Non-Hermitian Topoelectrical Circuits: Expedient Tools for Topological State

Engineering with Gain-Loss Modulation

Nitish Kumar Gupta∗ and Arun M. Jayannavar
Centre for Lasers & Photonics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, India and
Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751005, India
(Dated: August 27, 2021)
The congregation of topological quantum and classical systems with the ideas of non-Hermitian
physics has generated enormous research interest in the last few years. While the concepts associated
to non-trivial topological aspects have provided us an access to the disorder immune states, non-
Hermitian physics, which was initially developed within the framework of quantum field theories,
arXiv:2108.11587v1 [physics.app-ph] 26 Aug 2021

has contributed significantly to the study of open quantum systems. Particularly in optics and pho-
tonics, the study of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians with balanced loss and gain has resulted in many
counter-intuitive phenomena. However, the experimental realization of such systems is challeng-
ing, and the need for alternative platforms for testing theoretical propositions and proof of concept
demonstrations is widely felt. In this context, active electrical and electronic circuitry has proved
to be a prolific alternative and has been receiving increasing attention; mainly, the topoelectric cir-
cuits, in many instances, have facilitated the investigation of topological conceptions in conjunction
with non-Hermitian physics, beyond the limitations of the condensed matter systems. This article
provides a succinct introduction to these non-Hermitian topoelectrical circuits and will also discuss
some of the novel physics of topological insulators and semimetals that can be conveniently realized
and explored in such configurations.

I. INTRODUCTION the unitary system evolution of quantum mechanics. In

these non-conservative settings, it has been found that
Topology is a branch of mathematics associated with counter-intuitive effects such as unidirectional reflection-
studying the properties of the system that remain invari- less phenomena, can be accessed by coupling manipu-
ant under smooth deformations; these properties are gen- lation between two interacting subsystems [7]. A radi-
erally referred to as the topological invariants, which are cal change of perspective about non-Hermitian systems,
integer quantities, potentially useful for system classifica- however, was brought about by Bender and Boettcher [8]
tion. The discovery of the celebrated quantum Hall effect when they put forward their findings of obtaining real
in two-dimensional (2D) electron gas systems brought the eigenvalue spectra, provided that the system Hamil-
topological concepts to the domain of condensed matter tonian commutes with the parity-time (PT ) operator,
physics. The quantum phase transitions in such sys- where P is the parity and T is the time-reversal opera-
tems and the appearance of gapless boundary modes tor. Realizing these special class of Hamiltonians requires
were explained with the help of non-trivial topology of a delicate balance of gain and loss, which gives the pho-
the bulk bands, and the associated topological order pa- tonic realizations an edge over their solid-state electronic
rameter called the TKNN invariant (which explained the counterparts, as optical non-Hermiticities are relatively
quantization of Hall conductivity). Since then, the do- easier to incorporate. Indeed, the PT -symmetric photon-
main of topological materials, topological insulators, and ics has experienced rapid developments in just a matter of
semimetals, in particular, has seen many breakthroughs few years as it facilitates the proliferation of established
and greatly enriched our understanding of wave trans- design principles of photonics to the entire complex per-
port. The ideas have also been verified in other plat- mittivity plane [9–11]. The peculiar characteristics of the
forms such as ultracold quantum gases, trapped ions, associated non-Hermitian singularities and the gain/loss
and superconductors and have opened new frontiers of re- induced phase transition phenomena have been driving
search [1, 2]. Apart from the studies of quantum matter, the research in this domain [12–14].
the numerous application prospects have been guiding Of late, it has been seen that these two emerging are-
the investigations of topological phenomena in classical nas are coming together under the aegis of non-Hermitian
systems as well, particularly many realizations in pho- Topological systems, exhibiting uncanny boundary sensi-
tonic and phononic systems [3–6] have been observed in tive phenomena, termed as the breakdown of the conven-
the last decade, resulting in a new paradigm of robust tional bulk-boundary correspondence [15] and the asso-
device designs. ciated non-Hermitian skin effect [16], which has forced
On the other hand, the ideas of non-Hermitian physics us to adopt alternative viewpoints while dealing with
have allowed us to look beyond the usual framework of topological aspects of non-Hermitian systems. Indeed,
the confluence of the ideas and their reconciliation has
not proved to be straightforward- there has been a lot of
discussion and debate around defining suitable topolog-
∗ nitishkg@iitk.ac.in ical invariants in non-Hermitian systems [17–19], which
 2

