a Objective : To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by R = {(/, m) = / || m} is an equivalence relation. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of relations and their types namely reflexive, symmetric and transitive, equivalence relation. Materials required : A thick board with board pins, some paper pins, white chart paper, some pieces of colourful threads, or yarns (blue, green and red). Note : Geoboard with rubber band may be used. Procedure : io 3] 4. Place a chart paper firmly on a thick board with the help of board pins as-shown-in=(Fig=2:4). 2. Fix some paper pins randomly on the board as~ -shown-in-Fig-22— x 3. Nowtake some pieces of thread or yarn and tie them securely around the pins. as-shown-in-Fig—2-3. Note that there should not be any slack in the threads. Here, some pieces of thread are parallel to each other, some are perpendicular and some are inclined. RE i: Li ——ENECSLet the threads or yams depict the lines /,, / Then we have the following observation Observations 1. 1, is perpendicular to /, and Is. 2. 1, is perpendicular to /, and Js. 3. [; is perpendicular to /, and J. 4. I; is perpendicular to /,. 1, is perpendicular to 5. J, is parallel to J, 6. 1, is parallel to /,, /, is parallel to /, and /, is parallel to Jy. 7. Ig is parallel to /5. B. SO, (Uys Je), (Lys fads las lade (lye fal (les fg) € Re 9. In Fig. 23, we see that every line is parallel to itself. Thus, Jy [I fy» / Il da. «++ dg Il Uy. SO, (Fs. by) © Ry (lps fe) € Rom (igs Up) ¢ R Hence, the given relation R is reflexive. 410. In Fig. 2:8, we see that J, || Js, thus J [I 14. So, (lyy Is) € R= (ly ly) € Re Similarly, (I, b) € R> (by) eR (lyk) E R= (ly b) ER Also, (lg. fg) € R= (Igy Je) ¢ Re Hence, the given relation R is symmetric. 11, In Fig. 238, we see that J, |] ly, 1p Il I, 80 Uy | 80, (Ij, b) E R= (ys) © R> (4) ER Thus, the relation R is transitive. Hence, the relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. So R is an equivalence relation.a Objective : To demonstrate a function which is not one-one but is onto, Pre-requisite knowledge : Basic knowledge of relations, functions and their types such as one-one functions and onto functions. Materials required : Coloured chart paper (green, red), a hard board, a pair of scissors, gluestick, some paper pins, some pieces of thread or yarn. Procedure : 1. From a green chart paper, cut out a rectangular strip. of-length-15-cm -and-width=3-cm-es-shown-in-Figeszt- x<—3 on—> 2. From a red chart paper, cut out a rectangular strip of ength-10-om-and-width-3-cm as shown in-Fig-3:2._ % Fig. 3.2 3. Paste these two strips on a hardboard side by side and mark A and B on them respectively as:shown- inc Fig=3:3. Fig. 33 4. Fix 4 paper pins on the green strip and mark the pins as a, b, ¢ and d, Similarly fix 3 paper pins on red strip and mark them as x, y and z, as-shown-in-Fig=3:: A5. Join pins on the strips with the help of threads or yarns as shown in Fig. @:5 Here keep the threads tight. Fig. 35 Observations The image of the element a of A in B is z. The image of the element b of A in B is y. The image of the element ¢ of A in B is x. The image of the element d of A in B is z. The pre-image of the element x of B in Ais c. The pre-image of the element y of B in Ais . The pre-images of the element z of B in A are a and d. Since the elements @ and d in A have the same image as Z in B. So, the function is many one or not one-one. 8. Also, we see that every element of B is image of some element of A. So, the function is onto. 40. From 8 and 9 above, we can say that the function shown in fig 3:5 is not one-one but onto. PN oR aeNsObjective : To draw the graph of sin-t x, using the graph of sin x and demonstrate the concept oF mio: feflection (about the line y = x). Prerequisite knowledge : Knowledge of trigonometric their properties. Materials required : A cardboard of dimensions 30 cm x 