Metals and Non-Metals

Science
CLASS - 10th
 About Your Teacher

● Cleared JEE Mains + advanced

● Mentored 1 Lakh+ Students

● Author of Two Books for Class 10th

Prashant Kirad
 What We’ll Provide!

● Lectures

● Top 25 Questions

● Sample Papers
(NCERT Exercises Included)
 Topics We’ll Cover!
● Types of Elements
● Physical properties of metals and non-metals
● Reactivity Series
● Aqua Regia
● Reactions
● Ionic compounds and its properties
● Occurrence of Metals
● Minerals and ores
● Corrosion
Introduction
 Types of Elements

Metals Non-Metals Metalloids Noble Gases

Metals : Metals are the substances which have the tendency to donate
electrons. They are electropositive in nature. Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na). Potassium
(K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu), Gold (Au) etc.

Non-Metals : Non-metals are the elements which form negative ions by

accepting or gaining electrons. Non-metals usually have 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in
their outermost shell. Carbon (C) , Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl),
Fluorine (F), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Hydrogen (H) etc.
 Types of Elements

Metalloids : Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Antimony (Sb), Arsenic (As),
Tellurium (Te).

Noble Gases : Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypto (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and
Radon (Rn).
Physical Properties of
Metals and Non-Metals
 Physical Properties
Hardness: Resistance offered by a substance against cutting and scratching.
Lustre: The property of metal by which it appears shiny..
Malleability: The property of metal by which it can be beaten into sheets.
Ductile: The property of metal by which it can be drawn into wires.
Sonority: The property of metal by which it produce sound when beaten by a hammer.
Electrical Conductivity: Ability to pass electricity through it.
Heat Conduction: Ability to conduct heat.
Melting Point: Temperature at which a solid starts converting into liquid.
 Physical Properties of Metals
Hardness: Metals are generally hard. Exception : Lithium, Sodium and Potassium.
Lustre: Metals have lustre and are known as lustrous.
Malleability: Metals are malleable. Exception: Mercury.
Ductile: Metals are ductile. Exception: Mercury.
Sonority: Metals are sonorous.
Electrical Conductivity: Metals are good conductors of electricity.
Heat Conduction: Good conductors of heat. Exception: Lead, Mercury and Bismuth
Melting Point: High melting point. Exception: Gallium and Caesium
 Physical Properties of Non-Metals
Hardness: Non-Metals are generally soft. Exception : Diamond.
Lustre: Non-Metals have non-lustrous. Exception: Iodine and Graphite.
Malleability: Non-Metals are non-malleable. They are brittle.
Ductile: Non-Metals are non-ductile. Exception: Carbon fibre.
Sonority: Non-sonorous.
Electrical Conductivity: Poor conductors of electricity. Exception: Graphite
Heat Conduction: Poor conductors of heat. Exception: Diamond
Melting Point: Low melting point. Exception: Diamond
Facts
● Gold is the most malleable metal.
● Platinum is the most ductile metal.
● Diamond is the best conductor of heat.
● Silver is the best conductor of heat in case of metals followed by copper.
● Order of electricity conduction in case of metals will be:
Silver > Copper > Gold > Aluminium
Chemical Properties of Metals & Non Metals
 Reaction of Metals with Oxygen
Metals react with oxygen in the air to form metal oxides.

Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide

Example:

At room temperature : 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)

Strong Heating : 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s) + Heat energy + Light
Energy
Reaction of Metals with Oxygen
Conclusion
● Potassium and sodium are most reactive.
● Silver, Gold and Platinum are least reactive.
● Calcium, Aluminium and Magnesium are reactive metals.
● Zinc and Iron are more reactive than Lead and Copper but less reactive than
K, na, Mg and Al.
 Amphoteric Oxides of Metals
Generally, metal oxides are basic in nature. But some metal oxides such as
aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, etc. show both acidic as well as basic behaviour.

Amphoteric oxides: Metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to
form salt and water.

For example :
 Reaction of Metals with Water
Metals react with water to form metal oxides and hydrogen.

