Intro and Def

HMD
Intro and def:

A helmet-mounted display (HMD) is a device used in aircraft to project
information to the pilot's eyes. Its scope is similar to that of head-up
displays (HUD) on an aircrew's visor or reticle. An HMD provides the pilot
with situation awareness, an enhanced image of the scene, and in military
applications cue weapons systems, to the direction their head is pointing.
Applications which allow cuing of weapon systems are referred to as helmet-
mounted sight and display (HMSD) or helmet-mounted sights (HMS).(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet-mounted_display)
HMDs have increasingly become part of the avionics and weapons systems of new
aircraft and helicopter platforms. Their use however, is migrating to other military
applications. They are currently under evaluation on Combat Vehicle platforms for
driving tasks to target acquisition and designation tasks under near-all weather,
24-hour
conditions. Their use also has penetrated the individual application such as
providing
data and situational awareness to the individual soldier; the U.S. Army’s Land
Warrior
Program is an example of this technology being applied.
Current HMD systems are CRT-based and have many short-comings, including
weight,
reliability. The emergence of new microelectronics and solid state image sources
– Flat
Panel Displays (FPDs) - however, has expanded the application of vision devices
across
all facets of military applications.
A Helmet Mounted Sights in combination with a head tracker system provides
effective means for the pilot to lock on to target. The pilot can look at the enemy
aircraft and lock on to it. The relative position of the enemy is then calculated by
the head position of the pilot and sent to missiles to engage the target. A typical
seeker head needs to be pointed to within about 2° of the target to achieve an
automatic lock on
Links:
 https://www.militaryaerospace.com/communications/article/16720480/
boeing-looks-to-vision-systems-for-helmetmounted-displays-for-jet-fighter-
aircraft-pilots
 https://www.militaryaerospace.com/communications/article/16712772/
boeing-orders-helmetmounted-displays-from-vsi
 http://www.vsi-hmcs.com/
 http://www.ausairpower.net/hmd-technology.html
 https://www.collinsaerospace.com/what-we-do/Military-And-Defense/
Avionics/Displays-And-Controls/Helmet-Mounted-Displays/F-35-Gen-Iii-
Helmet-Mounted-Display-System
Avionics/Displays-And-Controls/Helmet-Mounted-Displays/Joint-Helmet-
Mounted-Cueing-System
Avionics/Displays-And-Controls/Helmet-Mounted-Displays
 https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/aerospace/flight-deck-avionics-
equipment-functions/helmet-mounted-display/TopOwl

Images:
Videos link:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn2eDxXFNBg
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sU6tewk85-Y (striker 2)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0paKcvx_Jc (striker 2advertisment)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0btzIvlScI (F35 hmd 2014 collins)
Components design:
 Basic Components :
o Mounting Platform/helmet :
o Image source Cameras /sensors:
o Relay Optics
o Head Tracker
o Night vision camera to embed on display
o 3d terrain mapping on display
 Head Tracker :
Head tracking is a software application that monitors a user's head position
and orientation. ... Head tracking is often used to simulate the experience
of freely looking around in virtual (VR) or augmented reality (AR), allowing
the user to experience an immersive and natural way to look around in
virtual environments.
Commercially available products and companies:

 Vision Systems International LLC (VSI) in San Jose, Calif. Boeing awarded VSI
a $32 million contract for the Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System
(JHMCS) for U.S. Navy and Air Force jet fighter pilots, as well as for combat
aircraft operating in Finland, Australia, Belgium, Canada, and Switzerland.
 In addition to the JHMCS, VSI is in development of the advanced HMD for
the F-35 (JSF), in development of the QuadEye Night Vision Cueing system
(NVCD) for the US Navy and in production on the DASH (Display and Sight
Helmet) Generation IV HMD under multiple contracts to Lockheed Martin.
 VSI was established in 1996 as a joint venture between EFW Inc. (an Elbit
Systems of America company and a subsidiary of Elbit Systems Ltd.) and
Rockwell Collins. Its mission is to develop, manufacture and support fixed
wing HMDs worldwide. With a heritage of more than 35 years of design and
development experience in display systems, VSI today is the leading
supplier of fixed wing HMDs. For more information, see www.vsi-
hmcs.com.
 Elbit Systems Ltd. is an international defense electronics company engaged
in a wide range of defense-related programs throughout the world, in the
areas of aerospace, land and naval systems, command, control,
communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
("C4ISR"), advanced electro-optic and space technologies. The company
focuses on the upgrading of existing military platforms and developing new
technologies for defense and homeland security applications. For more
information, see www.elbit.co.il.
 VSI is a joint venture among Elbit Systems of America, and Rockwell Collins,
and has produced more than 4,500 JHMCS for the F-15, F-16, and F/A-18
aircraft.
 Some of the major players in the military helmets and helmet mounted
display system market are Collins Aerospace (United Technologies
Corporation), Thales Group, Elbit Systems Ltd, 3M, and BAE Systems PLC,
among others.
Costs and Making steps:

 Key design issues can be summarized as:
 accuracy - what is the angular error between the pilot's line-of-sight and
the derived measurement?
 slew rate - what is the maximum angular rate at which the pilot can slew
his helmet and the system still produce an accurate measurement ?
 field of regard - what is the angular range over which the sight can still
produce a suitably accurate measurement ?
 weight and balance - how heavy is the helmet and sight assembly,
where is its centre of gravity, how will it affect pilot fatigue levels in high
G manoeuvre, and does it pose a safety problem during ejection ?
 optical characteristics - is the pilot's sighting reticle focussed at infinity ?
How accurately can the sight be calibrated ? Is the symbology sharp ?
 robustness - can the design handle the wear and tear of day to day
combat squadron operations ?
 safety - how easily can the helmet be disconnected from the aircraft's
systems during an ejection ?
 flexibility - can the design be used for other purposes, like the display of
symbology and imagery ?
 cost - how expensive is the HMS/HMD and its supporting electronics and
the integration of these into the aircraft's weapon system.
 A position sensing system must be capable of measuring the elevation,

azimuth and tilt of the pilot's head relative to the airframe with the
required accuracy, even during rapid head movement and at some very odd
angles. Moreover, this assumes that the helmet "boresight" is the
reference direction to which the missiles are to be pointed.
 Two basic methods are used in current HMS/HMD technology - optical and
electromagnetic. Optical systems employ infrared emitters in the cockpit
(or helmet) and position sensing infrared detectors on the helmet (or
cockpit), to measure the position of the pilot's head. The principal
limitations of this approach are the potential for a restricted field of regard,
and potential sensitivity to sunlight entering the cockpit.
 The most popular approach in the West is the use of electromagnetic
sensing. Designs based upon this idea exploit the basic physics of
alternating electromagnetic fields, as commonly used in electrical
transformers. A coil placed in an alternating field will produce an
alternating electrical voltage the magnitude and sense of which depends
upon the orientation of the coil within the field. If the coil is aligned with
the plane of the field, th voltage is at its maximum, if the coil is aligned at a
right angle the voltage is zero.
 Another idea from the virtual reality world which could prove to be useful
for HMD designs is eye tracking, or sensing the direction the eyeball is
looking at, relative to the direction of the head. A typical eye tracker will
combine a miniature CCD camera and an infrared LED to illuminate the
pupil. By measuring the changes in shape and position of the pupil (ie an
ellipse changing its proportions and position) it is possible to measure the
direction the eye is looking in, with very reasonable accuracy once
calibrated.


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HMD

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Commercially available products and companies:

Costs and Making steps:

 A position sensing system must be capable of measuring the elevation,

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