Question-1: What do you understand by Communication.

Answer: Communication is the process by which data is either

transferred or received from one place to another via
communication channel.
Question-2: Draw the Basic Block Diagram of
Communication System.
Answer: The block diagram of communication system is given as
follow:

Basic Block Diagram of Communication System

Block Diagram of Communication system consists of following

part:

At transmitter End
1) Source
2) Source Coder
3) Channel Coder
4) Modulator
5) Communication Channel
At Receiver End
6) Demodulator
7) Channel Decoder
8) Source Decoder
9) Destination

Question 5: What is modulation and give methods used for

modulation.
Answer: Modulation is the process by which some characteristics
of signal known as “Carrier Signal” is varied in accordance to the
instantaneous value of the another signal known as “Message
Signal”.
Methods of Modulations are:
1) Angle Modulation
2) Amplitude Modulation

Question 6: Explain why modulation is required?

Answer: 1. When we want to transmit electrical signal over an
antenna, through free space, it must be converted into electro-
magnetic waves. Only electro-magnetic waves have the property
to travel through space (vacuum) at the speed of light message
signal or voice signals have low frequencies.
2. Signal with low frequencies cannot travel longer distance.
3. To make msg signal or voice signal travel longer distance.
4. To increase the signal to noise ratio.
Question 7: What is the difference between analog
modulation and digital modulation.
Answer: In analog modulation bandwidth required is low while in
digital modulation due to higher bit rate, heigher channel
bandwidth are required.
Question 8: What is multiplexing. Explain its types.
Answer: Multiplexing is defined as the process in which a number
of message signals are combined together to form composite
signals so that they can be transmitted through the common
channel.
Types of multiplexing:
1) Frequency Division Multiplexing
2) Time Division Multiplexing
Question 10: Explain the term companding.
Answer: Companding is the term derived from the combination of
two terms
COMPANDING= COMPRESSION + EXPANDING
In the process of Companding, the weak signals are amplified and
strong signals are attenuated before applying them to a uniform
quantizer.

Q.14. What are the disadvantage of AM technique?

Answer: The AM signal is also called as “double sideband full carrier
(DCBFC)” signal. The main disadvantages of this technique are-
▪ Power wastage takes place.
▪ AM needs larger bandwidth.
▪ AM wave gets affected due to noise.

3. Which types of digital modulation techniques you know?

1. Pulse code Modulation (PCM)
2. Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
3. Delta Modulation (DM)
4. Adaptive Delta Modulation

5. Discuss the functions of a sampler and quantizer?

We know that sampler and quantizer are the basic blocks of an analog to digital converter. A
sampler circuit converts a continuous time signal into discrete time signal and the function of
a quantizer is to convert a continuous in amplitude signal into discrete in amplitude signal.

7. What you know about the Sampling process?

Simply we can say that sampling process is similar to the process of cutting a bread into slices.
Technically in terms of signals, we can say that the process of converting a continuous time
signal into discrete in time signal is called as Sampling. In order to perform the sampling
process, the analog signal is fed to a sampler circuit (switch).

8. State sampling theorem?

Sampling theorem states that in order to reconstruct the continuous time signal from a discrete
time signal, the sampling frequency taken should be more than or equal to twice of the
maximum frequency of the continuous time signal frequency.
fs ≥ 2fm
Violation of sampling theorem yields to aliasing effect. We cannot reconstruct the original
signal from its samples, if sampling theorem is not maintained.

9. What you know about Nyquist Rate in sampling process?

Nyquist rate is the sampling rate at which the sampling frequency is twice that of the maximum
frequency component of the continuous time signal.
fs = 2fm
10. How many types of samplings are you familiar. Explain?

The different types of samplings are:

a. Impulse Sampling:

The process of impulse sampling is done by multiplying the input signal x(t) with impulse train
of period 'T'.

b. Natural sampling:

The process of sampling in which pulse have finite width equal to τ is known as natural
sampling. Sampling process is done with respect to a carrier signal, which is in digital form.

c. Flat top sampling:

At the time of transmission of signal through channel, noise is introduced at top of the
transmission pulse. This noise can be easily remove if the pulse is in the form of flat top. Thus,
the top of the samples are flat, in other words, we can say that they have constant amplitude.

11. Discuss in detail about the aliasing effect and explain how it is rectified?
At the time of sampling, if the sampling theorem is not satisfied; i.e if imperfect sampling
occurs, the signals will be interfered in frequency domain. This is called aliasing effect in
sampling. The aliasing effect can be rectified, if sampling theorem is satisfied;
fs ≥ 2fm
The aliasing effect can also be rectified as first by passing signal from anti aliasing filter before
sampling.

12. How many types of analog pulse modulation methods you know. List all?

The different types of analog pulse modulation methods are:

a. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
b. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
c. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

13. What you know about Pulse amplitude modulation?

In pulse amplitude modulation, the height of the carrier pulse (amplitude) is proportional to
amplitude of message signal. In other words, in PAM, the amplitude of the carrier and message
signals are directly proportional to each other.

14. What you know about Pulse width modulation?

In pulse width modulation, the width of the carrier pulse is proportional to the amplitude of
message signal.
28. Define step size?
It is the difference between two successive no.s (levels), i.e. voltage difference between one
digital level and the next digital level. (Ex: 000 & 001, 1011 & 1100)
29. How to calculate Step size in PCM?
step size(Δ) = (VFS-Vmin)/L
where L =2n, n = no. of bits, VFS = full scale voltage
30. Define Quantization error?
It is the difference between sampled signal and Quantized signal.
31. What is the max value of Quantization error?
Half of the Step size.
32. What are the applications of PCM?
computer Disk, Digital Telephony, Digital Audio Applications, etc.
33. What are the disadvantages of Pulse code modulation?
To get less Quantization Noise no. of bits should be increased, then bandwidth will be increased. So we have to
compromise with either Quantization error or bandwidth.
34. Define Differential pulse code modulation?
In DPCM, The difference between the consequent samples will be encoded with sequence of
zeros and ones.
35. Why DPCM is better than PCM?
Instead of encoding each sample, Its better to encode the difference between samples then
Quantization error will be minimized with less no. of bits, then bandwidth also get decreased.
36. Define Delta modulation? Why it is better?
It is same as DPCM with no. of bits to encode is one bit only (either 0 or 1). by this
bandwidth will be decreased.
37. What is granular noise? Define slope overload?
The Delta modulation is efficient when and only when signal is varying continuously with
less variations. if signal varies suddenly then we get two different Noises. those are slope
overload and granular noise
38. When granular noise and slope overload occur in Delta modulation?
Granular Noise: Δ / Ts > slope of signal
Slope Overload Noise: Δ / Ts < slope of signal
39. What is Adaptive Delta Modulation and what are the advantages?
If the step size varies according to the slope of the signal then that is called as Adaptive Delta modulation. granular
and slope over load noise will be desuced.

42. What is Line coding and what are the different line coding techniques?

Line coding is the representation of digital data (0,1) as puses. the types in line coding are: Non Return to

Zero (NRZ), Return to Zero (RZ), Biphase, Differential Manchester, Bipolar