Metal + Water → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen

Example: Na (s) + H2O (l) → Na2O(s) + H2 (g) + Heat

Oxides like Na2O, K2O, Ca0, MgO are soluble in water and forms metal
hydroxides.

Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide

 Reaction of Metals with Cold Water
Metal + Cold water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen gas

Example:

● Metals like potassium and sodium react violently with cold water.
● The reaction is so violent and exothermic that the evolved hydrogen
immediately catches fire. It catches fire more rapidly in case of Potassium.

● For Ca, reaction is less violent

For hydrogen to catch fire.
 Reaction of Metals with Hot Water
Metal + Hot water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen gas

Example: Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2 (g) + Heat

● Magnesium starts floating due to the bubbles of hydrogen gas sticking to

its surface.
● No other metal react with hot water.

K > Na > Ca > Mg

 Reaction of Metals with Steam
● Aluminium, Iron and Zinc do not form hydroxide as their oxides are not soluble.
They do not react with hot water but steam.

Metal + Steam → Metal oxide + Hydrogen gas

Example:

Metals such as lead, copper, silver, gold and platinum do not react with water at all.
Important Questions
Why Potassium and Sodium metal are stored under Kerosene oil?

● The potassium and sodium metal are so reactive that they react vigorously
with Oxygen (of air).
● They catch fire and start burning when kept in air.

So, it is kept in Kerosene to prevent their reaction with the O2 moisture and CO2
of air.
Give reason why aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make
utensils for cooking?

Though aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is resistant to corrosion. This

is because aluminium reacts with oxygen present in air to form a thin layer of
aluminium oxide on its surface. This oxide layer is very stable and acts as a
protective coating by preventing further reaction of aluminium. Also, it is light in
weight and a good conductor of heat. Hence, it is used to make cooking utensils.
Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids

Metals above hydrogen in the Activity series can displace hydrogen from dilute acids
Aqua Regia
● Aqua regia is a freshly prepared mixture of two acids.
● It is a mixture of 1 part of conc. nitric acid and 3 part of conc. hydrochloric
acid.
● It can be represented by HNO3 + HCL.
● It is also called royal water because it has the ability to dissolve noble metals
like gold, platinum. But it cannot dissolve all metals.
● Aqua regia is used for purification purpose of gold and platinum.
Reaction of Metals with solutions of Other Metals
Metal A + Salt solution of Metal B → Salt solution of Metal A + Metal B

Reactivity of A > Reactivity of B

Only more reactive metals can displace a less reactive metal from compound.

Reaction of lead with copper chloride solution: When a strip of lead metal is
placed in a solution of copper chloride then lead chloride and copper are formed.
Green colour copper chloride feds to colors less solution.

Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) → PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s)

Reaction of Metals with solutions of Other Metals
Reaction of copper with silver nitrate solution: When a strip of copper is kept
immersed in a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3), the solution gradually becomes
blue and a shining greyish-white deposit of silver metal is formed on the copper
strip.

Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Pb > Cu > Ag > Au

Reactivity Series
Important Questions
Write the equations for the reactions of:
(i) iron with steam
(ii) calcium and potassium

(i) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l) → Fe3O4 + H2

(ii) Calcium with water: Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Potassium with water: 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + Heat.

Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following
solution one by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows:

Use the table above to answer the following questions about metals A, B, C and D.

1. Which is the most reactive metal?

2. What would you observe if B is added to a solution of Copper (II) sulphate?
3. Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity.
(i) B - It gives displacement reaction with iron(II) sulphate.

(ii) Displacement reaction will take place , blue colour of Copper(II) Sulphate
solution will fade and red-brown deposit of copper will form on B.

(iii) B,A,C,D
Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive
metal? Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.

Hydrogen gas is produced.

Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate?
Write the chemical reaction that takes place.

When zinc is added in the solution , the colour of iron sulphate solution changes.
As zinc is more reactive than iron, so it displaces iron from its solution and a grey
precipitate of iron and a colourless zinc sulphate is formed.

