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19 views

WRE

Uploaded by

pranavingale2007
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION

Sustainable management of the available water resource is a challenging task for the new
millennium. As stated by the World Water Council, “There is a water crisis today. But the crisis is not
having too little water to satisfy our needs. It is crisis of managing water so badly that billions of people
and the environment – suffer badly” (World Water Council, 2000). Remote Sensing techniques have
been used effectively in integrated development and management of water resources of India
(Balakrishnan, 1986).

Water has very low spectral reflectance in the visible part of the Electro Magnetic Region (EMR)
whereas snow or ice has very high spectral reflectance in visible and near infrared (NIR) part of the EMR.
Pure water absorbs nearly all incident energy in both the near infrared and middle infrared (MIR)
wavelengths. The low reflectance of water in visible and NIR band has advantage in Remote Sensing as
water becomes clearly distinguishablefrom either vegetation or soil cover throughout the reflective
infrared portion.
Types of Satellite Imagery
In the field of Geographic Information Systems, satellite imagery has emerged as a vital tool,
providing a multitude of data for a wide range of applications starting from urban planning to
environmental monitoring where the visible or non-visual data that Earth observation satellites collect
while orbiting the Earth is referred to as satellite imagery and by utilizing sensors that capture
electromagnetic radiation at visible, infrared and microwave frequencies, these satellites can offer a
comprehensive image of the planet’s surface. Acquiring satellite imagery serves the primary purpose of
monitoring, analyzing and understanding the dynamic changes occurring on Earth’s surface. Satellite
imagery is crucial to the field of Geographic Information Systems for the collection, analysis and
interpretation of spatial data. The representation of characteristics or objects on Earth’s surface through
the use of images captured by artificial satellites orbiting the planet is known as satellite photography
and it has grown to be an essential tool for many industries.

 Following are types of Satellite Imagery


1) Optical Satellite Imagery
Our comprehensive, unbiased knowledge connects you with the best optical satellite
imagery and processing options to fulfil your project requirements. Our status as an independent
supplier for satellite operators around the globe guarantees comprehensive and impartial
advice, every time. We supply and add value to visible and infrared satellite imagery with spatial
resolutions ranging from 30 cm to 30 m and down to sub-daily monitoring capabilities.

2) Multispectral Imagery:

Data in wavelengths other than those visible to the human eye is captured by multispectral
images where the several bands that make up these photos each stand for distinct electromagnetic
spectrum areas. Multispectral photography is used in GIS for environmental monitoring, vegetation
analysis and land cover classification.

3) Hyperspectral Imagery:

By collecting a plethora of tiny and contiguous spectral bands, hyperspectral imagery raises the
bar for multispectral imaging and in a variety of applications including pollution detection, precision
farming and mineral identification, this high spectrum resolution enables in-depth investigation.

4) Panchromatic Imagery:

Usually in the visible range, panchromatic imagery is the capture of a wide spectrum of light in
one band where these high-resolution photos are useful for projects like infrastructure building,
urban planning and other projects needing comprehensive visual interpretation.

5) Radar Satellite Imagery


a) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR):

SAR is an active remote sensing technique that produces high-resolution images by measuring
the reflections of microwave signals it emits and because SAR images can penetrate clouds and
darkness, it is useful for applications such as topography mapping, subsidence monitoring and
disaster response.

b) Interferometric SAR (InSAR):

Interferograms or surface deformations over time are produced by merging numerous SAR
images in a technique known as interferometric SAR (InSAR) and this method is essential for tracking
tectonic activity, landslides and sinking in the earth.

6) Thermal Infrared Imagery

Thermal Infrared Satellite Imagery:

By capturing the heat that surfaces release, thermal infrared satellite imagery sheds light on
temperature fluctuations where applications of GIS include researching thermal anomalies in natural
ecosystems, monitoring urban heat islands and evaluating energy efficiency.

7) LiDAR Satellite Imagery

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR): LiDAR creates extremely precise three-dimensional models
by measuring the distance between a sensor and the Earth’s surface using laser beams and its data is
essential to GIS for managing forests, modeling terrain, and urban planning.
Satellite Image processing
Till now, various image processing techniques have been introduced. These techniques help to
identify the water features using the data from the satellite. There are single-band and multiband
methods used for the image processing. Through the single-band method, only one threshold value is
used to extract the features from the water. The error is common in the single-band method because of
the mixing of water pixels with the different cover types. But it has been said that classification
techniques provide a better result if used to extract the surface water than the single-band methods

The main dataset includes the information retrieved through the satellite images. It is required
to produce raw data from the previous images produced through several satellites with some specific
resolution. After that these images need to rectify and corrected to measure the surface reflectance. It is
necessary to organize the images spatially into 1 X 1-degree cell area. Obtained images are organized in a
data tiles. In this way, through these data files a complete time series of observation for every Water
Detection using Satellite Images Obtained through Remote Sensing 1927 single pixel which can be used
for analysis.

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