NET102 Chapter8SubnettingIPNetworks

Chapter 8:
Subnetting IP Networks
PREPARED BY ENGR. JOHN CEAZAR C. BELLO
.CpE
CCNA Routing and Switching
Introduction to Networks v6.0

Chapter 8:
Introduction to Networks 6.0 Planning
Guide
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Chapter 8:
CCNA Routing and Switching
Introduction to Networks v6.0

Chapter 8 - Sections & Objectives
 8.1 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
• Implement an IPv4 addressing scheme to enable end-to-end connectivity in a small to
medium-sized business network.
• Explain how subnetting segments a network to enable better communication.
• Explain how to calculate IPv4 subnets for a /24 prefix.
• Explain how to calculate IPv4 subnets for a /16 and /8 prefix.
• Given a set of requirements for subnetting, implement an IPv4 addressing scheme.
• Explain how to create a flexible addressing scheme using variable length subnet masking (VLSM).
 8.2 Addressing Schemes
• Given a set of requirements, implement a VLSM addressing scheme to provide
connectivity to end users in a small to medium-sized network.
• Implement a VLSM addressing scheme.
Chapter 8 - Sections & Objectives (Cont.)
 8.3 Address Schemes
• Explain design considerations for implementing IPv6 in a business network.
• Explain how to implement IPv6 address assignments in a business network.
8.1 Subnetting an IPv4
Network
Network Segmentation
Broadcast Domains
 Devices use broadcasts in an Ethernet LAN to locate:
• Other devices - Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) which sends Layer 2 broadcasts to a known IPv4
address on the local network to discover the associated MAC address.
• Services – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) which sends broadcasts on the local network
to locate a DHCP server.
 Switches propagate broadcasts out all interfaces except the interface on which it was received.
Problems with Large Broadcast Domains
 Hosts can generate excessive broadcasts and negatively affect the network.
• Slow network operations due to the significant amount of traffic it can cause.
• Slow device operations because a device must accept and process each broadcast packet.
 Solution: Reduce the size of the network to create smaller broadcast domains. These smaller
network spaces are called subnets.
One
Broadcast Broadcast in Broadcast in
Domain LAN 1 LAN 2
contained in contained in
1 subnet 1 subnet
Reasons for Subnetting
 Reduces overall network traffic and improves network performance.
 Enables an administrator to implement security policies such as which subnets are allowed or not
allowed to communicate together. Communicating between
Networks
Subnetting by Location
Subnetting by Device Type
Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Octet Boundaries
Networks
are most
easily
subnetted
at the
octet
boundary
of /8, /16,
and /24
 Prefix length and the subnet mask are different ways of identifying the network
portion of an address.
 Subnets are created by borrowing host bits for network bits.
 More host bits borrowed, the more subnets that can be defined.
Subnetting on the Octet Boundary
 Subnetting Network 10.x.0.0/16

 Define up to 256 subnets with each subnet capable of connecting 65,534 hosts.
 First two octets identify the network portion while the last two octets are for host IP addresses.
Subnetting on the Octet Boundary (Cont.)
 Subnetting Network 10.x.x.0/24

 Define 65,536 subnets each capable of connecting 254 hosts.
 /24 boundary is very popular in subnetting because of number of hosts.
Classless Subnetting
Subnetting a /24 Network
Subnets can borrow bits from any host bit position to create other masks.
Video Demonstration – The Subnet Mask
Subnetting in Binary
 ANDING
• Convert IP address and Subnet Mask to Binary (line up vertically like an addition problem)
• Logically AND (1 and 1 = 1, all other combinations = 0)
• Result is network address for original IP address
 Classful Subnetting
• Class A /8 255.0.0.0
• Class B /16 255.255.0.0
• Class C /24 255.255.255.0
Video Demonstration – The Subnet Mask (Cont.)
Video Demonstration – Subnetting with the Magic Number
 Magic number technique used to calculate subnets
 Magic number is simply the place value of the last one in the subnet mask
 /25 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 magic number = 128
 /26 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 magic number = 64
 /27 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 magic number = 32
Video Demonstration – Subnetting with the Magic Number (Cont.)
Video Demonstration – Subnetting with the Magic Number (Cont.)
Classless Subnetting Example
Creating 2 Subnets
 /25 Subnetting Topology
Video Demonstration – Creating Two Equal-sized Subnets (/25)
Create 2 Equal-sized Subnets from 192.168.1.0 /24
 Subnet Mask - 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
 Magic Number = 128
 192.168.1.0 /25 (start at 0)
 192.168.1.128 /25 (Add 128)
Subnetting Formulas
Calculate Number of Subnetting a /24 Network

Subnets Formula
Subnetting Formulas (Cont.)
Calculate Number of
Calculating the Number of Hosts
Hosts Formula
Creating 4 Subnets
Creating 4 Subnets (Cont.)
Creating 4 Subnets (Cont.)
Video Demonstration – Creating Four Equal-sized Subnets (/26)
 Subnet Mask in Binary – 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
 2^2 = 4 Subnets
 192.168.1.0 /26
 192.168.1.64 /26
 192.168.1.128 /26
 192.168.1.192 /26
Video Demonstration – Creating Eight Equal-sized Subnets (/27)

