞
X
(an + bn )
n=1

also converges.
6. Let Z x
f (x) = t3 tan−1 (t)dt.
0

(a) Find the Maclaurin series for f (x) and its radius of convergence.
−1
R 1
(b) Find f (100) (0). (Hint : Use 1+t 2 dt = tan (t).)

solution.
(a) By hint we have
∞
1 2 4 4
X
= 1 − t + t − t + ··· = (−1)n t2n , |t| < 1
1 + t2 n=0

hence
∞
t3 t5 X t2n+1
tan−1 t = t − + − ··· = (−1)n , |t| < 1
3 5 n=0
2n + 1

4
 and
∞
t6 t8 X t2n+4
t3 tan−1 (t) = t4 − + − ··· = (−1)n , |x| < 1
3 5 n=0
2n + 1

Finally
Z x
f (x) = t3 tan−1 (t)dt
0
x5 x7 x9
= − + − ···
1·5 3·7 5·9
∞
X (−1)n x2n+5
= , |x| < 1
n=0
(2n + 1)(2n + 5)

The radius of convergence is 1 by ratio test(omitted.)

(100)
(b) By definition of Maclaurin series, f100! is the coefficient of x100 of
Maclaurin series but it is zero in above series in (a) because there is
no integer satisfyig 2n + 5 = 100. Hence f (100) (0) is also zero.
7. Use series to approximate the definite integral to within the indicated
accuracy. Z 0.4 p
|error| < 5 × 10−6


1 + x4 dx
0
solution. Recall the binomial series
     
p 1 4 1 8 1
4
1+x = 1+C ,1 x + C ,2 x + C , 3 x12 + · · ·
2 2 2
∞  
X 1
= C , n x4n , |x| < 1
n=0
2

1

( 12 )( 21 −1)( 12 −2)···( 12 −n+1)
where C 2, n = Hence
n! .
Z p     
1 1 5 1 1 9 1 1
4
1 + x dx = C + x + C ,1 x + C ,2 x + C , 3 x13 + · · ·
5 2 9 2 13 2
∞  
X 1 1
= C+ C , n x4n+1 , |x| < 1
n=0
4n + 1 2

for contant C. Finally

Z 0.4 p     
11 11 1 1 1 1 3
1 + x4 dx = (0.4)+ (0.4)5 + − (0.4)9 + − − (0.4)13 +· · ·
0 5 2 9 2 2 13 2 2 2
1
C 12 , n (0.4)4n+1 is alternating, decreasing


For n ≥ 2, the sequence 4n+1
and it has a limit 0 as n → ∞. Hence to approximate the integral to within
the accuracy, we need to find n such that
 
1 1
C , n (0.4)4n+1 < 5 × 10−6
4n + 1 2

5
 Choose n = 2 we have
 
1 1
C , 2 (0.4)9 = 3.64089 × 10−6 < 5 × 10−6 .
9 2

Hence Z 0.4 p 11
1 + x4 dx ∼
= (0.4) + (0.4)5
0 52

8. Let Vn be the volume of the solid enclosed by four planes

x + y − 2z = 0,
−x + y − 2z = 0,
2x + y − 3z = 0,
nx + 2ny + z = n

n = 1, 2, 3 . . .. Find the limit limn→∞ Vn .

solution. The solid in the problem is the tetrahedron(사면체) with vertices

 
n 7n n
O(0, 0, 0), P1 , , ,
15n + 3 15n + 3 5n + 1
   
n n n 2n n
P2 , , , P3 0, ,
3n + 1 3n + 1 3n + 1 4n + 1 4n + 1

which points are obtained by solving 3 equations of 4 planes, respectively.

Check the volume of the tetrahedron by O, P1 , P2 , P3 is 16 of the volume of
−−→ −−→ −−→
the parallelepiped(평행육면체) by OP1 , OP2 , OP2 . Hence
1 −−→ −−→ −−→
Vn = |OP1 · (OP2 × OP2 )|
6
where
n 7n n
−−→ −−→ −−→ 15n+3 15n+3 5n+1
n n n 2n3
OP1 · (OP2 × OP2 ) = 3n+1 3n+1 3n+1 =−
2n n 3(3n + 1)(4n + 1)(5n + 1)
0 4n+1 4n+1

Finally
1 2n3 1
lim Vn = lim = .
n→∞ n→∞ 6 3(3n + 1)(4n + 1)(5n + 1) 540