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Anthony Cosgrove
Claire Wijayatilake
Second
Edition
C1
LEVEL 8
Anthony Cosgrove
Claire Wijayatilake
Second
Edition
C1
LEVEL 9

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Anthony Cosgrove Second

Claire Wijayatilake Edition LEVEL 9
STUDENT’S BOOK WITH EBOOK

Anthony Cosgrove
Claire Wijayatilake
Second
Edition
C1
LEVEL 9
Cambridge University Press
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CONTENTS
1 Family ties 8
2 Making a point 14
LIFE SKILLS Communication: Creating a positive first impression 20
3 When tomorrow comes 22
4 Food for thought 28
LIFE SKILLS Learning to learn: Setting realistic goals 34
REVIEW 1 36
5 On trend 38
6 The great escape 44
LIFE SKILLS Collaboration: Organising a trip 50
7 Digital planet 52
8 Fame at last! 58
LIFE SKILLS Digital literacy: Behaving appropriately online 64
REVIEW 2 66
9 Fit as a fiddle 68
10 Make or break 74
LIFE SKILLS Emotional development: Developing a growth mindset 80
11 Jog your memory 82
12 Changing times 88
LIFE SKILLS Social responsibilities: Making a difference 94
REVIEW 3 96
13 Economical with the truth 98
14 I’m working on it 104
LIFE SKILLS Critical thinking: Evaluating ideas, arguments and opinions 110
15 Born to lead 112
16 A new chapter 118
LIFE SKILLS Communication: How to write a CV 124
REVIEW 4 126

Prepare for the exam 128

Extra activities 150
Vocabulary list 154
Grammar reference and practice 160
 MAP OF THE BOOK
UNIT VOCABULARY READING GRAMMAR
1 FAMILY TIES Relationships The boomerang generation Habitual actions (past
page 8 Phrasal verbs with literal and Reading and Use of and present)
idiomatic meanings English Part 1
Three-part phrasal verbs
Reading and Use of
English Part 4

2 MAKING A POINT Communication Do animal have languages? The grammar of multi-

page 14 Colloquial expressions Reading and Use of word verbs
Reading and Use of English Part 5
English 2

Life Skills Communication: Creating a positive first impression page 20

3 WHEN TOMORROW Thinking of the future Could you be a super Review of future tenses
COMES Commonly confused words forecaster?
page 22 Reading and Use of Reading and Use of
English Part 1 English Part 2

4 FOOD FOR THOUGHT Food and drink The pop-up revolution Infinitives and gerunds
page 28 Food idioms and expressions Reading and Use of
Word formation: Suffixes English Part 6
Reading and Use of
English Part 3

Life Skills Learning to learn: Setting realistic goals page 34

Review 1 Units 1–4 page 36

5 ON TREND Clothes and fashion Because less is more – the Review of modals
page 38 Compound adjectives and mindful way to shop Expressions with modal
nouns Reading and Use of meanings
English Part 3 Reading and Use of
English Part 2

6 THE GREAT ESCAPE Travel and tourism Travel trends Modifying comparative
page 44 Adverbs and adjectives Reading and Use of and superlative
Reading and Use of English Part 7 adjectives
English Part 1

Life Skills Collaboration: Organising a trip page 50

7 DIGITAL PLANET Landscape The wonderful world of Conditionals and

page 52 Homophones, homonyms, waymarking conjunctions
homographs Reading and Use of Reading and Use of
English Part 1 English Part 4

8 FAME AT LAST Celebrity Celebrity worship syndrome Relative clauses

page 58 Dependent prepositions Reading and Use of Participle Clauses
Reading and Use of English Part 8
English Part 3

Life Skills Digital literacy: Behaving appropriately online page 64

Review 2 Units 5–8 page 66

Key to symbols:
C1 Advanced exam task Video

4
LISTENING SPEAKING WRITING VIDEO
Three short conversations about Talking about yourself The generation
family and friends Speaking Part 1 gap
Listening Part 1

An informal email Getting the

Writing Part 2 message across

A talk about living on Mars Discussing options The foreseeable

Listening Part 2 Speaking Part 3 future

An essay Something to
Writing Part 1 chew on

An interview about the fashion Comparing pictures Fashion statement

industry Speaking Part 2
Listening Part 3

A review Hit the road

Writing Part 2

Five short extracts about Contrasting opinions To the ends of the

innovative technologies and Speaking Part 3 and Part 4 earth
the environment
Listening Part 4

A formal email Don’t you know

Writing Part 2 who I am?

5
 UNIT VOCABULARY READING GRAMMAR
9 FIT AS A FIDDLE Health and fitness Beauty, health and fitness Cleft structures
page 68 Health: idioms fads Reading and Use of
Health: collocations Reading and Use of English Part 4
English Part 2

10 MAKE OR BREAK Challenges and achievements Mike Horn – The world’s Fronting
page 74 Verb phrases with make, take, ultimate adventurer Inversion
have and get Reading and Use of
Reading and Use of English Part 5
English Part 2

Life Skills Emotional development: Developing a growth mindset page 80

11 JOG YOUR MEMORY Memory and forgetting The past isn’t what it used Passives review
page 82 Prefixes to be! Causatives
Negative prefixes Reading and Use of
Reading and Use of English Part 8
English Part 3

12 CHANGING TIMES Social change Achieving social equality Modal passives

page 88 Synonyms and antonyms Reading and Use of
Reading and Use of English Part 6
English Part 1

Life Skills Social responsibilities: Making a difference page 94

Review 3 Units 9–12 page 96

13 ECONOMICAL WITH Truth and lies The Great Moon Hoax Impersonal reporting
THE TRUTH Phrasal verbs and nouns Reading and Use of structures
page 98 English Part 3 Structures used with
reporting verbs
Reading and Use of
English Part 1

14 I’M WORKING ON IT Work and careers You do what? Reported questions

page 104 Expressions with work Reading and Use of Reading and Use of
Complex prepositions English Part 7 English Part 4

Life Skills Critical thinking: Evaluating ideas, arguments and opinions page 110

15 BORN TO LEAD Heroes and leaders Inspired youth Ellipsis and substitution
page 112 Metaphors, similes and Reading and Use of Reading and Use of
euphemisms English Part 5 English Part 2

16 A NEW CHAPTER Work and study So, what next? Wishes, regrets and
page 118 Compound adjectives Reading and Use of preferences
Verb suffixes English Part 8
Reading and Use of
English Part 3

Life Skills Communication: How to write a CV page 124

Review 4 Units 13–16 page 126

Prepare for the exam page 128

Extra activities page 150

Vocabulary list page 154

Grammar reference and practice page 160

Key to symbols:
C1 Advanced exam task Video

6
LISTENING SPEAKING WRITING VIDEO
Three short conversations about Discourse markers In shape
health and fitness Speaking Part 1
Listening Part 1

An essay Going to extremes

Writing Part 1

A talk about the role of a Comparing photographs If memory serves

historical interpreter Speaking Part 2
Listening Part 2

A proposal All things being

Writing Part 2 equal

An interview about lying Agreeing and disagreeing That’s news to me

Listening Part 3 Speaking Part 3

A report Just the job

Writing Part 2

Five short extracts about who Collaborative task Leading lights

people admire Speaking Part 3 and Part 4
Listening Part 4

An email of The school of life

application
Writing Part 2

7
 1 FAMILY TIES
ABOUT YOU
01 Watch the video and then answer the questions.
Which family members and friends are you closest to?
Why do you think you have a particularly close
connection with them?
What did you enjoy most about your childhood?

VOCABULARY & READING

RELATIONSHIPS 3 Ask a partner five questions from Exercise 1.
4 Look at the title of the article opposite. What do
EP 1 Match the questions 1–10 to the answers a–j. you think the ‘boomerang generation’ is? Read the
1 Is there anyone in your family who rubs you up the introduction, ignoring the gaps, and check your ideas.
wrong way?
2 How important do you think it is for a family unit to be PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
close-knit?
3 Are you on good terms with your extended family? Reading and Use of English Part 1
4 Did your parents spoil you when you were young?
5 Do you think children without siblings sometimes miss 5 Look at the example (gap 0) and the correct answer.
out on fun? Is this question testing
6 Do you think children are generally most attached to the a collocation? b a set phrase? c precise meaning?
sibling closest in age to them?
7 Do you think anything or anyone could ever come 6 Read the full sentences containing gaps 1 and 2 and then
between you and your best friend? read the four options for each gap.
8 Is there anyone you’re not on speaking terms with? 1 Which option in question 1 means ‘a part of a total number
9 Do you generally see eye to eye with the older members or amount’?
of your family? 2 Which option in question 2 collocates with ‘majority of’ in
10 Would you say family ties are less important than they the text?
were in the past?
a Maybe, but brothers and sisters can be quite annoying! 7 Read the rest of the text again and decide which answer
(A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
b Definitely not! We’d never let anyone ruin our friendship.
c Well, not on all issues. My grandpa is quite traditional 0 A secure B sure C sound D safe
and we often disagree. 1 A figure B proportion C rate D degree
d For me, personally, it’s vital. I speak to my parents and 2 A overwhelming B overpowering C amazing D stunning
brother every day. 3 A budgets B payments C prices D costs
e Yes, there’s a girl at school I had a row with and we 4 A environment B background C climate D setting
haven’t spoken for months. 5 A by B about C along D in
f Not necessarily. I think it depends on their personalities 6 A downsides B disputes C troubles D flaws
and interests. 7 A come B make C take D get
g To some extent, yes. People move around for work and 8 A only B one C next D same
see each other less often.
h Absolutely. My cousins visit us every week. PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 128
i My little brother! He’s always winding me up!
j I suppose so. I had loads of toys and even a pony.
8 Read the rest of the article. Which writers had the most
2 Find expressions in Exercise 1 with these meanings. and least positive experience of returning to the family
1 have similar views to home? Compare your answers with your partner’s.
2 annoys
3 have a friendly relationship with 9 Read the article again and answer the questions.
4 strong connections between family members 1 Why was Alex concerned about what others might think
5 no longer have a relationship with about him moving back home?
6 give a child too many things or not enough discipline 2 Why does Alex think his current living arrangement is
7 a group of related individuals successful?
8 cause problems with 3 Why has Caitlin’s attitude towards family life changed?
9 have an emotional connection to 4 What disadvantages does she mention?
10 lose the chance to experience something 5 What problems has Oscar had with his family members?
11 united, helping and supporting each other 6 Why has Charlotte chosen to live with her grandparents
12 brothers and sisters at this stage of her life?

8 UNIT 1
THE BOOMERANG GENERATION 01

As a boomerang returns to the thrower, members of the ‘boomerang generation’ return to the parental home after university
or a period of living independently. It’s (0) D to say that this is the new normal. In the US, a marginally higher
(1) of 18–34-year-olds now live with their parents than live with a spouse or partner.
It might surprise some people that the (2) majority of them are satisfied with their living arrangements.
Although the primary reason for returning to the family unit is to keep living (3) down, many also find it
comforting to return to the protective (4) of home. Compared with previous generations, more of today’s
young adults find that their parents are easy to get (5) with.
Of course, there are (6) to returning home. It can be frustrating not to be able to throw parties, and your
siblings might still (7) on your nerves. Nevertheless, for those who can’t afford to go it alone, moving home is
often the (8) best thing.

Four young people tell us about their experiences as part of the ‘boomerang generation’

Alex, 24 Caitlin, 27
As an only child, I was – and still I come from a large, noisy,
am – very attached to both my close-knit family, and with
parents. I suppose I was a bit seven brothers and sisters,
spoilt as they gave me a lot of there is bound to be someone
attention. My dad would buy me who rubs you up the wrong
anything I asked for – within reason. way! I used to fantasize about
After university, I wanted to save up getting away and living alone. As
for a place of my own, so it made sense to soon as I turned 18, I took a gap year,
move back in with my parents. I was very aware of the which turned into four years, travelling and working
negative stereotypes of adult children ‘sponging off’ in Asia. It was amazing, but what surprised me
their poor mum and dad, but it isn’t like that for us. My was that whenever I heard news from home, I felt
parents are retired and are glad of a bit of company. I was missing out on family life. So, I decided to
I contribute to the household in different ways. I’ll do go back to Ireland and do my degree in my home
the weekly shop and pay the utility bills. Not only that, town. My sisters are forever borrowing my stuff and
but Mum and Dad are on really good terms with all my my brothers keep pestering me for help with their
friends, so they’re fine with them coming over. I think homework, but for now I’m just happy to be at home.
they’d have liked more children, to be honest.

Oscar, 19 Charlotte, 21
I’ve never really seen eye to eye I was mainly brought up by my
with my dad and older brother. grandparents as my parents
They’re really into fishing. They used to be in the military and
would ask me to come along, but were often abroad. I’m really
I could never see the attraction of proud of my mum and dad,
spending all day trying to catch your but as a child I was constantly
own food when you could just pop to begging them to come home. In spite
the supermarket. After I became a vegan, we of the time spent apart, our family ties have
weren’t even on speaking terms for a couple of years. always been strong. Now I realise it can’t have been
My brother even tried to come between Mum and me. easy for them to leave their only child for long periods.
I was desperate to leave home and took a live-in job These days I’m taking care of my elderly grandparents.
at a hotel. After a year, I got a better job, but it meant They were always there for me and now it’s my turn to
I had no choice but to move back home. Not much has look after them. I can’t deny there’s a slight generation
changed, really. Now when my brother criticises me, gap between us, but we don’t let it bother us.
I usually just ignore him.

TALKING POINTS
What do you think is a good age to move out of home?
What do you think you would enjoy or find difficult about living at home as an adult?
FAMILY TIES 9
 GRAMMAR 3 Complete the blog with a word or phrase from the
box. Use each one once only.
HABITUAL ACTIONS T)
(PAST AND PRESEN
always forever keep ’m going
used to usually will would

1 Read the extracts from the article and complete the

corresponding rules with the correct tense.
How is your life different now
1 Now when my brother criticises me, I usually just
ignore him. from when you were a child?
2 I’ll do the weekly shop and pay the utility bills.
3 These days I’m taking care of my elderly grandparents.
4 My sisters are forever borrowing my stuff and my brothers
keep pestering me for help with their homework, but for
now I’m just happy to be at home.
5 I was mainly brought up by my grandparents as my parents
used to be in the military.
6 My dad would buy me anything I asked for – within reason.
7 I’m really proud of my mum and dad, but as a child I was
Generally speaking, I had a very happy childhood.
constantly begging them to come home.
We 1 live in the countryside. Every
morning I 2 go to the orchard and
Present habits
pick up any apples that had fallen. And I was
1 To talk about present habits, we use (usually) + 3
climbing trees and playing games
.
with my cousins. Now life couldn’t be more
2 can also be used for present habits.
different. I 4 wake up early and I don’t
3 To talk about new habits, we use .
stop until I fall into bed. I 5 get about
4 To talk about annoying habits we use always /
six hours sleep if I’m lucky. I 6 saying
constantly / forever + and
I’m going to reduce my working hours but it never
+ -ing.
happens. My boss is 7 putting me in
Past habits charge of new projects, saying I’m the only one who
5 To talk about states in the past we use can handle them. Now I 8 into the office
. on Saturdays too, and I’m starting to resent that.
6 To talk about past habits, we use used to or
.
7 To talk about annoying habits in the past we use always / 4 Prepare your own answer to the question ‘How
constantly / forever + or kept + -ing. is your life different now from when you were a
child?’ Share your ideas with your partner.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 160 5 Rewrite the sentences using a different structure
from Exercise 1.
2 Read the pairs of sentences. Do they have a similar 0 Pia and I get on well now but in the past we didn’t.
meaning or different meanings? Explain the differences Pia and I didn’t use to get on well but we do now.
to a partner. 1 Mandy often interrupts when I’m speaking, which
1 a Maya goes to the gym every morning at 7. I don’t like.
b Maya is going to the gym every morning at 7. 2 When I was younger, I was a huge hip-hop fan.
2 a We often take our grandparents out for a drive in the 3 Lee has recently started doing Pilates every morning.
countryside on Sundays. 4 I hated sharing with my sister as she often messed up
b We’ll often take our grandparents out for a drive in the our room.
countryside on Sundays. 5 My dad and I hardly ever missed a Saturday match.
3 a The twins keep disturbing me when I’m trying to work. 6 Our coach sometimes gives us a lift home after a
b The twins are forever disturbing me when I’m trying match.
to work.
4 a Grandad always tells us stories about being in the army. 6 Correct any mistakes in these sentences. One is
b Grandad is always telling us stories about being in the correct.
army. 1 In the past parents and children used to not discuss
5 a When I was a child, I used to build camps in the woods problems as openly as they do nowadays.
with my brothers. 2 It was used to be more common for three generations
b When I was a child, I would build camps in the woods with to live together.
my brothers. 3 My cousin was forever bringing home stray animals.
6 a Our cousin Ameena didn’t use to play with us. 4 Alicia was upset because her classmates kept
b Our cousin Ameena wouldn’t play with us. constantly leaving her out.
7 a My older brother was constantly getting into trouble as 5 Sameer use to rub his brother up the wrong way.
a child. 6 When I was a child, I would be so shy that I hardly
b My older brother used to get into trouble as a child. spoke to anyone.

7 TURN TO PAGE 150.

10 UNIT 1
 VERBS
VOCABULARY THREE-PART PHRASAL
PHRASAL VERBS WITH LITERAL
GS
AND IDIOMATI MEANIN
C 02 5 Listen to two friends, Becky and Zack, discussing their
friends’ relationship. What has happened and why? What
do Becky and Zack think about it?
EP 1 Choose a phrasal verb from the box that fits both
sentences in the pair. Add it to the sentences in
the correct form. Which sentences, a or b, have a
EP 6 Listen again and write the three-
part phrasal verbs you hear.
literal meaning? 02 1 I really can’t
break off come over count on all the drama with your friends.
get on get over run down 2 Amy had let Callum
his
1 a Nowadays I usually the bus at thoughtless behaviour for
Piccadilly Circus. too long and she’s finally
b I still really well with my all him.
cousins. 3 Do you mean the way he
2 a Archie the road yelling when he her family because they aren’t as well-off as his?
saw flames coming out of his house. 4 I’d never that kind of thing.
b It was a shame that the candidate 5 He thought he could the way he’d been
his opponent on national TV. acting with a bunch of roses!
3 a Charlie a small piece of 6 Yes. I really people who refuse to be
chocolate and handed it to Sophie. treated badly.
b Grace the engagement just 7 Anyway, it was great to you, Zack.
weeks before the wedding.
4 a Ben, here a minute – I want to 7 Match these meanings to phrasal verbs in Exercise 6.
ask you something. 1 compensate for 6 escape the consequences of
b Even though Beth may as 2 admire and respect your action
unfriendly, she’s actually really nice. 3 follow 7 consider yourself superior to
5 a I can’t do maths. I have to my 4 challenge 8 tolerate
fingers. 5 exchange news
b Jaime is a very reliable person. You can always
him.
6 a We need to this wall. Can you PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
manage it?
b Clara has never really the Reading and Use of English Part 4
death of her pet dog five years ago.
8 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
2 Match the verbs in the b sentences in Exercise 1 to Do not change the word given. You must use between
the verbs in the box which have a similar meaning.
three and six words, including the word given.
criticise depend on end recover from
1 You should never consider yourself superior to
have a good relationship with seem
people who have less money than you. LOOK
It is not right people who have
EP 3 Match the phrasal verbs in the sentences to the less money than you.
definitions in the box. 2 I know I sometimes seem quite extroverted
but I’m actually rather shy. COME
cheated don’t punish
I know I tend quite extroverted,
criticising repeatedly and unkindly
but I’m actually rather shy.
tell you about it and get your opinion
3 Adrian never recovers from an argument very
1 Stop getting at me! Can’t you see I’m doing my best? quickly. AGES
2 Often the police let off people who are caught It always over an argument.
shoplifting. 4 I usually meet my friends once a week to find out
3 I think I just got ripped off. They charged me €10 for what they’re doing. CATCH
a can of cola. It is with my friends once a week.
4 I’ve had a good idea. Can I run it by you? 5 My dad constantly criticises me because I don’t
help with the chores. GETTING
4 Complete the sentences with a phrasal verb from My dad is always helping
Exercise 3 in the correct form. with the chores.
1 If you the plaster 6 The restaurant offered us a free meal to
quickly, it doesn’t hurt as much. compensate for the poor service. MAKE
2 I need to stand on a stepladder in order to The restaurant offered us a free meal in
things on the top shelf. the poor service.
3 I just saw Amira my window.
4 You are not allowed to your dog PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 131
its lead in this park.

9 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 150.

FAMILY TIES 11
 LISTENING

1 Share a childhood memory with a

partner.

2 Look at the exam task opposite. What

are you told about the situation in each
extract before listening?

3 Read the context, questions and

options for Extract One opposite and
underline the key words.

03 4 Listen to Extract One. Answer both

questions and compare your answers
with a partner. Then listen again
and discuss why the other options
are wrong.

