BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet 1

Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet

Letter Final Form Name Pronunciation Translit Comments
‫ א‬or ‫א‬ Alef Silent ’ Guttural
‫ ב‬or ‫ב‬ V as in Vine b
Bet
‫ ּב‬or ‫ּב‬ B as in Boy b With Dagesh Lene
‫ ג‬or ‫ג‬ GH as in Aghast ḡ
Gimel
‫ ּג‬or ‫ּג‬ G as in God g With Dagesh Lene
‫ ד‬or ‫ד‬ TH as in The d
Dalet
‫ ּד‬or ‫ּד‬ D as in Day d With Dagesh Lene
‫ ה‬or ‫ה‬ He H as in Hay h Guttural
‫ ו‬or ‫ו‬ Waw W as in Way w Also called Vav
‫ ז‬or ‫ז‬ Zayin Z as in Zion z
‫ ח‬or ‫ח‬ Het CH as in Bach h Guttural
‫ ט‬or ‫ט‬ Tet T as in Toy t
‫ י‬or ‫י‬ Yod Y as in Yes y
‫ כ‬or ‫כ‬ ‫ ך‬or  or ‫ ך‬or ‫ְך‬ CH as in Bach k
Kaf
‫ ּכ‬or ‫ּכ‬ K as in King k With Dagesh Lene
‫ ל‬or ‫ל‬ Lamed L as in Lion l
‫ מ‬or ‫מ‬ ‫ ם‬or ‫ם‬ Mem M as in Mom m
‫ נ‬or n ‫ ן‬or ‫ן‬ Nun N as in Now n
‫ ס‬or ‫ס‬ Samek S as in Sin s
‫ ע‬or ‫ע‬ Ayin Silent ‘ Guttural
‫ פ‬or ‫פ‬ ‫ ף‬or ‫ף‬ PH as in Phone p̄
Pe
‫ ּפ‬or ‫ּפ‬ P as in Pop p With Dagesh Lene
‫ צ‬or ‫צ‬ ‫ ץ‬or ‫ץ‬ Tsade TS as in Boots s
‫ ק‬or ‫ק‬ Qof K as in King q
‫ ר‬or ‫ר‬ Resh R as in Run r Cannot take a Dagesh Forte
‫ ׂש‬or ‫ׂש‬ Sin S as in Sin ś
‫ ׁש‬or ‫ׁש‬ Shin SH as in Ship š
‫ ת‬or ‫ת‬ TH as in Thin t
Taw
‫ ּת‬or ‫ּת‬ T as in Toy t With Dagesh Lene

What are the begadkephat? • ‫בגדכפת‬

What is special about them? • They can take a Dagesh Lene, ‫ּב ּג ּד ּכ ּפ ּת‬, which hardens their sound
What are the gutturals? • ‫אהחע‬
Which letters have
• ‫( ך ם ן ף ץ
כ מ נ פ צ‬CoMMoN FaTS)
final forms?

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2 Chapter 2 – The Hebrew Vowels BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 2 – The Hebrew Vowels
• & ָ Qamets (a as in father) ā
2.3 What are the • &ֵ Tsere (e as in they) ē
long vowels? • &
ֹ Holem (o as in role) ō
• The historically long vowels ‫&ה‬,
ָ ‫&ה‬,
ֵ ‫&ה‬,
ֶ ‫&ה‬
ֹ , *, ‫ּו‬, ‫&י‬,
ֵ ‫&י‬,
ֶ and ‫ִ&י‬
• & ַ Pathach (a as in bat) a
• & ֶ Seghol (e as in better) e
2.4 What are the
• &ִ Hireq (i as in bitter) i
short vowels?
• & ָ Qamets Hatuf (o as in bottle) o
• &ֻ Qibbuts (u as in ruler) u
• ֲ& Hateph Pathach (a as in amuse) ă
2.5 What are the
• ֱ& Hateph Seghol (e as in metallic) ĕ
reduced vowels?
• ֳ& Hateph Qamets (o as in commit) ŏ
• ‫&ה‬ ָ Qamets He (a as in father) â
2.8.1 What are the • ‫&ה‬ֵ Tsere He (e as in they) ê
vowel letters written with ‫• ?ה‬ ‫&ה‬ ֶ Seghol He (e as in better) ê
• ‫ &ֹה‬Holem He (o as in role) ô
2.8.2 What are the • * Holem Waw (o as in role) ô
vowel letters written with ‫?ו‬ • ‫ ּו‬Shureq (u as in ruler) û
• ‫&י‬ ֵ Tsere Yod (e as in they) ê
2.8.3 What are the
• ‫&י‬ֶ Seghol Yod (e as in better) ê
vowel letters written with ‫?י‬
• ‫ ִ&י‬Hireq Yod (i as in machine) î

2.8 Where can vowel letters • Vowel letters written with ‫ ה‬can only occur at the end of a word.
occur? • Vowel letters written with ‫ ו‬or ‫ י‬can occur anywhere in a word.
2.8 What is an • Vowel letters written with ‫ ו‬or ‫ י‬are sometimes called
unchangeable long vowel? unchangeable long vowels.
• When a word that is normally spelled with a vowel letter
is written with a long vowel instead.
2.10 What is • Holem Waw (*)
Holem (& ֹ )
defective writing?
• Shureq (‫
)ּו‬Qibbuts (&)ֻ
• Hireq Yod (‫)&י‬ִ
Hireq (&)ִ
2.11 What are the
• Vocal Shewa and silent Shewa
two kinds of Shewa?
2.11 What is vocal Shewa? • Vocal Shewa is a vowel that is pronounced like the a in amuse
• Silent Shewa is not a vowel.
2.11 What is silent Shewa?
• It is never pronounced or transliterated.

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 2 – The Hebrew Vowels 3

2.11 What is ‫ׁש‬

ֹ ? • ‫ׁש‬
ֹ is the consonant Shin (‫ )ׁש‬with a holem vowel (&
ֹ )
• ‫ ֹׂש‬is the consonant Sin (‫ )ׂש‬with a holem vowel (&
ֹ )
2.11 What is ‫? ֹׂש‬ • The two dots sometimes are combined as (‫)ׂש‬, so that the holem vowel
is invisible.
2.13 What does a • A Dagesh Forte is a dot inside a consonant.
Dagesh Forte look like? • Dagesh Forte looks exactly like Dagesh Lene.
2.13 Where can a
• A Dagesh Forte can go in any letter except a guttural or Resh.
Dagesh Forte go?
• A Dagesh Forte doubles the sound.
2.13 What does a
Dagesh Forte do? • For a begadkephat, a Dagesh Forte doubles the hard sound,
so it includes the work of the Dagesh Lene.

a e i o u

&ָ &ֵ &

ֹ
Long

Qamets Tsere Holem

A as in father E as in They O as in role
ā ē ō
& ַ & ֶ &ִ & ָ &
ֻ
Short

Pathach Seghol Hireq Qamets Hatuf Qibbuts

A as in bat E as in bet I as in bit O as in bottle U as in rule
a e i o u
‫&ה‬ָ ‫&ה‬ֶ ‫&ה‬ ֵ ‫&ֹה‬
Letters
with ‫ה‬

Vowel

Qamets He Seghol He Tsere He Holem He

A as in father E as in better E as in they O as in role
â ê ê ô
* ‫ּו‬
Letters
Vowel
with ‫ו‬

Holem Waw Shureq

O as in role U as in rule
ô û
‫&י‬ֶ ‫&י‬
ֵ ‫ִ&י‬
Letters
Vowel
with ‫י‬

Seghol Yod Tsere Yod Hireq Yod

E as in bet E as in They I as in machine
ê ê î
ֲ& ֱ& ֳ&
Reduced

Hateph Pathach Hateph Seghol Hateph Qamets

A as in amuse E as in metallic O as in commit
ă ě ŏ
&ְ
Other

Vocal Shewa
A as in amuse
ə or e

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4 Chapter 3 – Syllabification BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 3 – Syllabification
3.2.2 What kinds of syllables
• Open syllables and closed syllables
exist?
3.2.1 What does every • Every syllable begins with a consonant.
syllable begin with? • [The conjunction Shureq ‫ ּו‬is the one exception. See §5.7.2]
3.2.1 What does every • One or more consonants [Except the conjunction Shureq ‫ּו‬. See §5.7.2]
syllable have? • One vowel or diphthong
What are the patterns for • CV
open syllables? • [C = Consonant, V = Vowel]
What are the patterns for • CVC, CDC, or CVFC
closed syllables? • [C=Consonant, V=Vowel, D=Diphthong, F=Furtive Pathach]
3.3 Where are words • Words are accented on either the last syllable or the next-to-last
accented? syllable.
• If the accent is on the last syllable, there is no accent mark.
3.3 How are accents • If the accent is on the next-to-last syllable, an accent mark 3 is put over
indicated? the vowel of that syllable.
• [Accents are indicated differently in the Hebrew Bible itself]
3.4 Name the syllables with • Tonic syllable = accented syllable
regard to the location of the • Pretonic syllable = syllable right before the tonic syllable
accent • Propretonic syllable = syllable right before the pretonic syllable
3.5 What affect does a
• Dagesh Lene has no effect.
Dagesh have on
syllabification? • Dagesh Forte always gets a syllable break at the Dagesh.

3.5 What affect does a

Dagesh have on gutturals and • Gutturals (‫ )א ה ח ע‬and Resh (‫ )ר‬cannot take a Dagesh.
Resh?
• A Dagesh is Lene if in a begadkephat AND
3.5 How does one identify a
NOT immediately preceded by a vowel.
Dagesh?
• Every other Dagesh is Forte.
3.6 What is the relationship • Gutturals (‫ )א ע ה ח‬can NOT take a Vocal Shewa.
between Shewa and gutturals • Resh (‫ )ר‬CAN take a Vocal Shewa.
and Resh? • Gutturals and Resh CAN take a Silent Shewa.
Silent if:
• not under dagesh forte & short vowel immediately precedes, or
3.6 When is a Shewa silent? • another Shewa immediately follows, or
• the end of a word, or
• under a guttural.
Vocal if:
• Initial, or
3.6 When is a Shewa vocal?
• Under Dagesh Forte, or
• No rule forces it to be silent

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 3 – Syllabification 5
• Usually Qamets Hatuf if closed, unaccented, without Metheg.
3.7 What is the vowel &
ָ
• Usually Qamets if open, accented, or has Metheg.
3.7 What is the vowel &
4ָ ? • Qamets (with a Metheg to distinguish it from Qamets Hatuf)

3.8 What is the line under • It is a Furtive Pathach, which is pronounced before the consonant, so
that the consonant closes the syllable. CVFC.
‫ ַח‬or ַ‫ ע‬at the end of a word?
• [The Furtive Pathach disappears when add a suffix to the word.]
3.9 What is ‫ א‬without a
• It is silent (“quiescent”), and is ignored during syllabification.
vowel?
3.10 What is the most • ‫& ִי‬
ַ3
common Hebrew diphthong? • It is followed by a consonant that closes the syllable.
• Short vowels: closed-unaccented, or open-tonic.
3.14 Advanced: Which • Long vowels: closed-tonic, or open-pretonic.
syllables do vowels prefer? • Reduced vowels & vocal Shewa: open-propretonic.
 Must be open and unaccented
• Closed unaccented: Short vowels (very few exceptions)
• Closed tonic: Long vowels
3.14 Advanced: Which
• Open tonic: Short vowels
vowels do syllables prefer?
• Open pretonic: Long vowels
• Open propretonic: Reduced vowels and vocal Shewa

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6 Chapter 4 – Nouns BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 4 – Nouns
4.1 What numbers can nouns be? • Singular, Dual (exactly 2), or Plural (2 or more)
4.1 What genders are Hebrew • Masculine or feminine (even if they lack biological gender)
nouns? • (A few words are sometimes treated like M, sometimes like F)
4.7 How consistent are the noun • A few nouns take the endings of the other gender
endings?  Endingless FS, MP with FP ending, or FP with MP ending
4.8.2 When does propretonic • Bi-syllabic noun, Ultima is accented, and Penultima has Qamets or
reduction occur? Tsere.
4.8.2 What happens to such • Reduce the vowel that now is propretonic
nouns when they add a suffix?  Qamets or Tsere to vocal Shewa (or Hateph Pathach if guttural).
4.8.3 What is a Segholate noun? • Bi-syllabic with Penultima accented.
• Change the first two vowels of the word to Vocal Shewa + Qamets.
4.8.3 What happens to Segholate
nouns when they add a suffix? • If begins with guttural, use reduced vowel instead of vocal Shewa
(usually Hateph Pathach).
4.8.4 What is a Geminate noun? • Biconsonantal that originally ended with repeated consonant.
4.8.4 What happens to Geminate
• Dagesh Forte the final consonant (“the return of the twin”).
nouns when they add a suffix?
4.12.1 What vowels can’t a vocal • Another vocal Shewa
Shewa be followed by? • A reduced vowel (a Hateph vowel)
4.12.1 What happens to two
vocal Shewas at the beginning of • The first becomes Hireq and the second becomes silent
a word? (1st rule of Shewa)
4.12.2 What exception is there to
• If the second is ‫ ְי‬then the two Shewas contract to Hireq Yod (‫)&י‬
ִ
the 1st rule of Shewa?
4.12.3 What happens to a vocal
Shewa at the beginning of a word • The first becomes the short vowel corresponding to the Hateph
that is followed by a reduced
vowel (e.g., ֲ&&ְ
ֲ&&)
ַ
(hateph) vowel? (2nd rule of
Shewa)
• When a consonant with a Vocal Shewa is prefixed to the word
4.12.4 What exception is there to ‫הים‬5ֱ
ִ ‫ א‬the Shewa
Tsere (&)ֵ and the Aleph loses its vowel.
the 2nd rule of Shewa?
(e.g., ‫הים‬5ֱ
ִ ‫הים
ְלא‬5‫א‬
ִ ֵ‫)ל‬