30 cm, ruler, coloured pencils, board pins, paper pins and strings. Procedure : 4. Place a chart paper firmly on a cardboard with the help of board pins as-shown-in-Fig-5-= functions and inverse of trigonometric functions ang Fig. 2. On the chart paper, draw perpendicular axes X'OX' and YOY' as=showAn-Fig=5.2. x 0 ora nls 6 4 1 ygron sin x oO 5. Fix paper pins in the coordinate plane to represent the points namely A, 27), A (5.1) as shown in Fig. $3, Lo 2. COC5 si 6. On the other side of the x-axis, repeat the same process and mark the points given in the table below: sin x 7. Fix the paper pins on the points namely A($.-05) A (=.-071). ALF Fix one paper pin on the origin O, as shown Fig. 5:3. 8. Join the pins with the help of a string on both side of x-axis, Here we will get a curve which is the graph of sin x from $ to 5, 8. Now plot the points (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), ... etc. on the coordinate plane to draw the graph of line y = x. 10. From the marked points A,, Ay, As, A,, draw perpendiculars on the line y = x and construct lines such {hat length of perpendicular on both sides of the line y = x are equal. Mark these points as B,, B, B,, B, and fix the pins on them, Repeat the same process on the other side of x-axis and fix the pins on the points namely B,’, B,’, By’, By’. Join the pins on both sides of the line y = x by a string tightly to obtain the graph of y = sin-tx. Now place a mirror on the line y = x. The mirror image of the graph of sin x represents the graph of sin~t x, which shows sin-'x is a reflection of sin x about the line y = x. *rVations The image of point A, in the mirror (the line y = x) is B, 2 the; | The image of Point A, in the mirror (the line y = x) is B..a 4. 5. 6. i 8. The image of point A, in the mirror (the line y = x) is Bs. The image of point A, in the mirror (the line y = x) is By. The image of point A’, in the mirror (the line y = x) is B’, The image of point A’, in the mirror (the line y = x) is B'y. The image of point A’, in the mirror (the line y = x) is B's. The image of point A’, in the mirror (the line y = x) is B',.—_ Objective : To establish a relationship between common logarithm (to the base 10) and natural logarithm (to the base e) of the number x Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of logarithm as a function from positive real numbers to all real numbers and properties of logarithm function. Materials required : Drawing board, graph paper, log tables or calculator (graphic/scientific) Procedure : 1. On the drawing board, paste a graph paper. 2. On the graph paper, draw the co-ordinate axes X'OX and YOY’ 3. Find some ordered pairs satisfying the function y = logy x 4. For the function y = logyg x, find the value of Y for different values of x. The values may be tabulated as below x 1 {| 243 ‘Wh Fogig 1 | lOd19 2 | l0dyq 3 | loo 4 ¥ = login x 0 | 0.3010 | 0.4771 | 0.6020 | 0.6989 0.7781 | 0.8450 0.9030 o09s42 1 . Plot the points (1, 0). (2, 0.30), (3, 0.47), (4, 0.60), (5, 0.69), (6, 0.77). (7, 0.84), (8, 0.90), (9, 0.95) and (10, 1). Join these points to get the graph of y = logyox as shown in figure 8.1. 6. Now, for the function tabulated as below : log,x, find the value of y' for different values of x. The values may be 2}/3 ]4]s5 |6|7).6 d | 1 | 109, 2 | log, 3 | log, 4 | log, 5 | tog, 6 | 109.7 | og, 8 | tog, 9 | Jog, 10° (0 | 0.6931 | 1.0986 | 1.3862 | 1.6094 | 1.7917 | 1.9459 | 2.0704 | 2.1972 | 23025 | ¥ = log, x 7. Now plot the points (1, 0), (2, 0.69), (3, 1.09), (4, 1.38), (5, 1.60), (6, 1.79), (7, 1.94), (8, 207) (9, 2.19) and (10, 2.30). Join these points to get the graph of y = log,xObservations S.No. | Points on the x-axis te Ratio a | (approximate) , "undefined | 2 y2’ = 0.6931 04342 3 7.0986 | 0.4342 | ; Yq) = 1.3862 0.4342 1 : Ys = 1.6094 6 1.7917 7 1.9489 8 ° 2.1972 | Xo = 10 = “Yagl = 2.3025 |1. The value of % for each point x is