5 Read some parts from Extract One

(1–4). Which parts ‘highlight the
differences in their personalities’?
Which imply they ‘fought occasionally
but got over it quickly’?
1 Woman: Do you remember when we
found that derelict old house? It was so
cool. I was desperate to explore, but you
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
were reluctant to go in. You thought it
might be haunted. Listening Part 1
2 Woman: I never worried about things Extract One
like that, but you were a more cautious You hear two friends talking about their childhood friendship.
child, weren’t you? I was the rebellious
1 Why does the woman talk about the derelict house?
one, but you always tagged along with a
A to highlight the differences in their personalities
bit of persuasion.
B as an example of the good times they had together
3 Woman: We were inseparable for years,
C to point out that their adventures didn’t end well
but it wasn’t always a walk in the park.
I seem to remember our relationship 2 What do the man and woman agree about their friendship?
could be quite stormy at times. A They had a close and easy-going relationship.
4 Man: Maybe, but we always patched B They preferred each other to their siblings.
things up before too long. I’d just say C They fought occasionally but got over it quickly.
you were right so that we could get on
Extract Two
with the next bit of mischief.
You hear two friends talking about having brothers and sisters.
04 6 Listen to Extracts Two and Three twice 3 The girl is angry with her brother because
and answer questions 3–6. A he hasn’t been open and honest with her recently.
B he doesn’t show enough respect to their parents.
7 Discuss the questions with a partner. C he isn’t trying to save for his education.
1 Do you agree that we often remember 4 Why does the boy say he would like a sibling?
our childhood as being more positive A to be able to understand his friends’ family life better
than it actually was? B to have someone to keep him company
2 Do you think people’s attitude towards C to lower his parents’ expectations of him
being an only child or having siblings
changes as they get older? Extract Three
3 Do you think the grandparents, the You hear two friends discussing a documentary they have watched about
parents or the children usually benefit multi-generational households.
most from living in a multi-generational 5 What do they disagree about?
household? A the grandma’s commitment to looking after the children full-time
B the strength of the bond between the grandma and grandchildren
C the role of the mum and dad’s parenting skills in the family
6 The man points out that the documentary maker
A covered the topic extensively.
B failed to present a balanced argument.
C offered few new insights into family dynamics.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 142

12 UNIT 1
 SPEAKING PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
LF
TALKING ABOUT YOURSE Speaking Part 1

1 Complete the questions with a word or short phrase. 5 Look again at the questions in Exercise 1. Think
There may be several possibilities. Then ask and answer about how you could improve the answers you
them with a partner. gave, using some of the phrases from the Prepare
a What activities do you doing with your to speak box. Ask and answer the questions again
family? with a different partner.
b spend time with one or two friends or a
group of friends? 6 Ask and answer these questions.
c Is there anything you in the place where 1 What did you like most about the place where you
you live? grew up?
d What kind of do you look for in a friend? 2 Do you spend more time interacting with friends in
e Who are you to in your family? person or online?
f What is your social media app? 3 How did you usually spend your holidays when you
were a child?
05 2 Listen to a student answering the questions in Exercise 4 How often do you spend time with your extended
1. In which order were the questions answered? Do you family?
think the questions were the same as yours? 5 What sports and activities do you do with your
friends?
06 3 Listen again. Pause the recording after each of the girl’s 6 Which of your family members is most similar
answers and answer these questions.
to you?
After question …
a how many ways does she express likes and dislikes? PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 146
b what common phrase does she begin her answer with?
c what phrases does she use to organise her points?
d what qualities does she look for in a friend?
e which phrasal verbs does she use?
f which verb forms does she use to talk about her present
habits?

4 Read the extracts from the student’s answers. Use the

expressions in italics to complete the Prepare to speak box.
• Well, actually I’m a huge fan of TikTok.
• My family are extremely keen sailors but I don’t find sailing
enjoyable at all.
• All of us are totally into action films, though.
• It doesn’t matter to me if they’re smart or popular, but they
do have to be tolerant and open-minded.
• I can’t bear people who show off or talk about how much
money they have.
• I’m not bothered about how many friends I have: it’s what
they’re like that matters.
• Actually, it’s not really my kind of place and rather than
change one or two things, I think I’ll move somewhere
else when I’m older.

PREPARE TO SPEAK
Likes
I’m a 1 …
I’m 2 …
I’m crazy about …
Dislikes
I3 …
I can’t 4 …
It’s not 5 …
I loathe …
Neutral
I don’t have strong views on …
I don’t really mind if/whether …
It doesn’t 6 …
I’m not 7 …

FAMILY TIES 13
 2 MAKING A POINT
ABOUT YOU
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
02 Watch the video and then answer the questions.
Do you find it easy to get your message across when Reading and Use of English Part 5
you’re talking to people?
Do you have a favourite word in English? 4 You are going to read an article about animal
communication. For questions 1–6, choose the
answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best
according to the text.

VOCABULARY & READING 1 The writer mentions dog owners to demonstrate that
A anyone can quickly learn to train animals to
COMMUNICATION communicate.
B animals often develop characters similar to those of
1 Read the extract and decide if you think it was right the people around them.
that the horse was called Clever Hans. C many people assume that their animals can
understand them.
‘My horse Hans D they are better at following animal communication
is a genius,’ than scientists.
shouted the 2 What does the writer suggest about Eva Meijer’s book in
man in the the second paragraph?
long coat to A It presents a rather one-sided view.
the assembled B It is detailed and highly original.
crowd. ‘Just C It is based on interview data which she collected herself.
watch.’ He D It addresses a question which it is impossible to fully
turned to the answer.
horse. ‘Clever 3 The case of Washoe the chimp indicates that animals can
Hans,’ he said, A explain the reasons for the way they are feeling.
B respond emotionally to what a person has experienced.
‘If the eighth
C be taught to copy the sounds of human language
day of the month comes on a Tuesday, what is
successfully.
the date of the following Friday?’ Slowly, Clever
D learn to value the company of humans more than
Hans raised his leg eleven times, and then
their own species.
stopped. The crowd simply could not believe it.
4 In the fourth paragraph, we learn that the writer is
doubtful whether Kosik the elephant
A knew what the words he seemed to produce
actually meant.
EP 2 Put a–i in order to complete the story. Then turn to B could learn words as efficiently as other species
page 150 to find out how Hans got the answer.
of mammal.
The other day I was flicking through an old book when
C knew enough words to convey his feelings about
I came across the story of Clever Hans, the horse who
being in captivity.
a to raise eyebrows. However, some sceptical D would have used the words he learned to
b been giving away the answer to Hans, perhaps communicate with other elephants.
c was reputedly so clever that he could read, tell the time 5 What conclusion about animals can be drawn from the
d put the horse’s success at this down to his phenomenal work of Barbara Smuts?
intelligence. Crowds followed Hans and Von Osten A Scientists can examine their behaviour for long
e and count. Hans’s owner, Wilhelm von Osten, asserted periods without learning very much.
that the horse could even perform mathematical B With time, researchers get better at recognising what
calculations. When asked they are communicating.
f wherever they went. The pair would immediately C Analysing the behaviour of one species has helped to
launch into their show, and Hans’s performances always interpret the actions of another.
managed D It’s better for researchers to engage with them rather
g a question, the number of times Hans raised his leg in than hide from them.
reply denoted his response. Von Osten 6 In the final paragraph, the writer refers to Eva Meijer’s
h observers attributed Hans’s success to the fact that he choice of words to suggest that
was able to make eye contact with Von Osten, so they A concepts are explained clearly throughout the book.
thought that the man must have B her book should have taken a more scientific approach.
i by winking at him once he had reached the correct C there is more technical detail in the book than
number of leg movements. This raised the question: just readers need.
what was going on? D the content of the book is very different from what
the title suggests.
3 Check that you know the meaning of the words and
phrases. What words or phrases could replace them?
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 132

14 UNIT 2
 DO ANIMALS HAVE

LANGUAGES? 07

The reality of animal communication – or, more precisely, whales, are reputedly one of the five mammal species
our belief in its reality – is demonstrated not by laboratory known to be able to learn and make new sounds (we are
studies, but by our own direct experience. Any dog the fifth of course). Elephants use their trunk or mouth
owner makes eye contact with their pet, notices its body to make sounds (which sound surprisingly human-like).
movements, listens to its barks, and associates these with Interestingly, the sound that elephants use to denote
the context in which they occur. The owner projects onto the ‘human being’ also indicates danger, at least according
dog a sense of awareness similar to the one they possess to Meijer.
themselves. And since the dog’s responses are consistent This illustrates one of the book’s central points. If we are
with what is expected when their owner smiles or winks at going to understand animal languages, then we need
them, they claim to ‘know’ that the dog communicates. to see the world more from their perspective. Someone
Almost anyone who has owned a pet or visited a zoo would who pioneered this now unfashionable approach was
assert that this is the case. Animals do communicate. But the ‘baboon anthropologist’ Barbara Smuts, who spent
do they have languages? This endlessly fascinating question 25 years in Kenya and Tanzania with these animals.
is the target of Eva Meijer’s Animal Languages: The Secret For two of those years, she spent time with a group of
Conversations of the Living World. The confident tone of its baboons from sunrise to sunset, rapidly realising that
title, and its use of the plural ‘conversations’ gives away her the old scientific dogma of staying out of the way and
plans for an unambiguous and decisive yes. Gathering every remaining invisible was ineffective. For instance, if she
study and anecdote she can find from right across the animal failed to respond to the baboons’ attempts to greet her,
kingdom, she launches into her argument that animals could it made them visibly tense. One anecdote from Smuts’
– no, in fact do – have languages. work reveals how little we understand the thoughts which
It’s certainly worth flicking through the book. Meijer launches might be central to animal communication. She observed
into a series of fascinating accounts of animal-to-human baboons sitting around a pool, all gazing into the water
communication. Take Washoe, the chimp brought up by an together before going to sleep, as if they were somehow
American couple in the 1960s as if she was a human child. in touch with each other. Elephants have been observed
Using her fingers, she learned to ‘sign’ some 250 words. acting similarly. Smuts’ approach enabled her to get
Later, when she was living in a laboratory, one of her keepers closer than anyone to working out what the baboons
became pregnant and went away. On her return, she used might actually be thinking.
signs to tell the chimp that she had lost her baby. Washoe Meijer demonstrates that animals are more sophisticated
went quiet, and then made the sign for ‘crying’. than we give them credit for, although readers might take
Kosik, an Indian elephant kept captive in a zoo in a South issue with some of her claims. For example, she uses
Korean theme park, certainly raised eyebrows when he the term ‘dialects’ to describe the regional differences
taught himself to vocalise words (in Korean) including in the patterns of the songs of birds and whales, but
‘hello’, ‘sit’ and ‘good’. Elephants’ particular ability to learn people have dialects, not animals, and the more cautious
vocabulary is attributed by Meijer to their excellent memory, term ‘variations’ might have been better. Also, she draws
although it’s unclear whether the sounds Kosik was able to conclusions without backing them up; for example, when
make in fact signified anything to him at all. Personally, I’d talking about ‘bee grammar’, she starts by saying ‘it
put Kosik’s willingness to make these sounds down to his has been argued’ and three sentences later discusses
loneliness in the zoo, and his consequent wish to bond with it as if it is an undisputed fact. In order to prove that the
humans around him. Elephants, along with bats, seals and communicative behaviour of animals can be considered
‘languages’, as suggested by the title, why didn’t she
support her ideas with more evidence?

TALKING POINTS
Would you want to read this book? Why? / Why not?
To what extent do you think animals can
communicate?
If animals really could speak to humans, what do you
think they would try to tell us?
MAKING A POINT 15
 GRAMMAR 6 Complete the sentences with the verb and object
in brackets. More than one answer may be
THE GRAMMAR OF S possible.
MULTI-WORD VERB 1 Marc’s parents (bring up / him)
to speak Italian at home.
1 Read the extracts from the article and complete the 2 We’ll be studying the Renaissance next term, so I’d
corresponding rules using three of the phrases from like you to (read up on / that) in
the box. the holidays.
1 It’s certainly worth flicking through the book. 3 Lucinda (take after / her mum)
2 A couple brought Washoe up as if she was a human child. – she picks up languages really quickly.
3 Staying out of the way and remaining invisible was ineffective. 4 The lesson was difficult today, and I’m not sure I
4 Later, when she was living in a laboratory, one of her keepers succeeded in (take in / it all).
became pregnant and went away. 5 My young cousin drew me a picture of him fighting
5 She draws conclusions without backing them up. a dinosaur, which really (cheer
up / me).
after the particles before the particles
6 We all felt that we (let down /
after the verb before the verb
our coach) because we didn’t win the match.

1 Some phrasal verbs such as flick through and three-part

7 Complete questions 1–5 by adding the words in
a–e in the correct order. Then answer them.
phrasal verbs such as stay out of are inseparable; in other
1 Are you more likely to leave a voicemail for a friend
words, the object must go . (through
that you , or call back later?
and out of).
2 Is there anyone ? In what way?
2 Other phrasal verbs, such as bring up and back up, are
3 If you’ve been asked for your
separable; i.e. the object can go (bring
studies, do you prefer to do it on a computer or
and back), but (up and up).
phone, or have the information on paper?
3 Some phrasal verbs don’t have an object (i.e. they are
4 If you’re ever feeling a bit down, what’s the best
intransitive) e.g. go away.
way ?
5 When you’re speaking to someone, do you find
2 Put the word in brackets in the correct place in the that if you use your hands?
sentence. Both options may be possible. a yourself up to cheer
1 There was no scientific research to back up b in after your take you family who
. (the theory) c to up on something read
2 There was no scientific research to back up d across it’s get your easier to point
. (it) e through to the can’t get on phone
3 There was no scientific research to back up
. (the unusual and highly unlikely theory)
I’ve always kept up with the news, and even when I
3 Complete the rules for separable phrasal verbs with was a kid, I wanted to know what was going on in the
world. There are several journalists in my family who I
before or after.
looked up to when I was growing up, which is probably
If the object of a separable phrasal verb is a noun, it can go why I decided to follow in their footsteps. I often
either 1 the verb and 2 listen out for local stories on the radio. The other day,
the particle or 3
the particle. I heard about a guy people were calling the Squirrel
Man, who was basically turning up unannounced in
If the object is a pronoun, it goes 4 the
random places like shopping centres and parks, wearing
verb and 5 the particle.
a red squirrel costume. I just had to go and check this
If the object is a long noun phrase, it usually goes
guy out and see if there was some kind of message that
6
the particle.
he was hoping to get across. Maybe he was hoping
to raise awareness of endangered
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 160 species? I eventually tracked
him down and got a photo
of him. He took his mask off,
4 Correct any mistakes in these sentences. One sentence is but instead of explaining
correct.
his behaviour, he
1 I don’t earn much but I manage to get by it.
just kept making
2 Jake failed an exam last week and he still hasn’t got it over.
squeaking
3 We have a history test next week, so I need to read up on the
noises. Perhaps
Second World War.
he’s just a guy
4 Thanks for inviting me for the weekend – I’m really looking
who likes
forward it to.
dressing up!
5 Read the text opposite and put the phrasal verbs into three
columns: separable / inseparable / intransitive.

16 UNIT 2
 VOCABULARY PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
ONS
COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSI Reading and Use of English Part 2

6 Read the text below and think of the word which

best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.

1 Match the expressions with similar meanings. Which one in

each pair is colloquial (informal)?
Check it out. That’s inconvenient.
What a pain (in the neck)! I totally agree. A new start
You can say that again! Look at this. My dad has two-year postings in different
countries for his job and, (0) because
08 2 Listen to four short conversations. Which is about … of this, we move around a lot. It’s pretty
a being late? cool, except that where we’re going next is
b a person not making a good first impression? usually left up in the air (1)
c something that might not happen? the last minute. To be fair to Dad, he always
d somebody struggling to find something? does his best to (2) us in
the picture as much as possible. We’ve lived
EP 3 Listen again and match the sentence halves. (3) over the place in Europe,
1 But when the main roles were up so we feel we know it inside out, but we’d
08 2 Not sure, it’s all up in never been to another continent. So when a
3 Well I hope they’ll keep you job in Australia (4) up for
4 It’s about grabs, we were thrilled – it was about time we
5 Look Darren, I couldn’t went (5) more exotic!
6 I think we might have got off We arrived in Sydney the day before I started
7 … when I shook his hand, I couldn’t keep at my new school. Although I was desperate
8 In the end, yeah, but it was easier said to check (6) our new home,
9 I thought I knew it I went straight to bed – the thing was, I didn’t
10 Well, I went all over want to be half asleep when I met my new
a care less what colour shirt you have on! classmates and get (7)
b on the wrong foot, I’m afraid. on the wrong foot with them. Still, that’s
c the air at the moment. easier said (8) done when
d in the picture. I mean, you want to know if you’re in it or not! you’re jetlagged. Luckily, everyone was really
e a straight face. He must have thought it was a bit weird. welcoming!
f the place looking for this little shop.
g for grabs, no-one wanted them!
h than done. Took me ages!
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 129
i time! We said seven, not ten past!
j inside out. Where all the shops are, all the street names …
7 Complete the questions with one of the
4 Which of the expressions in Exercise 3 means … expressions you have just learned. Then ask and
1 begin a relationship or meeting badly, for example by arguing answer them with a partner.
or disagreeing? 1 Have you ever been in a situation where you
2 have a detailed knowledge of something? , even though it was not
3 available? appropriate to laugh? What happened and how did
4 in or to lots of different locations? you feel about it?
5 uncertain? 2 Have you ever with someone
6 keep someone updated and informed? when you first met them, only to become friends
7 stop yourself from laughing when something is very funny? with them later?
3 What’s your room like? Do you have stuff
5 Which of the expressions might you use if , or is everything very tidy?
1 you have no interest in something (and are possibly a bit 4 Have you made plans yet for the weekend after next,
annoyed)? or are things still ?
2 something which sounds simple is actually difficult? 5 If a friend messaged the whole class to say they
3 something which should have happened before is had one spare ticket to see your
finally happening? favourite band, how would you reply?

MAKING A POINT 17
 WRITING
AN INFORMAL EMAIL

1 Discuss the questions.

1 Have you ever given a presentation in class?
2 What makes for a really effective presentation?
3 What advice would you give to a classmate who is going
to give a presentation?