Noun and adjective endings

Masculine Noun Feminine Noun

Singular Endingless ‫&ה‬

ָ or ‫&ת‬
ַ or ‫&ת‬
ֶ or ‫ ִ&ית‬or ‫ּות‬

Dual ‫&יִ ם‬
ַ3 ‫&יִ ם‬
ַ 3 or ‫ ַתיִ ם‬3 &
ָ

Plural ‫ִ&ים‬ ‫ *ת‬or ‫&ת‬

ֹ (defective spelling)

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 5 – Definite Article and Conjunction Waw 7
Chapter 5 – Definite Article and Conjunction Waw
Definite if:
• Definite article
5.1 How distinguish definite
• Proper name
noun from indefinite noun?
• (2 other possibilities in later chapters)
Indefinite otherwise
• &ּ ‫ַה‬
5.2–6 What are all the • ‫ַהל‬
possibilities for the spelling of
the article? • ‫ָה‬
• ‫ֶה‬
5.4.2, 5.5 When is the definite
• Before ‫ ה‬or ‫ ח‬or ְ‫ י‬or ‫ְמ‬
article spelled‫( ַהל‬no dagesh)?
5.4.1 When is the definite article
• Before ‫ א‬or ‫ ע‬or ‫ר‬
spelled ‫? ָה‬
• Before unaccented ‫ָע‬
5.4.3 When is the definite article
• Before unaccented ‫ָה‬
spelled ‫? ֶה‬
• Before ָ‫ח‬
• Short vowels change to make up for guttural rejecting Dagesh.
5.4.1 What is compensatory  Pathach
Qamets
lengthening?  Hireq
Tsere
 Qibbuts
Holem
5.4.2 What is virtual doubling? • Guttural rejects Dagesh, but vowels do not change.
5.7 What does the prefix ‫ ְו‬mean? • Conjunction: and, but, also, even, then
5.7 Where does ‫ ְו‬go? • Always a prefix to another word as the first letter
5.7 What are all the possibilities
for the spelling of the conjunction • ‫ ְו‬or ‫ ּו‬or ‫ ִוי‬or ‫ ַו‬or ‫ ֶו‬or ‫ָו‬
waw?
5.7.2 When is the conjunction • Before ‫ב‬, ‫מ‬, or ‫( פ‬BUMP)
waw spelled with a Shureq (‫?)ּו‬ • Before a Vocal Shewa
5.7.2 When is the conjunction
Waw spelled with • Before ‫) ִוי
ְו ְי ( ְי‬
Hireq Yod (‫)&י‬
ִ ?
5.7.3 When is the conjunction
• Before Hateph Pathach ( ֲ& ). ( ֲ&‫) וַ&ֲ
ְו‬
waw spelled ‫? ַו‬
5.7.3 When is the conjunction
• Before Hateph Seghol ( ֱ& ). ( ֱ&‫) וֶ&ֱ
ְו‬
waw spelled ‫? ֶו‬
5.7.3, 5.7.4 When is the • Before Hateph Qamets ( ֳ& ). ( ֳ&‫) וָ&ֳ
ְו‬
conjunction waw spelled ‫? ָו‬ • Sometimes if the next syllable is accented.

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8 Chapter 5 – Definite Article and Conjunction Waw BBH2 Study Guide

5.7.3 How identify the • If the consonant waw (or the vowel Shureq ‫ )ּו‬is the first letter of a
conjunction waw? word, it is almost always the conjunction.
• A particular one (“the city”)
• Demonstrative adjective (“that city”)
5.11 What does the definite
• Vocative (“O city”)
article mean?
• Superlative (“the best city”)
• Possessive pronoun (“his city”)
5.12 Does Hebrew have an • No indefinite article, but sometimes uses the number “one” (‫)אַ ַחת‬
indefinite article? to mark an indefinite noun.

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 6 – Prepositions 9
Chapter 6 – Prepositions
• Independent – separate word
6.1 What forms of prepositions
• Maqqef – joined to a word with “ 7 ”
exist in Hebrew?
• Inseparable – prefixed to a word
• ‫ ְּב‬means in, by, with
6.4 What are the inseparable
• ‫ ְל‬means to, for
prepositions?
• ‫ ְּכ‬means like, as, according to
6.4.4 What happens when add an • Keep the vowel and Dagesh Forte of the definite article.
inseparable preposition to a word • Replace the ‫ ה‬of the definite article with the consonant of the
with the definite article? inseparable preposition.
• Shewa or Hireq under preposition
No article
6.4 How can you tell if there is an • Dagesh after preposition
Article
article with an inseparable • Reduced vowel after preposition not correspond
Article
preposition? • Reduced vowel after preposition corresponds
No article,
except that ‫ה‬
ֲ &
ַ , ‫ח‬
ֲ &ַ , ‫א‬
ֳ &
ָ , and ‫ע‬
ֳ &
ָ are ambiguous.
6.5 What are the two major ways • As a Maqqef preposition 7‫ִמן‬
that ‫ ִמן‬is written? • As an inseparable preposition &ּ ‫ִמ‬
6.5 What happens if ‫ ִמן‬is • The guttural or resh rejects the Dagesh.
prefixed as an inseparable • Before ‫ ח‬often no other changes (‫)מח‬ ִ (virtual doubling)
preposition to a word that begins
• Otherwise Hireq lengthens to Tsere ( &ִ
& ֵ )
with a guttural or resh?
• Preposition “from”
• Comparative use:
 “too X for Y”
6.6 What does 7‫ ִמן‬mean?  “more X than Y”
• Use with “all” ‫ּכל‬
ֹ to form superlative ‫ּכל‬
ֹ ‫“ ִמ‬the most …”
• Partitive “some of”
6.7 How is the definite direct • An independent preposition ‫ אֵ ת‬or 7‫אֶ ת‬
object marker spelled? • The same spelling as the preposition “with”
6.7 When is the definite direct
• Often used before a direct object that is definite.
object marker used?

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10 Chapter 7 – Adjectives BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 7 – Adjectives
7.2 What genders can adjectives
• All adjectives can be either masculine or feminine
be?
7.2 What numbers can adjectives
• All adjectives can be singular or plural
be?
7.2 What number of adjective is • Adjectives are never dual.
used to modify a dual noun? • Dual nouns use plural adjectives.
• They use the same suffixes as nouns
7.2 How are adjectives inflected? • They always use the standard suffixes for their gender (unlike some
nouns).
7.3.1 What determines the gender • The gender and number of an adjective match the noun that it
and number of an adjective? modifies or replaces.
• Attributive: “the good book”
7.4 How can adjectives be used? • Predicate: “the book is good”
• Substantive: “the good, the bad, and the ugly”
7.4.1 What location and • Follow the noun.
inflection do attributive • Match the noun in gender, number, and definiteness.
adjectives use? • Mnemonic: Attributive Adjective After
• Can precede or follow the noun.
7.4.2 What location and
• Matches the noun in gender and number.
inflection inflection do predicate
adjective use? • Never has the article.
• Mnemonic: Predicate dePrived of article
7.4.3 What location and • No noun for it to relate to.
inflection do substantive • Has the gender and number of the noun it stands for.
adjectives use? • Has the article if it stands for a definite noun.
• No noun to modify
Substantive
• Has article; follows definite noun with same GN
Attributive
7.4 Summarize how to discover
which way an adjective is used? • Lacks article; precedes noun with same GN
Predicate
• Lacks article; follows indefinite noun with same GN

Attributive or Predicate
7.5 What is the lexical form of an
• Masculine singular
adjective?
• ‫&ה‬ָ (unaccented) as a suffix
7.6 What is the directional
ending? • Spelled the same as the FS suffix ‫&ה‬
ָ except no accent.
• Means motion toward the noun.
• If accented
FS ending on a noun or adjective
7.6 What is the suffix ‫?&ה‬
ָ
• If unaccented
Directional ending
7.7.3 What is special about
adjectives ending in ‫&ה‬ֶ in their • Drop the ‫&ה‬
ֶ when inflecting (treat it as if it were a MS ending).
MS form?

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 8 – Pronouns 11
Chapter 8 – Pronouns
8.1 What is a pronoun? • A word that replaces a noun (its antecedent)
8.2 What does “independent” • It is always a separate word
mean in “independent pronoun”? (never a prefix or suffix on another word).
8.2 How do independent personal
• Always the subject of a clause
pronouns function in a clause?
8.7.1 How does a demonstrative
• Modifies a noun like an attributive adjective (e.g., “this book”)
adjective function in a clause?
8.7.1 In “these women,” what • Feminine plural
gender and number does “these” • because a demonstrative adjective has the same gender and number
have? Why? as the noun that it is modifying (women).
8.7.1 What word order is used for • A demonstrative adjective always comes after the noun that it
a demonstrative adjective? modifies.
8.7.1 When does a demonstrative
• Always
adjective have the article?
8.7.1 What is the mnemonic for
• Adjective, After, Article
demonstrative adjectives?
8.7.2 How does a demonstrative
• Always the subject of a clause (e.g., “This is the book.”)
pronoun function in a clause?
8.7.2 In “This is the man,” what • Masculine singular
gender and number does “this” • because a demonstrative pronoun has the same gender and number
have? Why? as the noun that it stands for (man).
8.7.2 What word order is used for • A demonstrative pronoun always comes before the noun that it
a demonstrative pronoun? stands for.
8.7.2 When does a demonstrative
• Never
pronoun have the article?
8.7.2 What is the mnemonic for
• Pronoun, Preceeds, dePrived of article
demonstrative pronouns?
8.8 How is the relative pronoun • Always spelled ‫( אֲׁשֶ ר‬with or without Maqqef).
spelled and what does it mean? • Means who, whom, that, or which.
8.9 What are the interrogative • ‫( ִמי‬with or without Maqqef) means who? whom?
pronouns? • ‫ ָמה‬or &‫ה‬ ּ ‫ ָמ‬or ‫( ֶמה‬with or without Maqqef) means what?
• ‫ה‬
ֲ prefixed to the first word of a sentence.
8.10 How is the interrogative
 Spelled ‫ ַהכ‬before a guttural or consonant with Shewa
particle spelled?
 Spelled ‫ ֶה‬before a guttural with Qamets.
8.10 How distinguish • Added Dagesh Forte to the word
Usually the definite article
interrogative particle from • Prefixed to an adverb or particle
Always interrogative particle
definite article? • Spelled ‫ה‬
ֲ
Always interrogative particle
8.10 What does the interrogative
• It indicates a question (just like a question mark in English).
particle mean?

