MIT2 051F15 Q2 Review v3

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2.051 Introduction to Heat Transfer, Fall Term 2015
Quiz 2 Review Problems
Problem 1 (43 points)
The figure below illustrates a proposed mechanism to provide cooling for a nuclear fuel rod. The fuel rod, which has a
radius 𝑅𝑖 and thermal conductivity 𝑘1 , is surrounded by a highly conductive, metallic casing (cladding) whose outer
radius is 𝑅𝑜 and whose thermal conductivity is 𝑘2 . Attached to the cladding are three slender, metallic sheets of thick-
ness 𝑡 and length 𝐿. The thermal conductivity of these sheets is 𝑘3 . The device is immersed in a water bath maintained
at a constant temperature 𝑇∞ . The heat transfer coefficient between the water and the fuel rod device is ℎ. The fuel rod
has a length 𝑊. Both ends of the device at 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 𝑊 are perfectly insulated. The total heat generation rate is
𝑄̇gen Watts. For the following questions, assume 𝑘3 ⁄(ℎ𝐿) = 100, 𝑡⁄𝐿 = 0.02, and the system is at steady state. Ex-
press your answer in terms of the quantities illustrated in the figure.
a) (5 points) Describe all relevant modes of heat transfer between from the center of the fuel rod to the surrounding
fluid.
b) (3 points) What is the total heat transfer to the water?
c) (14 points) Construct a thermal circuit that models the heat transfer from the inner surface of the cladding (𝑟 =
𝑅𝑖 ) to the surrounding fluid. Identify all the resistance elements and write down their expressions in terms of the
parameters of the problem
d) (7 points) What is the temperature, 𝑇(𝑅𝑜 ), at the outer surface of the cladding?
e) (6 points) What is the temperature, 𝑇(𝑅𝑖 ), at the boundary between the fuel rod and the cladding?
f) (8 points) If the specific heat generation rate in the fuel rod is 𝑞̇ gen [W/m3], and the thermal diffusivity and specif-
ic heat of the fuel rod are  and c, what is the temperature 𝑇(0), at the center of the fuel rod?
Problem 2: Terminator (25 points)
In the science fiction classic Terminator 2 – Judgment Day, the Evil Terminator is made of a malleable metal (𝜌 = 2700
kg/m3, 𝑐 = 900 J/kg-K, and 𝑘 = 240 W/m-K), which can recombine when molten, thus allowing the Terminator to re-
cover from any mutilation or impact with bullets. In the final scene, the Terminator is shattered into small pieces after be-
ing exposed to liquid nitrogen. It seems over, but unfortunately these small pieces land on the concrete floor next to a
glowing-hot steel melt. The situation is illustrated in the figure below.
You are to analyze the heat transfer between the Terminator pieces and the air and steel melt. You may assume the fol-
lowing:
- The Terminator pieces have irregular shape, with a surface area 𝐴 = 24 cm2 and volume 𝑉 = 8 cm3.
- The initial temperature of the Terminator pieces is equal to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (𝑇𝑖 = 77 K).
- The air surrounding the pieces is at 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 310 K and its convective heat transfer coefficient is ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 5 W/m2-K.
- The steel melt is at 𝑇𝑀 = 1600 K and the effective heat transfer coefficient for radiation from the steel melt to the
pieces isℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 6 W/m2-K.
- Neglect heat conduction between the pieces and the floor, as concrete has a very low thermal conductivity.
i) (5 Points) Calculate two Biot numbers for the Terminator pieces. One for convection with air and one for radiation
with the melt.
ii) (3 Points) Determine the direction of the heat transfer between the Terminator pieces and the air at (a) t=0, and (b)
the time the Terminator pieces have reached their melting point (800 K).
iii) (12 Points) Calculate the time it takes for the Terminator pieces to reach their melting point. Hint: the general solu-
𝑑𝑇 𝑇
tion of the differential equation 𝑑𝑡
= − 𝜏 + 𝛾 is 𝑇(𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑡⁄𝜏 + 𝛾𝑡, where 𝑐1 is a constant of integration.
iv) (5 Points) Calculate the entropy transfer rate for the Terminator pieces at 𝑡 = 0. Also, what is the entropy generation
rate for the Terminator pieces at 𝑡 = 0?
Quiz 2 Review Problems 2 of 3

Problem 3
Asphalt pavement may achieve temperatures as high as 50oC on a hot summer day. Assume that such a temperature exists
throughout the pavement, when suddenly a rainstorm reduces the surface temperature to 20oC. Calculate the total amount
of energy (J/m2) that will be transferred from the asphalt over a 30-min period in which the surface is maintained at 20oC.
Problem 4
A tile-iron consists of a massive plate maintained at 150oC by an embedded electrical heater. The iron is placed in contact
with a tile to soften the adhesive, allowing the tile to be easily lifted from the subflooring. The adhesive will soften suffi-
ciently if heated above 50oC for at least 2 min, but its temperature should not exceed 120oC to avoid deteriorate of the ad-
hesive. Assume the tile and subfloor to have an initial temperature of 25oC and to have equivalent thermophysical proper-
ties of k = 0.15 W/m•K and ρcp = 1.5 × 106 J/m2•K.
(a) How long will it take a worker using the tile-iron to lift a tile? Will the adhesive temperature exceed 120oC?
(b) If the tile-iron has a square surface area 254 mm to the side, how much energy has been removed from it during
the time it has taken to lift the tile?
Tile, 4-mm thickness
Subflooring
Quiz 2 Review Problems 3 of 3

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2.051 Introduction to Heat Transfer

Fall 2015
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MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Quiz 2 Review Problems

Problem 1 (43 points)

Quiz 2 Review Problems 2 of 3

Tile, 4-mm thickness

Quiz 2 Review Problems 3 of 3

2.051 Introduction to Heat Transfer

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