Data Warehouse & Mining Lab

PART A
(PART A: TO BE REFFERED BY STUDENTS)

Experiment No.01
A.1 Aim:
Write Detail Statement of Problem and create dimensional model (creation
star and snowflake schema) for the same

A.2 Prerequisite:
DBMS concept and ER diagram.

A.3 Outcome:
After successful completion of this experiment students will be able
to
Describe need and design of data warehouse.

A.4 Theory:

Dimension Modeling(From Requirement to data design)

STAR Schema: An arrangement in the dimensional model looks like a

star formation, with the fact table at the core of the star and the
dimension tables along the spikes of the star. The dimensional model is
therefore called a STAR schema.
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Example:Star schema for order analysis

Snow Flake Schema:- “Snowflaking” is a method of normalizing the

dimension tables in a STAR schema. When you completely normalize all
the dimension tables, the resultant structure resembles a snowflake with
the fact table in the middle.

Example:(Sales)
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A.5 Algorithm:
Student need to select a problem statement and create a Star schema
and snowflake schema for the selected problem statement

Eg: problem statement

Star schema
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Snowflake schema:

PART B
(PART B: TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENTS)

(Students must submit the soft copy as per following segments

within two hours of the practical. The soft copy must be uploaded
on the Blackboard or emailed to the concerned lab in charge
faculties at the end of the practical in case the there is no Black
board access available)

B.1 Software Code written by student:

 Data Warehouse & Mining Lab
(Paste your problem statement related to your case study completed during
the 2 hours of practical in the lab here)
Problem Statement:
Design a data Warehouse for an e-commerce website and through analytical
processing find out the total amount of products sold in a particular period and the
total sales for the same.
STAR SCHEMA:
CREATE TABLE SALES
(
PRODUCTID INT,
ORDERID INT,
CUSTID INT,
EMPID INT,
DISCOUNT INT
);
CREATE TABLE PRODUCTDIMENSION
(
PRODUCTID INT,
PRODUCTNAME VARCHAR(20),
PRODUCTCAT VARCHAR(20),
UNTIL VARCHAR(20)
);
CREATE TABLE TIMEDIMENSION
(
ORDERID INT,
ORDERDATE DATE,
YEAR INT,
MONTH INT
);
CREATE TABLE EMPDIMENSION
(
EMPID INT,
EMPNAME VARCHAR(20),
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR(20),
REGION VARCHAR(20)
);

B.2 Input and Output:

(Paste diagram of star schema and snowflake schema model related to your
case study in following format )
CREATE TABLE SALES:
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CREATE TABLE PRODUCT DIMENSION:

CREATE TABLE TIME DIMENSION:

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CREATE TABLE EMP DIMENSION:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER DIMENSION:

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Star schema Model:

Snowflake Model(if applicable):

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Input:
SQL commands/script which satisfies Two different outcomes that are mentioned in
the Problem statement.
Output:
1. Dimensional Tables created after firing above SQL commands.
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2. The output which satisfies 2 different outcomes that are mentioned in Problem
statements.

B.3 Observations and learning:

(Students are expected to comment on the output obtained with clear
observations and learning for each task/ sub part assigned)
A data warehouse is a central repository for all significant parts of the data that an
enterprise’s various business systems collect. A data warehouse is a subject-
oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of
management decisions.
Data Warehousing is not a new phenomenon. All large organisations already
have data warehouses, but they are just not managing them. Over the next few
years, the growth of data warehousing is going to be enormous with new
products and technologies coming out frequently. To get the most out of this
period, it is going to be important that data warehouse planners and
developers have a clear idea of what they are looking for and then choose
strategies and methods that will provide them with the performance today and
flexibility for tomorrow.

B.4 Conclusion:
(Students must write the conclusion as per the attainment of individual
outcome listed above and learning/observation noted in section B.3)
Using the Data Warehouse, we can manage data from the Sales Management
Information System for sales of computers and find useful information.
Thus, implemented the star schema for sales management and learned the data
warehouse concept.
B.5 Question of Curiosity
(To be answered by student based on the practical performed and
learning/observations)
1. What is Dimension Modeling?
Ans:
Dimension Modeling:
Dimensional Modeling (DM) is a data structure technique optimized for data
storage in a Data warehouse. The purpose of dimensional modelling is to
optimize the database for faster retrieval of data. The concept of Dimensional
Modelling was developed by Ralph Kimball and consists of “fact” and
“dimension” tables.
A dimensional model in the data warehouse is designed to read, summarize,
analyze numeric information like values, balances, counts, weights, etc. in a
data warehouse.
Dimensional modelling is a database design technique that supports business
users to query data in the data warehouse system. Dimensional modelling is
developed to be oriented to improve query performance and ease of use.
It is important to note that dimensional modelling does not necessarily depend on
relational databases. The dimensional modelling approach, at the logical level,
can be applied to any physical forms such as relational and multidimensional
databases.
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In dimensional modelling, there are two important concepts: facts and
dimensions.
1. Facts are business measurements: Facts are normally but not
always numeric values that could be aggregated. e.g:- A number of
products sold per quarter.
2. Dimensions are called contexts: Dimensions are business
descriptors that specify the facts, for example, product name, brand,
quarter, etc.
1. Explain Star Schema and Snowflake schema with an example.
Ans:
Star Schema:
Star schema is the type of multidimensional model which is used for the data
warehouse. In a star schema, The fact tables and the dimension tables are
contained. In this schema, a fewer foreign-key join is used. This schema forms a star
with a fact table and dimension tables.

Example of Star Schema:

Each dimension in a star schema is represented with an only one-dimension
table.
This dimension table contains a set of attributes.
The following diagram shows the sales data of a company concerning the four
dimensions, namely time, item, branch, and location.
There is a fact table at the centre. It contains the keys to each of four dimensions.
The fact table also contains the attributes, namely dollars sold and units sold.
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Note: Each dimension has only one dimension table and each table holds a set of
attributes. For example, the location dimension table contains the attribute set
{location_key, street, city, province_or_state,country}. This constraint may cause data
redundancy. For example, "Vancouver" and "Victoria" cities are both in the Canadian
province of British Columbia. The entries for such cities may cause data redundancy
along the attributes province_or_state and country.
Snowflake Schema:
Snowflake Schema is also the type of multidimensional model which is used for a
data warehouse. In snowflake schema, The fact tables, dimension tables as well as
sub-dimension tables are contained. This schema forms a snowflake with fact tables,
dimension tables as well as sub-dimension tables.

Example of Snowflake Schema:

Some dimension tables in the Snowflake schema are normalized.
The normalization splits up the data into additional tables.
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Unlike the Star schema, the dimensions table in a snowflake schema is
normalized. For example, the item dimension table in a star schema is
normalized and split into two dimension tables, namely item and supplier table.

Now the item dimension table contains the attributes item_key, item_name, type,
brand, and supplier-key.
The supplier key is linked to the supplier dimension table. The supplier dimension
table contains the attributes of supplier_key and supplier_type.
Note: Due to normalization in the Snowflake schema, the redundancy is reduced
and therefore, it becomes easy to maintain and save storage space.