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12 Chapter 8 – Pronouns BBH2 Study Guide
Independent Personal (Subject) Near Demonstrative (This) Far Demonstrative (That)
M F M F M F

1S ‫ אֲנִ י‬or ‫( אָ ֹנ ִכי‬I)

‫זֶה‬ ‫ז ֹאת‬ ‫הּוא‬ ‫ִהיא‬
2S ‫( אַ ָּתה‬you) ‫( אַ ְּת‬you) (this) (this) (that) (that)
3S ‫( הּוא‬he/it) ‫( ִהיא‬she/it)
1P ‫חנּו‬3
ְ ‫א ַנ‬
ֲ (we)
‫ֵאּלֶ ה‬3 ‫ ֵהם‬or ‫ ֵה ָּמה‬3 ‫ ֵהן‬or ‫ ֵהּנָה‬3
2P ‫( אַ ֶּתם‬you) ‫ ֵּתנָה‬3 ַ‫( א‬you)
(these) (those) (those)
3P ‫ ֵהם‬or ‫ ֵה ָּמה‬3 (they) ‫ ֵהן‬or ‫ ֵהּנָה‬3 (they)

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 9 – Pronominal Suffixes 13
Chapter 9 – Pronominal Suffixes
9.1 What is the meaning of a suffix on a
• Possessive (my horse).
noun?
9.1 What is the meaning of a suffix on a
preposition or the definite direct object • Objective (with me)
marker?
• Type 1 on singular nouns (my horse, our horse).
9.3, 9.10 When are the 2 types of suffixes • Type 2 on plural nouns (my horses, our horses).
used? • Type 1 on the definite direct object marker.
• Both types on prepositions.
9.2–9.3 Tips for distinguishing type 1 and • Type 2 always has yod but never hireq yod.
type 2? • Type 1 never has yod (except hireq yod).
9.3.4 What is the dot in ‫?ּה‬ • A Mappiq, indicating that the ‫ ה‬is acting as a consonant.
9.4–9.5 How add a pronominal suffix to a
• Drop the masculine ending before adding the suffix.
noun that takes masculine endings?
9.6–9.7 How add a pronominal suffix to a • Singular ending ‫&ה‬ָ
‫&ת‬ ָ before adding the suffix.
noun that takes feminine endings? • Plural ending no change (just add the suffix).
9.9 What happens to some monosyllabic
nouns (e.g., ‫ אָ ב‬and ‫ )אָ ח‬when adding the • In the singular, certain monosyllabic nouns add hireq
yod before adding a (type 1) pronominal suffix
pronominal suffix?
9.12 What happens to the prepositions ‫ְּכ‬ • Add a ‫ מ‬before the singular or 1cp pronominal suffix.
and ‫ ִמן‬when adding a pronominal suffix? • ‫ ִמן‬uses the form ‫מ ֶּמּנָה‬
 ִ twice (1cp and 3ms).
• No pronominal suffix
indistinguishable.
9.14 Distinguish preposition “with” from • With pronominal suffix:
definite direct object marker 7‫ אֶ ת‬or ‫?אֵ ת‬  First vowel Hireq
always preposition “with”
 1st not Hireq
always definite direct object marker.
9.15 Distinguish “people” ‫ עַ ם‬from “with” • First vowel is Hireq
preposition “with”
‫?עם‬
ִ • First vowel not Hireq
noun “people”

Pronominal Suffixes
PGN Meaning on Noun Meaning on Preposition Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 Suffixes
1cs my me ‫ ִ&י‬OR ‫נִ י‬ ‫&י‬
ַ
2ms your you < <‫&י‬
ֶ3
2fs your you   ִ‫&י‬
ַ3
3ms his / its him / it * OR ‫הּו‬ ‫&יו‬
ָ
3fs her / its her / it ‫&ּה‬
ָ OR ָ‫ה‬ ָ‫&יה‬
ֶ3
1cp our us ‫נּו‬ ‫&ינּו‬
ֵ3
2mp your you ‫כֶ ם‬ ‫&יכֶ ם‬
ֵ
2fp your you ‫כֶ ן‬ ‫&יכֶ ן‬
ֵ
3mp their them ‫ ֶהם‬OR ‫&ם‬
ָ ‫יהם‬
ֶ &ֵ
3fp their them ‫ ֶהן‬OR ‫&ן‬
ָ ‫&י ֶהן‬
ֵ

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14 Chapter 10 – Hebrew Construct Chain BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 10 – Hebrew Construct Chain
• <Construct noun> “of” <absolute noun>
10.1 What is the meaning  E.g., the voice of the man.
of a construct chain? • The meaning of the construction is as if the absolute noun were a
Greek possessive genitive
• Definite absolute noun
entire chain is definite.
 The mother of Simon.
 The book of the woman.
10.2.2 Is a chain definite or
 The house of the husband of the woman.
indefinite?
• Indefinite absolute noun
entire chain is indefinite.
 A book of a woman.
• Construct nouns never get the article.
• One or more construct nouns followed by one absolute noun.
10.2–10.4 How is a construct • The nouns may be joined by a Maqqef.
chain formed? • No intervening words.
• Substantival adjectives can function as nouns in a chain.
• Adjectives go at the end of the chain, after the absolute noun,
10.3 Where do adjectives go?
because no intervening words are allowed in a chain.
• Article
10.3 What marks a word as
• Proper noun
definite?
• Pronominal suffix
10.2.1 How does the spelling of
• It doesn’t.
the absolute noun change?
• Segholate singular does not change (keeps accent).
• Segholate plural
first two vowels to Pathach and Shewa ( &ְ &
ַ )
then change MP ending to ‫&י‬ ֵ as usual
• Vowel reduction (except Segholate)
 Final closed Qamets
Pathach
 Final closed Tsere sometimes
Pathach
10.5 How does the spelling of the  Open unaccented Qamets or Tsere
Vocal Shewa
construct noun change? (Hateph Pathach under a guttural).
 Diphthong ִ‫&י‬ ַ 3  ‫&י‬ֵ
• Ending changes:
 MP and MD endings change to ‫&י‬ ֵ
 FS ending ‫&ה‬ ָ  ‫&ת‬ ַ
 FP ending in ‫ *ת‬unchanged
 Singular ending in ‫&ה‬ ֶ  ‫&ה‬ֵ

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 12 – Introduction to Verbs 15
Chapter 12 – Introduction to Verbs
• Root – Theoretical form from which several words (stems) may
be derived.
12.2 What is the distinction
 A set of 3 (or 2) consonants.
between a root and a stem?
• Stem – The basic form of a particular word derived from the
root.
12.5 What does the verbal stem • Type of action: Simple, Intensive, Causative
indicate? • Voice: Active, Reflexive, Passive
12.5 What is a derived stem? • Every verbal stem other than the Qal stem
• The vowel associated with the second consonant of the verbal
12.6 What is a stem vowel?
root.
12.7 What is the diagnostic for the • Dagesh forte in the second consonant of the stem indicates
intensive stems? intensive action (Piel, Hithpael, Pual).
• The meaning of the verb changes from stem to stem.
12.7-12.9 How do stems affect the
meaning of a verb? • The “typical meaning” chart below gives typical changes in
meaning, but ultimately must consult the lexicon.
• Perfect – Completed action (past, present, or future)
or state of being
• Imperfect – Incomplete action (past, present, or future)
 Incomplete, habitual, iterative, customary.
 Can be modal: would …, could …, should …, may …, etc.
12.11 What are the meanings of the • Imperative – 2nd person command or request.
verbal conjugations? • Cohortative – 1st person wish, request, command, purpose, or
result.
• Jussive – 3rd person command or wish.
• Infinitive construct – Verbal noun. Like an English infinitive
• Infinitive absolute – Multiple uses. No English counterpart.
• Participle – Verbal adjective.
• Weak verb – has a guttural, is biconsonantal, or is geminate.
12.12 What are strong and weak
 In some conjugations, resh, initial yod or initial nun are weak
verbs?
• Strong verb – any verb that isn’t weak.
• Verb, subject, object.
12.14 What is typical word order?
• Other orders possible for emphasis or other reasons.
• Stem (7) – Qal, Piel, Hiphil, Niphal, Pual, Hophal, Hithpael
 Minor verbal stems do exist.
• Conjugation (8) – Perfect, Imperfect, Imperative, Cohortative,
Jussive, Infinitive Construct, Infinitive Absolute, Participle
12.15 What list when parse a verb? • Person (of subject) – 1, 2, 3
• Gender (of subject) – M or F
• Number (of subject) – Singular or Plural
 Dual subjects take a plural verb.
• Lexical Form
• Qal Perfect 3ms for a tri-consonantal verb. (Just the
12.16 What is the lexical form of a consonants)
verb? • Qal Infinitive Construct for biconsonantal verbs.
 Need the unchangeable long vowel from this form.

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16 Chapter 12 – Introduction to Verbs BBH2 Study Guide
12.6 Diagnostics of Major Verbal Stems
English Spelling Hebrew Spelling Prefix / Dagesh Vowels
Qal ‫ַקל‬
Niphal ‫נִ ְפעַ ל‬ ִ‫נ‬ —Pathach
Piel ‫ִּפעֵ ל‬ nd
Dagesh Forte in 2 root consonant Hireq—Tsere
Pual ‫ּפֻ עַ ל‬ nd
Dagesh Forte in 2 root consonant Qibbuts—Pathach
Hiphil ‫ִה ְפ ִעיל‬ ‫ִה‬ —Hireq Yod
Hophal ‫ָה ְפעַ ל‬ ‫( ָה‬Qamets Hatuf) —Pathach
‫ִהת‬
Hithpael ‫ִה ְתּפַ עֵ ל‬ —Tsere
Dagesh Forte in 2nd root consonant

12.8 Typical Meaning of Major Verbal Stems

Simple Action Intensive Action Causative Action
Active Voice Qal Piel Hiphil
Passive Voice Pual Hophal
Niphal
Reflexive Voice Hithpael

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 13 – Qal Perfect – Strong Verbs 17
Chapter 13 – Qal Perfect – Strong Verbs
13.2 What voice is the Qal stem? • Active (usually)
13.2 What type of action is the Qal? • Simple
13.2 What types of Qal verbs? • Transitive, intransitive, and stative
13.3 What does the perfect • Portrays aspect: A completed action or state of being
conjugation portray? • Does not portray a specific time. Can be past, present, or future.
• English past tense (He studied)
• English present perfect (He has studied)
• English past perfect (He had studied)
13.3 How translate the perfect • English future perfect (He will have studied)
conjugation? • Stative verbs
 English present tense (He is wise)
 English past tense (He was wise)
• Verbs of perception or attitude
 English present tense (He knows, he loves)
13.6 What is the lexical form? • Qal Perfect 3ms
13.8 Rule for forming the Qal • Assimilates with sufformative that begin with ‫ת‬.
Perfect of roots that end in ‫?ת‬  ‫ּת
תת‬
• Assimilates with sufformatives that begin with ‫ ת‬or ‫נ‬.
13.9 Rule for forming the Qal
 ‫( ּת
נת‬sometimes)
perfect of roots that end in ‫?נ‬
 ‫ּנ
ננ‬
13.10 What is a stem vowel? • The vowel associated with the second root consonant.
13.10 How classify stative verbs? • They are classified with their stem vowel.
• Pathach-Stative: Same as regular verbs
• Tsere-Stative: Lexical form (3ms) uses Tsere stem vowel
13.10 How do stative verbs form
their Qal Perfect, as compared to the • Holem-Stative:
strong verbs?  Unchanged in 3fs & 3cp.
 Stem vowel is Qamets Hatuf in 2mp & 2fp.
 Stem vowel is Holem everywhere else.
13.10 Distinguish stative verb from • Lexical forms identical (Qal perfect 3ms = ms adjective)
the corresponding adjective. • All other forms are distinguishable.
13.11 What does one list when
• Verbal stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, lexical form
parsing verbs?
• ‫ ל ֹא‬and ‫ ל*א‬mean “no” or “not.”
13.12 What do ‫ל ֹא‬, ‫ל*א‬, and *‫ל‬
 They immediately precede the verb that they negate.
mean?
• *‫ ל‬means “to him.” It is a preposition with 3ms suffix.
13.13 How is ‫ ִהּנֵה‬inflected? • It takes type 1 pronominal suffixes.
• Emphasis
13.13 What does ‫ ִה ֵּנה‬mean? • Indicate the immediate presence of someone
• Introduce a fact upon which a subsequent statement is based.

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18 Chapter 13 – Qal Perfect – Strong Verbs BBH2 Study Guide
13.5 Qal Perfect Paradigms to Memorize
• Vowels want to be &ְ &
ַ &
ָ
 If sufformative starts with a vowel (3fs & 3cp), then the stem vowel is squeezed out. &ְ &
4ָ
 If sufformative is CV (2ms, 1cs, and 1cp), then accent the stem vowel &ְ &ַ3 &
ָ
 If sufformative is CVC (2mp, 2fp), then first vowel reduces to vocal Shewa &ְ &ַ &ְ
Sufformative Vowels + Sufformative Strong Verb Example
3ms &
ַ &
ָ ‫קָ טַ ל‬
3fs ‫ָה‬ ‫&ה‬
ָ &ְ &
4ָ ‫ק ְטלָ ה‬4 ָ
2ms ָ‫ּת‬ ָ‫& ְ&ּת‬
ַ3 &
ָ ‫ ַט ְל ָּת‬3 ָ‫ק‬
2fs ‫ְּת‬ ‫& ְ& ְּת‬
ַ &
ָ ‫קָ טַ ְל ְּת‬
1cs ‫ִּתי‬ ‫& ְ& ִּתי‬
ַ3 &
ָ ‫ ַט ְל ִּתי‬3 ָ‫ק‬
3cp ‫ּו‬ ‫& ְ&&ּו‬
4ָ ‫ק ְטלּו‬4 ָ
2mp ‫ּתֶ ם‬ ‫& ְ&ּתֶ ם‬
ַ &ְ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתם‬
2fp ‫ּתֶ ן‬ ‫& ְ&ּתֶ ן‬
ַ &ְ ‫ְקטַ ְל ֶּתן‬
1cp ‫נּו‬ ‫& ְ&נּו‬
ַ3 &
ָ ‫ ַט ְלנּו‬3 ָ‫ק‬

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 14 – Qal Perfect – Weak Verbs 19
Chapter 14 – Qal Perfect – Weak Verbs
What happens to the sufformative
• The taw in the sufformative can’t take a Dagesh Lene or Shewa.
taw when preceded by a vowel?
• Guttural can’t have vocal Shewa, so use Hataph Pathach
14.2-14.3 How do I-Guttural and instead.
II-Guttural verbs form their Qal  I-Guttural: 2mp and 2fp forms affected.
Perfect differently than strong verbs?  II-Guttural: 3fs and 3cp forms affected.
 All Shewas in the I and II positions are vocal.
• Expect no change because all Shewas in the III position are
14.2-14.3 How do III-‫ח‬/‫ ע‬verbs silent
form their Qal Perfect differently • BUT in the 2fs, the silent Shewa under the III-‫ח‬/‫  ע‬Pathach.
than strong verbs?
 (The 2fs is the form that ends in ‫)ּת‬
ְ
14.4-14.5 How do III-‫ א‬verbs form • Sufformative: No Dagesh lene or Shewa
their Qal Perfect differently than • III-‫א‬: Quiescent unless sufformative gives vowel
strong verbs? • Stem vowel: Pathach  Qamets
• Root: Drop III-‫ה‬
14.6-14.7 How do III-‫ ה‬verbs form • Sufformative: No Dagesh Lene or Shewa
their Qal Perfect differently than 3ms has ‫&ה‬ ָ
strong verbs? 3fs has ‫( ָתה‬adds ‫ ת‬to distinguish from 3ms)
• Stem vowel: Hireq Yod ‫ ִ&י‬in all 2nd & 1st person forms
14.8-14.9 How do doubly weak
• Combine the special rules for both forms of weakness.
verbs form their Qal Perfect
differently than strong verbs? • No interactions between the different weaknesses.
14.10-14.11 How do Geminate • Sufformative: No Dagesh Lene or Shewa
(strong) verbs form their Qal Perfect
• 2nd & 1st person: Assimilate & change vowels  *&ּ &
ַ
differently than strong verbs?
14.12-14.13 How do Strong • Accent the first syllable if word ends in a vowel.
Biconsonantal verbs form their Qal
• 2nd & 1st person: Vowels are Pathach + Silent Shewa (&ְ &)
ַ
Perfect differently than strong verbs?
• Most verbs &ַ
What stem vowel is used in the • Stative verbs & ַ or &
ֵ or &ֹ
lexical form of a verb? • 3-‫ ה‬and 3-‫א‬ & ָ
• Biconsonantal ‫ ּו‬or * or ‫ִ&י‬
• 3rd person:
• Biconsonantal has accent on first syllable.
• Otherwise, it is a 3-‫ ה‬verb.
If have only two root consonants in • 1st and 2nd person:
the Qal Perfect, what kind of verb is • 3-‫ ה‬if stem vowel is ‫ִ&י‬
it?
• Geminate if stem vowel is *&ּ
• Biconsonantal if stem vowel is &ְ
• 3-‫ נ‬or 3-‫ ת‬if stem vowel is &ַ and has Dagesh in first

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20 Chapter 14 – Qal Perfect – Weak Verbs BBH2 Study Guide
consonant of sufformative.
“normal” QP form to beware? • 3fs ends in ‫ָתה‬  III-‫ ת‬or III-‫ה‬

14.2–3 Qal Perfect Exercises – I-Guttural Weak Verbs

• Use Hateph Pathach instead of vocal Shewa under the guttural.
3ms ‫עָ ַמד‬
3fs ‫מ ָדה‬4ְ ‫ָע‬
2ms ‫ ַמ ְד ָּת‬3 ָ‫ע‬
2fs ‫עָ ַמ ְד ְּת‬
1cs ‫ ַמ ְד ִּתי‬3 ָ‫ע‬
3cp ‫מדּו‬4ְ ‫ָע‬
2mp ‫ֲמ ְד ֶּתם‬
ַ ‫* ע‬RULE HERE*
2fp ‫ֲמ ְד ֶּתן‬
ַ ‫* ע‬RULE HERE*
1cp ‫ ַמ ְדנּו‬3 ָ‫ע‬

14.2–3 Qal Perfect Exercises – II-Guttural Weak Verbs

• Use Hateph Pathach instead of vocal Shewa under the guttural.
3ms ‫ָּב ַחר‬
3fs ‫ח ָרה‬
ֲ ‫* ָּב‬RULE HERE*
2ms ‫ ַח ְר ָּת‬3 ‫ָּב‬
2fs ‫ָּב ַח ְר ְּת‬
1cs ‫ ַח ְר ִּתי‬3 ‫ָּב‬
3cp ‫חרּו‬
ֲ ‫* ָּב‬RULE HERE*
2mp ‫ְּב ַח ְר ֶּתם‬
2fp ‫ְּב ַח ְר ֶּתן‬
1cp ‫ ַח ְרנּו‬3 ‫ָּב‬

14.2–3 Qal Perfect Exercises – III- ‫ ח‬/‫ ע‬Weak Verbs

• All Shewas in the III position are silent, so there shouldn’t be any changes.
• BUT the Shewa in the 2fs becomes Pathach.

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 14 – Qal Perfect – Weak Verbs 21
3ms ‫ׁשָ ַמע‬
3fs ‫ׁש ְמעָ ה‬
4ָ
2ms ‫ ַמ ְע ָּת‬3 ָ‫ׁש‬
2fs ‫* ׁשָ ַמעַ ְּת‬RULE HERE* First Shewa becomes Pathach
1cs ‫ ַמ ְע ִּתי‬3 ָ‫ׁש‬
3cp ‫ׁש ְמעּו‬
4ָ
2mp ‫ְׁש ַמ ְע ֶּתם‬
2fp ‫ְׁש ַמ ְע ֶּתן‬
1cp ‫ ַמ ְענּו‬3 ָ‫ׁש‬

14.4–5 Qal Perfect Exercises – III-‫ א‬Weak Verbs

• All Shewas in the III position are silent, so you wouldn’t expect any changes.
• BUT III-‫ א‬rejects the Silent Shewa.
 Compensatory lengthening: Stem vowel Pathach  Qamets
 Sufformative loses the Dagesh Lene and the Shewa because preceded by a vowel
3ms ‫ ָמצָ א‬Stem vowel Qamets.
3fs ‫מ ְצאָ ה‬4 ָ
2ms ‫את‬
ָ ‫ ָצ‬3 ‫ ָמ‬III-‫ א‬rejects the silent Shewa. Stem vowel Qamets. Sufformative loses Dagesh Lene.
III-‫ א‬rejects the silent Shewa. Stem vowel Qamets.
2fs ‫ָמצָ את‬
Sufformative loses the Dagesh Lene and Shewa.
1cs ‫אתי‬
ִ ‫ ָצ‬3 ‫ ָמ‬III-‫ א‬rejects the silent Shewa. Stem vowel Qamets. Sufformative loses Dagesh Lene.
3cp ‫מ ְצאּו‬4 ָ
2mp ‫אתם‬ ֶ ָ‫ ְמצ‬III-‫ א‬rejects the silent Shewa. Stem vowel Qamets. Sufformative loses Dagesh Lene.
2fp ‫אתן‬
ֶ ָ‫ ְמצ‬III-‫ א‬rejects the silent Shewa. Stem vowel Qamets. Sufformative loses Dagesh Lene.
1cp ‫ ָמצָ אנּו‬III-‫ א‬rejects the silent Shewa. Stem vowel Qamets.

14.6–7 Qal Perfect Exercises – III-‫ ה‬Weak Verbs

• All Shewas in the III position are silent, so there shouldn’t be any changes.
• BUT III-‫ ה‬drops out.
 Sufformative loses the Dagesh Lene and the Shewa because preceded by a vowel.
• 3ms has sufformative ‫&ה‬ ָ
• 3fs has sufformative ‫ ָתה‬to distinguish from 3ms. Be careful to parse with the correct root!
• Stem vowel Hireq Yod ‫ ִ&י‬in all 2nd and 1st person forms.

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22 Chapter 14 – Qal Perfect – Weak Verbs BBH2 Study Guide
3ms ‫ ָּבנָה‬Drop the III-‫ה‬. 3ms has sufformative ‫&ה‬.
ָ Stem vowel Qamets.
3fs ‫ּבנְ ָתה‬4 ָ Drop the III-‫ה‬. 3fs has sufformative ‫ ָתה‬to distinguish from 3ms. Beware the stem!
Drop the III-‫ה‬. Stem vowel Hireq Yod ‫ ִ&י‬in all 2nd and 1st person forms.
2ms ָ‫נית‬3 ִ ‫ָּב‬
Sufformative loses Dagesh Lene.
Drop the III-‫ה‬. Stem vowel Hireq Yod ‫ ִ&י‬in all 2nd and 1st person forms.
2fs ‫ָּבנִ ית‬
Sufformative loses Dagesh Lene and Silent Shewa.
Drop the III-‫ה‬. Stem vowel Hireq Yod ‫ ִ&י‬in all 2nd and 1st person forms.
1cs ‫יתי‬
ִ ‫נ‬3 ִ ‫ָּב‬
Sufformative loses Dagesh Lene.
3cp ‫ ָּבנּו‬Drop the III-‫ה‬.
Drop the III-‫ה‬. Stem vowel Hireq Yod ‫ ִ&י‬in all 2nd and 1st person forms.
2mp ‫יתם‬
ֶ ִ‫ְּבנ‬
Sufformative loses Dagesh Lene.
Drop the III-‫ה‬. Stem vowel Hireq Yod ‫ ִ&י‬in all 2nd and 1st person forms.
2fp ‫יתן‬
ֶ ִ‫ְּבנ‬
Sufformative loses Dagesh Lene.
1cp ‫ּבנינּו‬
3ִ Drop the III-‫ה‬. Stem vowel Hireq Yod ‫ ִ&י‬in all 2nd and 1st person forms.

14.10-11 Qal Perfect Exercises – Geminate Strong Verbs

• Sufformative: No Dagesh Lene or Shewa
• All 2nd & 1st person forms:
 Geminate consonant assimilates to Dagesh Forte
 First two vowels are Pathach and Holem Waw (*&&ַ )
3ms ‫ָס ַבב‬
3fs ‫ס ְב ָבה‬4 ָ
2ms ‫*ת‬
ָ ‫ּב‬3 ‫ ַס‬1st and 2nd person: Assimilate geminate consonant to Dagesh Forte. Vowels are *&&
ַ
2fs ‫ ַסּב*ת‬1st and 2nd person: Assimilate geminate consonant to Dagesh Forte. Vowels are *&&
ַ
1cs ‫*תי‬
ִ ‫ּב‬3 ‫ ַס‬1st and 2nd person: Assimilate geminate consonant to Dagesh Forte. Vowels are *&&
ַ
3cp ‫ס ְבבּו‬4 ָ
2mp ‫ּב*תם‬
ֶ ‫ ַס‬1st and 2nd person: Assimilate geminate consonant to Dagesh Forte. Vowels are *&&
ַ
2fp ‫ּב*תן‬
ֶ ‫ ַס‬1 and 2 person: Assimilate geminate consonant to Dagesh Forte. Vowels are *&&
st nd
ַ
1cp ‫ּב*נּו‬3 ‫ ַס‬1st and 2nd person: Assimilate geminate consonant to Dagesh Forte. Vowels are *&&
ַ

14.12–13 Qal Perfect Exercises – Biconsonantal Strong Verbs

• Accent first syllable if word ends in a vowel
• 3rd person: first vowel is Qamets (&)
ָ
• 2 & 1 person: first two vowels are Pathach + Silent Shewa (&ְ &)
nd st
ַ

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 14 – Qal Perfect – Weak Verbs 23
3ms ‫ ָקם‬3rd person: First vowel is Qamets
3fs ‫ָק ָמה‬3 3rd person: First vowel is Qamets. Accent the first syllable because word ends in vowel.
2nd & 1st person: first two vowels are (&ְ &).
ַ
2ms ‫ַק ְמ ָּת‬3
Accent the first syllable because word ends in vowel.
2nd & 1st person: first two vowels are (&ְ &).
ַ
2fs ‫ַק ְמ ְּת‬
Accent the first syllable because word ends in vowel.
2nd & 1st person: first two vowels are (&ְ &). ַ
1cs ‫ַק ְמ ִּתי‬3
Accent the first syllable because word ends in vowel.
3cp ‫ָקמּו‬3 3rd person: First vowel is Qamets. Accent the first syllable because word ends in vowel.
2mp ‫ ַק ְמ ֶּתם‬2nd & 1st person: first two vowels are (&ְ &). ַ
2fp ‫ ַק ְמ ֶּתן‬2nd & 1st person: first two vowels are (&ְ &).
ַ
2nd & 1st person: first two vowels are (&ְ &).
ַ
1cp ‫ַק ְמנּו‬3
Accent the first syllable because word ends in vowel.

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24 Chapter 15 – Qal Imperfect – Strong Verbs BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 15 – Qal Imperfect – Strong Verbs
• Action for which the conclusion is not in view.
15.2 What does the imperfect
• Aspect: Incomplete action (including habitual or customary)
conjugation portray?
• No time. It can be past, present, or future.
• English present tense (I study)
• English future tense (I will study)
15.2 How translate the imperfect?
• Habitual actions (He prays regularly)
• May add modal (would, could, should, may, can, …)
15.4 Which forms are identical in the • 3fs and 2ms (“she will X” OR “you (ms) will X”)
imperfect? • 3fp and 2fp (“they (fp) will X” OR “you (fp) will X”)
15.4 What is normally true for an
• An initial begadkephat letter will normally have a Dagesh Lene.
initial begadkephat letter?
• &&
ֹ & ִ‫י‬
15.4 What are the diagnostics of the
Qal Imperfect?  Preformative with hireq. (No other has a preformative).
 Stem vowel holem
15.4 What is the sufformative ‫? ּון‬ • Imperfect 3mp or 2mp sufformative with Nun Paragogicum.
• Initial letter  Add a Dagesh Lene
15.5 What happens to begadkephat
• Silent Shewa precedes  Add a Dagesh Lene
letters when inflecting words?
• Vowel precedes  No Dagesh Lene
15.6 How do stative verbs form their • All stative verbs use Pathach instead of Holem for the stem
imperfect differently? vowel.
15.6 What happens in the imperfect • The nun assimilates with the sufformatives that begin in nun.
to verbs that end in nun?  ‫ּנָה  נְ נָה‬ (in the 3fp and 2fp)

15.9 What do ‫ ל ֹא‬and ‫ אַ ל‬mean • They negate the imperfect verb that immediately follows.
when immediately followed by an  ‫ ל ֹא‬is permanent and absolute negation.
imperfect verb?  ‫ אַ ל‬is immediate, specific, and non-durative prohibition.

Qal Imperfect Paradigm

PGN Sufformative Vowels Preformative Combined Example Translation
3ms &
ֹ &ְ ִ‫י‬ &
ֹ &ְ ִ‫י‬ ‫טל‬
ֹ ‫יִ ְק‬ he will kill
3fs &
ֹ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ &
ֹ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ ‫טל‬
ֹ ‫ִּת ְק‬ she will kill
2ms &
ֹ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ &
ֹ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ ‫טל‬
ֹ ‫ִּת ְק‬ you (ms) will kill
2fs ‫ִ&י‬ &ְ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ ‫ִּת ְ& ְ& ִ&י‬ ‫ִּת ְק ְט ִלי‬ you (fs) will kill
1cs &
ֹ &ְ ֶ‫א‬ &
ֹ &ְ ֶ‫א‬ ‫טל‬
ֹ ‫אֶ ְק‬ I will kill
3mp ‫ ּו‬or ‫ּון‬ &ְ &ְ ִ‫י‬ ‫יִ ְ& ְ&&ּו‬ ‫יִ ְק ְטלּו‬ they (mp) will kill
3fp ‫נָה‬ &ְ &3ֹ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ ‫& ְ&נָה‬ 3ֹ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ ‫ט ְלנָה‬3ֹ ‫ִּת ְק‬ they (fp) will kill
2mp ‫ ּו‬or ‫ּון‬ &ְ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ ‫ִּת ְ& ְ&&ּו‬ ‫ִּת ְק ְטלּו‬ you (mp) will kill
2fp ‫נָה‬ &ְ & 3ֹ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ ‫& ְ&נָה‬ 3ֹ &ְ ‫ִּת‬ ‫ט ְלנָה‬3ֹ ‫ִּת ְק‬ you (fp) will kill
1cp &
ֹ &ְ ִ‫נ‬ &ֹ &ְ ִ‫נ‬ ‫טל‬ ֹ ‫נִ ְק‬ we will kill

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 16 – Qal Imperfect – Weak Verbs 25
Chapter 16 – Qal Imperfect – Weak Verbs
16.2-.3 How do II-Guttural, III-‫ח‬/‫ע‬, • Stem vowel Pathach instead of Holem.
and Stative verbs differ from strong • Stem vowel unchanged when it is Shewa.
verbs in the Qal Imperfect?  II-Gutturals use Hateph Pathech instead of Vocal Shewa.
• Alef quiescent when would have a Silent Shewa (like Perfect).
16.4-.5 How do III-‫ א‬verbs differ • Stem vowel
from strong verbs in the Qal  If no sufformative: Qamets instead of Holem
Imperfect?  If sufformative ‫נָה‬: Seghol instead of accented Holem
 Other sufformatives: Keep the vocal Shewa
16.6-.7 How do III-‫ ה‬verbs differ • Drop the III-‫ה‬
from strong verbs in the Qal • If no sufformative, add sufformative ‫&ה‬ ֶ
Imperfect? • Stem vowel ‫&י‬ ֶ 3 in 3fp and 2fp (the ones with sufformative ‫)נָה‬
16.8-.9 What are the preformative • &&ַ &‫ ֶי‬or &&ֹ &‫( ַי‬strong has &&
ֹ & ִ‫)י‬
vowel and stem vowel of I-Guttural
verbs in the Qal Imperfect? • &&
ַ & ֶ‫ א‬or &&
ֹ & ֶ‫( א‬strong has &&ֹ & ֶ‫ )א‬in 1cs

• Most I-‫ א‬verbs act like normal I-Guttural verbs

• Five I-‫ א‬verbs follow a different pattern.
16.10-.11 What are the preformative
 The five verbs are ‫( אָ ַמר‬to say), ‫( אָ כַ ל‬to eat),
vowel and stem vowel of I-‫ א‬verbs
‫( אָ ַבד‬to perish), ‫( אָ פָ ה‬to bake), and ‫( אָ ָבה‬to be willing)
in the Qal Imperfect?
 Vowels are && ַ &‫ֹי‬
 Drop the I-‫ א‬in the 1cs
16.12–.13 How do Geminate verbs • Always lose the repeated consonant.
differ from strong verbs in the Qal • Usually have a Dagesh Forte in one or both root consonants.
Imperfect? • Preformative vowel Qamets, Hireq, or Tsere (‫ ָי‬or ִ‫ י‬or ‫) ֵי‬
• Use the stem vowel of the lexical form.
16.14–.15 How do Biconsonantal  Sometimes uses a different stem vowels (‫ ּו‬or ‫&י‬,
ִ or *)
verbs differ from strong verbs in the
 Sometimes the stem vowels are written defectively
Qal Imperfect?
‫&  ּו‬ֻ *& ֹ ‫ִ&  ִ&י‬
• Drop the I-‫ י‬and its vowel in all forms.
16.16–.17 How do I-‫ י‬verbs differ
• Preformative vowel is Tsere or Hireq Yod (‫ ֵי‬or ‫)יִ י‬
from strong verbs in the Qal
• Stem vowel is Pathach or Tsere.
Imperfect?
•  ַ‫ ָהל‬acts like a I-‫ י‬verb (with the I-‫ ה‬dropping like I-‫)י‬
• I-‫ נ‬assimilates into the II-Consonant (Dagesh Forte).
 The Dagesh Forte may be absent in a Skin-em-Levi
16.18–.19 How do I-‫ נ‬verbs differ consonant (‫ )צׁשׂשסקנמלוי‬with
from strong verbs in the Qal
 If II-guttural, the I-‫ נ‬doesn’t assimilate.
Imperfect?
• Stem vowel is Pathach or Holem
• ‫ לָ ַקח‬acts like a I-‫ נ‬verb (with the I-‫ ל‬assimilating like I-‫)נ‬

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26 Chapter 16 – Qal Imperfect – Weak Verbs BBH2 Study Guide
16.22–.23 What if see only 2 root
• I-‫י‬, I-‫נ‬, III-‫ה‬, geminate, biconsonantal,  ַ‫הל‬,
ָ or ‫לָ ַקח‬
consonants in the Qal Imperfect?
• ‫ָי‬ Geminate or Biconsonantal
• ‫ֵי‬ I-‫ י‬or Geminate
16.22–.23 How figure out which root • Stem vowel Seghol: III-‫ה‬
consonant was lost? • Dagesh Forte after preformative: I-‫ נ‬or Gem
• Dagesh Forte in final root consonant: Geminate
• None of the above: Any of the above
16.22–.23 What kind of weak verb
may it be if you see only 2 root
consonants and the preformative • 1-‫י‬
vowel is Hireq yod ( ‫) יִ י‬

16.22–.23 What kind of weak verb • 3-‫ ה‬ends in ‫&ה‬ ֶ if no sufformative expected.
may it be if you see only 2 root • 3-‫ ה‬3fp/2fp ends in ‫&ינָה‬ ֶ3
consonants and the preformative • 1-‫ נ‬and ‫ לָ ַקח‬have &ּ ִ‫י‬
vowel is Hireq ( ִ‫) י‬
• Geminate usually has a Dagesh Forte in a root consonant.
16.22–.23 What kind of weak verb
may it be if you see only 2 root • Geminate usually has a Dagesh Forte in a root consonant.
consonants and the preformative • Biconsonantal has the lexical stem vowel ( ‫ ּו‬or * or ‫) ִ&י‬
vowel is Qamets ( ‫?) ָי‬
16.22–.23 What kind of weak verb
may it be if you see only 2 root • Geminate usually has a Dagesh Forte in a root consonant.
consonants and the preformative • 1-‫ י‬or  ַ‫ָהל‬
vowel is Tsere ( ‫?) ֵי‬
16.22–.23 What kind of weak verb
may it be if you see only 2 root
consonants and the preformative • ‫ָיכֹל‬
vowel is Shureq ( ‫?) ּו‬

Preformative Vowel
Strong I-‫יי‬ I-Gutt ‫א‬
I-‫א‬ Geminate Bicons I-‫ננ‬ ‫ָיכֹל‬  ַ‫הָ ל‬ ‫לָ קַ ח‬
ִ‫י‬ ‫ ֵי‬OR ‫יִ י‬ ‫ ַי‬OR ‫ֶי‬ ‫ ֹי‬OR ‫ֶי‬ ‫ ָי‬OR ִ‫ י‬OR ‫ֵי‬ ‫ָי‬ &ּ ִ‫י‬ ‫יּו‬ ‫ֵי‬ &ּ ִ‫י‬

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 17 – Waw Consecutive 27
Chapter 17 – Waw Consecutive
17.1 What is the primary use of the
• To denote sequences of consecutive actions in narrative
waw consecutive?
17.2 How translate an imperfect with
• Translate as if it were a Perfect verb.
a waw consecutive?
17.2 How form the imperfect with
• Preformative ‫ְו‬
the normal conjunction ‫? ְו‬
17.2 How form • Preformative &ַּ ‫ו‬
the imperfect waw consecutive? • Preformative ‫ ָו‬if the following letter rejects the Dagesh Forte

17.3 What happens to III-‫ ה‬and • III-‫ ה‬verbs lose the final ‫&ה‬
ֶ
biconsonantal verbs in the imperfect • In Biconsonantal verbs,
when add a waw consecutive? the vowel letter changes to Qamets Hatuf &
ָ or Seghol &
ֶ
17.4 How is a consecutive imperfect
• In a past-tense narrative sequence.
used?
• The sequence begins with
17.4 How does a past-tense narrative  a perfect verb, OR
sequence begin?  ‫( וַיְ ִהי‬QI 3ms ‫ היה‬waw consecutive), OR
 an imperfect waw consecutive.
17.4 What occasional interrupts a
chain of imperfect waw • A perfect verb (often when negated, often with prefix ‫ְ)ו‬
consecutives?
• Exactly the same as the perfect with the conjunction ‫ְו‬
17.5 How form • Preformative ‫ְו‬
the perfect waw consecutive? • Preformative ‫ ּו‬in 2mp and 2fp because followed by vocal
Shewa
• ‫ ְו‬on a perfect verb is usually waw consecutive.
17.5 How distinguish waw
consecutive from conjunction ‫ ְו‬in • In 2ms and 1cs
 Accent on ultima  waw consecutive
the perfect?
 Accent on penultima  conjunction ‫ְו‬
17.6 How is the consecutive perfect
• In a future tense narrative sequence.
used?
• Imperfect verb
• Temporal modifier ‫( ְו ָהיָה‬QP 3ms ‫ היה‬waw consecutive).
17.6 How does a future tense
narrative sequence begin? • Imperative
 The following perfect waw consecutives carry imperatival
force
17.7 How translate ‫ יַיְ ִהי‬and ‫ְו ָהיָה‬ • Leave untranslated, or translate as ‘and’.

