Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 5 views

    Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    youu31

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    youu31
    5 views27 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views27 pages

    Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    youu31

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 27

    Lecture 2

    Chapter II: Mendelian Genetics

    ‫ص‬
    Phenotype and Genotype
    Genotype and Phenotype
    • Genotype – genetic constitution of an
    organism: Total set of alleles of an individual
    • Describe the following :
    - AA: Homozygous Dominant (Wild Type)
    - Aa: Heterozygous
    - aa: Homozygous Recessive (double mutant)
    • Phenotype – observable characteristic
    • Genotype and environment
    • Contribution of environment varies between
    genes
    • Can be controlled by many genes
    Mendel’s Experimental Design
    Mendelian Genetics
    • Modern genetics began with
    Mendel’s quantitative genetic
    experiments
    • Austrian monk
    • Mathematician
    • Numerical and observational
    data
    • Several generations Stame
    n Carpe
    l
    Mendelian Genetics
    Heritable, obvious traits
    Simple crosses at first
    Used peas because:
    • Easy to grow and available
    • Many distinguishable
    characteristics
    • Self-fertilization
    True breeding peas
    Pea Traits
    Monohybrid Crosses and Mendel’s Principle of
    Segregation
    Dominant and Recessive Alleles
    Pairs—the factors that control each trait exist in
    pairs.
    • Female parent—contributes one factor (♀)
    • Male parent—contributes one factor (♂)
    • Together these make a pair
    • Genes—are the factors that control traits.
    • Genes consist of pairs of alleles. One that
    comes from the mother parent and one that
    comes from the father parent.
    Dominant and Recessive Alleles
    Alleles—the different forms of a gene (such as tall
    or short, wrinkled or smooth).
    Dominant allele—one whose trait always shows up
    when the allele is present.
    Recessive allele—is masked (or covered up) when
    the dominant allele is present. Recessive alleles only
    show up if a dominant allele is not present.
    EXAMPLES
    recessive dominant
    Recessive is the green box and dominant is the black box. Each of your
    parents has a pair of alleles that they can share. If they only give one…
    answer the following questions.

    dominant dominant ?
    dominant
    recessive dominant ?
    dominant
    recessive recessive ?
    recessive
    Breeding Crosses
    Initial cross is the P generation
    • Parents
    Progeny of parents is first filial
    generation
    • F1 generation
    Inbreeding of first generation
    creates second filial generation
    • F2 generation
    Monohybrid Crosses
    Cross between true-breeding aa
    AA
    individuals with one different trait
    Mendel’s first crosses
    Resembled only one of the parents
    Aa
    Planted progeny and allowed self-
    fertilization
    • Revealed both phenotypes Aa Aa

    Smooth seeds (allele A) are


    completely dominant to
    wrinkled seeds(allele a)

    [S] [W]
    Monohybrid Cross
    Mendel determined GENETIC MAKEUP (ALLELES)
    that P PLANTS AA aa

    • Particulate
    factors for genes, Gametes All A All a

    each contains a
    set of two F1 PLANTS
    (hybrids) All Aa
    • Transmitted by
    both parents Gametes 1/2 A 1/2 a

    • Alternate forms
    called alleles Eggs
    A A
    Sperm
    • True breeding F2 PLANTS a
    AA
    a
    forms contains Phenotypic ratio Aa Aa

    identical set 3 purple : 1 white


    aa
    Genotypic ratio
    1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
    Monohybrid Cross
    F1 generation had both alleles
    Only one expresses
    One allele masks
    • Dominant
    • Recessive
    Identical alleles – homozygous
    Different alleles - heterozygous
    Monohybrid Cross
    Principle of Segregation
    Recessive characteristics
    are masked
    • Reappear in F2
    Members of a gene pair
    (alleles) segregated during
    gamete formation
    How cells carry characteristics ?
    Aa male

    F1 Formation of sperm
    genotypes

    Aa female

    Formation of eggs

    1 1
    A 2
    a
    2

    1 A A A a
    2 A

    1 1
    F2
    4 4
    genotypes

    1 a A a a
    a
    2

    1 1
    4 4
    Branch Diagrams
    • Punnett squares can
    become messy with
    more than one gene
    • Use branch diagram to
    figure out genotype
    and phenotype
    expected frequency
    Test Cross
    • Mendel did several TESTCROSS:

    crosses
    • Followed over several GENOTYPES B_ bb

    generations
    • Selfing also very Two possibilities for the black dog:

    important
    BB or Bb

    • Allowed plants to
    reveal their genotype GAMETES
    B B b

    and not just their


    phenotye b Bb b Bb bb

    OFFSPRING
    All black 1 black : 1 chocolate
    Test
    Cross

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy