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Inharitance & Variation Short Notes

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Inharitance & Variation Short Notes

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shrikantkuntala08
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CBSE : Grade 12 2023-24 Board: MHT CET

Class – XII
Inheritance & Variation
Submitted By : Shailesh Sir

Inheritance & Variation


❖ Genetics deals with inheritance and variation of characters from parents to offsprings.
❖ Inheritance is the process by which characters are passed on from parent to progeny.
❖ Variation is the degree by which progeny differ from their parents and is caused due to sexual reproduction.
❖ Gregor Mendel conducted hybridisation experiments on garden peas for seven years (1856-1863) and proposed the
laws of inheritance.
❖ Mendel selected 14-true breeding pea plant varieties as pairs which were similar except for one character with
contrasting traits.
❖ The characters studied by Mendel were stem height, flower colour and position, pod shape and colour, seed shape
and colour.
❖ Law of dominance explains the expression of only one parental character in F1 of monohybrid cross. It also explains
the proportion of 3 : 1 obtained at the F2.
❖ Monohybrid cross is a cross between two organisms which is made to study the in heritance of a single pair of
alleles of character.
❖ Monohybrid phenotypic ratio is 3:1 and genotypic ratio is 1:2:1.
❖ Dihybrid cross is a cross between two organisms which is made to study the inheritance of two pairs of alleles
belonging to two different genes.
❖ Dihybrid phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1 and genotypic ratio is 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1.
❖ Law of segregation explains, the factors or alleles of a pair segregate from each other such that gametes receive
only one of the two factors. Law of independent assortment explains when two pairs of traits are combined in a
hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of the other pair of characters.
❖ If F1 did not resemble either of the parents and was in between the two this type of interaction is called as incomplete
dominance, e.g., dog flower (Snapdragon or Antirrhinum sp.).
❖ The genotypic and phenotypic ratio of incomplete dominance is 1:2:1.
❖ Genes are units of inheritance. They contain information required to express a particular trait an organism.
❖ British geneticist R.C Punnett developed a graphical representation call Punnett square to calculate possibility of
all possible genotypes of offsprings in a genetic cross.
❖ The alleles which do not show dominance-recessive relationship and are able to express themselves independently
and equally when present together. This type of allele interaction is called codominance.
❖ ABO blood group in human being is controlled by Gene-I, having three alleles IA, IB and i. IA and IB produce
slightly different form of sugar, while i does not produce any sugar.
❖ IA and IB are completely dominant over i, but when IA and IB are present together, they express their own sugars,
because of co-dominance hence RBC have both sugars.
❖ There are 6 genotypes and 4 phenotypes in human ABO blood types.
❖ ABO blood grouping is a very good example of multiple allelism in which more than two alleles govern the same
character.
❖ Pleiotropy is a condition in which a single gene can exhibit multiple phenotypic expression. It is the effect of a gene
on metabolic pathways which contribute towards different phenotypes, e.g., Phenylketonuria.
❖ Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri noted that the behaviour of chromosomes was parallel to behaviour of genes
and they used chromosome movement to explain Mendel's Laws.
❖ Sutton united the knowledge of chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles and proposed chromosomal
theory of inheritance.
❖ Linkage is the phenomenon of genes staying together during inheritance without any seperation due to their being
present on the same chromosome.
❖ Morgan proved and defined linkage on the basis of his breeding experiments in Drosophila melanogaster.
❖ Morgan's student Alfred Sturtevant used frequency of recombination between genes on same chromosome as a
measure of distance between genes and mapped their position on chromosomes.
❖ If traits are controlled by three or more genes then the traits are called as polygenic traits. It also takes into account
influence of environment.
❖ The phenotype reflects the contribution of each allele, i.e., the effect of each allele is additive, e.g. Human Skin
Colour
❖ Types of sex-determination. XO-Type = Male heterogamete e.g. = Grasshopper XY-Type = Male heterogamete
e.g. = Drosophila, Man ZW-Type = Female heterogamete e.g. = Birds — — —
❖ In Humans, genetic make-up of sperm determines sex of the child and in each pregnancy, there is always 50%
probability of a male or female child.
❖ In honey bees, sex-determination is haplo-diploid type in which unfertilised egg develops as male (drone) i.e.
haploid and Queen and worker bees (females) are diploid.
❖ Mutation is caused due to alteration in chromosomes which result in abnormailities or aberrations. Chromosomal
aberrations are commonly observed in cancer cells.
❖ Mutagens are Chemical and physical factors that induce mutations, e.g. UV radiations, X-rays etc.
❖ Pedigree analysis is a study of family history about inheritance of a particular trait or disease.
❖ A few chromosomal aberrations are colour-blindness, Haemophilia, Thalassemia, Sickle Cell anaemia and
phenylketonuria.
❖ A few disorders are Downs's syndrome, klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome.

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