2 Read the task and Noah’s answer (ignoring the gaps).

Are any of Noah’s ideas the same as yours?
You have received this email from a friend:

3 Complete Noah’s answer by putting a–h into the

I’ve volunteered to give a presentation on a group correct gaps.
project to all my classmates – in English! I’d a Tell you what
like to ask your advice. What’s the best way to b Whatever you do
prepare for a presentation? And how can I make c it goes without saying that
sure I deliver it as effectively as possible? d So if you want a good tip
Thanks in advance! e And this is what
Cheers, f But do you know what a lot of people get wrong
Francis g Believe me, that’s the last thing
h good on you for

Write your email in reply. 4 What is the effect of adding the phrases in Exercise 3?
Choose as many answers as you like.
1 It shows Noah seems friendly.
2 It connects Noah’s ideas together.
Hi Francis,
3 It shows that Noah wants to help Francis.
Great to hear from you – 1 4 It makes the email sound more like spoken English.
putting yourself forward for that presentation! I’ve
had a think about some tips for you, and this is 5 Which of these comments do you agree with?
what I’ve come up with. 1 Noah has fully addressed Francis’s questions in a helpful
First up, before you start, you might want to way.
consider what your audience already know about 2 Paragraphs are used appropriately in the email.
the topic, and what you think they’d like to know. 3 Noah shouldn’t start sentences with ‘And’ or ‘But’ and
Of course, 2 there’s no point would lose marks for this.
going on about stuff they already know! 4 There are too many different punctuation marks (… / – /
Obviously, thorough preparation is essential. ? / !), which is inappropriate for a message to a friend.
3
? They spend ages preparing 5 Sentences with subjects and/or (auxiliary) verbs omitted
nice slides, but next to no time practising what at the beginning, e.g. Great to hear from you / Tell you
they’re going to say. 4 , it’s this: what are suitable examples of an informal style.
go easy on the time you spend putting your slides
together, and spend more time rehearsing the 6 Match extracts 1–6 from Noah’s email to the uses of
this and that (a–f).
presentation the way you’ll deliver it. Then do it
again; this can make your presentation even better. 1 I’ve had a think about some tips for you, and this is what
I have come up with.
As for delivering the presentation, well, a lot
2 So if you want a good tip, it’s this: go easy on the time
depends on your body language and voice.
you spend putting your slides together …
5
, don’t read from a script – if
3 … spend time rehearsing the presentation… Then do it
you did that, your voice would become flat
again; this can make your presentation even better.
and dull. 6 your audience
4 … don’t read from a script – if you did that, your voice
would want! Besides, if you’re looking at a
would become flat and dull.
sheet of paper, then you can’t be making eye
5 Believe me, that’s the last thing your audience would
contact with your audience at the same time.
want!
7
enables you to gain their trust
6 … why don’t we arrange a Zoom call … How does
and attention.
that sound?
8
– why don’t we arrange a
Zoom call in a few days so you can practise your a emphasising how bad something is
presentation on me? How does that sound? b referring to something for the speaker to think about
c recommending the thing that’s just been mentioned
All the best,
d referring forwards to the idea in the rest of the sentence
Noah e advising against the thing that’s just been mentioned
f referring forwards to the ideas in the rest of the email

18 UNIT 2
7 Choose this or that to complete these extracts from messages. 9 Discuss these questions.
1 Hi Jake, You were asking how we could earn some money at In your country, what kinds of things would be
weekends. Well, is what I think we could do. considered polite or impolite when:
First, we could get a…. • having a meal with someone
2 There are lots of hotels near the airport where we could stay. • visiting a person in their home
Having said , they’ll be expensive, so maybe a • getting into a lift with other people
campsite would be more affordable.
3 It’s been a really hard week of revising. But enough of
– I just want to check that you can still come PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
round to mine tomorrow.
4 I had to tidy my room this morning, and I was thinking, ‘I’m sick of Writing Part 2 (an email)
doing – I want to go out and see my friends!’
5 Dear Sally, There’s no way you should quit college now. If you did 10 You have received an email from an English
, you’d be missing out on all the opportunities friend.
you get at uni.
6 This morning, I overslept, woke up with a headache – and missed Anyway, guess what – at college, I’m
the bus! Isn’t typical! doing a research project about attitudes
7 There is a photography course at my local college, but it’s really in different countries around the world
expensive, so rather than doing , I just learn towards politeness. I wanted to ask you
through free video tutorials. for examples of what is considered to
8 In a few days, we’ll be sitting on the beach watching the sunset be polite in your country, how important
and thinking, ‘ is the life!’ politeness is, and whether you think
people’s attitudes regarding politeness
8 Read this extract from an email, then complete the sentences are likely to change in the future?
below with some of the expressions used in the email. That’d be a massive help. Thanks!
Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Cheers,
Taj

I’m so excited – not just because you’re coming Write your email. Remember to use informal
to stay – but also because I’ll have a chance colloquial language and to use some of the
to show you round the city – its canals and phrases from the Prepare to write box to link
monuments, not to mention all the shops! your ideas together.
Another thing we can do is visit the Dostoevsky
Museum or the Stroganov Palace, as well as the PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 141
world-famous Hermitage Museum. And apart
from that, there are lots of beautiful parks around
the city. Let me know if you think of anything else
you’d like to do while you’re here. In any case, PREPARE TO WRITE
we’ll have an amazing time, whatever we do!
Getting started
Here goes …
1 The Topkapi Palace is one of Istanbul’s must-see attractions, and
First up, …
you shouldn’t miss is the Grand Bazaar.
2 I’ve been doing my homework, but , I haven’t Adding information
done much – just chilling out really. Apart from that, …
3 The Pizza Festival is a weekend of fun and entertainment – Another thing …
the amazing food of course! Besides …
4 I can’t remember if the flights to Paris from here land at Orly … as well as …
Airport or Charles de Gaulle – , I know I can fly Stating something that is obvious
direct to Paris, that’s the main thing. It goes without saying that …
5 Near my home, there’s a national park where you can go caving Needless to say, …
and climbing, kayaking and mountain biking. … not to mention …
6 Everyone should try skydiving – for the views, I know it seems obvious, but …
but also for the sheer excitement of it!
Emphasising important points
Whatever you do, …
If you want a good tip, it’s this: …
… not just … but also …
Introducing a suggestion
(I’ll) tell you what – …
Come to think of it, …
You know what, why don’t you …?

MAKING A POINT 19
 LIFE SKILLS COMMUNICATION
CREATING A POSITIVE FIRST IMPRESSION
LIFE SKILLS
09 5 Listen to the conversations and answer the questions.
Creating a positive first impression 1 Where is Jack?
We only get a single chance to make a first impression 2 Why is he there?
on somebody, so it’s essential that we make it a 3 Who calls him?
positive one. This is true both in informal and formal 4 Who are Melanie and Sandeep?
situations, and especially true in job or university
interviews, on our first day at work, or when meeting 09 6 Listen again and answer the questions.
members of the public in a formal capacity, such as 1 What does Jack enjoy about his football coaching job?
working as a volunteer. 2 Why does Melanie ask Jack to be the basketball coach?
3 What does Jack do that annoys Melanie?
4 Why can’t Sandeep be the basketball coach?
5 What is Sandeep worried about?
6 What was Jack doing while Sandeep was talking?

7 Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 Which advice from the top tips article does Jack follow?
2 Which phrases from the article does he use?
3 How could he have made a better first impression on
Melanie and Sandeep?

LAST
1 Answer the questionnaire. Then compare your
FIRST IMPRESSIONS
answers with a partner.
1 When you meet somebody new, what do you usually Think of somebody who has come into your
notice first? 10 life recently – a new classmate, perhaps, or
a their smile d their voice somebody outside of school. What was your very
b their eyes e their confidence first impression of them? Were they confident,
c their clothes f your own answer friendly, funny, shy? Did they seem like the kind
2 What kind of first impression do you make? of person who has everything organised in their
People probably think … life or did they come across as more laidback or
a I’m shy. d I’m funny. even absent-minded? What made you think of
b I’m confident. e I’m serious. them in that way? And now that you’ve known
c I’m polite. f your own answer that person for a little longer, would you say your
3 How can you make a good first impression in these first impression was correct?
situations? Whether you’re meeting somebody at a party
a meeting a new classmate or in a job interview, you only get one chance to
b meeting the family of a friend make a good first impression. Here are our four
c going for a job or a university interview top tips on how to do this.
d starting a new job

2 Read the article opposite. Does it mention any of your 1 Be friendly and polite
ideas from question 3 of the questionnaire? Even at a party, you should behave appropriately
when meeting somebody or being introduced
3 Read the introductory paragraph of the article again. to them for the first time. A smile goes a long
Answer the questions in it with a partner. way, as does asking – and remembering – the
other person’s name. (If you need the person
4 Read the rest of the article again and answer the to repeat it, I’m sorry, I didn’t catch your name
questions.
works fine.) And while a simple Hi is fine as an
1 What things might you express gratitude for during an informal greeting and Good morning or Good
interview or on your first day at work? afternoon more suitable for formal situations, it’s
2 Why are ‘I like new challenges’ and ‘I’d be happy to learn’ always courteous to say (It’s) nice to meet you. In
better responses than the alternatives? the world of work, Thank you for … goes a long
3 Why should you ask the other person questions? way too, whether you’re thanking the person
4 If you keep checking your phone, what might the person for inviting you to an interview, giving you an
you’re talking to think? opportunity, or simply taking the time to talk to
you. Finally, don’t forget you can say (It was) nice
to meet you when you’re taking your leave as well.

20 LIFE SKILLS
 Project n
Role play: Making a good impressio

1 DECIDE
You’re going to role play the first
meeting between the director
of Clear Waters, an organisation
Would it be OK to abbreviate
that cleans beaches, andtoaD new
the names and R as the
indents are too much for the
volunteer. column width. – Design

In pairs, decide who is the director

and who is Riley.
D You were expecting to welcome
two new volunteers, Riley – to
help clean the beach, and Joe – to
monitor and record the type of
rubbish being found, but Joe has
cancelled. This means you need
Riley to split his/her time between
the beach and the office. Greet
Riley and explain the change in
2 Be positive circumstances.
Imagine this: you’re in a job interview and the interviewer asks R You’re nervous, as you’ve never
you about a certain experience or a skill that’s not on your CV. volunteered before, and are
Which of the following responses would show you in a better worried about creating a positive
light? ‘I’ve never done that before’ and ‘I don’t know how to first impression. You’re excited
do what you’re asking’ or ‘I like new challenges’ and ‘I’d be about the beach work, as you’re
happy to learn’. Clearly, it’s the latter. If you want to make a passionate about the ocean, but
positive impression, you need to communicate that you’re you are concerned about the office
friendly, enthusiastic, hardworking and ready to try out new work as you have no experience
things. A key expression to use is I’m looking forward to …, so of it and you are worried that you
let the other person know if you’re looking forward to working might be asked to do something
with them, learning more about the company, or taking part in that you’re not sure how to do.
a project.

3 Show interest
We all respond better to people who listen to and engage with
2 PREPARE
what we have to say. It means they’re paying attention and Rehearse the role play. The student
are taking an interest in us. You can indicate this by nodding, playing Riley should follow the dos
responding with uh huh and Really? and paraphrasing what and don’ts from the article.
the other person is saying. Oh, you mean … and So what
you’re saying is … come in handy here. Informally, it also
means avoiding talking only about yourself and dominating
the conversation, and instead asking the other person 3 PRESENT
questions about them. Even a simple So tell me about you Present your role play to the class.
can work wonders. In an interview, it involves asking for more
information about the job or the course you’re applying for.
Of course, these questions should demonstrate that you’re
serious about what’s on offer, which is why asking about 4 FEEDBACK
training opportunities at a company or resources at a university Listen to the role plays of your
will make a better impression than asking when you can take classmates. Who do you think creates
your first holiday or how easy the exams are. the best first impression as Riley?
Could your classmates’ role plays be
4 Put away your phone improved in any way?
We’ve all been guilty of checking our phone in the middle of a
conversation with somebody. However, it’s always best to avoid
doing this as it gives the impression that the person in front of
you is less interesting or important than what’s on your screen.
What’s more, it’s an absolute no-go when you’re meeting
somebody for the first time, especially in a formal context.
Keep the phone in your pocket, preferably on silent mode, and
whatever you do, don’t answer any messages or calls.

CREATING A POSITIVE FIRST IMPRESSION 21

 3 WHEN TOMORROW COMES
ABOUT YOU
03 Watch the video and then answer the questions.
What are you most looking forward to:
• this week? • in the next ten years?
Do you tend to make arrangements in advance, or are you
more likely to leave things to the last minute?

VOCABULARY & READING

RE
THINKING OF THE FUTU
EP 1 Match the words and phrases to the definitions a–k.
1 From the dark clouds, it looks as though rain is imminent.
2 As her trial is pending, she’s not allowed to speak to the press.
3 I need to save some money, so I won’t be going out for the 3 You are going to read an article about predicting
the future. First discuss with a partner whether
foreseeable future.
you would want to know any of these things.
4 Before you go for an interview, try and anticipate what
questions you might be asked. how long you’ll live
5 This essay is overdue, so I really must get it finished today. the result of a future sports event
6 In the short term, Jason plans to help in his dad’s business, what will be the best jobs in the future
but his long-term goal is to be an IT consultant.
7 Fortunately, we had the foresight to book our flights a year in 4 Quickly read the article on the opposite
advance, so we got good value for money! page, ignoring the gaps, and find out why the
8 With exams ahead, the coming weeks are going to be busy! following are mentioned:
9 It is envisaged that the new stadium will be open by July. piano tuners chimpanzees
10 ‘This train will shortly be arriving at Manchester Piccadilly becoming a librarian changing your mind
Station, our final stop.’
a soon PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
b expected
c likely to happen soon Reading and Use of English Part 2
d likely to be arranged soon
e for as long as can be predicted 5 In Part 2, which of these types of words are
f late; not completed in time unlikely to be suitable for any of the gaps?
g imagine or predict pronouns (e.g. it, something, what)
h going to happen soon articles (a, the) and determiners (e.g. this, one, your)
i in the near future prepositions (e.g. from, into, at)
j for the distant future common verbs used in verb + noun phrases
k ability to predict what’s going to happen and to act on it (e.g. give, taking, had)
auxiliary verbs (e.g. had, might, can)
2 Complete the questions with a word or phrase from Exercise
1, and then discuss with a partner. ‘advanced’ vocabulary (e.g. imminent, intentionally)
1 Do you have any plans for the weekend?
2 If a family member told you they were in 6 For questions 1–8, read the first three
paragraphs of the text opposite and think of
danger of losing their job, what would you say to them?
the word which best fits each gap. Use only one
3 Is there anything you’re planning to buy in the
word in each gap.
future?
4 What do you that you’ll be doing five years
from now? Is it important to have plans?
5 If you had your bike stolen when it wasn’t locked, would you 7 Now read the whole article. According to the
say this was due to lack of , or just bad luck? text, are the following statements true, false or
6 Do you have any tasks that you’ve been not stated?
putting off for a while? 1 Tetlock found that experts may not be good at
7 Do you think that changes in the law to reduce the gender making forecasts on their subject.
pay gap are long in your country and will 2 No political scientists foresaw the collapse of the
be introduced? Soviet Union.
8 Is it better to buy cheaper clothes that look good 3 Tetlock continued a long tradition of verifying
or to pay more for higher quality ones? forecasts made by experts.
4 Many people overlook the ‘outside view’ when
considering a problem.
22 UNIT 3
COULD YOU BE A
11

SUPERFORECASTER?
How many piano tuners will be working in Milan over the So Tetlock decided to do something long overdue – to
coming years? You haven’t the foggiest idea, (0) have check how often the predictions of ‘experts’ actually
you? You know little of Milan, not much about pianos and next came true. After a long-term study, he concluded that
to (1) about piano tuners. And yet you can consulting ‘experts’ about future events, whether in
still make a pretty good guess. climate change, economics or fashion, was about as
Even (2) knowing what the exact accurate as getting chimpanzees to throw darts!
population is, you still know Milan is a big city. So, let’s Tetlock showed that if someone is an authority on, say,
call (3) two million. And perhaps one diseases, it doesn’t mean that they’ll be any good at
(4) a hundred people having a piano sounds identifying a pending disaster, such as a pandemic, before
about right. Double (5) figure though, it’s too late. Instead, he argues, some people are just
because schools and other places have them too. So 40,000 naturally good at anticipating what is going to happen,
pianos would not be too bad and he terms these people superforecasters. The good
(6) estimate. news is that we can train ourselves to be superforecasters
Let’s say people have their piano by observing a few principles.
tuned once a year, it takes a couple First, don’t pretend you can be certain. Saying your team’s
of hours, piano tuners work a going to win the match tomorrow is fundamentally
full week and spend 20 percent different from saying they have a 60 percent chance
of their time travelling. So that of winning.
(7) us a total of Second, be sure to consider the ‘outside view’. For
30 full-time piano tuners, which example, if you think of a kid in your class who’ll shortly
turns (8) to be a be applying for their first job, would you say they’re more
pretty decent guess, as it happens. likely to become a librarian or a farmer? Most people will
What you’ve just done is make a Fermi estimate, named consider which kind of work is more compatible with their
after Enrico Fermi, who developed the technique as a way of personality. But that’s the ‘inside view’.
improving the ability to make predictions. The question they should be starting with is this – what
Now, you might think proportion of people work as librarians, and what
you could always just proportion work as farmers? Most countries have maybe
turn to the experts to ten times more farmers than librarians, so farmer is a far
do this. What will be more likely choice. That’s the ‘outside view’. Of course,
next year’s blockbuster you may live in a university town with lots of libraries,
movie? Ask a film critic. which will slightly raise the chances of them becoming a
How many years will librarian, so you could make a Fermi estimate there as well.
Taylor Swift have been Finally, be prepared to change your mind. Think of a
performing for when prediction as short-term, not something you must stick
she finally retires? Ask with if new evidence makes it less likely. When the team
anyone in the music you thought would win the league cup has lost three
business. A pending matches in a row, their chances of winning the cup will
crash in the world’s have fallen considerably. So now would be a good time to
financial markets? Don’t worry, the financial experts will be able reconsider and acknowledge that they won’t be holding
to anticipate that and prevent it from happening. Right? the trophy at the end of the season after all. If you’re to be
Well, no, wrong. Very wrong. Early in his career, Professor Philip a superforecaster, you must above all be flexible.
Tetlock observed that in areas from economics to geopolitics,
experts were handsomely rewarded for envisaging what was
TALKING POINTS
going to happen. And yet, time after time, they got it wrong,
for example when top political scientists in 1991 failed to What kind of things could you make a Fermi estimate
realise that the break-up of the Soviet Union was imminent. about in your life, and how useful could it be?
What kind of things will you never be able to predict?

WHEN TOMORROW COMES 23

 GRAMMAR 3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets
ES using one of the future forms opposite.
REVIEW OF FUTURE TENS 1 At the end of this year, my mum
the same job for twenty years. And she loves it! (do)
1 Match extracts 1–6 from the article to the use of future 2 She needs to make more of an effort, if she
tenses a–f in the box. her exams. (pass)
1 What will be next year’s blockbuster movie? 3 This time next week, I by the pool!
2 How many years will Taylor Swift have been performing (relax)
for when she retires? 4 When I first met Sarah, I knew we
3 Think of a kid in your class who’ll shortly be applying for great friends. (become)
their first job. 5 It’s too late to phone Maria – she
4 When the team has lost three matches in a row, their to bed by now. (go)
chances of winning the cup will have fallen considerably. 6 I doubt if in 20 years’ time anyone
5 If you’re to be a superforecaster, you must above all be a petrol car. (own)
flexible.
6 Experts were handsomely rewarded for envisaging what 4 Match the sentence halves.
was going to happen. 1 The weather’s about
2 Mark is on the point
We use … 3 My phone contract is due
a was/were going to + infinitive to talk about a future 4 That bridge is said to be on the verge
event seen from the past.
a to turn bitterly cold. There might be snow at the weekend.
b the future simple to make predictions and talk about
b of collapse, so they’re going to have to repair it.
expectations.
c to be renewed this month.
c be to + infinitive to express that one thing must
d of giving up on writing his novel. Maybe we can persuade
happen in order for another thing to happen.
him to change his mind.
d the future continuous to talk about an activity in
progress at a time in the future.
e the future perfect to refer to an action that will be
5 Complete the sentences with words from Exercise 4,
then ask and answer the questions.
completed by a time in the future.
1 In what year are you complete your
f the future perfect continuous to focus on the
studies, and what do you think you’ll do then?
duration of an activity in progress at a time in
2 If you’re buying something but your
the future.
friend doesn’t like it, do you buy it anyway?
3 What can you do if you’re laugh at
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 161 an inappropriate moment, but don’t want to?
4 Have you ever been saying something
offensive, but stopped yourself just in time?
2 Choose the correct verb form. Then discuss whether
you think the sentences are true.
1 By the mid 21st century, mankind will have been sending /
6 Correct any mistakes in these sentences. One is correct.
1 We’ll have been having some friends round this evening,
is to send vehicles into space for 100 years.
so apologies if we’re a bit noisy!
2 If the human race is to survive / was going to survive on
2 Market analysts fear that ZentraCorp is on the verge to go
Earth, we need to use our resources sparingly.
bankrupt.
3 In the 1960s, people seriously believed we’re all to have /
3 With the basketball season due to getting started at the
we were all going to have flying cars by the year 2000.
weekend, we’re anticipating some fantastic matches in
4 Before long, around 600 people will have been orbiting /
the coming weeks.
will have orbited Earth since Yuri Gagarin became the first
4 By the time it’s eventually completed, they’ll have been
person to do so.
building Barcelona’s cathedral for 150 years!
5 I envisage that people will be living / will have been living
5 I had no idea when I arrived at work that day that I’m
on Mars in my lifetime.
going to be promoted.
6 I expect that my sisters will all be passed their driving
test before I take mine!

7 Make some predictions about the world, global events

or the environment. Use these ideas or your own ideas.
0 computer / human / brain / insert
Within my lifetime, humans will be getting computer chips
inserted into their brains to boost their intelligence.
1 people / electric vehicles / drive
2 if climate change / reduce / travel less
3 scientists / life / other planets / discover

8 Discuss your predictions. Which of your classmates’

predictions is the most/least likely to come true?

24 UNIT 3
 VOCABULARY 12 5 Listen to two students called Emma and Tim discussing
words they find difficult to spell. What words do they
WORDS
COMMONLY CONFUSED talk about, and how do they suggest remembering the
spellings?
1 Look at this sentence. How are the words in blue Word Suggested way to remember
similar, and how are they different?
You should never accept the offer of a lift – except if you separate PAR as in Paris
know the driver of the car well, of course.

EP 2 Read examples a–e, then decide whether the correct

words are used in sentences 1–6 below. Replace any
incorrect words.
a I decided to enquire whether the hotel would be suitable
for my disabled granddad, and they said they would
ensure that he’s given a room on the ground floor.
b If you ever acquire anything valuable, I’d advise you to
insure it, in case it gets damaged or stolen.
c Crime affects people in different ways, and my job is to
counsel those affected and to assure them that they will 6 STUDENT A TURN TO PAGE 150. STUDENT B TURN TO PAGE 152.
be able to recover and move forward in life.
d The Book Thief is a powerful historical novel which
examines the effect of World War II on the life of a young PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
German girl.
e The council has announced that they’re going to make Reading and Use of English Part 1
extra funds available for the upkeep of historic buildings.
7 Quickly read the article below. What is the writer’s
1 It’s worth insuring your phone against accidental damage. advice?
2 I don’t like to make any plans, accept for my next holiday.
3 Checking my written work carefully assures there won’t 8 For questions 1–8, read the text below and decide
be any careless mistakes. which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
4 The greenhouse affect is having a noticeable impact on
the climate of my country.
5 Our school should offer counselling sessions to ensure

the psychological wellbeing of pupils.
Did you achieve the goals you (0) B yourself
6 Visiting historical monuments can be quite interesting.
last year? If not, don’t feel bad, because research
3 Decide which sentences 1–6 in Exercise 2 are true for (1) that around 90% of people didn’t either. It
seems we’re particularly bad at putting into practice
you, then compare answers with a partner.
plans we make for the (2) term, preferring to
4 Complete the sentences with a word from the box in deal with immediate matters, or even tasks that are
the correct form. already (3) but which we haven’t got round to.
acquire affect assure council counsel What you can do is focus on your objectives for the
effect enquire ensure historic historical year ahead and (4) that you carry them out.
First, you’ll have to determine exactly what they are and
1 Sean his parents that he’d be home decide what lifestyle changes you’ll need to make to
by eleven. achieve them. Once you’ve made your plan, don’t hide
2 I’m reading about the Kyoto it away, but refer to it (5) . You’ll make better
agreement on climate change. progress some weeks than others but be (6)
3 Training hard should that we win the that this is perfectly normal. There’ll be setbacks along
match. the way but you must (7) them and move on.
4 The museum is hoping to a number You’ll be amazed at the transformative (8) that
of historical artefacts for future exhibitions. this can-do attitude will have on your life.
5 The local has announced that the
rubbish bins won’t be emptied this week.
0 A predicted B set C advised D agreed
6 The film, which was a drama,
1 A supposes B indicates C conveys D argues
me deeply.
2 A broad B distant C far D long
3 A foreseeable B imminent C overdue D coming
4 A ensure B arrange C confirm D verify
5 A continually B commonly C typically D shortly
6 A convinced B certain C definite D assured
7 A support B allow C accept D permit
8 A development B effect C response D issue

WHEN TOMORROW COMES 25

 LISTENING 5 Why do you think these people expressed these views?
Which do you sympathise most with, and why?
1 ‘We live in the middle of a shooting gallery, with
thousands of asteroids in our path that we haven’t even
1 Do you enjoy science fiction films about space? To discovered yet. So, let’s be at least a two-planet species,
what extent can they have value as ‘edu-tainment’? as a back-up plan.’ Carl Sagan, Science communicator
2 ‘Very probably, the parents of the first native born
2 Are the following real space projects, or plots from Martians are alive today.’ Astronaut Harrison ‘Jack’
science fiction films?
Schmitt, Apollo 17 moonwalker
1 putting solar panels on the moon and sending the 3 ‘I would like to die on Mars. Just not on impact.’
energy to earth through microwave and laser beams Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX
2 creating a nuclear explosion on the moon which would
be visible from Earth 6 What kind of problems would need to be overcome in
3 having a sustainable human population of one million order for people to live on Mars?
people living on Mars
4 mining asteroids in the solar system for raw materials
such as gold, silver and platinum
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Listening Part 2
3 Which of the above do you think would be the easiest
and the most difficult to achieve, and why?
7 Look at questions 1–8 in Exercise 8. Read the sentences
and think of a word or short phrase which could fill each
4 Choose the correct answers in the Mars quiz. gap. Make sure that your suggestions fit grammatically.

Mars quiz 8 You will hear a lecturer, Dr Shaw, outlining why and how
13
people could begin living on Mars. For questions 1–8,
complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.

1 How long is one day on Mars? Living on Mars

a roughly the same length of time as a day on Earth
Dr Shaw says that following a future
b longer than one year on Earth (1) on Earth, humans will need to
c there’s no such thing as a day on Mars move to another planet in order to survive.
2 The surface of Mars is red because of Dr Shaw explains that because of the lack of
a iron deposits in the dust on its surface. (2) on Mars, housing would need to
be adapted in order for humans to live there.
b its high surface temperature.
There are sudden (3) on Mars, which
c the small red organisms that live on its surface.
would make it difficult to stay outside for extended
3 Which of the following can be found on Mars? periods of time.
a continents Large amounts of (4) mean that it is
b a cave the size of Sicily often dark on Mars.
c the highest mountain in the solar system People would need to be housed underground to avoid
4 Like Earth, Mars has warmer summers and cooler the high levels of (5) above.
winters. True, false or impossible to tell? People would need to create a (6)
a true b false c impossible to tell in order for food to grow on Mars.
5 When viewed from Mars, a sunset would be Dr Shaw says that Elon Musk has suggested using a
a yellow. b red. c blue. (7) to create certain conditions
on Mars.
It may be possible to use the (8) found
on Mars to make oxygen.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 143

9 Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1 Would you like to live on Mars for a year?
2 What would be the best / worst parts of the experience?
3 Can we justify spending enormous amounts of money on
space travel and space research?

26 UNIT 3
 SPEAKING 14 4 Listen again. Which seven phrases in the Prepare to
speak box do the speakers use?
DISCUSSING OPTIONS
PREPARE TO SPEAK
1 What were your main aspirations as a child? How
Managing the discussion
different are the aspirations you have now about your
future life and work? Suggesting how to start
So why don’t we get going with …?
A good place to start would be …
Ensuring that you’re discussing relevant things
We need to try and stick to that.
What we need to do is consider …
Returning to a previous subject
It’s like what you were saying before about …
Just to go back to what we were talking about a
minute ago …
Changing the subject
Moving on to …
Another one we could discuss is …
Asking for clarification
So am I to understand that …
Just to check that I understand you,
2 Which of the following pieces of advice should you try Summarising your partner’s point
to follow in Part 3 of the Speaking exam? So, what you basically mean is …
a Justify your opinions whenever possible. So you’re essentially saying that …
b Evaluate your partner’s ideas if you have the opportunity. So you mean …
c Help your partner to express their idea if necessary.
d Try to reach an agreement with your partner.
e If you disagree with your partner, make sure that you win
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
the argument.
f Use a wide range of grammar and vocabulary. Speaking Part 3
g Only use language that you are sure is totally correct.
5 Work in pairs. Here are some different decisions that
14 3 Read this exam task. Then listen to two students, young people have to make about their future and a
Svetlana and Igor, doing the task and answer question for you to discuss. First you have some time
questions 1–4 below. to look at the task. Then talk to each other about the
best ways to make these decisions about your future.
getting a large earning a
number of followers large amount of
on social media money whether to get married where to live

What might be challenging about

pursuing these dreams in the future? What are the best ways to make these
decisions about your own future?

setting up and
running your emigrating who to whether to
winning
own business to a country socialise with study or get a job
a TV talent
you’d like to what to
show
live in save up for
1 Which of the five topics do they discuss? Does it matter
that they don’t discuss all five?
2 Which student (Svetlana or Igor) does the following
6 With your partner, answer this follow-up question.
Which of the decisions in Exercise 5 do you think is the least
things? Could they help the student to get a good mark?
important to get right?
a clarifies what they need to discuss
b uses the same words as the exam question
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 148
c paraphrases the exam question
d paraphrases their partner’s opinion
3 When the examiner asks about which dreams can
bring happiness, what could Igor have said instead of
repeating the examiner’s question?
4 By the end of the test, Svetlana and Igor haven’t agreed
on the two dreams. Would they lose marks for this?

WHEN TOMORROW COMES 27

 4 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
ABOUT YOU
04 Watch the video and answer the questions.
Are you adventurous when it comes to food?
What are your favourite national cuisines?
How interested are you in cooking?

VOCABULARY & READING

FOOD AND DRINK 3 What do you think a ‘pop-up restaurant’ is? What other
types of pop-up could there be? Read this introduction to
EP 1 Read the extract from a tourist website. Discuss the article opposite, and check your ideas.
the meaning of the words in bold.

In recent years we have heard people use the term

Even though the English are not known for their ‘pop up’ more and more. As the name would suggest,
culinary skills and some would even consider a pop-up is something temporary. We are all familiar
British food inedible, London is one of the best with shops and stalls that come and go according to
cities in the world for foodies. Whether you need the season, such as those selling woolly hats or beach
a boost of energy at a juice bar, a quick bite to eat toys. Art galleries and even ice rinks can also come into
or you have worked up an appetite for something existence for a matter of days, weeks or months, but
bigger, you’ll find delicious food at every turn. the most common type of short-lived business is the
In addition to all the internationally renowned pop-up restaurant. If you want to start one, experts
chains of restaurants, there are first class eateries advise targeting the more adventurous diner. Four chefs
serving every cuisine, quirky cafés and a massive give their views on this foodie phenomenon.
array of food trucks to tantalise your taste buds.
London-based chefs are experts on different
nutritional requirements. If you follow a high
protein, low carb, vegetarian or vegan diet, or if you PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
have an allergy, most restaurants will be able to
cater for your needs. Don’t worry if you can’t finish Reading and Use of English Part 6
all the food you ordered. Ask the staff to pack
the leftovers and you can eat like a king again 4 Look at question 1 in Exercise 5. The highlighted sections
of texts A and B relate to motivations people might have
tomorrow!
for starting a pop-up. Highlight the relevant parts of
texts C and D. How does this help you find the answer to
question 1?
2 Complete the questions with words and phrases
from Exercise 1.
5 You are going to read the views of four chefs on starting
Then ask and answer the questions with your partner. a pop-up restaurant. For questions 1–4, choose from the
1 Do you believe that some foods give your brain chefs A–D. The chefs may be chosen more than once.
power a ? Which chef …
2 Do you know where in the mouth your 1 has a different view from the others on people’s motivations
are located? for starting a pop-up restaurant?
3 At what time of day do you have the best 2 shares chef C’s view about how much money pop-ups tend
? to generate?
4 How would you describe your country’s 3 expresses a similar view to chef A on the most suitable
heritage? location for a pop-up restaurant?
5 In your house, are thrown away 4 has a different view from A regarding the skills chefs can
or eaten the next day? develop when working in a pop-up?
6 What’s your favourite restaurant ?
7 How well-informed are you about the PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 134
value of food?
8 Have you ever been served an
meal in a restaurant? What did you do?
9 Do you usually have a to eat 6 Find words and phrases that helped you answer the
questions. Put them in the correct columns.
when you get home from school?
10 Would you describe yourself as a Motivation Money Location Learning
? Why? / Why not?
(4 phrases) (8 phrases) (7 phrases) (4 phrases)

28 UNIT 4
 15

Four chefs give their views

To open a pop-up restaurant is a dream for Those who start pop-ups do so to exploit
many chefs. Pop-ups often create a tremendous people who are willing to pay double the
buzz, with local foodies coming to try your market rates for the latest nutritional craze or
Chef A offerings. This is exciting in itself, but perhaps Chef C
inedible dishes with exotic-sounding names.
its most valuable function is to indicate whether your A clever marketing plan will ensure your pop-up is
ambition of starting a real restaurant is viable. Will local on-trend and succeeds in attracting the big spenders.
residents buy into your idea or would they rather stick to All you need to do is sit back and wait for the cash to
the existing provision? Even if your pop-up doesn’t work roll in. During a recession, the best place for a pop-up
out, however, the experience of being a chef in one for is one of those scruffy abandoned buildings available
a few days or weeks is invaluable. You’ll improve your to rent for next to nothing; a warehouse nobody else
culinary ability as well as finding out more about costing, wants can be made to seem extremely cool. In terms
menu planning and so on. A pop-up should not be seen of professional growth, a stint in a pop-up is unlikely to
as a money-spinner, however – in fact, you’ll be lucky to enhance your know-how in the kitchen or in many other
break even. And while many chefs favour trendy settings areas of restaurant work, though it could well boost your
such as an aeroplane hangar or barn, a more accessible promotional expertise. In fact, I’ve known chefs who,
venue will attract people passing by who suddenly fancy a through working in pop-ups, have come to believe that
bite to eat. publicity matters more than being able to cook.
In terms of your career as a chef, nothing can Sometimes, when a hugely successful restaurant
fast-track you from novice to professional like opens a branch in another city, it can flop very
running a pop-up, since you’ll gain knowledge badly. Pop-ups can prevent costly mistakes of
Chef B of a variety of things – from food preparation Chef D this type by finding out how the concept will
to accounts management – within a short space of time. go down in a new context; in fact, the desire to gauge the
That’s one positive consequence of opening a pop-up, response of a particular population lies behind so many
but the primary incentive is usually that of being able of the pop-ups we see these days. A disused shop on the
to ‘play safe’ and ‘test the water’ before making a high street works well as a pop-up site because people
major investment in a more permanent establishment; will see you setting up in the days before the launch, thus
it’s extremely helpful, and arguably vital, to know in creating favourable hype. While your pop-up is unlikely to
advance what the public has an appetite for. In terms of do more than cover your costs, you will spend a fraction of
where to set up your pop-up, being off the beaten track what you would in setting up an actual bricks-and-mortar
should not be considered a disadvantage. A less central restaurant and will stand to lose much less. Whatever the
site is often more affordable, and with the right social outcome, running your own pop-up will be a steep, but
media marketing, it can still bring in the crowds and be very worthwhile, learning curve when it comes to cooking,
extremely lucrative. financial aspects of the business and so much more.

TALKING POINTS
From a customer’s perspective, what are the advantages and disadvantages of
pop-up restaurants?
What kind of pop-ups would you like to see in your town?
Which locations in your town would be most suitable for different types of pop-up?

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 29

 GRAMMAR 3 Match extracts 5–8 from the article on page 29 to the
S grammar rules e–h.
INFINITIVES AND GERUND 5 If you want to start one, experts advise targeting the more
adventurous diner.
1 Match extracts 1–4 from the article to grammar 6 A clever marketing plan will ensure your pop-up is on-trend
rules a–d.
and succeeds in attracting the big-spenders.
1 In recent years, we have heard people use the 7 … running your own pop-up will be a steep learning curve
term ‘pop up’ more and more. 8 … people will see you setting up in the days before the launch.
2 Most of those who start pop-ups do so to exploit
people … • We use a gerund (-ing form) after certain verbs
3 To open a pop-up restaurant is a dream for (e.g. consider, delay, finish, postpone).
many chefs. e We use sense verbs (see, hear, feel, etc.) + object + gerund
4 A pop-up should not be seen as a money-spinner – to say we saw part of the action.
in fact, you’ll be lucky to break even. f We can use a gerund as the subject of a sentence.
g We use a gerund after verbs, adjectives and nouns followed
• We use to + infinitive after certain verbs (e.g. by a dependent preposition (e.g. approve of, worried about).
claim, manage, neglect, prove). h Some verbs are followed by a gerund when they have no
a We use sense verbs (see, hear, feel, etc) + object object, but by to + infinitive when they have an object.
+ infinitive without to when we saw/heard the (e.g. advise, allow, forbid, require).
complete action.
b We can use to + infinitive as the subject of a
sentence (usually in more formal situations). 4 Complete the rest of the food blog with the gerund or
c We can use to + infinitive to express purpose. infinitive form of the verb in brackets.
d We use to + infinitive after certain adjectives
(e.g. anxious, eager, thrilled) and nouns
(e.g. attempt, decision, opportunity). 1
(get)
the authentic flavour of
Moroccan cuisine, you
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 162 need a tagine, a special
pot that allows you
2 What do you think the purpose of a food blog is? 2
(cook)
Have you ever read one? Complete this extract without much liquid. If
from a food blog with the correct infinitive form you have the opportunity
of the verbs in the box. 3
(go)
avoid become find out focus to a Moroccan market, be
prepare reach start whisper aware that some tagines
are decorative and unsuitable for 4 (cook).
If you’re worried about 5 (burn) your tagine,
you should consider 6 (use) a heat diffuser
HOME POST RECIPES BLOGS so the pot doesn’t touch the heat source. 7
(create) your own tagine recipes is easy – you can add
The Spice of Life all kinds of meat and vegetables – but I always advise
I learned to cook in order 1 the
8
(try out) a dish before serving it to guests!
terrible food my flatmate made. I never thought
I would end up cooking and writing about it for a
living! When I was on holiday in Morocco, I watched 5 Correct any mistakes in these sentences.
a chef 2 some local delicacies 1 We need to add more soda water to the drink make it less strong.
and that’s when I decided 3 2 Maria objected to give a tip when the service had been so poor.
on the cuisine of North Africa and the Middle 3 I once watched a man eating four whole pizzas in 15 minutes.
East. 4 a food blog is easy; 4 Ana claimed not to knowing anything about her own
5
a hundred thousand followers is country’s cuisine.
a lot harder! I was thrilled 6 I had 5 Alfredo made the ambitious decision open a second restaurant.
done that just a few weeks ago! A few days later, I was
looking for ingredients in my local market when I 6 Complete the questions with a verb in the correct form.
heard a woman 7 to her friend, 1 Have you ever seen someone something
‘That’s the guy from The Spice of Life blog over there.’ dangerous?
I didn’t start blogging 8 famous, 2 Has anyone ever advised you not in
but I must admit I was delighted! certain activities?
3 What would you do if you overheard someone
about your friend behind their back?
4 What would you be willing to do in order to
your life goals?

7 Ask and answer the questions in Exercise 6 with a partner.

Ask follow-up questions after some of the answers to develop
a short conversation.

30 UNIT 4
 VOCABULARY 6 Use the suffixes in the box to complete the sentences
SIONS with the correct form of the word in brackets.
FO OD IDIOMS AND EXPRES
Verbs -ise -en -ate -ing -ed

1A 1B Nouns -ance/ence -ion -er -ent -age

-ness -ity/ty -ive -ery
Adjectives -ful/less -al -able/ible -ic -ive
-y -ing
Adverbs -ly/ily -ally

1 This food is completely . I don’t think they’ve

even put any salt and pepper in it. (TASTE)
2A 2B
2 We were going to have the buffet, but it didn’t look very
. (APPETITE)
3 I was a fussy when I was a child. (EAT)
4 I don’t like this juice. It isn’t enough. (FRUIT)
5 All our vegetables are grown right here on our
own farm. (ORGANIC)
6 I love getting fresh bread from the at the
weekend. (BAKE)
EP 1 The pairs of photos show the literal and metaphorical 7 Junk food is because it contains a large
meanings of two of the idioms in the box. Which two amount of sugar and fat. (ADDICT)
do you think they show? 8 The blackberries are starting to . (RIPE)
have a finger in every pie cheap as chips
food for thought have a lot on your plate PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
want to have your cake and eat it (not) my cup of tea
spill the beans take it with a pinch of salt Reading and Use of English Part 3

7 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at

2 Match the meanings to the other idioms in the box. the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in
1 not the kind of thing I like the gap in the same line.
2 very inexpensive
3 be involved in lots of different projects The plant-based revolution
4 be asking for too much
Plant-based eating is one of the most
5 something to think about
(0) notable food trends of recent years. One NOTE
6 don’t take it seriously
of the reasons for this is that (1) CONSUME
nowadays are becoming more demanding and
16 3 Listen to Layla and Samuel discussing the idioms in insist on knowing where their food comes from
Exercise 2. Did you match the idioms correctly?
and what production methods have been used.
4 Complete B’s replies with an expression from the box (2) is at the top of their priority list, SUSTAIN
in Exercise 1 in the correct form. and meat tends to score poorly on this criterion.
1 A: Mel said they’re giving away free burgers tonight. A number of companies have (3) STRATEGY
B: Well, everything Mel says has to be . planned their branding in response to the recent
2 A: Mia’s president of both the tennis and drama clubs. rise in veganism. Plant-based (4) to ALTERNATE
B: You know Mia. She likes to . meat, dairy products and even fish abound on
3 A: Do you fancy going to that new restaurant? our supermarket shelves. According to market
B: Not really. A picnic in the park is more . analysts, ‘fake meats’, plant milks, and pulses,
4 A: Could you bake something for the cake stall? such as lentils and chickpeas, are becoming
B: Sorry, but I’ve at the moment. (5) popular. INCREASE
5 A: Daisy told me a secret the other day. Following a plant-based diet has (6) DENY
B: So, what was it? Come on, ! health benefits for everyone, and fears about
6 A: Apparently, over-fishing is causing serious imbalances protein deficiency are largely (7) . BASE
in the ocean’s ecosystems. Nevertheless, vegans need to plan their meals
B: Yes, I’ve read that too. I haven’t stopped eating fish, carefully to ensure they don’t miss out on
but it’s given me serious . certain essential (8) such as calcium, NUTRITION
iron and zinc.
IXES
WORD FORMATION: SUFF
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 130
5 What part of speech are the words?
1 Does this restaurant cater for special diets?
2 Who is going to do the catering for the wedding?
3 The caterer Rob and Sandy used was excellent.
8 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 150.
4 Would you ever consider going on a self-catering holiday?

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 31

 WRITING
AN ESSAY

3
2
1

1 Look at the photos and discuss the questions. 3 Read a student’s essay and answer the questions.
1 How healthy are each of the meals shown? 1 What is the purpose of the first paragraph?
2 Which nutrients do you think are present and lacking in 2 What reasons does the writer give in favour of each
each meal? method discussed?
3 Which of the meals would you be most likely to choose? 3 Where in the essay does the writer say which way is
Why? more effective?
4 What would be the best way to encourage young people 4 What reason does the writer give for believing it to be
to eat more healthily? more effective?
5 What disadvantage of the less effective method is
2 Read the Part 1 essay question below and decide if mentioned?
these statements are true or false.
1 This task is optional. Nowadays, we are increasingly aware of the
2 The question clearly states what style of writing you negative effects of an unhealthy diet. However,
need to use. that awareness alone has not managed to change
3 You need to choose two out of three bullet points to the eating habits of young people. I would like to
write about. consider two ways in which young people could
4 You don’t need to include any of the opinions in the be persuaded to improve their diets, namely,
input material. banning advertisements for junk food and providing
5 You can choose to say you think both ways are equally schoolchildren with free fruit and vegetables.
effective.
One solution to the problem of poor diets in children
is to prevent companies from marketing unhealthy
You must answer this question. Write your answer in
food and drinks. In my experience, advertisements
220–260 words in an appropriate style.
showing sugary drinks and burgers as part of a
Your class has taken part in a discussion on healthy
fun-filled lifestyle have a huge impact on teenagers.
eating. You have made the notes below.
The way the association between enjoyment and
Ways young people can be encouraged to eat fast food is presented is much more powerful than
more healthily the healthy-eating messages produced by the
• tax unhealthy food and drinks government and other organisations.
• ban adverts for fast food My second suggestion for getting youngsters to
• teach healthy eating at school adopt healthier diets is to offer children fruit and
vegetables to eat during snack time at school.
Some opinions expressed in the discussion There are several reasons why this works. Firstly,
“People don’t like to be forced to change.” it normalises the practice of eating this kind of
“There are so many fast food adverts on food as part of a child’s daily routine. Secondly,
television.” teachers may be more successful than parents
“We need to educate young people about in encouraging children who are reluctant to try
healthy diets.” new foods. Also, the presence of their peers may
discourage children from being fussy.
Write an essay discussing two of the ways in your notes
I would like to end by saying that I believe the
that young people can be encouraged to eat more
second of these approaches would be more
healthily. You should explain which way you think
would be more effective, giving reasons to support effective. This is because habits which are
your opinion. developed early tend to last a lifetime. While there
are benefits to banning advertising, it is rather an
You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions
expressed in the discussion, but you should use your extreme solution. After all, occasionally having a
own words as far as possible. fizzy drink or hot dog is not too much of a problem.

32 UNIT 4
4 Add the expressions in green in the essay to the PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
correct category in the Prepare to write box.
Writing Part 1 (an essay)
PREPARE TO WRITE
Guiding the reader
6 Read the Part 1 essay question and write a plan. Decide
which two bullet points you will write about. Choose some
Signposting structure expressions from the Prepare to write box and some words and
1 phrases from the vocabulary sections of this unit to include.
In the following paragraphs I will …
After that, I will … Your class has listened to a discussion on different ways of
developing cookery skills in young people. You made the
Introducing main points notes below.
The main argument for …
Another crucial aspect of X is … How can cookery skills be developed in young people?
2
(of …) is … • cookery lessons at school
3
• learning from family members
Introducing supporting evidence • TV programmes and online videos
Firstly, … Secondly, …
Some opinions expressed in the discussion
One example of this is …
This is exemplified by … “Most schools don’t teach cookery.”
… including … “Many families don’t have time to cook properly.”
4 “TV cooking competitions are fun to watch.”
5
why … / for …
Write an essay discussing two of the ways in your notes that
Giving opinions young peoples’ cookery skills can be developed. You should
I am convinced (that) … explain which way you think is more effective, giving reasons
It seems to me that … to support your opinion.
My personal opinion is … You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in
From my perspective, the discussion, but you should use your own words as far
6 as possible.

Concluding the essay

The arguments I have presented indicate 7 Write your essay in 220–260 words. Remember to divide the
that … essay into an appropriate number of paragraphs.
All this points to the conclusion that …
To sum up, … PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 139
7

5 Add an expression from the Prepare to write box

to these essay extracts.

From an introduction From a main body paragraph

It is a sad fact that the diets of our younger 4

increasing taxes on unhealthy food
generation are not as healthy as they could
is to make it less accessible to the majority of people.
be, and steps need to be taken to improve the 5
, this is not the right approach.
situation. There are several ways this could be 6
for this. The first is that poorer
done, 1 imposing tax on and groups in society already face many disadvantages and
preventing the advertising of unhealthy food. more taxes would make life even more difficult for them.
2 discuss both these options. 7
, it would not necessarily achieve
3 give my own opinion on the desired outcome. 8 the fact that
which of the two would be more worthwhile. harmful products like cigarettes are heavily taxed but
people still buy them.

From a conclusion

9
the most effective way of reducing unhealthy eating habits is by
banning advertisements for junk food. 10 this will result in breaking
down the association between certain fast food brands and a sophisticated lifestyle.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 33

 LIFE SKILLS LEARNING TO LEARN
SETTING REALISTIC GOALS
LIFE SKILLS
Setting realistic goals
Setting goals in a realistic and
methodical manner can help us
achieve them. This involves ensuring
they’re specific, measurable,
achievable under our current
circumstances, relevant to us
personally, and can be accomplished in
a reasonable and clearly stated time.

1 Ask and answer these questions with

a partner.
1 What do you hope to have achieved …
a by the end of the school term?
b by the time you finish school?
c by the time you’re 25?

2 Have you ever set a goal and failed to

achieve it? What happened?

3 How do you think these words relate

to setting goals? Discuss with a
partner.
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-limited 18, 19, 7 Listen again to each student separately. Are the students’ goals
20 specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-limited? Answer
4 Read the article opposite and Y (yes) or N (no). Then write very brief notes to explain how you know.
compare it with your ideas from Two have been done for you.
Exercise 3.
Rachel Kumar Pete
5 Read the article again and answer
these questions.
1 What is the problem with a goal that’s
too general?
2 How can questions such as How much/
many and How often help you?
3 How can you achieve a big goal in Y get first-aid N – too general
stages?
4 How does the personal importance of a
Specific? certificate

goal affect our motivation?

5 What is the danger of not having a
deadline for a goal? Measurable?
6 Listen to Rachel, Kumar and
Achievable?
17
Pete talking about their goals.
Whose goal …
1 is to communicate better with people
they know?
2 involves learning how to help others?
R elevant?
3 involves both stopping and starting
something?
Time-limited?

34 LIFE SKILLS
Get SMART – setting realistic goals 21

We all have things in our lives that we want to accomplish, from passing exams to getting our dream job. Often, however,
we find it difficult or demotivating because our goals are vague or we’re unsure how to attain them. One way to clarify
goals and work out a plan to help you achieve them is the SMART method. SMART stands for Specific, Measurable,
Achievable, Relevant and Time-limited. Let’s see how it works.

Specific Time-limited
Your goal should be clearly defined so that you know We often say what we’d like to do ‘one day’, but ‘one day’
precisely what you’re trying to achieve. For example, runs the risk of never coming. In order to avoid this, it’s
imagine you want to get a qualification to show how much essential to have a deadline for achieving a goal. You can
English you know. By itself, that’s too general, which makes do this by asking ‘How much time do I have to do this?’
it harder to work towards. Instead, ask yourself ‘What or ‘When do I need (or want) to have achieved this by?’
exactly do I want to achieve and why?’ An answer could There’s a difference between saying ‘I’d like to learn to drive
be ‘My goal is to obtain the C1 Advanced qualification in one day’ and ‘By the time I’m 19, I’ll have got my driver’s
order to demonstrate my level of English.’ licence’, just as there’s a difference between ‘I want to learn
the guitar one day’ and ‘I’m going to take up guitar lessons
Measurable before the end of the year.’

Having a plan and being able to measure your progress will

help you keep on track and stay motivated. Questions with
‘How much/many…?’ and ‘How often…?’ allow you to do
this. Suppose your goal is to run a marathon. How often will Project thod
you train every week? How many kilometres are you going Setting goals using the SMART me
to run each time? Your answer might be ‘My plan is to train
five days a week. I’m going to run five kilometres the first
week, ten the next, and so on.’ You should also consider
‘How will I know I’ve achieved my goal?’ In this case, you
can answer ‘I’ll know I’ve achieved my goal when I finish 1 DECIDE
the marathon’ but it could also be when you’ve passed an Choose two of the goals you
exam, obtained a qualification or completed a project. discussed in Exercise 1.

Achievable
Be realistic about what you can achieve. Ask yourself ‘Do I 2 PREPARE
have enough experience / financial resources / support Use the questions in orange and the
right now to do this?’ If you can’t complete the sentence phrases in red in the article to make
‘I know I can do this because …’ then it’s probably not SMART notes about your goals.
an achievable goal – at least not yet. That said, big goals
can be achieved by setting smaller goals that work towards
them. Let’s say you want to direct a full-length movie.
You could set yourself a first goal of taking a course in 3 DISCUSS
filmmaking before you’re 21, then another of entering a Explain your goals to a partner and give
short film competition by the time you’re 23 and so on. each other feedback:
Who knows? One day an Oscar might be yours!
a Do they meet the SMART criteria?

Relevant
b Which goal is more realistic?
Finalise your goals.
Sometimes we want to achieve something not because
it truly matters to us but because other people expect us
to do it. Perhaps you’re aiming to go to university simply 4 FEEDBACK
because that’s what all your friends are doing, when what
you really desire is to go straight into the world of work. Ask your classmates about their goals.
We feel less motivated by goals that don’t come from the Are any similar to yours? Can you help
heart. Take a step back and ask yourself ‘Is this something each other in any way?
that is important to me personally?’ Alternatively, try to
complete the sentence ‘This matters to me because …’
This will help you work out whether your goal is truly 5 APPLY
relevant to you or not.
Start to work towards your goals!
Update your classmates on your
progress regularly.

SETTING REALISTIC GOALS 35

 REVIEW 1 UNITS 1– 4

VOCABULARY 4 Complete the blog post with the words in the box.
asserted attached to attributed gave away
flicking through good terms missed out on
raised some eyebrows rubbing on speaking terms
1 Find a phrasal verb which fits in both sentences and
put it into the correct form.
1 a I don’t like Josh. He’s always me.
b I keep the chocolate biscuits in a cupboard where the
My dad and I were
kids can’t them. 1
the
2 a Can you to my place to watch a
family album when we
movie tonight?
came across a photo of his
b Leila as a bit bossy but she’s
Great Aunt Cecilia. He was
actually a very nice person.
extremely 2
3 a The obstacle course was fun but I couldn’t
her as a child, and he
the last wall.
always 3
b Tom has never losing the final of
his fondness for her to the
the tennis tournament to his younger brother.
fact that she was slightly
4 a Lizzy decided to her relationship
unconventional. According
with Jamie because they weren’t compatible.
to one family anecdote,
b When I picked up the statue a piece of it
she once turned up to a
in my hand.
dance in trousers, which of
5 a I heard Arturo his boss, saying she
course 4
always made really bad decisions.
in a village in the 1920s.
b Can you just to the corner shop
She 5 that
and get me a loaf of bread?
she was aiming to be equal
2 Choose the correct option. with men! She became
unpopular because she
1 I think there will need to be some changes in the 6
family
coming / pending weeks.
secrets, or rather her mother’s secret recipes. And
2 I’ve just heard that the President’s arrival is imminent /
she was always 7 people up the
foreseeable.
wrong way. By the time my dad was born, she
3 The changes we made to the menu were long coming /
was not 8 with most of his family.
overdue.
Luckily for him, she was on fairly 9
4 Miriam was happy for the children to share a room in the
with his mother. I’m sorry I 10 on
short term / shortly but felt that later on they would need
meeting such a colourful character!
their own space.
5 In the better hotels, the staff anticipate / envisage your
needs rather than just responding to requests.
5 Complete the dialogues with a food-related idiom.
The first letter of each word has been given.
3 Replace the phrases in italics with a colloquial phrase
from the box. 1 A: I’ve got tickets for the ballet. Would you like to come?
B: Sorry, that’s not really my c of t .
all up in the air I couldn’t care less
couldn’t keep a straight face easier said than done 2 A: I just bumped into Nadia with her new boyfriend.
got off on the wrong foot inside out B: What’s he like? Come on. S the !
it’s about time you can say that again
3 A: You know Max was running an internet café? Well, he’s
Hugo: Hi, Rosie, how did your exam go? now teaching karate at the gym as well.
Rosie: Not too well. I’d prepared and I knew the topic B: Oh, you know Max. He likes to have a f in
1
thoroughly but when I got into the exam, I couldn’t e p .
remember a thing. Exams are hard! 4 A: Robyn told me the school is closing down.
Hugo: 2You’re right about that, but try not to worry. B: Don’t worry. You know you have to take what she says
Rosie: That’s 3quite difficult though, isn’t it? with a p of s .
Hugo: I suppose so. By the way, I finally got a new job.
5 A: What did you think of the documentary on plant-based
Rosie: Great! 4That should have happened long ago. diets for athletes?
You’ve been looking for ages. Is the money good? B: It was interesting. It’s given me a lot of f for
Hugo: To be honest, 5I’m not concerned about that. I just t .
need to get some experience.
6 A: Anouk seems really distracted at the moment. Is she OK?
B: Yes, I think so. She’s just got a l on her
p at the moment.

36 REVIEW 1
 GRAMMAR PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Reading and Use of English Part 1

1 Complete the sentences with the words in brackets 5 Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C
and a verb from the box. or D) best fits each gap.

bother ask borrow call in Etymology

fight have keep up with tell
Etymology is the study of the origin of words.
1 My parents me I should study more Etymologists (0) B use of texts and other
but I’m working as hard as I can. (keep) information to (1) into how words entered a
2 As I child, I with my siblings but we language and how their sounds and spellings have
get on really well nowadays. (would often) (2) over centuries. Words originate through
3 When we were younger, my oldest brother, in particular, a limited number of mechanisms. Naturally people
me. (constantly) want to (3) they exert as little effort as possible
4 Patrick a great relationship with his while efficiently reaching their communication goals.
uncle but now they’re not on speaking terms. (used) Therefore, complex words and structures have a
5 When I’m in town, I to see my auntie (4) to be simplified over time. One example
for a cup of tea. (will usually) of this is ‘going to’, which is often pronounced
6 Sarah my car and forgetting to put ‘gonna’. Another way words enter a language is, to
petrol in it! (always) put it (5) , when people get bored of existing
7 Miguel fashion but he does now. (use) words. Repeated use often leads to a (6) in the
8 The journey home was terrible because the children intensity of a word’s meaning, so people create new
‘Are we nearly there?’ (kept) words. Some of these will (7) and some won’t.
Languages also change when communities (8)
2 Replace the noun in italics with a pronoun. Separate and languages mix, causing new dialects to develop.
the phrasal verb if it is possible to do so.
0 Don’t take your anger out on me! Don’t take it out on me! 0 A find B make C get D take
1 I can’t keep up with Rebecca. She walks so fast. 1 A discover B inquire C explore D seek
2 Lily brought up six children on very little money. 2 A converted B matured C modified D evolved
3 I can always cheer up Joseph when he’s upset. 3 A ensure B assure C insure D secure
4 We let Robert down and really regret it. 4 A feature B tendency C custom D habit
5 Sara got over her illness quicker than expected. 5 A purely B openly C simply D easily
6 Tracey won’t stop going on about her new job. 6 A shortening B reduction C cutback D discount
7 A keep B maintain C preserve D survive
3 Correct any mistakes in these sentences. One sentence 8 A migrate B disappear C abandon D desert
is correct.
1 Cheryl was worried about pass the exam. Reading and Use of English Part 2
2 I advise leaving by 7am if you want to get to the airport
in time.
6 Read the text below and think of the word which best
fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
3 Annette made the difficult decision giving up the job
she loved.
4 The reason I wrote the email was telling Jo how I felt. A brief history of online food delivery
5 Talk to my boss is very frustrating. Food delivery has come a long way since the first meal
6 Isla heard footsteps came down the corridor. was ordered online from Pizzanet (0) back in 1994.
It was not until the dawn of the current century that
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the online ordering began to take (1) in earnest.
verb in brackets. It would still be several years (2) someone
1 My parents in this house for 30 years came up with the bright idea of an app through
this November. (live) (3) customers could order from a range of
2 What do you think you in five years’ local restaurants. The first such app in the UK was
time? (do) Deliveroo, which launched in 2013, and since then
3 Only a month ago I was sure I to New countless similar apps have been introduced in the
York in the autumn. (move) hope (4) obtaining a share of the lucrative home
4 The library , but the protesters delivery market. Many companies will (5) at
managed to save it. (shut down) nothing to increase their profits, including replacing
5 It looks like the economic situation delivery staff with robots and drones. (6) the
worse over the next few months. (get) initial cost of the hardware, these artificial workers will
6 If we the world from a climate save companies money and, in theory at (7) , be
disaster, we need to act now. (save) more efficient. One has to wonder, though, about the
human cost of machines (8) over humans’ jobs.

UNITS 1–4 37
 5 ON TREND
ABOUT YOU
05 Watch the video and answer the
questions.
How into fashion are you?
Is it more important for you to have clothes
that don’t harm the environment, or clothes
that are fashionable?
What do you think your choice of clothes
says about you?

3 Complete sentences 1–5 and a–e with words from Exercise 1 in

VOCABULARY & READING the correct form.

CLOTHES AND FASHION

1 Have you seen that really shirt Tom’s bought?
It’s got stripes of lots of different colours and widths.
2 I see from all those carrier bags that you’ve been on a
EP 1 Match the words to the definitions a–j. .
1 Occasionally I wear a tailored designer jacket
3 Why don’t you get one of these loose-fitting shirts? Everyone’s
so I look effortlessly stylish!
wearing them, so you’ll with all your friends!
2 Whenever I have money, I like to go on a
4 Why is it that some shops sell faulty items as at
spending spree and splash out on something
lower prices, but other shops don’t?
nice to wear.
5 The clothes Stella wears are so – vintage floral
3 There are definitely some colours which are
shirts, ripped jeans and high heels one day, then tracksuit and
flattering on me, and others that I don’t look so
cowboy boots the next!
good in.
4 I’d describe myself as a bit of a trendsetter, a Yes, I went into town and splashed out on some jeans and this
because once I start wearing something, others jacket.
do too. b I know – and she manages to look good ,
5 I wouldn’t be seen dead wearing seconds. whatever she wears, doesn’t she!
I prefer to buy everything in perfect condition. c I know, but it doesn’t suit him. I think a plain black shirt would be
6 It’s better to wear clothes that make you more on him.
fit in and look normal, rather than weird d It’s because some shops will only clothes in
eye-catching things just to make you stand out. perfect condition which they can sell at full price.
7 I’d rather have an eclectic collection of clothes, e No way! I don’t want to look the same as everyone else. I’m a
not just lots of things in a similar style. – I want tomorrow’s styles today!
8 It’d be interesting to go shopping in
another country, because the shops would 4 Match the comments 1–5 in Exercise 3 to the replies a–e.
stock completely different stuff to what’s
available here.
5 Read the first three paragraphs of the article opposite,
ignoring the gaps. What does the writer mean by saying that
a without trying consumers are in a ‘vicious cycle’? Do you agree? What do you
b have things available to sell think can be done about it?
c varied; combining different styles
d shaped to fit your body
e noticeable and immediately appealing PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
f shopping session where someone buys a lot
Reading and Use of English Part 3
g something which makes someone look nice or
attractive
h slightly damaged clothing that is sold at a
6 For questions 1–8, read the article opposite. Use the word
given in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap.
reduced price
i be accepted by and similar to other members
of a group
j someone whose choices of clothes are copied 7 Read the rest of the article and match the headings A–E to
by others gaps 9–13.
A Set limits on what you buy D Stick to your budget
2 Comment to your partner on the statements B Take your time E Change your mindset
in Exercise 1, for example by saying: ‘That’s C Act with awareness
true!’, ‘Mm, I’m not so sure.’ or ‘No way!’
8 Do you agree with the writer’s points about …
1 the damaging effects of excessive shopping?
2 how shops get us to buy more clothes than we actually need?
3 how soon after first looking at something you should buy it?

38 UNIT 5
 22 Because less is more –
the mindful way to shop
A big issue facing society today is excessive 10

(0) consumption (CONSUME) of fashion products, It’s all too easy to drift through a shop on auto-pilot, picking
which is damaging both to the planet and to people’s up anything you like the look of, trying it on, and then
mental health. Fashion (1) (RETAIL) splashing out on the whole lot. What you need to do is stay
exploit our tendency to be (2) alert and have a dialogue with yourself. Ask ‘Does this T-shirt
(IMPULSE) and to over-shop to get us to part with our really represent my style, do I actually need it, and how might
cash. it fit in with the rest of my wardrobe?’
Shopping for clothes can be a highly 11

(3) (REWARD) activity, especially

When I was a kid, there was a rule I had to stick to. I could
for those of us who like to think of ourselves as
only get a new toy once I’d got rid of one I didn’t play with
trend-setters. As human beings, we are easily
any more. Now I apply the same principle to my clothing
distracted, a (4) (CHARACTER)
purchases. For a new item to come in, an old one that I don’t
which is immensely beneficial for businesses.
wear any more must go to the charity shop. This is a great way
Strategies like shop clearances, seconds and offering
to restrict your purchases to things you really need, rather than
(5) (COUNT) are designed to put
things you just want.
(6) (PRESS) on the consumer,
12
increase sales and clear shelf space so that they can
stock yet more stuff. And so we are caught up in this A purchase is something you should never rush into. If you’ve
vicious cycle. seen something in a shop that you like the look of, give it a
It is crucial that we resist this (7) few days and then go back for another look. Touch the fabric.
(TEND) to overshop in order to spare ourselves the Try it on again. Compare it with something else that’s caught
detrimental effects on our mental health, our bank your eye and decide which one you’d rather go for.
13
balance, and the environment. And this can be
accomplished with the adoption of a mindful approach Have you ever come back from a shopping spree and realised
to buying, allowing for more (8) you shouldn’t have spent so much? If so, one thing you might
(CONSCIENCE) shopping and less wastage. Here are want to try next time is just using cash. That may sound very
five steps you can take. last-decade, but it’s actually a great way to stop yourself
9
from overspending as you see how quickly those banknotes
disappear. And online, don’t be conned into saving your card
Let’s face it, many of us really ought to rethink the way details. Yes, I know it’ll allow you to make your next purchase
we shop. Well the good news is that you can! I used to effortlessly, but it’s done for the retailer’s benefit, not yours.
regard shopping as a leisure activity, but that way of
In the ever-changing world of fashion, we could all use
thinking is gone now. Instead, I look on the purchase
a moment to slow down, take a breath and think.
of a new T-shirt or whatever it is as a process, and
By mindfully considering what we’re doing and
one involving research rather than just a spur-of-the-
why, we may become capable of making less
moment decision. I put my head, as well as my
wasteful purchases, rather than ones which leave
heart, into any purchases, to assemble an eclectic
us looking in our wardrobe and thinking ‘Why on
collection of stuff, from vintage hats to the latest
earth did I buy that?’
trainers. Taking a mindful approach is all about
re-evaluating the way you do things.

TALKING POINTS
How easy do you think it is to get
addicted to shopping?
Have you ever bought anything,
and then wished that you hadn’t?
Do you agree that it’s worth taking a
mindful approach when shopping?

ON TREND 39
 GRAMMAR DAL MEANINGS
EXPRESSIONS WITH MO
REVIEW OF MODALS
4 Match expressions 1–8 to a–d.
1 Match extracts 1–6 from the article to functions a–f. 1 See something you like? Then you’re free to try it on!
1 This can be accomplished with the adoption of a mindful 2 We regret that dogs are not permitted inside the shop.
approach to buying. 3 All staff are obliged to attend health and safety training.
2 Many of us really ought to rethink the way we shop. 4 Special guests were entitled to receive a 50% discount.
3 How might this T-shirt fit in with the rest of my 5 Dan was supposed to meet me but he totally forgot.
wardrobe? 6 She was banned from the store for shoplifting.
4 When I was a kid, I could only get a new toy once I’d got 7 Lily managed to find a vintage dress for the wedding.
rid of an old one I didn’t play with any more. 8 You are required to agree to our Terms and Conditions.
5 For a new item to come in, an old one that I don’t wear
a prohibition c permission / right
any more must go to the charity shop.
b obligation d ability
6 Have you ever come back from a shopping spree and
realised you shouldn’t have spent so much?
v PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
a advice
b obligation Reading and Use of English Part 2
c regret or advice about the past
d speculation 5 Quickly read the text below. What could Queen
e permission Elizabeth I do which Richard Walweyn couldn’t?
f ability
6 Read the text below and think of the word which best
2 Complete the rules with the functions a–f from fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
Exercise 1.
These (0) days , being
1 To express in the present, we can entitled (1) wear
use must or have to. whatever we like is something we
2 We use should, ought to and had better to talk about take (2) granted.
. But that wasn’t always the case.
3 May, might, could, must and can’t all express During the reign of Queen Elizabeth
in the present. I of England in the 16th century, there
4 To talk about , we use should have were strict laws regarding who was
and ought to have. permitted to wear what. For example, there was a law that
5 We use may/might/could have, must have and can’t no-one in the whole of England other (3)
have to talk about in the past. the Queen could wear wear purple silk; everyone else was
6 and can be banned (4) doing so.
expressed with can (present) and could (past).
In 1565, a certain Richard Walweyn was arrested for
wearing ‘monstrous and outrageous’ trousers. Historians
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 163 believe that he (5) well have stuffed
material inside his trousers to make his legs more shapely,
as this was in fashion at the time, at least among the upper
3 Complete the sentences using one of the modal classes. However, the law made (6)
structures in Exercise 2.
illegal for servants to follow upper-class fashions like this,
1 I’m wondering about buying a new jacket, but I probably
and so technically, Walweyn, (7) was
get one because my old one still fits.
only a servant, shouldn’t (8) done this
2 This tie only cost five euros, so it be
made from silk. Surely it be polyester, and was duly punished.
which is much cheaper.
3 I went on a spending spree at the weekend, and
now I realize how much I spent, I’m thinking that I
bought so much.
4 Clothes Are Us are claiming that they’ve reduced prices, 7 Complete these old fashion laws. If you could make a
but they done, because prices are the law about fashion, what would it be? Tell your partner.
same as they were last week.
5 I remember to take my sports gear 1 Napoleon added buttons to soldiers’ sleeves so
with me, because I’m playing tennis straight after school. they wipe their noses with their
6 My granddad complains that he get uniforms.
his old suit mended because there are so few tailors. 2 In the 1970s, women in South Korea were
7 For a full refund, items be returned from wearing short miniskirts, and
unused with a receipt within 14 days of purchase. there was a Fashion Police to arrest anyone who did.
8 I’m not sure where my baseball cap is, but I suspect I
left it on the bus yesterday. 3 In Ancient Roman times, men were banned from
wearing anything made from silk, although women
were to wear it.

40 UNIT 5
 VOCABULARY EP 4 Name the items of clothing using a 3
word from each box to make one-word
COMPOUND ADJECT IVES and two-word compound nouns.
AND NOUNS
bow dinner dressing evening
rain sweat swimming wet
EP 1 Match words from boxes A and B to make
compound adjectives. Does each one have a
coat dress gown jacket
positive, negative or neutral meaning?
shirt suit tie trunks 4
A hard- high- long- loose-
old- short- tight-
1 2
B fashioned fitting heeled
lasting sleeved wearing

7
23 2 Listen to six speakers talking about their favourite
item of clothing and complete the table.
6
Item of Compound adjective
clothing used to describe it
5
1 Pippa top
2 Matt 8
3 India
4 Toby
5 Ben
5 Using words from this page, tell your
6 Alice partner what you would wear for …
• a friend’s birthday party
3 Complete the comments on this fashion forum with • your graduation party
a suitable compound adjective from Exercise 1. • a weekend at a smart beach resort

This week, we’re asking our readers this:

can clothes be both eye-catching and practical?

I came across this cool jacket in a I recently bought a pair of

magazine the other day which you 3
shoes –
can zip up all the way to the top of they cost a fortune, but after
the hood. The things is, I cycle to I’d worn them twice, I found a
work every day so I tend to wear hole in the bottom of one of
1
clothes which them. It was a bit annoying,
don’t get in the way and I also need because if I pay a lot for
a jacket which is waterproof and something I expect it to be
2
, so it’s probably 4
, not to be
not a very practical choice really! thrown away after being
worn twice.

Jack1999 SamLovesFashionWithAPassion

I recently bought a pair of A friend of mine who’s

star-shaped sunglasses. It quite fashion-conscious has
was a brand-new design, but developed her own look. She
they actually have quite an wears shirts which are two sizes
5
look. It’s too big for her, so they’re really
the kind of thing that would 7
. They’re
have been really popular in also very 8
the 1970s. Still love the look so you can hardly see her
though and they’re perfect hands. Probably not very
with a 6 practical, but who cares?!
T-shirt in the summer! I think she looks great!

ZanyZoe FranZ

ON TREND 41
 LISTENING

1 Work in pairs. Look at the photos and answer the

questions.
1 What is the appeal for some people of learning about
clothes and fashion in these ways?
2 How important do you think fashion shows and fashion
magazines are for people working in the clothing
industry?

2 Look at the following statements. To what extent is each one in favour of the fashion industry or against it? Decide to
what extent you agree or disagree with each. Compare your answers with your partner.
A ‘Catwalk models are examples to us all about how gorgeous we could look.’
B ‘Spending vast amounts on luxury clothing when people are starving is utterly immoral.’
C ‘The fashion industry creates an unrealistic image of what it is to be beautiful.’
D ‘The world would be a better place if people would just take more pride in the way they dress.’

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

Listening Part 3

3 You will hear an interview in which two people called Zoë Zoë: Well, when I was in my late teens and
and Marcus are talking about the fashion industry. Listen
approaching adulthood, I started to pay attention
24 to and read question 1 and options A–D. Then read what
to whatever outfits were trending, as did lots of
Zoë says and match the highlighted phrases to similar ideas
people my age and slightly older. I don’t mean on
underlined in A–D.
the catwalks – just those around me. ‘I belong with
1 What motivated Zoë’s choice of clothes as a teenager?
these people!’ I thought, looking at the effortlessly
A spending as much as she could afford
stylish girls I wanted to hang out with. But
B wanting to fit in with her peers
gradually I realised that I didn’t. All that weekend
C aiming to look more mature
job money spent, and I still just looked like me.
D reflecting her personality through her outfits
And I started to feel that the fashion industry
wasn’t delivering what it promised.
4 Choose the correct answer for question 1.
5 For questions 2–6, listen and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.
2 When Marcus talks about Cassidy’s department store, 5 What does Zoë find surprising about fashion
24
what point is he making? magazines?
A Shopping fails to make people happy. A They contain misleading fashion advice.
B It’s easy to become addicted to shopping. B People look to them for advice when fashions change.
C Some shops are designed to be difficult to leave. C Competent people still rely on them to choose what
D People get confused by too much choice in shops. clothes to buy.
3 Marcus is critical of high-end designers for D They devote so little space to clothing that’s suitable
A charging prices that people can’t afford. for the workplace.
B talking about issues they don’t really care about. 6 Zoë tells the anecdote about the editor she knows to
C producing things that aren’t genuinely sustainable. suggest that
D encouraging people to buy things they don’t need. A the fashion world has the wrong priorities.
4 Zoë and Marcus agree that the goal of all fashion designers is to B people who work in fashion can be difficult to talk to.
A break the rules of fashion. C fashion publications are of little interest to
B design clothes that are good enough for royalty. intelligent people.
C produce designs that are different from previous ones. D fashion is partly responsible for some of the world’s
D challenge people’s expectations about what clothes should most serious problems.
look like.
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 144

6 Discuss the following questions.

1 Do you know of any clothes companies that claim to be ‘green’? How ‘green’ do you think they really are?
2 Do you agree that some people take clothes and fashions too seriously?
3 How attractive is the idea of working in the fashion industry to you?

42 UNIT 5
 SPEAKING 3 Which of the following things should you do
and which things shouldn’t you do in Speaking
PHS
COMPARING PHOTOGRA Part 2?
1 say at the start which pictures you will discuss
1 Match 1–3 to a–c to complete the quotes about fashion. Then 2 talk about two of the pictures
discuss which two you and your partner agree with most. 3 describe in detail what the pictures show
4 repeat phrases used by the examiner, e.g. dress
in a similar way, how these clothes might make
1 Japanese fashion designer and perfume brand founder
them feel.
Kenzo Takada: ‘Fashion is like eating; …
5 use a wide range of grammar and vocabulary
2 American fashion designer Alexander Wang: 6 include only information relevant to the
‘Anyone can get dressed up and glamorous, … pictures
3 American actress and model Bo Derek: 7 give reasons for opinions about the people and
‘Whoever said that money can’t buy happiness … their clothing
8 allow time to address both questions with
both pictures
a simply didn’t know where to go shopping.’
b but it is how people dress on their days off that is the 25 4 Listen to Gonzalo doing the task. Which of the
things above does he do? Would he get a good
most intriguing.’ mark? You’ll also hear a second student, Rosa,
c you shouldn’t stick to the same menu.’ answering a question. How well does she do?

25 5 Listen again and tick the expressions from the

Prepare to speak box that Gonzalo uses.
2 Read this task from Speaking Part 2, and then decide which
two of the three pictures you would choose to talk about.
PREPARE TO SPEAK
I’m going to give you three pictures. I’d like you to talk Speculating
about two of them on your own for a minute. Here are your I assume that …
pictures. They show groups of people dressed in a similar Presumably, …
way to each other. I’d like you to compare two of the pictures Making guesses about the present
and say why the people might have chosen to dress this way, They might be -ing …
and how these clothes might make them feel. It looks as though …
There’s a chance that …
A Making guesses about the past
They might have + past participle
They can’t have + past participle
They must have + past participle
Expressing lack of certainty
I haven’t got a clue …
It’s hard to say.
Being cautious
I’m not an expert on …, but …
Who knows
It’s not impossible that …
B
if I’m not mistaken …
Giving reasons
judging by
From what I know about
I guess that’ll be why

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

Speaking Part 2
C
6 In pairs, do the exam task in Exercise 2, using
expressions from the Prepare to speak box.

7 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 150.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 146

ON TREND 43
 6 THE GREAT ESCAPE
ABOUT YOU
06 Watch the video and answer the questions.
What’s the best holiday or trip you’ve ever been on?
What did you enjoy most about it?
What would you say are the three most important
ingredients for a great holiday?
Have you ever had a holiday you didn’t enjoy very
much? What didn’t you like about it?

VOCABULARY & READING

2 Read the article on the opposite page quickly. Which
TRAVEL AND TOURISM of the summaries best fits the article?
A There have been a number of impacts resulting from the
EP 1 Do the quiz and compare answers with a partner. What changes to holiday trends.
do you think the words and phrases in blue mean?
B Traditional holidays have many advantages, but the new
holiday trends are even better.
C There are problems with traditional holidays, which have
WHICH HOLIDAY IS led to new trends in holidays.

FOR YOU? PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

Reading and Use of English Part 7
1 Which of these holidays appeals to you most?
a a week lying on an unspoilt beach 3 Complete the advice with words from the box. Which
b trekking in remote or lesser-known places ONE piece of advice do you think is wrong?
c visiting world-famous historical sites structure links obvious
2 What is your ideal weekend away? grammar logically opposite
a a shopping trip to Milan or Paris
1 Always read the whole text first to get an idea of the
b a music festival with a large group of friends
. Finish the task by reading through
c a city break to Prague or Budapest
the complete text including your choices.
3 How do you feel about package tours? 2 Think of words that mean the same or the
a I avoid them – they’re not exciting enough for me. of key words, or that paraphrase
b They’re great – you can get some brilliant deals. key words, phrases and ideas. It is unlikely the exact
c They’re OK for a last-minute getaway. same words or phrases will be used in the ‘missing’
4 Which once-in-a-lifetime holiday would you paragraph.
choose? 3 Look out for words such as this, these, another and think
a experiencing indigenous culture in a yurt about what they refer to. Also pay attention to language
b a road trip down the US from north to south that ideas, such as similarly and on
c staying in an igloo and seeing the northern lights the other hand.
4 Make sure that the paragraph you have chosen links
5 How do you feel about long-haul travel?
with the paragraph that follows.
a I don’t enjoy the long flight, but it’s worth it.
b It’s uncomfortable and not very eco-friendly. 5 Start by identifying the paragraph that doesn’t fit any
c The further the better – I love visiting far-off places. of the gaps. This should be once you
have read through the text.
6 Do you think you would enjoy being a solo traveller? 6 Don’t choose a paragraph just because it has a similar
a No, travel is only fun with family and friends. idea to something in the text. Check that it is a perfect
b Yes. It’s a good way to meet new people. fit in terms of both and ideas.
c Maybe, as long as it wasn’t for too long.
7 Which seasonal job would you be willing to do? 4 Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits
a fruit picker in the English countryside each gap (1–6). There is one extra paragraph which
b chalet cleaner in a French ski resort you do not need to use.
c lifeguard on a beach in Australia
5 Which parts of the text before or after the missing
8 How would you feel about a trip to Venice? paragraphs gave you clues about the answer?
a I’ve always wanted to go on a gondola!
b Venice is such a tourist trap. It’s not for me. PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 136
c I’ve heard that it’s very expensive!

44 UNIT 6
26
Travel trends
Simon Oliver explores the ways holidays are changing.
Many Europeans look forward to a holiday – often in the
summer – when they can completely unwind. By far the
most popular option for many is to head for unspoilt
beaches to relax, swim, sunbathe or maybe enjoy some
water sports.

1
And those who opt for a city break frequently find their
weekend away no more relaxing than the coastal getaway
described. For many, the crowds and queues they
encounter make them think it would have been better to
A Another trend the tourist industry has seen skyrocket
is achievement travel, where the purpose is to learn
stay at home than to risk their sanity for a quick glimpse a skill such as scuba diving, dancing or cooking.
of a few works of art. Such scenarios have led to growing Linked to this is motion-based travel, which consists
interest in alternative travel, avoiding the usual tourist traps of trekking, mountain biking or horse-riding a
and heading to lesser-known places. pre-determined route.

2 B This has seen a rise in community-based tourism,

which ensures local people are impacted in positive
ways by travel to their regions. A community-based
It’s not just this need for a more peaceful break that tempts hotel, for instance, will employ only local people,
tourists to seek new destinations and types of holiday. More source food and materials locally and use profits to
and more people want to make their holiday experience the uplift the area.
best possible whilst doing the least amount of damage to
other countries and cultures. This awareness has created a
more conscious kind of traveller who craves enrichment and
C These longer-than-average trips stem from the trend
towards immersing oneself in another way of life. Solo
aspires to give something back to the places visited. travellers in particular benefit from an extended stay
which enables them to learn the language, understand

3 the way of life and develop friendships with local people.

Tourists have a two-fold motivation for choosing this kind

of holiday. Firstly, it gives them a fascinating insight into
D Imagine a fortnight of being totally undisturbed, taking
it easy on the pristine sands, only getting up for a
gentle swim in the tepid waters of the Mediterranean.
indigenous cultures. Secondly, it creates a satisfying sense
What could be a better way of escaping the hustle and
that they are contributing positively to the place they are
bustle of modern life?
visiting, rather than damaging it in some way. This kind of trip
tends to be long haul and substantially more expensive than
the average holiday. However, the combination of stunning
E Two up-and-coming choices of this kind in southern
Europe are Albania and Montenegro, both of which have
landscapes and different types of people really makes it a stunning but little visited coastlines. These destinations
once-in-a-lifetime holiday. won’t provide as lively a holiday as the Greek islands or
the Spanish costas, but even a few days in their tranquil
4 surroundings can restore weary workers.

Trips in these categories, involving moving around or

developing oneself, lend themselves to more extensive
F The reality, though, is often less than idyllic. In many
resorts, holidaymakers find themselves getting up at
dawn to vie for a space by the pool. And rather than
travel. Instead of the traditional fortnight, many people are
having a pleasant stroll to the water’s edge, they end
spending months travelling. Even retired people are taking
up fighting their way through sandcastle-making kids,
seasonal jobs such as picking grapes, and young parents
picnics, ball games and general chaos.
are going backpacking with babies.

5 G This kind of travel makes seeing the world’s most iconic

cities considerably more economical. If a company
has paid for an employee’s flight to, say, Berlin, for a
For those who are not able get away for months at a time in meeting, it makes sense to add on a few more nights to
this way, ‘bleisure’ travel is another popular trend. Formed take in some historical sites and art galleries.
from the words business and leisure, ‘bleisure’ involves
tagging a few days onto a business trip to see the sights of
whatever location their work has taken them to.
TALKING POINTS
6 Which of the holiday ideas mentioned in the text
appeal to you? Why?
Integrating work and holidays is a useful concept which may What are the advantages and disadvantages of living
contribute towards the survival of the tourist industry. With the in a place that is popular with tourists?
most popular destinations having reached saturation point How do you think travel and tourism might change in
and increasing environmental awareness, it’s no wonder that the future?
the face of holidaymaking is changing so drastically.

THE GREAT ESCAPE 45

 GRAMMAR 4 Match the examples of irregular comparative forms
1–6 to the guidelines in the box a–f.
MODIFYING COMPARAT IVE
PE RL AT IVE ADJE CTIVES 1 The furniture in your hotel room is more tasteful than the
AND SU furniture in mine.
2 I’d say the sea looks more green than blue today.
1 Read extracts 1–6 from the article and complete 3 It’s a lot windier today than it was yesterday.
the corresponding rules in the box with the words 4 It’s wrong to dispose of waste in the sea; it’s even more
comparative, superlative or adjective. wrong if it’s chemical waste.
1 This kind of trip tends to be substantially more 5 City breaks are more tiring than any other type
expensive than the average holiday. of holiday.
2 By far the most popular option for many is to head for 6 The in-flight entertainment wasn’t available, so I was
unspoilt beaches. more bored than I’d ever been on a flight.
3 They frequently find their city break no more relaxing
than the coastal getaway described. a We use more with 1-syllable past participle
4 They want to make their holiday experience the best adjectives, e.g. pleased, scared, worn.
possible whilst doing no damage. b We use more with a few other 1-syllable adjectives,
5 The crowds make them think it would have been better including real, right and wrong.
to stay at home. c We can use more with 1-syllable adjectives when
6 These destinations won’t provide as lively a holiday as comparing two qualities.
the Greek islands. d Many 2-syllable adjectives ending -y, -ow, -er, -ure can
take either -er or more, e.g. clever, shallow, secure.
1 Modifiers such as even, a great deal, substantially and e We use more with 2-syllable present participle
somewhat can be used before adjectives, e.g. boring, tiring, thrilling.
adjectives. f We use more with 2-syllable adjectives ending in
2 Modifiers such as by far, easily, one of and among can certain suffixes, including -ish, -ful and -less, e.g.
be used before adjectives. careful, hopeful, selfish.
3 No or not any can form the negative before a
adjective.
4 We can use a postmodifier (e.g. possible, ever, 5 Are both options correct? If not, choose the correct one.
by far) to make the stronger, in 1 You couldn’t be righter / more right about that.
the structure + postmodifier or 2 She knew the pool was deep but it turned out to be far
+ noun + postmodifier. deeper / more deep than she thought.
5 A adjective can be followed by a 3 I was shockeder / more shocked than Zara was when we
to infinitive (+ than + to infinitive). heard the news.
6 We can make comparisons using as and such: 4 The town of Reutlingen in Germany has the narrowest /
• (not) as + + a/an + noun +as most narrow street in the world.
• not such + a/an + + noun + as 5 Our team is going to win the cup. I’ve never felt surer /
more sure.
6 I think your little brother is even more spoilt / spoilter
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 165 than mine.

2 Choose the correct modifier. Both may be correct. 6 Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1 In my experience, Thailand is easily / considerably the 1 One of the best time to visit Kenya is during the dry
most exciting destination in Asia. season.
2 I have found that when you take a long-haul flight it is 2 The Maldives is far the best destination for exploring
somewhat / by far easier if you travel overnight. marine life.
3 Iona is among / substantially the most beautiful of all the 3 Self-catering didn’t work out quite as cheap option as
Scottish islands. I’d hoped.
4 Group travel often works out considerably / a great deal 4 Our tour guide was no any more knowledgeable than
cheaper than travelling solo. we were.
5 Krakow is the most interesting place ever / even for a 5 February tends to be the month with the lower number
city break. of tourist arrivals in Spain.

3 Use the prompts to make sentences. 7 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 151.
0 The north / beautiful coastline / the south (as … as)
The north has as beautiful a coastline as the south.
1 Going by train / not / economical / way to travel / used
to be. (as … as)
2 I / never / had / terrifying / experience / meeting a great
white shark face to face. (such … as)
3 Kite-surfing / almost / exciting / sport / regular surfing.
(as … as)
4 Pedro / not / adventurous / person / his brother.
(such … as)
5 Backpacking / not / pleasant / experience / I hoped it
would be. (as … as)

46 UNIT 6
 VOCABULARY EP 9 Complete the sentences with a word from the box
to make adverb and adjective collocations.
S
ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVE accepted aware committed unique unusual

1 Have you ever heard of Bhutan? What continent do 1 Something which is totally about
you think it’s in? Bhutan is that it’s carbon negative.
2 People in Bhutan are fully of the
27 2 You will hear two friends, Arlo and Gemma, talking importance of protecting the planet.
about Gemma’s holiday to Bhutan. What does she say
3 … and the government is also deeply
about the country?
to environmental sustainability.
4 It’s highly that wearing the national
EP 3 Listen again. Match the places and features to the dress is compulsory when out in public.
adjectives that Gemma uses to describe them.
5 … but it seems to be widely as a
27 1 Bhutanese culture a terrifying
good way of developing national pride.
2 the descent into Paro b fresh
3 the scenery c fascinating
4 the mountain air d unspoilt PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
5 village life e stunning
6 the rural areas f tranquil Reading and Use of English Part 1
7 the fortresses g hazardous
8 the roads h remote 10 Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D)
best fits each gap.
EP 4 Read the information, then say which adjectives
from Exercise 3 are ‘extreme’. Match them to a basic UNDERWATER
adjective from the box.
ADVENTURES
We call adjectives like terrifying ‘ungradable’ adjectives
For adventurous
because they are absolute, or extreme. We can’t say ‘very
travellers who are
terrifying’; instead we can say ‘absolutely terrifying’.
looking for something
(0) B different, there
attractive interesting scary
are underwater attractions
all over the world. With
5 Complete the sentences with very or absolutely. it becoming (1)
1 The scenery is stunning. rare to find unspoilt coral
2 The villages in Bhutan are tranquil. reefs, many divers explore
3 Bhutanese culture is fascinating. whatever else is left.
4 The fortresses are remote. One of the sites most highly (2) by divers is the
5 The descent into Paro is terrifying. Florida Keys Shipwreck Trail, a series of nine historic ships
which provide numerous diving opportunities. Fortunately,
EP 6 Complete the table with the adverbs in the box. Some these days ships are (3) safe, but in the past,
can go in both columns. shipwrecks were commonplace. Each wreck on the trail
a bit completely extremely fairly incredibly tells a deeply (4) story of real people who lost their
pretty quite really totally utterly lives at sea. The staff at the visitor centre are extremely
(5) about the ships’ histories.
with gradable adjectives with ungradable The Molinere underwater sculpture park in Grenada is
e.g. interesting, fresh adjectives e.g. terrifying another absolutely (6) place. Its 75 sculptures
explore the relationship between art and its environment.
very, absolutely, Some are located in (7) shallow water, allowing
access for snorkellers as well as divers. For those who
7 Look at the pairs of sentences. In which pair does the don’t dive, the statues are clearly (8) from
adverb quite make the adjective stronger? In which a glass-bottomed boat.
pair does it make it weaker?
A I was quite excited that we’d be flying in business class. 0 A strongly B completely C highly D fully
The queue at immigration was quite long. 1 A increasingly B absolutely C gradually D utterly
B I spent all day at the aquarium. It was quite fascinating. 2 A recommended B suggested C proposed D advised
We saw the crown jewels, which are quite magnificent. 3 A significantly B incredibly C seriously D greatly
4 A sensational B moving C worthy D scary
28 8 You will hear the rest 5 A knowledgeable B experienced C aware D skilled
of Arlo and Gemma’s 6 A attractive B impressive C fascinating D unusual
conversation about 7 A entirely B thoroughly C totally D fairly
Bhutan. What two facts 8 A obvious B evident C apparent D visible
about the country
surprised Arlo?
11 TURN TO PAGE 151.

THE GREAT ESCAPE 47

 WRITING 3 Use the prompts to make comparative and superlative
sentences about the holidays. You must use the words
A REVIEW and phrases from the box at least once.
a great deal by far considerably
1 Have you ever been on a sports or activity holiday? easily nearly slightly
If you have: What activities did you do? Did you enjoy it?
If you haven’t: Would you like to go on one? What activities 1 accommodation / luxurious
would you like to be included? 2 activities / varied
3 suitable / non-swimmers
2 Read the three adverts for active holidays. Which of 4 area / remote
the holidays most appeals to you? 5 good opportunity / experience indigenous culture
6 holiday / risk
A

GREAT
Enjoy the adventure of a lifetime,
trekking across China with our 5-star
4 Read the task. Write three questions that you have to
address in your review.
guides. Explore the geography, history
and culture of this fascinating country.

WALL
You see the following announcement on a travel website
This cross-country tour takes you off for teenagers.
the beaten track through rice fields
and picturesque villages. Stay in the Multi-activity holidays
basic but comfortable homes of locals. Nowadays lots of schools and colleges take

TRAVELS
The tour includes a guided bike ride students on multi-activity or outdoor adventure
through the ancient city of Xi’an and holidays. Have you been on one? If so, please write
daily Tai Chi lessons. a review for our website, describing some of the
most enjoyable activities, giving your view on how
well organised the trip was and explaining why
you would or wouldn’t recommend it to other
student groups.

Write your review in 220–260 words.

5 Read this review. What answers did the writer give to

the three questions? How formal is the language?

B
My classmates and I spent a week at the Alpine
Action Adventure Centre last month. I think it’s fair
to say that all of us had the time of our lives!
The range of activities on offer was mind-blowing.
From exploring underground caves and whitewater
rafting to climbing and paintballing, they were all
designed to appeal to active teenagers. While all
the activities were thrilling, my absolute favourite
was zorbing, which is where you get inside a giant
ALPINE ACTION ADVENTURE plastic ball and roll down a hill. It was, without a
doubt, the most fun I’ve ever had. If I had to choose
Based in the Southern French Alps, this holiday gives you flexibility to another highlight, it would be the half-day quad
enjoy as many different activity types as you wish. This area is home biking rally. We had races and learned tricks,
to the largest lake in France, as well as 4000- metre peaks. Activities and the scenery was even more beautiful than
available include white water rafting, water-skiing, mountaineering, I had expected.
caving, sailing, paragliding and many more. Accommodation options The organisers, in my view, did a fantastic job.
range from hostels to star class hotels. Everything worked like clockwork, with meals and
activities starting and finishing on time. The safety
C
briefings were clear and concise, and the instructors

DIVING SAFARI
checked our understanding of the guidelines
before we began. Unfortunately, the activities were
sometimes unfairly distributed, and some students
This trip to South Africa is perfect for sea-life enthusiasts who are keen to missed out on a few of the most popular ones.
experience diving with as many different species as possible. You will see So, would I recommend the Alpine Adventure
up to 20 types of shark, including hammerheads, tiger sharks and great Centre to other young people? Definitely! The only
whites, as well as turtles, manta rays and other sea creatures. Stay in our downside was the accommodation, which wasn’t
up-market fully catered chalets just off the beach. as good a standard as we had anticipated. It was
a bit neglected and in need of a coat of paint, but
I wouldn’t let that put you off, as you’ll be so utterly
exhausted by the end of the day, you’ll barely
notice! I’m sure you’ll have a blast.

48 UNIT 6
6 Add the phrases in green from Exercise 5 to the 9 Correct the mistakes in these sentences. One sentence
Prepare to write box. is correct.
1 The only downside were the food.
PREPARE TO WRITE 2 It is fair saying that the centre did not meet our
Giving opinions expectations.
3 I enjoyed everything but the absolute favourite activity
Impersonal phrases Adverb–adjective was skiing.
It is worth noting that absolutely stunning 4 It is worthy noting that the centre is situated far from
It is essential to intensely frustrating a town.
It seems to me that 5
5 Hopefully, the weather will be better next time we visit.
1
Adverbs of attitude 6 It seems me that the number of staff on duty was
Opinion phrases Surprisingly, … inadequate.
To my mind Frankly, …
What I found was Hopefully, … 10 Replace the parts of sentences 1–8 in italics with a
2 6
more interesting phrase (a–h).
3 1 The activities were quite boring.
4 2 We all enjoyed go-karting.
3 The food was bad.
4 The advert was wrong.
5 The swimming pool was cold.
7 Look at the phrases in red in Exercise 5 and say which 6 The equipment was old and broken.
are positive and which are negative.
7 The staff helped us a lot.
8 Complete this review by a student called Mila with a 8 The trip was too expensive.
suitable word or phrase from the box.
a not at all appetising
very efficiently based on my experience b assisted us in every way
surprisingly frankly absolutely terrified c bore no resemblance to reality
it seems to me hugely enjoyable d didn’t represent good value for money
extremely well-run e had a ball
f rather tedious
g absolutely freezing
h ancient and in poor repair
My school trip to the Beacon Falls Activity Centre
was something I’ll never forget. Not being an
adventurous type, I was initially somewhat
reluctant to take part in some of the activities, but PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
by the end, I’d tried most of them.
Writing Part 2 (a review)
1
, my favourite activity turned out
to be kayaking. Since I’m not a strong swimmer, 11 Read the question and plan your answer using the grid.
I was 2 the first time. After a Swap plans with a partner and give them feedback.
while, I realised that I was quite good at it and it How could your partner’s plan be improved?
became my activity of choice almost every day. In
common with most other students, I found the
On a recent holiday with your family, you visited
evening campfires 3 , particularly
a new theme park. A leisure website has asked
learning a whole load of new songs.
you to write a review of the theme park explaining
4
that the activity centre is which age groups it is most suitable for and which
5
. All of us were able to share attractions you think will prove most popular.
rooms with our friends and all our special diets You should also say why you would or would not
were catered for. A couple of times, students encourage others to visit.
injured themselves and the staff handled the
situation 6 . Write your review.
One thing which I felt could be improved is
the transport to off-site activities, which was, What question Notes on your
7
, inadequate. The minibuses were must you answer? answers
old and broke down a few times. They were very
uncomfortable and there was no air-conditioning, Introduction
so we arrived at our destination hot and sweaty. Point 1
To sum up, this holiday was a wonderful Point 2
experience for all of us. 8 , I would
Point 3
say that the Beacon Falls Activity Centre is a great
place for a school trip. Conclusion

12 Write your review in 220–260 words.

THE GREAT ESCAPE 49

 LIFE SKILLS COLLABORATION
ORGANISING A TRIP
LIFE SKILLS
2 Read the article and match a–e to gaps 1–5.
Organising a trip a … share responsibilities
There will be times in your life when you want to travel b … compromise
or go on holiday with friends. Knowing how to plan c … choose your destination wisely
and organise collaboratively will help ensure the trip is d … wait until you’ve left to discuss money
free of tensions between members of the group and is e … overplan
as enjoyable as possible for everyone.

29 Don’t trip up when planning your trip

1 Take the quiz. Then read the results on page 151.
Do you agree with what it says about you?
Taking a trip with friends can be one of life’s great
pleasures. You get to spend quality time with some of
Imagine you’re going on your favourite people, all while exploring new places
holiday with friends … and enjoying new experiences. However, group travel
can also put a strain on friendships, especially if you’ve
planned things poorly. After all, not everyone likes
1 You’ve planned your travel and accommodation. the same things. Relaxing at the beach might make a
What other plans do you want to make? brilliant day out for you but be boring for your friend,
a Nothing, really. It can wait until you’re there. while a stroll around an art gallery might be top of
b It’s nice to decide which places to visit, but they their list but bottom of yours. What’s more, whereas
don’t have to be concrete plans. some people are happy to go with the flow, others feel
c You want to know exactly what you’re going to unable to relax unless every last detail is determined in
do each day. advance. Add different attitudes to money to the mix
2 You each have a different amount of money to and the potential for a fall-out is huge. That’s why we’ve
spend while you’re away. How would you deal with put together these dos and don’ts – to make sure the
the issue? memories you make are truly unforgettable.
a Deal with the issue only if it arises, e.g. when
buying tickets or choosing where to eat.
b Avoid discussing money. It might cause
Do …
arguments that spoil the holiday. 1
c Agree a budget in advance so that nobody has Not only should you go for a location that appeals to
to worry about spending more than they have. everyone, it’s also sensible to pick somewhere that’s new
3 During the holiday, do you prefer to for all of you. That way, you can do everything together
without worrying about it being repetitive. Brainstorm
a see where each day takes you? It’s fun not
possibilities and go from there – there are bound to be lots
knowing what’s in store.
of places that tick both boxes.
b do whatever your friends prefer, even if it’s not
really what you want to do? 2
c organise everything in the morning? That way
One of you might be more organised than the others, but
you make sure you don’t miss anything.
that doesn’t mean that person should have to do all the
4 You’ve been planning to visit a famous monument planning and preparation, even if they offer to do so. That
but unexpectedly it’s closed. How do you feel? would hardly be fair as there’s lots to do, from researching
a It’s not a problem. You can just explore the local travel options and booking accommodation to buying
area and come back another day. tickets and changing currencies. What’s more, you’ll all feel
b If your friends aren’t bothered, you’re not. You more involved if you each take something on.
just want everyone to be happy.
c It’s annoying. You can return another day but 3
that means rearranging everything. Even with similar tastes, there will be some things that
you want to do that your friends don’t and vice versa. To
5 You make friends with some people in your youth
make sure there’s something for everyone during the trip,
hostel who offer to take you on an excursion. How
whether that’s a morning’s shopping or an afternoon at
do you feel?
a museum, don’t let the more insistent members of the
a What an exciting opportunity! It doesn’t matter
group take over, especially to the disadvantage of the
what you already had planned. Let’s just go!
more laid-back ones among you. And remember you don’t
b It sounds like great fun, but only if your friends
have to spend every second of every day together!
are into the idea. If not, you’d rather say no.
c It’s a lovely offer but it would mean cancelling
the plans you already had. That’s not ideal.

50 LIFE SKILLS
 3 Read the article again and answer the questions. 30 6 Listen again. Who says which?
1 What examples of approaching travel differently does the text 1 I’d rather go somewhere none of us has been.
mention? 2 Can I make a suggestion?
2 What does ‘tick both boxes’ refer to? 3 Are you really both OK with that?
3 Why would it be unfair not to divide up responsibilities? 4 Why don’t we all do the research instead?
4 Who might lose out if you don’t include something for everyone? 5 The thing is, you two both have part time jobs.
5 Which examples of unplanned situations does the text mention? 6 I’d rather we didn’t spend too much money.
6 What is the advice for avoiding arguments about money? 7 That sounds sensible.

30 4 Sophie, Tom and Maggie are planning a trip together. Which 7 Based on the advice in the article, what do
of the three traveller types from the quiz does each of them the friends do well? What don’t they do well?
match? Justify your answers to your partner.
Sophie Tom
Maggie

30 5 Listen again. Which person or people … Project

1 made a journey via Barcelona? Planning a trip
2 wants to try something their parents once did?
3 insisted on seeing a movie?
4 is/are going to research a country?
5 has to borrow money for the trip?
1 DECIDE
On your own, think of two countries
you would like to visit and what you
would like to do or see there.

2 PLAN
Make groups of three. If possible,
include a mix of personality types
according to the results of the quiz.
Choose a destination and plan a trip
together.
If necessary, research online where to
stay, what to do and what to see.
Follow the advice in the article.

Don’t …
4
Researching your destination and working out what to do 3 DISCUSS
and see in advance makes good sense. Not only will it ensure • How easy was it to follow the
you make the most of your time, it will help you avoid the advice?
potential disappointment of turning up somewhere only to • What could you have done better?
find that it’s closed. However, leave room for spontaneity and
the unexpected: the pretty town square you wander into
by accident, the local festival you stumble upon or the last-
minute invitation from new friends. Include some free time in
your schedule and be prepared to change or abandon plans if
4 PRESENT
something more interesting – or special – presents itself. Present your plan to your classmates.

5
It’s unlikely you’ll all have the same amount to spend on your
trip. Nor are you likely always to agree about what you consider 5 FEEDBACK
cheap or expensive. If you’re worried about finances, say so. If If you weren’t going on your trip,
you ignore the issue at the planning stage, it may well blow up which group’s trip would you most
into a quarrel while you’re away, and that can ruin everything. like to go on?
Deciding a budget or agreeing a spending limit is a great way to
deal with the issue before departure.

ORGANISING A TRIP 51
 7 DIGITAL PLANET
ABOUT YOU
07 Watch the video and answer the questions.
Are you a fan of nature programmes on TV?
How often do you rely on apps to find your way?
What digital technology are you most dependent on?
Does that technology impact on the environment?

VOCABULARY & READING

LANDSCAPE
EP 1 Look at photo A. Choose five words from the box
which could be used to describe it.
Match each of photos B–G to one of the remaining words.
alleyway coastline coordinates cove flyover
landmark landowner rocky scenic summit 3 Have you heard of waymarking? Quickly read the first
paragraph of the article on page 53 to find out what
underpass vegetation
it is.

A B 4 Look at gap 1. Read the entire sentence but don’t look

at the options yet. What kind of place do you think
people would want to share with others? Note down a
few adjectives you think would fit.

5 Look at the options for gap 1. Which one is similar in

meaning to the words you wrote?

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

Reading and Use of English Part 1

C D
6 Read the introduction to the article on page 53 and
decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
0 A innovative B latest C ultimate D present
1 A substantial B noteworthy C prominent D considerable
2 A position B locate C determine D establish
3 A look B find C check D make
4 A ruled B complied C regulated D ordered
5 A permit B approval C favour D licence
E F G
6 A opposed B contrary C diverse D distinct
7 A unused B unspoilt C unbroken D unhurt
8 A actively B strongly C greatly D largely

7 Read the paragraphs by Ben, Skylar and Marcus.

Who …
1 mentions being part of another category as well?
2 Complete the sentences with a word from Exercise 1 in 2 seems to waymark mainly in urban settings?
the correct form. 3 mentions a potential problem with their activity?
1 It was a very landscape, with very few 4 says they found it easy to decide on a category?
trees or plants. 5 has developed their skills through waymarking?
2 It’s easy to get lost with all these narrow streets and 6 describes an optical illusion?
. 7 has made a practical contribution to their category?
3 After a challenging climb, they reached the 8 has learned facts about their country from waymarking?
around midday.
4 Traffic congestion has been greatly reduced since the
was built.
5 This road is really busy, so it’s better to use the
to get to the other side.

52 UNIT 7
The wonderful world of waymarking
Three members of the waymarking community tell us about their favourite categories 31

Waymarking is an intriguing and (0) A way of helping people find out more about the
world they live in. When you discover a (1) place, you can share its exact position,
giving coordinates via an app, so that others can (2) it. Not only that, but you can upload
photos and specific details so that others can decide whether or not they want to (3) it out.
Waymarks are divided into a staggering number of different categories, from engineering landmarks and scenic
cityscapes to unusual shops and mountain summits. Each category is (4) by a small group
of enthusiasts, who have to give their (5) for a waymark to be listed under their category.
Waymarking is (6) from geo-caching, which involves following directions in order to find objects.
The advantages of waymarking include discovering fascinating and (7) places in your area and
learning all sorts of interesting things. It is also enjoyable to get (8) involved with the online
waymarking community, who have a wealth of information to share.

