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History of Mock Battle in Manila Bay

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35 views2 pages

History of Mock Battle in Manila Bay

history

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dian dian
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction: Good afternoon Sir.

Doroja and classmates this is the reporting of chapter 5 the topic of Governments during the
American and Japanese occupations.

Body: Let us begin on how the US presence in Philippine soil was felt and the mock battle of Spanish-American war in Manila
bay on May 1, 1898. The one-sided battle begin when after the U.S. Asiatic Squadron Commander George Dewey saw the
Spanish fleet of Patricio Montojo y Pasaron and George Dewey make a plan to engaged Patricio Montojo, After the battle
between the Spanish and America, Gregorio Fernandez Zaide announced that “George Dewey’s victory marked the end of Spain
as a world power and heralded the rise of America as a global power.” Though the US refused to admit that it planned to
colonize the Philippines after Spain’s departure, but her actions speak louder than words and its official colonization of the
Philippines came after it concluded the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. Just a quick note to let you know that the Treaty
of Paris was marked as the end of Spanish colonization in the Philippines. It means that the United States gained possession of
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Additionally, the treaty required the United States to pay USD 20 million to the
Spanish government as a compensation, compensation is awarded to someone as a pay for loss, injury, or suffering.
Furthermore, The United States established the US military government with General Wesley Merritt as the first governor on
August 14, 1898 – July 4, 1901. The US military governor has the imprimatur of US President as the commander-in-chief of the
armed forces. General Merritt was later succeeded by General Elwell Otis on 1898-1900 and General Arthur MacArthur on
1900-1901 as the last military governors and also Gregorio Frenandez Zaide on 1999 again listed the achievements of US
military government

1. It laid down the foundation of the US civil government.

2. It introduced the American system of education with the US soldiers as first teachers.

3. It organized the civil courts including the Supreme Court, with the learned Cayetano Arellano as first Chief Justice.

4. It established the local government in towns and provinces.

5. It conducted, through Gen. Henry W. Lawton, the first local election on May 7, 1899.

While the military government was in operation, President William McKinley created the First Philippine Commission on Jan 20,
1899. This was also known as the Schurman Commission with the objective to survey the Philippine condition at the time. The
commission was composed of:

1. Dr. Jacob G. Schurman - Chair

2. Maj. Gen. Elwell Otis - Military Governor

3. Rear Admiral George Dewey - Commander of the US Asiatic Squadron

4. Min. Charles Denby - Former American Minister to China

5. Dr. Dean C. Worcester – Professor in Michigan University

This Commission recommended the following:

1. The establishment of a territorial government with a legislature of two houses (half elective and the other half appointive)

2. The withdrawal of military rule in the pacified areas

3. The conservation of natural resources for the Filipinos

4. The organization of autonomous local government

5. The opening of free elementary schools

6. The appointment of men of high ability and good character to important government offices (Zaide, 1999)
To prepare the country for the establishment of the civil government, President McKinley created the Second Philippine
Commission, on March 16, 1900. It was composed of the following:

1. Judge William H. Taft - Chair

2. Dr. Dean C. Worcester

3. Mr. Luke E. Wright

4. Mr. Henry C. Ide

5. Prof. Bernard Moses

This Commission was the first to exercise legislative functions on September 1, 1900. The first that was enacted by the
Commission was an Act appropriating ₱2 million for the repair of roads and bridges. It enacted 499 laws from September 1,
1900, to August 1902.

US Civil Government

On March 2, 1901, Sen. John C. Spooner introduced an Amendment to the Army Appropriation Act, which transferred the
authority to govern the Philippines from the US President to Congress. This is the first organic act of governance in the
Philippines. Thus, on July 4, 1901, it introduced the American Civil Government in the Philippines with William H. Taft as the first
Civil Governor.

Subsequently, on October 29, 1901, the position of vice governor was created, and eventually, on February 6, 1903, the US
Congress changed the title of civil governor to governor general. The civil government lasted up to 1934. After the organization
of the civil government, the US Congress passed a law, which governed the Philippines. This was known as the Cooper Act or
Philippine Bill of 1902, the second organic law of the Philippines. The pertinent provisions of the law were:

1. Extension of the Bill of Rights

2. Appointment of two Filipino resident Commissioners to Washington

3. Establishment of an elective Philippine Assembly

4. Retention of the Philippine Commission as the upper house and the Philippine Assembly as the lower house (Aruego, 1974
and Zaide, 1999)

The Philippine Assembly started on October 16, 1907, following the elections of its members on July 30, 1907. Sergio Os meña
(29 years old), the governor of Cebu, became the first speaker. The Speaker was considered as the second highest official next
to the governor-general.

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