equal to 0.4342 (approximately). ¥ 4 2. The observed value of in each case is approximately equal to the value Of jgq y 3. Therefore, jog,, x = 109% jog, 10 eel = Y= tg,70 = 4% =—1_~0.4342 (approximately) jog, 10pes eee objective : To find analytically the limit of a function f(x) at x = ¢ and also to check the continuity of the function at that point. pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of the concepts of limit and continuity of @ function at a point. ‘materials required : Paper, pencil, calculator. procedure : ; ; x22 4, Let the given function be xy =} x-2' * 4, x=2, 2. Take some points on the left side of o(= 2) which are very near to c. 3. For points on the left of c(= 2), find the value of x). 2-4 _ (x+2)(x-2) _ (+2) = fe) = T=2) ox 2) The values may be tabulated as below : x 19 1.99 1.999 19989 | 1.99999 | 1.999999 fx) 39 3.99 3.999 39999 | 3.99999 | 3.999999 4, Now, take some points on the right side of (c = 2), which are very near to c. 5. For points on the right of c(= 2), find the value of f(x). The values may be tabulated as below : x 21 | 201 2.004 20001 | 2.00001 | 2.000001 | Ax) 41 | 4.01 4.001 4.0001 | 4.00001 4.000001 servations 1. The value of f(x) is approaching to 4, as x — 2 from the left. 2, The value of f(x) is approaching to 4, as x —> 2 from the right. 3. So, lim f(x) = lim, f(x) = 4 Jim, (x) = 4 and on ( 4 Therefore, lim f(x) = 4, 2) = 4 Thus, lim f(x) = £(2), 5. Since, 42) = lim f(x) , so, the function is continuous at x = 2 Mtemate Method : Given the function f(x) =Now, fim (x4 2)x-2) xs 22+ 2 = 4 and A) = 4 lim x) =" “ene Ga ay x2 x2 x-2 Thus, lim Xx) = £2) Hence, fis continuous at x = 2.Objective : To verify Rolle's Theorem. Prerequisite knowledge : Knowledge of differentiability and continuity of a function and knowledge of Rolle’s theorem. Materials required : A piece of plywood, wires of different lengths, white paper, sketch pen. Procedure : 4, Teke a piece of plywood of 2 convenient size and paste 2 white paper on it 2. Teke two wires of convenient size and paste on the white paper to represent x-axis and y-axis. "4, Take a piece of wire of 12 cm length and make its shape curved and paste it on thé plywood asfoetal Fig. 4, Take two straight wires of the same length and fix them in such a way that they are perpendiculs to x-axis at the points A and B and meeting the curve at the points C and D respectively. Observations 1. In figure 11.1, the curve represents the function y = f(x). Let OA = 2 units and OB = units So, coordinates of the points A and B are (2, 0) and (8, 0) respectively. Fis continuous on (2, 8]. 2. The curve has no break in the interval [2, 8]. So, the fun 3. The curve is smooth between x = 2 and x = 8 which means that at each point a tangent can be drawn which in turn gives that the function f is differentiable in the interval (2, 8). 4, The wires at point A and point B are of equal lengths, i.e., AC = BD = 3, Points 2, 3 and 4 above satisfy the conditions of Rolle's Theorem, ie., (i) f(x) is continuous in the interval (2, 8] (i) f(¢) is differential in the interval (2, 8) ili) (2) = 78). 6. We observe that if we draw tangents at points P and Q, these are, parallel to x-axis. It means f(t) at P and Q are zero. So, at P(3, 4), f'(3) = 0 And at Q(5, 1), (5) = 0 = There exists at least one value of ¢ of x in (2, 8) such that #'(c) = 0. Hence, Rolle's Theorem is verified. Here c = 3, 5 « (2, 8) Sa Objective : To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values of a function in a given closed interval through its graph. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of maxima, minima, absolute maximum, absolute minimum, etc. Materials required : Drawing board white chart paper, adhesive, sketch pens, calculator. Procedure : 1 ie S. 4 5. Paste a white chart paper of suitable size on the drawing board, Draw two lines on the graph paper representing the two rectangular axes, as shown in the figure 15.1 Graduate the two axes as shown in the figure 15.1 Let us consider f(x) = 2x° + 3x? - 12x in the interval [-3, 3] We take different values of x in [-3, 3], find the values of f(x).Figure 15.1 Some ordered pairs representing points on the graph of f(x) are as follows : x 3 2 = 0 1 2 3 AX) 9 20 13 0 ait 4 | 45 &. By plotting these points on the graph paper and joining the points we obtain the curve of the given function 7. We join the plotted points by a free hand curve and obtain the graph of the function as shown in the figure 15.1, Observations 1. From the graph, we see that the value of f(x) at x = 3 is 45, which is maximum in [-3, 3}. So, absolute maximum value of f(x) is 45. 2. Also, from the graph, we see that the value of (x) at x = 1 is -7, which is minimum in L3, 3}. So, absolute minimum value of f(x) is -7.ans Objective : To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutting equal squares from each corner. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of properties of cuboid and formula of its volume. Materials required : Chart papers, scissors, cellotape gluestick. and calculator. Procedure : 4. Take a rectangular chart paper EFGH of size 45 om 24 om. 2. Cut four equal squares each of side x cm from each corner E, F, G and H. 3. Repeat the activity by taking the same size of chert papers and different values of x. 4, Construct an open box by folding the flaps of the sheets cut using cellotape/gluestick.x Ex 7 F —__45en—___> Figure 16.1 Observations When x = 1 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 2) x (24 - 2) x 1 cm? = 946 cm® When x = 2 cm, volume of the open box = (45 - 4) x (24 + 4) x 2 cm? = 1640 cm? When x = 3 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 6) x (24 — 6) x 3 cm! 2106 cm? When x volume of the open box = (45 — 8) « (24 — 8) x 4 cm? = 2368 cm* When x = volume of the open box = (45 - 10) = (24 - 10) x 5 om? = 2450 cm? When x volume of the open box = (45 - 12) x (24 - 12) x 5 om? = 2376 cm? When x volume of the open box = (45 - 14) x (24 - 14) x 7 cm? = 2170 cm$ |. When x = 8 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 16) = (24 ~ 16) x 8 cm? = 1858 cm? Here we observe that when x = 5 cm, volume of the open box is maximum,Ee - ~~ Objective : To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter, the square has the maximum area. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of perimeter and area of rectangle and square, knowledge of differentiation and its applications is required. Materials required : Chart paper, paper cutter, cardboard and gluestick. Procedure : 4. Take a cardboard of a suitable size and on it paste a white paper. 2. Make rectangles of perimeter (say 44 om) each on a chart paper. Following are some rectangles of different dimensions each having perimeter 44 om.100m Sem 950m R,: 15 cm 7m, Rp: 14 om x 8 om 3m x 9cm, Ry: 12. om x 10 cm 1 cm x 11.om, Rg: 10.5 om * 11.5 om 5 om x 12.5 cm 3. Cut these rectangles out and paste them on the white paper on the cardboard. 4. You may form more rectangles of different dimensions each with perimeter 44 cm. 5. Paste these rectangles on cardboard. Observations 1. Area of rectangle R, = 15 em * 7 om ‘Area of rectangle R, = 14 om * 8 cm ~ EE = 105 cm? = 112 om?3 cm * 9 cm = 117 cm? 20 cm? Area of rectangle Ry = Area of rectangle R, = 12 cm = 10 om = Area of rectangle R, = 11 cm x 11 cm = 121 cm? 0.5 cm x 11.5 om = 120.75 om? 5 em x 12.5 cm = 118.75 cm? Area of rectangle Re = Area of rectangle R, = - Perimeter of each rectangle is 44 cm but their areas are different. . Rectangle R, has maximum area which is 121 cm?, out of all other rectangles. But itis a square since is length = breadth. . We can verify the above result using differentiation as follows. Perimeter of the rectangle P = 2(x + y) = 44 om, where x = length and y = breadth. sxty=22 sy=22-x Now, area of rectangle A = xy = x(22 - x) = A(x) = 22x — x2 = A(x) = 22 - 2x A(x) =0 = 22-2x=0 = x= 11 cm and also A%(11) = -2.