Zn + FeSO4 → ZnSO4 + Fe
Reaction of Non-Metals with Oxygen & Water

Non-metal + Oxygen → Non-metal oxide

Example: C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)

Generally non-metals do not react with water because they cannot displace
hydrogen from water.
 Reaction of Non-Metals with Oxygen & Water

Non-metal oxide + Water → Acid

Example: CO2(g) + H20(l) → H2CO3(aq)

SO3(g) + H20(l) → H2SO4(aq)

2NO2(G) + H20(l) → HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq)

Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature : CO2, SO2, SO3 etc.

Non-metallic oxides can be neutral in nature as well : CO, H2O, N2O etc.
Ionic Compounds and
Its Properties
Ionic Compounds
Ionic compound is a compound formed by ions bonding together through
electrostatic forces.
Examples: Table salt, NaCl, is an ionic compound.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
● Ionic Compounds have high boiling and melting points as they’re very
strong and require a lot of energy to break.
● Ionic compounds form crystals.
● These compounds are brittle and break into small pieces easily.
● Electrovalent compounds usually dissolve in water and are insoluble in
solvents like oil, petrol, kerosene, etc.
● Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in a solid-state but they do
conduct electricity in the molten state.
Occurrence of Metals
The earth’s CRUST is the major source of metals.

METALLURGY: The branch of science and technology concerned with the

properties of metals and their production and purification.

MINERALS: The elements or compounds, which occur naturally in the

earth's crust.

ORES: Those minerals which contain a very high percentage of a particular

metal and the metal can be profitably extracted from it are called ores.

GANGUE PARTICLES: Impurities present in ores in the form of sand, soil,

dust etc. ENRICHMENT OF ORE OR CONCENTRATION OF ORE: The process
of removal of gangue particles from ores.
Ores of some Common Metals:
Step 1 : Crushing and Grinding of Ore
Step 2 : Concentration/Dressing/Benefaction/
Enrichment of Ore

One of the most significant phases in extracting metal from its ore is the
concentration of ore, also known as ore enrichment, ore-dressing, and
benefaction.

It is a technique for removing gangue particles and other contaminants.

Step 3 : Extraction of Metals from
Concentrated Ore
(i) Extraction of low reactivity metals (At low in the reactivity series of metals)

(ii) Extraction of medium reactivity metals ( At middle in the reactivity series

of metals)

(iii) Extraction of high reactivity metals (At top in the reactivity series of
metals)
Step 3 : Extraction of Metals of Low Reactivity
Roasting: Roasting is a process of metallurgy where ore is converted into its
oxide by heating it below its melting point in the presence of excess air.

By self-reduction- When the sulphide ores of less electropositive metals like

Hg, Pb, Cu etc., are heated in air, a part of the ore gets converted to oxide
which then reacts with the remaining sulphide ore to give the crude metal
and sulphur dioxide. In this process, no external reducing agent is used.

Metal Sulphide + Oxygen → Metal oxide + Sulphur dioxide

Copper Case:
Step 1 and Step 2 are same as discussed.

Step 3–Roasting :
2Cu2S (Copper pyrite) + 3O2(g )+ heat → 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)
Step 4–Self-reduction:

2Cu2O(s) +Cu2S(s )+ heat → 6Cu (crude metal) + SO2(g)

Step 5–Refining of metal

Mercury Case:
Step 1 and Step 2 are same as discussed.

Step 3–Roasting :
2HgS (Cinnabar) + 3O2(g) + heat → 2HgO(crude metal) + 2SO2(g)
Step 4–Self-reduction:

2HgO(s) + heat → 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

Step 5–Refining of metal

Step 3 : Extraction of Metals of Medium Reactivity

● These metals are usually present as sulphides or carbonates in nature.

● These sulphides or carbonates are first converted into oxides because it

is easy to extract metals from its oxides.