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28 Chapter 18 – Qal Imperative, Cohortative and Jussive BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 18 – Qal Imperative, Cohortative and Jussive
• Imperative
18.1 What are the volitional • Cohortative
conjugations? • Jussive
• They usually express a command, wish, or desire.
18.2 How is the imperative used? • To command, request, or grant permission
18.3 What is the person of the
• The imperative occurs only in the second person
imperative?
• The imperative is formed like the imperfect without the
18.4 How is the imperative formed? preformative.
• Sometimes, the 2ms imperative gets the ending ‫&ה‬ ָ
• The one with Metheg &
4 ָ is Qal Perfect 3fs.
18.4 Parse ‫ ָק ְטלָ ה‬and ‫ק ְטלָ ה‬4 ָ • The one without Metheg & ָ is Qal Imperative 2ms with the
ending ‫&ה‬ָ
18.5 How is the imperative negated? • The imperative is never negated.
18.5 How produce a negative • ‫ ל ֹא‬+ imperfect can be absolute and permanent prohibition.
command? • ‫ אַ ל‬+ imperfect can be immediate and specific prohibition.
• Marker of volitional verb (follows verb)
18.6 What does ‫ נָא‬or 7‫ נָא‬mean?
• Sometimes softens like “please”
18.7 How translate the imperative? • “(you) build!” “(you) sit!” etc.
18.8 What can happen in the imperative
in weak verbs that don’t lose a • Minor vowel changes.
consonant in the imperfect?
18.9 What verb classes drop a root
• III-‫ה‬, I-‫נ‬, I-‫ י‬, and geminate
consonant in the Imperative?
18.9-11 How recognize weak • Take imperfect, remove preformative, change vowels.
Imperatives that drop a root consonant? • Memorize III-‫ ה‬and try the lexicon for the others.
• ‫ּכ ְת ָבה‬
4 ָ is QP3FS from ‫“ ּכתב‬she wrote”
18.12 Parse ‫ּכ ְת ָבה‬
4 ָ and ‫ּכָ ְת ָבה‬
• ‫ ּכָ ְת ָבה‬is QM2MS from ‫( ּכתב‬with ‫)&ה‬ ָ “(you man) write!”
• ‫ּכ ְתבּו‬
4 ָ is QP3CP from ‫“ ּכתב‬they wrote”
18.12 Parse ‫ּכ ְתבּו‬
4 ָ and ‫ִּכ ְתבּו‬
• ‫ ִּכ ְתבּו‬is QM2MP from ‫(“ ּכתב‬you men) write!”
• ‫ ָּבנּו‬is QP3CP from ‫“ ּבנה‬they built”
18.12 Parse ‫ ָּבנּו‬and ‫ְּבנּו‬
• ‫ ְּבנּו‬is QM2MP from ‫(“ ּבנה‬you men) build!”
• ‫ עָ לּו‬is QP3CP from ‫“ עלה‬they went up”
18.12 Parse ‫ עָ לּו‬and ‫עֲלּו‬
• ‫ עֲלּו‬is QM2MP from ‫(“ עלה‬you men) go up!”
• ‫ ְּבנִ י‬is QM2FS from ‫(“ ּבנה‬you woman) build!”
18.12 Parse ‫ְּבנִ י‬
OR MS noun ‫ ֵּבן‬with 1CS pronominal suffix “my son”
18.13 What person is the cohortative? • Cohortative is always 2nd person

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 18 – Qal Imperative, Cohortative and Jussive 29
18.13 How translate the cohortative? • “Let me build!” “Let us go up!” etc.
18.13 What does the cohortative mean? • Wish, request, or command
• Spelled like the imperfect, but
 Cohortative is first word in the clause.
18.13 How identify the cohortative?  Imperfect is not the first word in the clause.
• Often has ‫&ה‬ ָ at the end.
• Perfect 3FS ending
18.13 What does ‫&ה‬
ָ at the end of a • Alternate imperative 2MS ending
verb signal? • Alternative cohortative 1CS or 1CP ending
• Can’t have the directional marker ‫&ה‬on
ָ a verb.
18.14 What does the Jussive mean? • Wish, request, or command
18.14 What person is the Jussive? • Jussive is 3rd person.
18.14 How translate the Jussive? • “Let him build” “May the Lord forgive me” etc.
• Jussive is spelled like the imperfect, but
 Jussive is first word in the clause
18.14 How identify the Jussive?  Imperfect is not the first word in the clause
• III-‫ ה‬verbs drop the ‫&ה‬ ֶ ending in the jussive 3ms.
• Some weak verbs have vowel changes in the jussive.
18.15 How negate the Cohortative and • Negate with ‫( אַ ל‬or ‫נָא‬7‫)אַ ל‬
Jussive? • This is milder prohibition than ‫ ל ֹא‬+ Imperfect

Imperative Paradigm: Strong Verbs (18.3 and 18.4)

Sufformative Pattern Strong Verb Translation
2ms Nothing or ‫&ה‬
ָ &&
ֹ &ְ or ‫&ה‬
ָ &ְ &
ָ ‫טל‬
ֹ ‫ ְק‬or ‫ָק ְטלָ ה‬ (you) kill!
2fs ‫ִ&י‬ ‫ִ& ְ& ִ&י‬ ‫ִק ְט ִלי‬ (you) kill!
2mp ‫ּו‬ ‫ִ& ְ&&ּו‬ ‫ִק ְטלּו‬ (you) kill!
2fp ‫נָה‬ ‫& ְ&נָה‬3ֹ &ְ ‫ט ְלנָה‬3ֹ ‫ְק‬ (you) kill!

Imperative Paradigm: III-‫ ה‬Verbs (18.9)

Sufformative Pattern ‫ה‬
III-‫ה‬ Strong Verb

2ms ‫&ה‬
ֵ ‫&ה‬
ֵ &ְ ‫ְּבנֵה‬ &&
ֹ &ְ or ‫&ה‬
ָ &ְ &
ָ
2fs ‫ִ&י‬ ‫ְ& ִ&י‬ ‫ְּבנִ י‬ ‫ִ& ְ& ִ&י‬
2mp ‫ּו‬ ‫ְ&&ּו‬ ‫ְּבנּו‬ ‫ִ& ְ&&ּו‬
2fp ‫נָה‬ ‫&ינָה‬
ֶ 3 &ְ ‫ ֶנינָה‬3 ‫ְּב‬ ‫& ְ&נָה‬3ֹ &ְ

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30 Chapter 18 – Qal Imperative, Cohortative and Jussive BBH2 Study Guide

Jussive for III-‫ ה‬Verbs (18.14) drop the final ‫ה‬

‫ה‬
Perfect III-‫ה‬ ‫ה‬
Imperfect III-‫ה‬ ‫ה‬
Jussive III-‫ה‬

‫ ָּבנָה‬he built ‫ יִ ְבנֶה‬he will build ‫בן‬3

ֶ ‫ ִי‬let him build
‫ עָ ׂשָ ה‬he made ‫ ַיעֲׂשֶ ה‬he will make ‫ ַיעַ ׂש‬3 let him make
‫ עָ לָ ה‬he went up ‫ ַיעֲלֶ ה‬he will go up ‫ ַיעַ ל‬3 let him go up
‫ ָראָ ה‬he saw ‫ יִ ְראֶ ה‬he will see ‫ ֵי ֶרא‬3 let him see

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 20 – Qal Infinitive Construct 31
Chapter 20 – Qal Infinitive Construct
20.1 What kinds of Hebrew infinitives • Infinitive Construct
exist? • Infinitive Absolute
20.2 How does Hebrew Infinitive
• Infinitive Construct doesn’t inflect.
Construct inflect?
20.2 What form is usually identical to
• Qal Imperative 2MS
the Qal Infinitive Construct?
• && ֹ &ְ Strong, II-Guttural, III-Guttural except III-‫ה‬
• &&ֹ ֲ& I-Guttural
• && ֹ ‫א‬
ֱ I-‫א‬
20.2-20.7 What are the forms of the
Infinitive Construct? • ‫ְ&&ּות‬ III-‫ה‬
• Biconsonantal verbs keep the medial vowel.
• Most I-‫ נ‬and I-‫ י‬verbs drop the first consonant and add ‫ ת‬at
the end.
• I-‫( נ‬if drop I-‫ נ‬and add ‫ ת‬at end of infinitive construct)
20.2-20.7 Which forms have an
infinitive construct form that is not the • I-‫( י‬if drop I-‫ נ‬and add ‫ ת‬at end of infinitive construct)
same as the Imperative 2MS? • II-Guttural
• III-Guttural
20.8 What list when parsing the
• Stem, “Infinitive Construct”, lexical form.
Infinitive Construct?
20.9 What are the vowels when add a
pronominal suffix to the Infinitive • &ְ &
ָ are the first two vowels
Construct?
• ‫ִב ְל ִּתי‬
20.11 How is the Infinitive Construct
• ‫ְל ִב ְל ִּתי‬
negated?
• ‫ ל ֹא‬and ‫ אַ ל‬are not used to negate the infinitive construct.
20.1-20.2 What does the bare infinitive • Verbal noun (E.g., “To shut” or “shutting”)
construct mean? • Complementary (E.g., “by shutting”)
20.9 What does the infinitive construct • Verbal noun with subject (E.g., “my killing”)
with a pronominal suffix mean? • Verbal noun with object (E.g., “killing me”) – Rare
• Purpose, intention, or result (E.g., “in order to shut”)
20.12 What does the infinitive construct • Inceptive (E.g., “about to shut”)
with the prefix ‫ ְל‬mean? • Verbal noun (E.g., “to shut” or “shutting”)
• Complementary (E.g., “by shutting”)
20.12 What does the infinitive construct
• Temporal When, while, or whenever
with the prefixes ‫ ְּב‬or ‫ ְּכ‬mean?

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32 Chapter 21 – Qal Infinitive Absolute BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 21 – Qal Infinitive Absolute
21.1 What is the Infinitive Absolute? • A verbal noun
21.2 How does Hebrew Infinitive
• Infinitive Absolute doesn’t inflect.
Absolute inflect?
21.2 How is the Infinitive Absolute
• &*&&
ָ
spelled?
21.3 How else can the Infinitive
• &ֹ&&
ָ (* written defectively as &
ֹ )
Absolute be spelled?
21.3 What prefixes and suffixes can go
• None.
on the Infinitive Absolute?
• III-‫ח‬/‫ ע‬add a furtive Pathach (e.g., ‫כ*ח‬
ַ ָ‫ ׁש‬and ‫)ׁשמ*ע‬
ַ
• III-‫ ה‬sometimes drops the final ‫ה‬
21.4 What weak verbs use a different
spelling for the Infinitive Absolute? • Biconsonantals lack the initial &
ָ
 Lost the medial vowel
 Holem-waw biconsonantals spell both infinitives the same
21.5 What list when parse the Infinitive
• Qal Infinitive Absolute <root>
Absolute?
• Emphatic (“to die you will die” = “You will certainly die”)
 Precedes or follows perfect or imperfect of same root
21.6 How use the Infinitive Absolute? • Imperatival (“listen!”)
• Contemporaneous action of two Infinitive Absolute Verbs
• Complementary – translate like main verb of sentence.
21.7 What does ‫ יֵׁש‬mean? • Something exists (“There is a king”)
21.7 What does ‫ יֵׁש‬mean when followed
by the preposition ‫ ְל‬with a pronominal • Possession (E.g., “There is to me hope” = “I have hope”)
suffix?
21.7 What does ‫ אֵ ין‬mean? • Something does not exist. (“There is not a king”)