< 0 *. X= 11 is a point of maxima. o. A(x = 11) = 22 * 11 - 112 = 121 em2, is the maximum area of the rectangle.Objestive : To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A when event B ha¥already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of probability, terms related to it, (j.e., random experiment, sample space, event, equally likely events, etc.), conditional probability, ete. Materials required : Cardboard sheet, squared sheet (2 cm 2 cm), gluestick, etc. Procedure 4. On a cardboard sheet, paste a squared paper containing 36 squares, each square of size 2 om x 2 om, as shown in figure 27.1., Write all possible outcomes obtained by throwing two dice on th . ‘ the following outcomes on the squared paper as shown in igure Sie Peper (1, 1) (1 2) (Ms 3). (1, 4), (1, 8), (1, 8), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2 4, (2 Bw, 6), (8 4h (3, 2) (3: 3). (3. 4), (3 8), (3, 8), (4, 1), (4, 2) 4, 3), (4, 4) , 6, 3). (5 4), (5 5). (5, 8), (6 1), , 2), 6 3), (6 4), co , {6.3 (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), .» write OY]! a3) | 4.4) | a5) fae 1) 22] @s) | 24) 1 25) | 26) 60182) 6.3) 1,4] @5 }ae 491421 6&3) | a4 14.5) | a6) 60162) 63) 16.4) 1 6.5 | 6.6) 6.1) | 62) } 63) | 6.4) | 6,5) | 66) Fig. 27.1 Observations Case | : To find the conditional probability of an event A, when B has already occurred, where A is the event a number 4 appears on both dice and B is the event 4 has already appeared on one of the dice, Here we have to find P(A/B) 41. From the figure 27.1 : Outcome favourable to A is (4, 4) -. No. of outcomes favourable to A, i.e., m (A) = 1 Outcomes favourable to B are (1, 4), (2, 4), (8, 4), (4, 4), (5. 4). (6, 4), (4. 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 6) No of outcomes favourable to B, i.e., n(B) = 11 Outcome which is common to A and B is (4, 4) ~: No of outcomes favourable to (A 7 B) ie. n (A> B) = (B) P(A_2 B) Another Method : We can also use P(A/B) = ~ PB) Tolal no. of outcomes = 36 Hence, P(ave) = 2(AOB) _ 1 ml nS) = 36 Pp) = 208) _ 14 nS) 36 Pane) = aa x Qe AEP(ANB) _ 36_ 1 ~Pe) 11 11 36 Case 2 : To find the conditional probability of an event A when B has already Occurred, where A isthe eye, getting a sum 10 and B is the event a doublet has already occurred. Here also, we have to find Piag, So, P(AB) = 2. From the figure 27.1; Outcomes favourable to A are (4, 6), (5, 5). (6, 4) No of outcomes favourable to A, ie., n (A) = 3 Outcomes favourable to B are (1, 1), (2, 2) (3, 3). (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6). «No of outcomes favourable to B i.e, n(B) Outcome which is common to A and B is (5, 5). =. No of outcomes favourable to (A 7 B), i.e., n(AMB) = 1 = ANB) _ a Hence, P(A/B) ao Another method : We can also use P(AB) = aoa MS) = 36 pa) = 2-821 m8) 3Pa bay 4 Pian B)= = 35 ‘So, P(A/B) Case 3: To find the conditional probability of an event A when B has already occurred, where Ais the event the sum of the numbers on the two dice is 6 and Bis the event numbers appearing on two dice are different. Here also we have to find P(A/B). 3. From figure 27.1, we have : Outcomes favourable to A are (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1). : No of outcomes favourable to A, i.e., (A) = 5 Outcomes favourable to B are (1, 2), (1, 3) (1s As (4s 5) (1, 6s (2, 1), (2 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3. 6 (4, 1 (4, 2) (4s 3), (4, 5), (4, 8), (8, 1), (5, 2), (6, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4) (6, 5) No of outcomes favourable to 8, i.e., (B) = 30 Outcomes which are common to A and B are (1, 5), (2, 4). (4, 2), (5, 1) No of outcomes favourable to (An B) = 4 (ANB) 4 _ 2 AB) 30-15 Hence, P(AIB) = Another Method : We can also use P(A/B) = P(ADB)a(S) = 36 (8) _30_15 P(®)= Tis) "3618 pans) = AO 8) nis)