 Borrow 3 bits – 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
 192.168.1.0 /27 (Start at 0)
 192.168.1.32 /27 (Add 32 to previous network)
 192.168.1.64 /27 (Add 32)
 192.168.1.96 /27 (Add 32)
 192.168.1.128 /27 (Add 32)
 192.168.1.160 /27 (Add 32)
 192.168.1.192 /27 (Add 32)
 192.168.1.224 /27 (Add 32)
Subnetting a /16 and /8 Prefix
Creating Subnets with a /16 prefix
Creating 100 Subnets with a /16 prefix
Calculating the Hosts
Video Demonstration – Creating One Hundred Equal-sized Subnets
 An enterprise network requires 100 equal-sized subnets
starting from 172.16.0.0/16
• New Subnet Mask
• 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
• 2^7 = 128 Subnets
• 2^9 = 512 hosts per subnet
• Magic Number = 2
• 172.16.0.0 /23
• 172.16.2.0 /23
• 172.16.4.0 /23
• 172.16.6.0 /23
• …
• 172.16.254.0 /23
Creating 1000 Subnets with a /8 Network
Creating 1000 Subnets with a /8 Network (Cont.)
Video Demonstration – Subnetting Across Multiple Octets
New Challenge Problem: Create

over 300 Equal-sized Subnets of
20,000 Hosts each starting from
10.0.0.0/8
Subnetting to Meet Requirements
Subnetting Based on Host Requirements
Subnetting Based On Network Requirements
Host devices
used by
employees in
the Engineering
department in
one network
and
Management in
a separate
network.
Network Requirement Example
Network Requirement Example (Cont.)
Lab – Calculating IPv4 Subnets
Packet Tracer – Subnetting Scenario
Lab – Designing and Implementing a Subnetted IPv4 Addressing Scheme
Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking
Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
Traditional Subnets of Varying Sizes
Basic VLSM
Basic Subnetting
Video Demonstration – VLSM Basics
 Basic VLSM
• Subnets do not have to be equal sizes, as long
as their address ranges do not overlap.
• When creating subnets it is easier to work from
larger to smaller.
VLSM in Practice
VLSM Chart
Video Demonstration – VLSM Example
 Given the network 172.16.0.0
/23 = 2^9 hosts = 512
/23 creates subnets: 256+128+64+32+16+16 = 512 hosts needed
• 1 network for 200 hosts - 256 Address range 172.16.0.0 – 172.16.1.255
• 1 network for 100 hosts - 128
• 4 point-to-point networks for 2
hosts each – 4x4 = 16
172.16.1.248 /30 (4)
172.16.1.252 /30 (4)
8.2 Addressing Schemes
Structured Design
Network Address Planning
Structured Design
Planning to Address the Network
 Each host in an internetwork must have
a unique address.
 Need proper planning & documentation.
 Must provide & control access to servers

from internal hosts and external hosts.
 Layer 3 STATIC address assigned to a

server can be used to control access to
that server.
 Monitoring security and performance of

hosts means network traffic is examined
for source IP addresses that are
generating or receiving excessive
packets.
Structured Design
Assigning Addresses to Devices
 Devices that require addresses:
• End user clients

• Can be set for DHCP to save time and
manual errors.
• A change in the subnetting scheme requires
reconfiguration of DHCP server. IPv6 clients
use DHCPv6/SLAAC.
• Servers
• Configured with static addresses.
• Private addresses translated to public
addresses if accessible from the Internet.
• Intermediary devices
• Set with static addresses for remote
management.
• Gateway
• Router interface used to exit the network.
Structured Design
Packet Tracer – Designing and Implementing a VLSM Addressing Scheme
8.3 Design Considerations for IPv6
The IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 IPv6 subnetting is not concerned
with conserving address space. Structure
 IPv6 subnetting is about building an
addressing hierarchy based on the
number of subnetworks needed.
 IPv6 link-local address is never

subnetted.
 IPv6 global unicast address can be

subnetted.
 IPv6 global unicast address
normally consists of a /48 global
routing prefix, a 16 bit subnet ID,
and a 64 bit interface ID.
Subnetting Using the Subnet ID
IPv6 Subnet Allocation
8.4 Chapter Summary
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Subnetting IP Networks
 Implement an IPv4 addressing scheme to enable end-to-end connectivity in a small to medium-
sized business network.
 Given a set of requirements, implement a VLSM addressing scheme to provide connectivity to end
users in a small to medium-sized network.
 Explain design considerations for implementing IPv6 in a business network.

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Chapter 8:

CCNA Routing and Switching

Introduction to Networks v6.0

CCNA Routing and Switching

Introduction to Networks v6.0

Subnetting by Device Type

 Subnetting Network 10.x.0.0/16

 Subnetting Network 10.x.x.0/24

 Magic number technique used to calculate subnets

 /25 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 magic number = 128

 /26 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 magic number = 64

 /27 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 magic number = 32

 Magic Number = 128

 192.168.1.0 /25 (start at 0)

 192.168.1.128 /25 (Add 128)

Calculate Number of Subnetting a /24 Network

Create 8 Equal-sized Subnets from 192.168.1.0 /24

New Challenge Problem: Create

 Need proper planning & documentation.

 Must provide & control access to servers

 Layer 3 STATIC address assigned to a

 Monitoring security and performance of

• End user clients

 IPv6 link-local address is never

 IPv6 global unicast address can be

 Explain design considerations for implementing IPv6 in a business network.

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