● Sulphides are converted into oxides by roasting and carbonates are

converted into oxides by calcination.
Roasting and Calcination
Zinc Case:
Ore : ZnS (Zinc Blende)

Roasting :
Zinc Case:
Ore : ZnCO3 (Calamine)

Calcination :

The metal oxides thus obtained are then reduced to the corresponding
metals by reduction process. Depending upon the reactivity of metals,
reduction is done in different ways.
Step 3 : Extraction of Metals of Medium Reactivity

Smelting : Reduction by Carbon coke

In this process, the roasted or calcined ore is mixed with suitable quantity of
coke or charcoal (which act as reducing agent) and is heated to a high
temperature above its melting point.
Step 3 : Extraction of Metals of Medium Reactivity

Aluminothermy : Reduction by heating with Aluminium

Oxides of certain metals, e.g., manganese oxide (MnO2), chromium oxide
(Cr2O3), etc. cannot be satisfactorily reduced by heating with carbon.
However, these oxides are easily reduced to their corresponding metals by
heating with aluminium powder (as aluminium is more reactive than
manganese or chromium).
Step 3 : Extraction of Metals of Medium Reactivity

Aluminothermy : Reduction by heating with Aluminium

As a result, aluminium is converted into aluminium oxide whereas the metal
oxide is reduced to the metal. The reaction is highly exothermic. The heat
evolved is so high that the metal is obtained in the molten state.

The reaction is therefore used for welding the broken parts of iron
machinery, railway tracks etc. The reaction is known as thermite reaction.
Thermite reaction is a type of displacement, exothermic and redox
reaction.
Step 3 : Extraction of Metals of High Reactivity

● The metals high up in the reactivity series are very reactive. They cannot
be obtained from their compounds by heating with carbon.
● For example, carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium,
calcium, aluminium, etc., to the respective metals. This is because these
metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon. These metals are
obtained by electrolytic reduction.
● For example, sodium, magnesium and calcium are obtained by the
electrolysis of their molten chlorides.
Electrolytic Reduction
● On passing electric current into the molten solution, metal is liberated at
cathode while impurities are settled down as anode mud generally.
● The metals are deposited at the cathode
(the negatively charged electrode),
whereas, chlorine is liberated at the
anode (the positively charged electrode).
Refining of Metals
Metals obtained after extraction still contains some impurities which are
removed by:

● Electrolytic refining
● Distillation
● Liquefaction
● Vapour phase refining
● Zone refining
Electrolytic Refining
● The set-up consists of an electrolytic tank that contains copper sulphate
solution.
● In this process, a thick block of impure metal is used as anode.
● A thin strip of pure metal is used as cathode.
● A solution of metal salt (to be refined) is used as an electrolyte.
● When electric current is passed, metal ions from the electrolyte are
reduced as metal which get deposited on the cathode.
Electrolytic Refining
● An equivalent amount of pure metal from the anode gets oxidised to
metal ion and goes into the electrolyte and from there it goes to
cathode and deposit.

At cathode: Cu2+ 2e- → Cu

At anode: Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-
Corrosion
Corrosion is the process by which a metal surface is attacked by a certain
substance such as air or water. For example : Rusting and Tarnishing.
Ways to prevent Corrosion - Rusting
Painting, Oiling, Greasing Galvanisation - Is a method of protecting steel and iron from
rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc.

Chrome plating - Is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal

object.

Anodising -

Alloying - Is a very good method of improving the properties of a metal corrosion can also
be reduced
Objectives of Alloying
(i) To increase hardness.

(ii) To increase tensile strength.

(iii) To reduce melting point.

(iv) To increase resistance to corrosion.

(v) To decrease electrical conductivity.

 Common Alloys

The alloys of mercury with any other metal is called amalgam.

Ways to prevent Corrosion - Anodising
● Anodising is an electrolytic process for producing thick oxide coatings,
usually on aluminium and its alloys.
● This oxide layer helps in for durability and can be used for cooking purposes.
Anodising for Aluminium
The process of anodising aluminium involves
submerging the metal in an acid electrolyte
bath and passing an electrical current through
the solution. The bath has a cathode attached
to it and the aluminium acts as the anode.
Thankyou!!