at best can be in dynamic equilibrium only. This has using a vector network analyzer. With this overview, we
inspired a significant theoretical activity, and neoteric begin our sojourn into electrical realizations of topologi-
perspectives of defining topological invariants in non- cal materials:
equilibrium settings [20–28]. Their experimental veri-
fication in fermionic and even in photonic realizations
have to face many difficulties on account of the lim- C1 C2
ited control that these systems permit over the hopping
strengths, engendering the need for analogous systems
with flexible and convenient realization. Electrical and
electronic circuitry with a plethora of choices for active
and passive lumped components can fulfill these require-
ments; indeed, in the recent past, these configurations
have proved to be a fertile platform for exploring non-
Hermitian topological phenomena, enabling us to un-
derstand the nuances of unconventional signal transport.
These circuits are also known as non-Hermitian topoelec-
trical circuits and have been used recently for demon-
stration of spin Hall effect, Haldane model topological FIG. 1. The setup of an archetypal 1D circuit lattice: C1
states, topological corner modes, topological edge modes represents the intra-unitcell capacitive coupling, and C2 rep-
resents the inter-unitcell capacitive coupling. The boxed por-
in Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model setup, Chern insu-
tion of the network depicts a dimerized unit cell.
lators, Weyl states, and Fermi-arc surface states [29–40].
In comparison to any other realization, the inclusion of
loss/gain here is just a matter of introducing the lumped The concept was first put forth by Jia Ningyuan
resistors between the voltage nodes and ground, which et al. [42], where they had presented site- and time-
break the Hermiticity of the circuit Laplacian. Further- resolved measurements of time-reversal-invariant topo-
more, the circuit realizations offer some coveted function- logical bandstructure in a radio frequency photonic cir-
alities like the incorporation of strong non-linear effects, cuit. Since then, such platforms have been utilized to
and nonreciprocity (using varactor diodes) [41], mak- emulate a variety of tight-binding Hamiltonians. Here,
ing them a precious tool for gaining crucial insights and we will start our analysis by considering an archetypal
also in deciding the promising research avenues in non- periodic electrical circuit- a passive, Hermitian 1D array
Hermitian topological physics. In this article, we will of LC resonators with capacitive couplings. Such a res-
briefly introduce periodic non-Hermitian electrical cir- onator array can exhibit the topological characteristics of
cuits and will show that they can well emulate the topo- an equivalent SSH model if suitable dimerization is intro-
logical properties of native systems. Specifically, we will duced in the network. In this perspective, the unit cell
ponder upon 1D circuits and ascertain their topological of the resonator array comprises of two sublattice nodes
characteristics. We will also show that by breaking the N1 and N2 with intra-unitcell capacitive coupling C1 ,
Hermiticity condition, the non-Hermitian spectral degen- while the nearest neighbor inter-unitcell capacitive cou-
eracies, called the exceptional points (where the system pling is represented by C2 . The grounding of the nodes
Hamiltonian becomes defective), can be realized in the is provided by a parallel LC circuit. The configuration
electrical circuits. Finally, we will discuss the behavior under consideration is represented in Fig. 1. By employ-
of some specific non-Hermitian topoelectrical circuits in ing Kirchhoff’s laws, we can deduce the circuit Laplacian
the gain/loss parametric space to fathom their non-trivial (or equivalently the admittance matrix) for this periodic
topology. network, which can be written in a simplified form as:

   
0 1 0 −i
II. A PARADIGMATIC PASSIVE HERMITIAN J (q) = −[C1 +C2 cos(q)] −C2 sin(q) (1)
1 0 i 0
TOPOELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
where the matrices in question are the Pauli matrices
At the very outset, we want to briefly discuss the σx , and σy , in the sublattice space, and q is the Bloch
means of experimental characterization of the topoelec- momentum which links a given unit cell with its neigh-
trical circuits. The topological edge states in electrical bor. The periodicity of the circuit permits the use of
circuits can be identified either by node voltage/branch the Bloch theorem to find wave functions. Evidently,
current measurements or by measuring admittance be- this equation is very similar to the tight-binding Hamil-
tween neighboring nodes. In our opinion, the approach tonians obtained in 1D condensed matter systems; thus,
of measurement of admittance spectra between all the the admittance matrix can be interpreted as the system
nodes of the circuit is a more reliable approach, which Hamiltonian. In the absence of any dissipative circuit
also provides information on the local density of states. element, the above circuit Laplacian is Hermitian, and
This can be accomplished by measuring the S-parameters hence, it would possess real admittance eigenvalues y(q).
 3

The admittance eigenvalue spectra for the circuit Lapla- have studied the effects of non-Hermiticity on popular
cian corresponding to Eq. (1) have been calculated and topological platforms.
plotted in Fig. (2) for three representative cases based The practical means of incorporating loss in the topo-
on the coupling ratio. The topological invariant for the electrical circuit is by the introduction of a resistive el-
admittance bandstructure can be extracted from the cor- ement. Incorporation of gain, however, necessitates the
responding bulk eigenfunctions ψ(q), using the standard use of active circuit elements. One very popular circuit
definition of winding number: which can realize an arbitrary value of gain (as an effec-
tive negative resistance) is the op-amp-based Negative
I Impedance Converter with current inversion (NIC) cir-
1 cuit. This circuit has been recently employed by Shou
W =− i hψ(q)|∇q |ψ(q)i dq (2)
π Liu et al. to study gain (loss) induced topological states
in a finite unit cell network [37].
These winding numbers are mentioned alongside the When we introduce gain-loss in the system in a bal-
bandstructures of Fig. 2, which demonstrate the exis- anced manner, the system respects PT symmetry, and
tence of non-trivial topological characteristics in the ad- the possibility of obtaining exceptional points arises. To
mittance bandstructure for the case of C1 < C2 . The highlight these prospects, we have modified the topoelec-
nonzero value of the winding number, in this case, sug- trical lattice of Fig. 1 and introduced identical positive
gests that a transition to a trivial case would require a and negative resistances (or conductances) at alternate
closure of the spectral gap of the admittance bandstruc- sites in parallel to the LC circuit. Such a construct is
ture. equivalent to introducing onsite imaginary potentials and
offers a direct correspondence with already discussed the-
Topologically Topologically Non- oretical aspects. The value of the resistance now forms
Trivial Trivial
a parameter of the PT symmetric system, which can
(a) (b) (c) be suitably changed to derive different regimes of op-
Admittance Eigenvalues y(q)

eration. We have observed that for small values of the

non-Hermiticity parameter, the system remains in the
unbroken PT phase while beyond a certain value of the
Winding No.=0 Winding No.=1
parameter, the system makes a spontaneous transition
to the broken PT phase and the exceptional points show
up in the admittance eigenvalue spectra. These aspects
have been demonstrated in Fig. 3, where we can observe
the existence of exceptional points in the real and imag-
inary eigenvalue spectra in all the three configurations
corresponding to Fig. 2.
Normalized Momentum
For a system-specific discussion on the topological as-
pects of non-Hermitian electrical realizations, we focus on
FIG. 2. Calculated admittance eigenvalue spectra for the cir- two of the recent reports and the methodologies adopted
cuit SSH realization of Fig. 1 : (a) C1 > C2 , (b) C1 = C2 ,
in them:
(c) C1 < C2 .
The first work that we will be discussing is the refer-
ence [37] where the authors have analyzed and demon-
strated how gain and loss could be utilized to induce
topological insulating phase in a circuit realization of the
III. BREAKING THE HERMITICITY OF SSH model. The report works with a 1D non-Hermitian
CIRCUIT LAPLACIAN circuit array of parallel LC circuits, where positive and
negative resistors are arranged in a pair of resonator
As mentioned before, significant research effort has dimers. The network arrangement is analyzed by writing
been devoted in the last few years to understand the the frequency-dependent circuit Laplacian matrix. The
topological phases and the associated aspects in the non- Laplacian satisfies the pseudo-Hermiticity and pseudo-
Hermitian systems. In this context, the relative ease of anti-Hermiticity, giving a chiral nature to the admit-
inclusion of non-conservative system parameters in elec- tance spectra. For different combinations of gain and
trical circuits has proved to be one of the major impetus loss values, the circuit exhibits four different phases,
behind the rapid rise in research works discussing topo- which were identified by the crossings between the bulk
logical characteristics in electrical circuits. This section bands. The topological characteristics of these phases
will begin by discussing the means to incorporate non- have been studied by defining a normalized global Berry
Hermiticity in the circuit Laplacian and some of the pe- phase which serves as the topological invariant
culiarities it brings to the bandstructure. Then we will X i I
move on to provide a brief account of some recently pub- W = hhψB,s |∇k |ψB,s i dq (3)
lished research articles on topoelectrical circuits, which s
4π
 4