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 22 – Qal Participle 33
Chapter 22 – Qal Participle
22.1 What is a participle? • A verbal adjective
22.1 With what does a participle • Stem and voice (like a verb)
inflect? • Gender and number (like an adjective)
• Attributively (“the sleeping student”)
22.1 How can a participle be used? • Predicately (“The student is sleeping.”)
• Substantivally (“the one who sleeps”)
22.1 How translate an active participle? • With “ing” (e.g., running, going, speaking)
22.2 What is unusual about the feminine
• There are two feminine singular forms (‫&ת‬ ֶ &
ֶ3 &
ֹ and ‫&ה‬
ָ &ְ &
ֹ )
singular Qal active participle?
22.3 What is the Qal active participle
• &&ֹ
ֵ &
diagnostic?
• The first vowel can be spelled &ֹ or *
22.4 What is unique about the Qal
active participle diagnostic? • The first vowel &
ֹ / * is present for all verbs, strong and
weak, except for biconsonantal verbs.
• II-guttural can’t take the vocal Shewa, as usual
22.4 What verbs deviate from the strong • III-‫ח‬/‫ ע‬has unusual FS form (‫&ת‬ ַ & ַ3 &
ֹ not ‫&ת‬ ֶ &ֹ
ֶ 3 &)
verb pattern for the Qal Active • III-‫ א‬has unusual FS form (‫&את‬ ֵ3 & ֹ not ‫&ת‬ ֶ &ֹ
ֶ 3 &)
Participle? • III-‫ ה‬drops the final ‫ ה‬in all forms. See paradigm.
• Biconsonantals have their own paradigm. Lack initial holem.
22.4 What verb classes drop a letter in
• III-‫ ה‬drop the final ‫ה‬
the Qal Active Participle?
22.4 When is the initial Holem absent in
• Biconsonantals use Qamets instead.
a Qal Active Participle?
• Attributive – Follows verb and matches GND
• Predicate – Matches noun in GN, lacks article
22.5 & 22.9 How is a participle used?
 Usually follows verb (unlike predicate adjective)
• Substantive – not modifying a noun
22.6 How translate Qal Passive
• “Being X” (e.g., “being written”)
Participle?
22.8 What is diagnostic of the Qal • &‫&&ּו‬ ָ OR
Passive Participle spelling? • && ֻ &
ָ (defective spelling ‫)&
ּו‬
ֻ
22.8 What verbs deviate from the strong • I-guttural can’t take the vocal Shewa, as usual.
verb pattern for the Qal Passive
• III-‫ ה‬have yod instead of the III-‫ה‬
Participle?
• Stem Voice, “Participle,” Gender, Number, Lexical form
22.10 What list when parsing a  Qal Active Participle MS ‫ָקטַ ל‬
participle?
 Qal Passive Participle MS ‫ָקטַ ל‬

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34 Chapter 22 – Qal Participle BBH2 Study Guide
• Just like a noun:
 Prepositional prefixes ‫ּב‬,
ְ ‫ ְּכ‬and ‫ְל‬
22.11 What prefixes and suffixes and
states may be used with a participle?  Pronominal suffixes
 Construct or Absolute state
 Definite article

Qal Participle Paradigms

Active ‫ה‬
Active III-‫ה‬ Active Biconsonantal Passive ‫ה‬
Passive III-‫ה‬

MS &&ֹ
ֵ & ‫ֹ&ה‬
ֶ & &&
ָ &‫&&ּו‬
ָ ‫&&ּוי‬
ָ
FS ‫&ת‬
ֶ &ֹ
ֶ3 & ‫ֹ&ּיָה‬
ִ &
FS ‫&ה‬
ָ &ֹ
ְ & ‫ֹ&ה‬
ָ & ‫&ה‬
ָ &
ָ ‫ּו&ה‬
ָ &&ְ ‫ְ&&ּויָה‬
MP ‫ֹ& ִ&ים‬
ְ & ‫ֹ&ים‬
ִ & ‫& ִ&ים‬
ָ ‫ּו&ים‬
ִ &&ְ ‫ְ&&ּויִ ים‬
FP ‫ֹ&&*ת‬
ְ & ‫&&*ת‬
ֹ ‫&&*ת‬
ָ ‫ְ&&ּו&*ת‬ ‫ְ&&ּוי*ת‬

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 24 – The Niphal Stem – Strong Verbs 35
Chapter 24 – The Niphal Stem – Strong Verbs
• Passive Voice (E.g., “He was heard.”)
• Reflexive Voice (E.g., “He heard himself.”)
24.2 What does the Niphal Stem mean? • Reciprocal (E.g., “They heard one another.”)
• Middle Voice (E.g., “The gate opened”)
 The subject is the object.
• The ‫ נ‬of the Niphal
24.3 What diagnostic feature occurs in
all Niphals? How does it appear in • Visible in Perfect, Participle, and some Infinitive Absolutes
different conjugations? • Assimilated to a Dagesh Forte in the Imperfect, Imperative,
Infinitive Construct, and some Infinitive Absolutes
24.5 Niphal Perfect diagnostic? • &&
ַ & ִ‫נ‬
24.5 Exceptions to NP diagnostic? • &&ְ & ִ‫ נ‬where sufformative begins with a vowel.
• &&& ָ ּ &ִ
24.7 Niphal Imperfect diagnostic?
• The ‫ נ‬of the Niphal assimilated to a Dagesh Forte.
24.6-.7 Exceptions to NI diagnostic? • &&&
ָ ּ ֶ‫ א‬in 1cs where Preformative is ‫א‬
24.8-.9 Niphal Imperative and Infinitive • &&& ָ ּ ‫ִה‬
Construct diagnostic? • ‫ נ‬of the Niphal assimilated to a Dagesh Forte, and added a ‫ִה‬
• &*&& ִ‫נ‬
24.12 Niphal Infinitive Absolute
• &*&& ָ ּ ‫ִה‬
Diagnostic?
• The stem vowel * may be &
ֹ or &
ֵ
24.14 Niphal Participle Diagnostic? • &&
ָ & ִ‫נ‬
• ִ‫ נ‬in conjugations that start with “P” (Perfect & Participle).
• ִ‫ נ‬assimilates to &
ָ ּ ‫ ִה‬in conjugations that start with “I”
How does the ִ‫ נ‬of the Niphal appear in
(Imperfect, Imperative, and Infinitives).
various conjugations?
 In the Imperfect, use the Preformative instead of the ‫ה‬.
• Some Infinitive Absolutes don’t assimilate the ִ‫נ‬

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36 Chapter 25 – The Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 25 – The Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs
Niphal Diagnostics
Infinitive Infinitive
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Participle
Construct Absolute
&*&& ִ‫נ‬
Strong &&
ַ & ִ‫נ‬ &&&
ָ ּ ִ‫י‬ &&&
ָ ּ ‫ִה‬ &&&
ָ ּ ‫ִה‬ &&
ָ & ִ‫נ‬
&*&&
ָ ּ ‫ִה‬

‫א‬
III-‫א‬ &&
ָ & ִ‫נ‬ = Strong = Strong = Strong &*&& ִ‫נ‬ = Strong
&& ִ‫נ‬
‫ה‬
III-‫ה‬ && ִ‫נ‬ &&
ָ ּ ִ‫י‬ &&
ָ ּ ‫ִה‬ &&
ָ ּ ‫ִה‬ && ִ‫נ‬
&&
ָ ּ ‫ִה‬
&*& ֲ&ַ‫נ‬
I-Gutt &&
ַ ֱ&ֶ‫נ‬ &&&ֵ
ָ ‫י‬ &&&
ָ ‫ֵה‬ &&&
ָ ‫ֵה‬ &&
ָ ֱ&ֶ‫נ‬
&*&&
ָ ‫ֵה‬
&*& ִ‫נ‬
I-‫ננ‬ &&
ַ ִ‫נ‬ &&
ָ ּ ִ‫י‬ &&
ָ ּ ‫ִה‬ &&
ָ ּ ‫ִה‬ &&
ָ ִ‫נ‬
& *&
ָ ּ ‫ִה‬
I-‫יי‬ &&*‫נ‬
ַ &&‫יִ ָּו‬ &&‫ִה ָּו‬ &&‫ִה ָּו‬ &&*‫נ‬
ָ

Comments on Niphal Weak Diagnostics

Verb Class Comments on weak forms in Niphal
25.3 III-‫א‬ • NP3MS and NPMS are identical for III-‫ א‬verbs because both have &
ָ stem vowel.
25.7 I-Gutt • ֱ&ֶ‫ נ‬or ֲ&ַ‫ נ‬where ‫ נ‬remains. Compensatory lengthening &ִ
&
ֵ where ‫ נ‬assimilates.
25.9 I-‫נ‬ • I-‫ נ‬assimilates where the ‫ נ‬of the Niphal remains. (&ּ ִ‫)נ‬
• I-‫( *  י‬vowel) where the ‫ נ‬of the Niphal remains (perfect and participle). (*‫)נ‬
25.11 I-‫י‬
• I-‫( ו  י‬consonant) where the ‫ נ‬of the Niphal assimilates (Imp/Imp/Inf) (‫ יִ ָּו‬or ‫)ה ָּו‬
ִ

III-‫ ה‬Stem Vowels that Differ from Strong Verbs

Infinitive Infinitive
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Participle
Construct Absolute
(12P, Act & Refl) ‫ִ&י‬
(FP) ‫&י‬
ֶ3 (FP) ‫&י‬
ֶ3
(12P, Passive SV) ‫&י‬ֵ

III-‫ ה‬Endings that Differ from Strong Verbs

Infinitive Infinitive
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Participle
Construct Absolute
(Q) *
(3MS) ‫&ה‬ ָ
(No Suf) ‫&ה‬
ֶ (No Suf) ‫&ה‬
ֵ ‫*ת‬ (Q, N, Piel) ‫&ה‬ֹ ‫&ה‬
ֶ
(3FS) ‫ָתה‬
(N, Piel, Hiphil) ‫&ה‬ ֵ

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapter 26 – The Piel Stem – Strong Verbs 37
Chapter 26 – The Piel Stem – Strong Verbs
26.2 What voice is the Piel stem? • Piel is Active Voice
• Intensive version of Qal.
• Factitive (where Qal is intransitive, Piel is transitive)
26.2 What does the Piel stem mean?
• Denominative – Verb based on a noun
• Iterative
• When prefixed to words that begin with ְ‫ י‬or ‫ְמ‬
26.16 When does definite article lose
the Dagesh Forte? • So waw conversives on a Piel Imperfect 3MS & 3MP lack
Dagesh Forte
• ‫( י ו ל מ נ ק ׂש ׁש ס צ‬SKiN ‘eM LeVI)
• These may lose the Dagesh Forte when have a Vocal Shewa
 PI3MS and PI3MP waw conversives lack Dagesh Forte.
26.16 What letters sometimes reject a  Piel participles with Definite Article lack Dagesh Forte.
Dagesh Forte, and when?  If one of those letters is the second root consonant of a
Piel verb, the Dagesh Forte may be missing in forms that
put a vocal Shewa there. Note that the Shewa under a
Dagesh Forte consonant is ALWAYS Vocal.
• Often put a Dagesh Forte in the first consonant of a word
26.17 When is a Conjunctive Dagesh
when connected to the previous word (ending in ‫&ה‬ ֶ or ‫)&ה‬
ַ
added?
with a Maqqef.
When can strong verbs lose the Dagesh • When the second root consonant is a “Skin ‘em Levi” letter
Forte in the 2nd root consonant in the with a Shewa under it.
Piel? • The Skin ‘em Levi letters are ‫ׁש ׂש ס צ ק נ מ ל ו י‬

Piel Strong Verb Diagnostics

Infinitive Infinitive
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Participle
Construct Absolute
(3ms) &&
ֵ ּ &ִ
&&ּ &
ַ ְ‫י‬ &&ּ &
ַ &&ּ &
ַ &&ּ &
ַ &&ּ &
ַ ‫ְמ‬
st
(1 /2 ) nd
&&
ַ ּ &ִ

• Note that in the book, the stem vowel in the Piel Perfect is not diagnostic, but we are treating it as.
• In the book, the Piel Perfect diagnostic is &&ּ &ִ (i.e., the stem vowel is not diagnostic)

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38 Chapter 27 –The Piel Stem – Weak Verbs BBH2 Study Guide
Chapter 27 –The Piel Stem – Weak Verbs
Question Answer
• In class (not in the book), the Piel Perfect stem vowel is diagnostic for
27.1 Which weak verbs have
strong verbs. It is not diagnostic for weak verbs.
different Piel diagnostics?
• Only II-Guttural has other changes
• The same diagnostics except that the Perfect is &&ּ &ִ
27.3 Compare III-‫ח‬/‫ ע‬verbs to
• The stem vowel (which isn’t diagnostic) is always Pathach or Shewa
strong verbs in the Piel.
for III-‫ח‬/‫ ע‬verbs, never Tsere.
• The same diagnostics except that the Perfect is &&ּ &ִ
27.4 Compare III-‫ א‬verbs to
• The stem vowel (which isn’t diagnostic) is always Tsere, Seghol, or
strong verbs in the Piel.
Shewa for III-‫ א‬verbs, never Pathach.
27.5 Compare III-‫ ה‬verbs to • The same diagnostics except that the Perfect is &ּ &ִ
strong verbs in the Piel. • III-‫ ה‬verbs drop the III-‫ ה‬and add the usual III-‫ ה‬stem vowel&ending
27.6 Compare Geminate verbs
• Exactly the same.
to strong verbs in the Piel.
27.7–11 What are the two • Always drop the Dagesh Forte in the II-Guttural
ways that II-Guttural verbs • Virtual doubling has no other changes
inflect in the Piel? • Compensatory lengthening of preceding vowel (&ִ
&
ֵ and &
ַ
&)
ָ
27.11 Which letters count as a
• All letters that reject a Dagesh Forte: ‫ א ע ה ח‬and ‫ר‬
II-Guttural in the Piel?
When does Piel lack Dagesh • II-Guttural (including II-‫ )ר‬always
Forte in 2nd root consonant? • II-Skin ‘em Levi when there is a Shewa under it.
• Polel = Piel
27.15 List some minor stems
• Polal = Pual
and what they mean.
• Hithpolel = Hithpael
27.15 Where are those minor • The Polel, Polal, and Hithpolel are used for Biconsonantals and
stems used? Geminates.
27.15 How is the Polel formed • The pattern is Polel: ‫פ*לֵ ל‬
for Biconsonantals? • Some forms use Pathach or Shewa instead of Tsere as stem vowel.