which reveals that topological characteristics persist in We chose to discuss these two realizations as they per-
only three of the configurations. Experimental demon- tain to the non-Hermitian electric circuit analog of the
strations were also conducted in a ten-unit cell network two of the most celebrated condensed matter topological
where edge states have been observed by noticing the systems. As stated earlier, the circuit realizations have
pronounced impedance peaks. been employed in many other instances and have been
a front-runner in pushing the boundaries of our under-
standing of topological physics at large [43, 44].
(a) (b) (c)
Real [y(q)]

IV. CONCLUSION

Beginning with a succinct introduction of some of the

peculiar topological aspects of non-Hermitian systems,
we went on to dwell upon one particular classical real-
ization of topological quantum matter, namely the topo-
(d) (e) (f)
electrical circuits. These realizations have gained promi-
Imaginary [y(q)]

nence in the past few years as relatively less demand-

ing platforms to study the topological characteristics in
non-Hermitian settings. In this context, a systematic
account of topoelectrical circuits has been provided by
first defining an archetypal Hermitian LC ladder network
and understanding the origins of topological characteris-
tics in it. Then we moved on to break the Hermiticity
Normalized Momentum of the associated circuit Laplacian by adding balanced
gain and loss, which engenders the possibility of observ-
FIG. 3. Calculated real and imaginary admittance bandstruc- ing exceptional points in the bulk bandstructure. These
ture for the non-Hermitian circuit SSH realization contain- exceptional points serve as the boundary between differ-
ing balanced loss-gain elements: (a),(d) C1 > C2 ; (b),(e) ent regimes of operations. Finally, the topological as-
C1 = C2 ; (c),(f) C1 < C2 . The spectra are plotted for above pects of the non-Hermitian topoelectrical circuits have
the critical value of the non-Hermiticity parameter. been discussed in consonance with the perspective pro-
vided by two of the recent realizations of the SSH and
Another work that we will ponder upon is the refer- Haldane model. We hope to have convinced the reader
ence [31], where the author has analyzed in detail the about a justified correspondence between the topoelectri-
circuit realization of the non-Hermitian Haldane model cal circuits and condensed matter systems, which permits
(by making the spin-orbit interaction itself to be non- a direct mapping of physical concepts. Indeed, most of
Hermitian). Each node of the 2D lattice consists of a the physics of tight-binding Hamiltonians can be mapped
parallel RLC circuit, while the non-Hermitian Haldane to the corresponding electrical realizations, offering us a
interaction has been realized using capacitors and op- prolific means for proof of concept demonstrations and
amps (in the negative impedance configuration). Such a further explorations of the domain.
spin-orbit term yields a complex Dirac mass at the high
symmetry points. The topological phase transition in the
configuration can be ascertained by defining a topolog-
ical invariant called the non-Hermitian Chern number, V. AUTHOR INFORMATION
defined as
Nitish Kumar Gupta (email-nitishkg@iitk.ac.in) is
1
I with Centre for Lasers & Photonics, Indian Institute of
W = F (k)d2 k (4) Technology Kanpur, 208016, India. A. M. Jayannavar
2π
(email-jayan@iopb.res.in) is a J C Bose national fellow
where F (k) is the non-Hermitian Berry curvature and a senior scientist currently associated with Bhaurao
given by F (k) = ∇ × A(k). Experimentally, the phase Kakatkar College, Belgaum, India.
transition can be detected by measuring the change of
impedance. The author has noted that in this circuit,
the left-going and right-going chiral edge modes can be
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
distinguished by the phase of the two-point impedance.
In other words, the phase of the impedance acquires a
dynamical degree of freedom in the non-Hermitian real- A. M. Jayannavar acknowledges DST, India for J C
izations. Bose fellowship.
 5

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