Piel Diagnostics
Infinitive Infinitive
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Participle
Construct Absolute
(3ms) &&
ֵ ּ &ִ
Strong &&ּ &
ַ ְ‫י‬ &&ּ &
ַ &&ּ &
ַ &&ּ &
ַ &&ּ &
ַ ‫ְמ‬
(1st/2nd) &&
ַ ּ &ִ
II-Gutt Virtual
&&&ִ &&&
ַ ְ‫י‬ &&&
ַ &&&
ַ &&&
ַ &&&
ַ ‫ְמ‬
Doubling
II-Gutt
Compensatory &&&
ֵ &&&
ָ ְ‫י‬ &&&
ָ &&&
ָ &&&
ָ &&&
ָ ‫ְמ‬
Lengthening

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapters 28 & 29 – The Pual Stem 39
Chapters 28 & 29 – The Pual Stem
28.2 What voice is the Pual stem? • Pual is Passive Voice
28.2 What does the Pual stem mean? • Passive version of the Piel.
28.2 Translate ‫ קטל‬in the Pual • “He was slaughtered”
In what conjugations does the Pual • It occurs in all conjugations, but only study the Perfect,
Stem occur? Imperfect, and Participle, because the others are very rare.
• The same diagnostics
29.3 Compare III-‫ א‬verbs to strong
• The stem vowel (which isn’t diagnostic) differs from the
verbs in the Pual. strong verb in many forms
• The same diagnostics
29.4 Compare III-‫ ה‬verbs to strong
• III-‫ ה‬verbs drop the III-‫ ה‬and add the usual III-‫ ה‬stem
verbs in the Pual.
vowels and endings.
• Always drop the Dagesh Forte in the II-Guttural
29.5–9 What are the two ways that II- • Virtual doubling has no other changes
Guttural verbs inflect in the Pual? • Compensatory lengthening
lengthens the preceding vowel (&ֻ
& ֹ )
29.9 Which letters count as a II-Guttural
• All letters that reject a Dagesh Forte: ‫ א ע ה ח‬and ‫ר‬
in the Pual?
When does the Pual lack the Dagesh • II-Guttural (including II-‫ )ר‬always
Forte in the 2nd root consonant? • II-Skin ‘em Levi when there is a Shewa under it.
When does the Pual lack the Qibbuts
• II-Guttural verbs that use compensatory lengthening.
vowel (&)
ֻ under the 1st root consonant?

How distinguish Pual II-Guttural • Check for distinctive Perfect or Participle endings.
Perfect with compensatory lengthening • &&ַֹ & Pual II-Guttural Perfect
from Qal Active Participle? • &&ֵ &ֹ or &&ֹ
ֶ & Qal Active Participle
• Polal = Passive Polel
29.13 What is the Polal stem?
• Polal = Pual for some Biconsonantal and geminate roots
• The pattern is Polal: ‫פ*לַ ל‬
29.13 How form the Polal stem? • Some forms use Shewa instead of Pathach as stem vowel.
• Forms where the Polel doesn’t use Tsere as the stem vowel
are identical in the Polel and the Polal.

Pual Diagnostics
Verb Class Perfect Imperfect Participle
Strong Verbs &&ּ &
ֻ &&ּ &
ֻ ְ‫י‬ &&ּ &
ֻ ‫ְמ‬

II-Gutt Virtual Doubling &&&

ֻ &&&
ֻ ְ‫י‬ &&&
ֻ ‫ְמ‬

II-Gutt Compensatory Lengthening &&&

ֹ &&&
ֹ ְ‫י‬ &&&
ֹ ‫ְמ‬

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40 Chapters 30 and 31 – The Hiphil Stem BBH2 Study Guide
Chapters 30 and 31 – The Hiphil Stem
30.2 What is the voice of the Hiphil? • Active voice
• Causative active (“he reigned”  “he caused to reign”)
• Simple action (Same as Qal)
30.2 What does the Hiphil mean?
• Declarative (“to be guilty”  “to declare guilty”)
• Factative (“to be great”  “to make someone great”)
30.12 What Hiphil forms are
• Hiphil Imperative 2MS = Hiphil Infinitive Absolute
identical?
31.8–9 What happens to III-‫ ה‬verbs in • Drop the III-‫ ה‬as usual
the Hiphil? • Add the usual III-‫ ה‬sufformatives and stem vowels
31.10–11 What happens to I-‫ נ‬verbs in
• The I-‫ נ‬assimilates to a Dagesh Forte in all forms.
the Hiphil?
31.12–13 What happens to I-‫ י‬verbs in
• The I-‫ י‬assimilates to Holem Waw in all forms.
the Hiphil?

Hiphil Diagnostics
Infinitive Infinitive
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Participle
Construct Absolute
(3rd) &‫ִה& ִ&י‬ (ms/fp) && ֵ &‫ַה‬
Strong &‫ַי& ִ&י‬ &‫ַה& ִ&י‬ &&
ֵ &‫ַה‬ &‫ַמ& ִ&י‬
(1st/2nd) && ַ &‫ִה‬ (fs/mp) &‫ַה& ִ&י‬

(3rd) &‫ֶה& ִ&י‬

I-Gutt = Strong = Strong = Strong = Strong = Strong
(1st/2nd) && ַ &‫ֶה‬

(ms/fp) && ַ &‫ַה‬

‫ח‬/‫ע‬
III-‫ח‬ ‫ע‬ = Strong = Strong = Strong = Strong = Strong
(fs/mp) = Strong

(3rd) = Strong
‫א‬
III-‫א‬ = Strong = Strong = Strong = Strong = Strong
(1st/2nd) &&ֵ &‫ִה‬

(3rd) &&‫ִה‬
‫ה‬
III-‫ה‬ &&‫ַי‬ &&‫ַה‬ &&‫ַה‬ &&‫ַה‬ &&‫ַמ‬
(1st/2nd) ‫ִה& ִ&י‬

(3rd) &‫ִה ִ&י‬ (ms/fp) && ֵ ‫ַה‬

I-‫ננ‬ &‫י ִַ&י‬ &‫ַה ִ&י‬ &&
ֵ ‫ַה‬ &‫ַמ ִ&י‬
(1st/2nd) && ַ ‫ִה‬ (fs/mp) &‫ַה ִ&י‬

(3rd) &‫ה*&י‬
ִ (ms/fp) &&*‫ה‬
ֵ
I-‫יי‬ &‫ה*&י‬
ִ &‫ה*&י‬
ִ &&*‫ה‬
ֵ &‫מ*&י‬
ִ
(1st/2nd) &&*‫ה‬
ַ (fs/mp) &‫ה*&י‬
ִ

(3rd) &‫ֵה ִ&י‬ (ms/fp) && ֵ ‫ָה‬

Bicons &‫י ִָ&י‬ &‫ָה ִ&י‬ &&
ֵ ‫ָה‬ &‫ֵמ ִ&י‬
(1st/2nd) &‫ֲ&י‬ִ ‫ה‬ (fs/mp) &‫ָה ִ&י‬

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BBH2 Study Guide Chapters 32 and 33 – The Hophal Stem 41
Chapters 32 and 33 – The Hophal Stem
32.2 What is the voice of the Hophal? • Passive
• Passive version of Hiphil.
32.2 What does the Hophil mean?
• Causative Passive (“He was made king”)
• Some use u-class vowels
 Usually Qibbuts
32.3, 32.9 What two types of Hophals  Some weak verbs use Shureq
occur? • Some use o-class vowels
 Usually Qamets Hatuf
 Some weak verbs use Holem or Holem Waw
• Connect two or more verbs with the conjunction ‫ְו‬
32.12 What is “Verbal Hendiadys”? • One verb is the main idea.
• The other verb(s) modify it as adverbs.
33.4–5 What happens to III-‫ ה‬verbs in • Drop the III-‫ ה‬as usual.
the Hophal? • Add the usual III-‫ ה‬sufformatives and stem vowels
33.6–7 What happens to I-‫ נ‬verbs in
• The I-‫ נ‬assimilates into a Dagesh Forte in all forms
the Hophal?
33.8–9 What happens to I-‫ י‬verbs in
• The I-‫ י‬changes to Shureq in all forms
the Hophal?

Hophal Diagnostics
Verb Class Perfect Imperfect Participle
Strong Verbs
&&
ַ &‫ֻה‬ &&
ַ &‫ֻי‬ &&
ָ &‫ֻמ‬
(U class)
Strong Verbs
&&
ַ &‫ָה‬ &&
ַ &‫ָי‬ &&
ָ &‫ָמ‬
(O class)
‫ה‬
III-‫ה‬ &&‫ָה‬ &&‫ָי‬ &&‫ָמ‬
I-‫ננ‬ &&
ַ ‫ֻה‬ &&ֻ
ַ ‫י‬ &&
ָ ‫ֻמ‬
I-‫יי‬ &&‫הּו‬
ַ &&‫יּו‬
ַ &&‫מּו‬
ָ
Biconsonantal &&‫הּו‬
ַ &&‫יּו‬
ַ &&‫מּו‬
ָ
Geminate &&‫הּו‬
ַ &&‫יּו‬
ַ &&‫מּו‬
ָ

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42 Chapters 34 and 35 – The Hithpael Stem BBH2 Study Guide
Chapters 34 and 35 – The Hithpael Stem
• Reflexive intensive (“he sanctified himself”)
• Reciprocal (“they looked at each other”)
34.2 What does the Hithpael mean?
• Iterative (“he walked back and forth”)
• Simple active, just like Qal
34.12 What is metathesis? • Switching the order of two side-by-side letters
• If first root consonant is ‫ ס ׂש ׁש‬or ‫צ‬, then the first root
34.12 When does metathesis occur in
consonant switches places with the ‫ ת‬of ‫ הת‬the prefix
the Hithpael?
• E.g., ‫ִהסת  ִהתס‬
34.13 When ‫ הת‬assimilate to &‫?ה‬
ּ • If the first root consonant is ‫ז‬, ‫ד‬, ‫ט‬, or ‫ת‬
35.3–4 What happens to III-‫ ה‬verbs in • Drop the III-‫ ה‬as usual.
the Hithpael? • Add the usual III-‫ ה‬sufformatives and stem vowels
• Always drop the Dagesh Forte in the II-Guttural
35.6–9 What are the two ways that II- • Virtual doubling has no other changes
Guttural verbs inflect in the Hithpael? • Compensatory lengthening
lengthens the preceding vowel (&
ַ
&)ָ
35.9 Which letters count as a II-
• All letters that reject a Dagesh Forte: ‫ א ע ה ח‬and ‫ר‬
Guttural in the Pual?
When does the Hithpael lack the • II-Guttural (including II-‫ )ר‬always
Dagesh Forte in the 2nd root
consonant? • II-Skin ‘em Levi when there is a Shewa under it.
• Hithpolel = Hithpael
35.13 What is the Hithpolel Stem?
• Used for some Biconsonantal and Geminate verbs
• The pattern is Hithpolel: ‫ִה ְתפ*לֵ ל‬
35.13 How is the Hithpolel spelled?
• Some forms use Shewa or Pathach as stem vowel.
• It means to worship by prostrating oneself on the ground.
35.14 What does the verbs ‫ ָחוָה‬mean,
• It occurs only in the Hishtaphel stem.
and in what stem does it occur?  &&&‫ִה ְׁשּת‬

Hithpael Diagnostics
Infinitive Infinitive
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Participle
Construct Absolute
Strong &&ּ &
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&ּ &
ַ ‫יִ ְת‬ &&ּ &
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&ּ &
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&ּ &
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&ּ &
ַ ‫ִמ ְת‬
‫ה‬
III-‫ה‬ &ּ &
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &ּ &
ַ ‫יִ ְת‬ &ּ &
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &ּ &
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &ּ &
ַ ‫ִמ ְת‬
II-Guttural
&&&
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&&
ַ ‫יִ ְת‬ &&&
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&&
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&&
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&&
ַ ‫ִמ ְת‬
Virtual Doubling
II-Guttural
Compensatory &&&
ָ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&&
ָ ‫יִ ְת‬ &&&
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&&
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&&
ַ ‫ִה ְת‬ &&&
ָ ‫ִמ ְת‬
Lengthening

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