Ben – Graffiti
I first became interested in graffiti when
I was a child. I used to go to school
Marcus – Oddities
via an underpass which was full of the
most imaginative and colourful pictures
and messages. It really brightened up
Skylar – Beaches If I hadn’t had a fascination with the
bizarre, I might have chosen history
or monuments as my category of
my walk. Gradually, I came to know the As a keen surfer, I initially joined the choice. I’ve always been fascinated
artists and learned about the messages waymarking site to discover new places by weird random facts, so when I got
they were trying to convey. One of them to surf. I’m still active in the water sports into waymarking I immediately knew
told me that this underpass, as well as group, but now I’m also involved in running the Oddities category was the one for
several graffitied alleyways in our town, a more general category called Beaches. me. Almost anything can be included
had been waymarked. I’d never heard of Thanks to posts by other members, under oddities as long as it’s strange
waymarking, but once he’d explained it, I’ve discovered the stunning rocky coastline or freaky. Subcategories include
it opened a whole new world. of Wales and unspoilt sandy coves in the Whispering galleries, Love padlocks
I belong to a group which waymarks south-west of England, as well as many and Ginormous everyday objects. The
graffiti all over the world. We only hidden gems in other parts of Europe. latter entices visitors to view a giant
publicise legal graffiti because unless If I hadn’t discovered waymarking, I’d still needle and button in Manhattan’s
the landowner gives their permission, be going to the same local beach every fashion district, a massive chair outside
it’s technically criminal damage. I began weekend. I’ve broadened my interests to a shop selling wooden goods and an
doing graffiti myself a few years ago, include the geography of coastal areas, enormous clothes peg in Philadelphia.
practising on our garden walls at home, like the type of vegetation that can survive I’ll even arrange holidays around
and travelled to view other projects the salty sea air. I’ve learned that the iconic visiting some of these waymarks, but
through the waymarking app. My big white cliffs of Dover were formed over a only if they’re really special. I once
break came when the local authority 30-million-year period when the whole area drove all the way to Scotland just
agreed to let me paint part of the new was under the sea. What I like about this to see the ‘electric brae’ gravity hill,
flyover, provided that the green message group is that it encompasses both natural which makes you think you’re going
they wanted to promote came across in phenomena and recreational activities. up when you’re actually going down.
the art. Needless to say, I waymarked We tell you where the best rock pools are, I love the fact that all this weirdness is
it straight away and it’s had quite a few which seaside cafés have the best ice concentrated in one app. Whether or
visitors. I’ll admit that the attention is cream and where to head for a game of not you plan to join the waymarking
really rewarding, but even if no-one else beach volleyball. I’ll probably start a group community, the website is definitely
saw my work, I’d continue to do it. dedicated to the best picnic spots next, worth a visit for some inspiring
provided that there’s enough interest. travel ideas.
TALKING POINTS
Would you like to try waymarking? Why? / Why not?
What type of category would you be most interested in?
What other ways can technology be used to encourage people to enjoy and preserve the natural world?
DIGITAL PLANET 53
 GRAMMAR 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
verbs in brackets using the conditional given.
CONDITIONALS AND NS 1 If farmers the harmful effects of
CONJUNCTIO chemical fertilisers, they them.
(know, use) THIRD
1 Read extracts a–h from the article. Find examples of: 2 We as much as we do about wildlife
1 zero conditional if digital recording . (know, invent)
2 first conditional MIXED
3 second conditional 3 Provided the technology available,
4 third conditional we stamp out the illegal trade in
5 mixed conditional (past condition, present result) wildlife. (be, be able to) FIRST
6 conjunctions that mean ‘if’ 4 If it for waymarking,
7 a conjunction that means ‘if + not’ or ‘except if’ I so many fascinating places.
8 a conjunction that means ‘if you do or if you don’t’ (be, discover) MIXED
5 I a waymarking group if
a … because unless the landowner gives their permission,
I a better phone. (join, have) SECOND
it’s technically criminal damage.
b I’ll probably start a group dedicated to the best picnic
spots next, provided that there’s enough interest.
4 Correct any mistakes in these sentences.
1 It is impossible to reach the summit unless you don’t
c I’ll admit that the attention is really rewarding, but even
start out early in the morning.
if no-one else saw my work, I’d continue to do it.
2 We could have grown vegetables here assuming that the
d If I hadn’t discovered waymarking, I’d still be going to
ground had been less rocky.
the same local beach every weekend.
3 The council is going to build the flyover whether or not
e If I hadn’t had a fascination with the bizarre, I might
the local people want it.
have chosen history or monuments as my category of
4 If I am more creative, I would have become a graffiti artist.
choice.
5 The landowner let the scouts camp on her land even if
f Almost anything can be included under oddities as long
they didn’t leave any mess.
as it’s strange or freaky.
g I’ll even arrange holidays around visiting some of these
waymarks but only if they are really special. PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
h Whether or not you plan to join the waymarking
community, the website is definitely worth a visit.
Reading and Use of English Part 4

2 Complete the rules with the conjunctions in Exercise 1. 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Do not change the word given. You must use between
1 is used to say ‘If + not’ or
three and six words, including the word given.
‘except if’.
2 and can be 1 I’ll lend you my car if you take good care of it. LONG
used if something will happen regardless of the You can you take good care of it.
condition being met. 2 Even if we don’t get Sam’s approval, we’re going ahead
3 , and with the plan. WHETHER
are used to emphasise that the We’re going ahead with the plan of it.
condition must be met. 3 We definitely won’t attempt to reach the summit if it
4 assuming (that) is used to say that we accept snows in the night. ONLY
something will happen e.g. Assuming that we find the We’ll attempt to reach the summit in
monument, we’ll take a photo for you. the night.
5 Supposing is used to introduce a hypothetical 4 If you don’t lie to us, everything will be fine. PROVIDED
situation in the past, present or future, e.g. Supposing You won’t have a problem truth.
I can get the time off work, would you like to go to the 5 David cried because you teased him. FUN
coast for a few days? If you , he wouldn’t have cried.
6 You shouldn’t do dangerous sports if you haven’t had
expert training. UNLESS
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 166 Don’t do dangerous sports by an
expert.

6 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 152.

54 UNIT 7
 VOCABULARY 34 7 You will hear another extract from the podcast about
driverless cars. What does it say about the safety and
HOMOPHONES, HOMO NYMS, environmental impact of such cars?
HO GRAPHS
MO
EP 8 Complete the gaps with the words in the audioscript
1 In this section you will hear extracts from a podcast which have both of the meanings in 1–6 below. Which
about applications of technology in wildlife protection 34 meaning is expressed in the podcast?
and green transport. What types of technology do you
think might be discussed? Now, most of us love the idea of driverless cars but
how safe are they and what will their introduction to
32 2 Listen to the introduction to the podcast and complete our roads mean? Well, the truth is that most accidents
the extract below. happen when the driver behind gets too close. Even a
minute delay in a driver’s reaction when the car in front
brakes can have serious consequences. So reducing
It’s 1 to imagine what will happen
the possibility of human error during road trips might
if poaching is 2 to continue at the
actually mean fewer incidents. However, the effect on
3
rate. In today’s programme, we
our environment is more complex. While some experts
review 4 technology that can make
believe that driverless cars will mean better fuel
a genuine difference to endangered species. In our
economy and improved air quality, others believe they
second report, we examine the environmental impact
will encourage travel and increase pollution.
of driverless cars. Many people 5 to
them on safety grounds but many argue that they will
actually save 6 and reduce damage 1 a although b at the same time as
to the natural world. 2 a signify b ungenerous
3 a falls b journeys
4 a to shut b near
3 Compare your answers with a partner. For each of the 5 a tiny b a unit of time
words decide on the spelling, the pronunciation and 6 a a large building b complicated
the meaning.
9 Which of the words in Exercise 8 are homonyms and
EP 4 Complete the definitions with words you wrote in which are homographs?
Exercise 2, then answer the questions.
a A homophone is a word which is pronounced the same 35 10 You will hear the words in blue. Tick the sentence that
matches the pronunciation you hear.
as another word, but the two words have different
spellings and meanings e.g. some, . 1 a Don’t desert me in my time of need!
What are the homophones of the two examples above? b Dates are the only fruit that grow in the desert.
b A homonym is a word which has the same spelling and 2 a Our refuse is collected every Thursday.
pronunciation as another word but a different meaning b I refuse to give you any more help.
e.g. current, 3 a In Japan, students bow when the teacher comes in.
What are the homonyms of the two examples above? b The present with the big red bow is for you.
c A homograph is a word which has the same spelling as 4 a I’ve just had a row with my best friend.
another word but a different pronunciation and meaning b Lily prefers to sit in the back row of the classroom.
e.g. object, 5 a The wind is too strong to put the tent up.
What are the homographs of the two examples above? b I used to wind up my grandma’s watch every day.

33 5 Listen to a description of some new technology.

What problem is the project trying to solve?

6 Choose the correct spelling of the homophones in

italics in the audioscript. What is the meaning of the
words with the other spellings?

A project to help keep track of endangered animals

is being led/lead by an astronomer and an ecologist
determined to play a role/roll in wildlife conservation.
They have developed a system of pilotless plains/
planes and infrared cameras which can identify
specific species and catch clear images of them. In
the passed/past, ecologists experienced problems
distinguishing between herds of animals and their
surroundings, for example hot rocks, when analysing
infrared images. Of coarse/course, the new system is
not without its limitations – bad whether/weather can
affect the accuracy of the results – but it looks like a
promising way/weigh to monitor those species most
at risk and fined/find potential poachers.

DIGITAL PLANET 55
 LISTENING PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Listening Part 4

1 Look at the photos. Which type of technology do 4 You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking
you think they represent? about innovative technologies connected to environmental
issues. For Task One, a student has underlined the key words
A
and thought of words with similar meanings. How might this
help with the task? Do the same for Task Two.

TASK ONE
Choose from the list (A–H) what impressed each speaker the most
about the innovative technology. liked, admired
A the convenience to the user easy, helpful
B the unexpected economic benefits
unforeseen, save money, positive points
C the advantages to the environment
benefits, ecological, natural world
B
D the accessibility for ordinary people Speaker 1 1
cheap, affordable Speaker 2 2
E the rapid development of the science Speaker 3 3
quick, fast, advances Speaker 4 4
F the simplicity of the idea Speaker 5 5
basic, simple, not complex
G the educational value
facts, knowledge, learning
H the potential to help disadvantaged communities
assist, the poor, charity
C D
TASK TWO
Choose from the list (A–H) what problem with the technology
each speaker mentions.
A potential for invasion of privacy
B awakening a deeply rooted fear Speaker 1 6
C only being part of the solution Speaker 2 7
D unsuitability in some climates Speaker 3 8
E expense of future development Speaker 4 9
F lack of concern about safety Speaker 5 10
G people’s unwillingness to accept change
2 Are these statements about Part 4 true or false? H time required to process the information
1 All the extracts are monologues.
2 You will hear four different speakers. 5 Listen to Speaker 1. Three students have completed the
tasks. Whose answer to each task is correct?
3 All the speakers talk about different topics.
4 You must complete the same two tasks for all the
36 Task One: Marion H, Darius C, Heidi E
speakers. Task Two: Marion F, Darius D, Heidi B
5 There are six options to choose from in each task. Listen again. Why do you think the others got confused?
6 You will always hear the answer to Task One before
the answer to Task Two. 6 Listen twice to Speakers 2–5 and complete both tasks,
One and Two.
3 Put these phrases, which you will hear in the 37
exam task, into the correct column. PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 145
a bit concerned about a complete eye-opener
always assumed charcoal generates
hadn’t realised inventors it upsets me 7 Put the innovations in the exam task in order from 1 (most
luckily for us obsessed with raw materials useful) to 5 (least useful). Compare with a partner.
solar rays tide
8 Discuss the questions with a partner.
1 If you had money to invest to help the environment, what kind
Relating to the topic Expressing attitudes
of technology would you invest in?
of technology and the and feelings
2 Which forms of renewable energy (solar, wind, waves, etc.) do
environment
you think have the most potential?
3 How useful do you think ‘spy technology’, including webcams,
is in learning about the natural world?

56 UNIT 7
 SPEAKING 4 Listen again and complete the Prepare to speak box.
CONTRASTING OPINIONS PREPARE TO SPEAK
Contrasting opinions
1 Discuss with a partner. Despite the fact that …
1 What is meant by the term ‘the sharing economy’?
I accept that …. Nevertheless, …
2 What do you think a ‘smart home’ can do?
Well, that may be 1 but what …?
3 What is meant by ‘clean energy’? How many different
Having 2 , that
types can you think of?
While it’s 3 possible, it …
Contrary to 4 many people think …
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM There are two 5 at it.
On the 6 hand, … on the hand, …
Speaking Part 3

2 Read the examiner’s instructions and the Part 3 5 With a partner, do the Part 3 task in Exercise 2.
task. Then answer questions 1–6.

1 Will you be speaking mainly to the examiner or 39 6 You will hear Javier and Elena do the examiner’s
follow-up task below. Which two inventions do they
your partner?
decide on? Do you think they completed the task
2 How long do you have for the task?
successfully? Why? / Why not?
3 Do you have preparation time?
4 How many items are there to discuss? Examiner: You now have a minute to decide which
5 Do you have to talk about all the items for two inventions have the most positive impact on the
discussion? environment.
6 Do you have to reach agreement at this stage?

Examiner: I’d like you to talk about something 7 Work with a partner and do the follow-up task.
together for about two minutes. Here are some
different inventions which help to improve the 8 Which two statements about Part 4 of the Speaking
environment and a question for you to discuss. First paper are false?
you have some time to look at the task. 1 The questions in Part 4 are on a range of topics.
2 You will only interact with the examiner.
smart homes petrol-less cars 3 The questions relate to topics raised in Part 3.
4 Questions tend to be more abstract than in earlier parts
What kind of impact might these of the test.
inventions have on the environment? 5 You can give examples from your own experience or
knowledge where appropriate.

sharing apps wildlife

solar/ tracking
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
wind power systems
Speaking Part 4
Examiner: Now, talk to each other about the impact
the inventions might have on the environment.
9 Read the Part 4 questions. You will hear Javier and
Elena discuss them. Do they have similar or different
40 opinions on each one?
1 Do you think digital technologies have had a mainly
38 3 You will hear two students, Javier and Elena, do positive or negative effect on the environment?
the task. Complete the table by putting a tick in 2 How important is it to develop alternative forms
the relevant box each time the speaker completes of energy?
the function. 3 Do you agree that the ‘sharing economy’ can have a
significant impact on the environment?
Javier Elena 4 Some people think the environment is more important
asks a question than the economy. What’s your opinion?

agrees or partially agrees with 10 Listen again. What specific examples do Javier and Elena
their partner give in response to each question?
changes the topic 40

11 Work with a partner and discuss the questions in

Exercise 9.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 149

12 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 151.

DIGITAL PLANET 57
 8 FAME AT LAST!
ABOUT YOU
08 Watch the video and then answer the questions.
Do you follow any famous people on social media, and if
so, why?
Have you ever met anyone famous? If so, what was it like,
and what did you say to them?
What do you think would be the best and worst thing
about being famous?

4 With a partner, ask and answer the questions in

Exercise 3.
VOCABULARY & READING
5 What do you think ‘celebrity worship syndrome’ is?
CELEBRITY Quickly read the article on the opposite page to see if
you were right.
EP 1 Match statements 1–5 to replies a–e.
1 Pop star Diana Harping hasn’t made a public appearance 6 Quickly read the article again. Which writer (A, B, C
since giving birth last month. or D) do you think is most critical of celebrity worship
2 I heard that about 50% of people my age aspire to be syndrome?
famous.
3 Apparently some people got caught trying to sneak into PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
the festival without tickets.
4 Several movie stars have publicly endorsed Senator Joe Reading and Use of English Part 8
Lee, saying he’d make a great president.
5 If I was famous, I’d hate being in the spotlight all the 7 You are going to read an article in which four
writers talk about fans who ‘worship’ celebrities.
time, with fans who were obsessed with me.
For questions 1–10, choose from the writers (A–D).
a But why? I’d hate to be an A-list celebrity who everyone The writers may be chosen more than once.
recognises. First read writer A’s section, then see which of the ideas
b Well, that will be good for his credibility as a candidate! 1–10 it contains. Look in particular at the points made by
c I guess it must have sold out quickly because there are so the writer about:
many big names performing.
• a poster of a pop star
d Same here – I mean, you wouldn’t want one of them
• how animals behave
becoming a stalker, would you?
• hunting
e I’m sure that when she does it’ll hit the headlines because
• the quote from Dr Robin Dunbar
everyone likes to see a celebrity with a cute baby!
Which writer says the following?
2 Work out the meaning of the words and phrases 1 A healthy interest in celebrities can be beneficial.
above.
2 It is extremely common for people to admire celebrities.
3 Complete the questions using the correct form of the 3 There are challenges involved in being a high-profile
words and phrases in Exercise 1. figure.
1 Is it right that a politician or celebrity can receive a huge 4 People go to great lengths to get physically close to
payment for making a ? celebrities.
2 Is it realistic for young people to 5 Characteristics which humans value in others have
become rock stars, supermodels or top sports stars? changed over time.
3 If you could meet an , who would it 6 Media stories about big names aren’t relevant to
be, and what would you ask them? ordinary people.
4 If your favourite actor was eating out in your town, would 7 The way people relate to a celebrity reflects their
you try to the restaurant? own personalities.
5 If a celebrity you admire a particular 8 Some people misunderstand the relationship they have
brand of clothing, would you be more likely to buy it? with celebrities.
6 Is it illegal in your country to be a 9 A person’s relationships with others can suffer because
who follows celebrities without their knowledge? of their interest in celebrities.
7 Are any from the world of sport or 10 Admiring famous people doesn’t necessarily mean
entertainment due to visit your town any time soon? aiming to be like them.
8 Would you enjoy being a high-profile celebrity, or would
you get tired of being ? 8 Now read the paragraphs by writers B, C and D and
complete the task.
9 Would a celebrity lose if they
advertised something boring like washing powder?
10 What has been the most surprising news story to have PREPARE FOR THE EXAM PAGE 138
over the last few weeks?

58 UNIT 8
 WORSHIP SYNDROME 41

Four writers share their thoughts on celebrity worship syndrome

We’re all guilty of glorifying big names to a certain extent. There is a small proportion of people whose
A C
Find me one person who didn’t have a poster of a pop star fascination with the rich and famous could
or an A-list actor stuck on their bedroom wall when they were be classified as obsessive. For them, high-profile
growing up. Idolising the famous seems to be something that is celebrities have often taken the place of family and
untaught; in fact, it replicates what happens in the wild, where friends; they lose interest in those around them,
creatures quickly identify and look up to the one perceived to in favour of a one-sided love which will never be
be the strongest in the pack. So perhaps it’s no surprise that we reciprocated, but which they are powerless to resist.
humans are no different. Some evolutionary scientists believe Their obsession can become an addiction; they stalk
that in prehistoric times, this would have meant respecting the their idols, trying to sneak into hotels where the
best hunters. But now that hunting is not deemed so necessary celebrities are staying – though they rarely succeed in
a skill, this quality is no longer revered. Instead, we look to getting past the security. While the fans may believe
media celebrities, whose fame and fortune is something that we that following stars around is a great compliment,
aspire to. But evolutionary biologist Dr Robin Dunbar questions those being followed rarely agree. Stalkers recently
whether this implies that these people are role models. ‘We’re bought tickets for a flight from Hong Kong to Seoul in
fascinated even when we don’t go out of our way to copy them.’ order to follow K-pop band Wanna One onto the plane.
After having photographed themselves with the band,
B The term ‘celebrity worship syndrome’ was coined by Dr John they then demanded to be let off the aircraft, leading
Maltby and others to describe the phenomenon whereby a to the plane’s 360 passengers being delayed for over
person becomes highly involved and interested in the details of an hour.
the life of an individual person, especially one who is of interest to
the media. Maltby and co determined that the condition can be With so much going on in the world, what is it
classified at three different levels along a continuum, which they
D that hits the headlines and makes the magazine
termed entertainment–social, intense–personal, and borderline covers? Celebrity nonsense, that’s what. Do we
pathological. Those associated with the entertainment–social really need to know all about the birthday party of a
level generally admired the celebrity for their achievements, Hollywood A-list couple’s toddler? And just because
tended to be extroverts with plenty of friends, and enjoyed using that diet worked wonders for a soap star and they’ve
famous people as a conversation topic. All pretty harmless stuff – endorsed it, does that really make it more likely to do
in fact it can bring people together in a way that they find highly the job for the rest of us? Are the efforts of a minor
rewarding and can even push them to excel in the same way as actor to boost their credibility by being photographed
their role model. At the next level, the intense–personal, people with Selena Gomez really newsworthy? Then again,
might start to develop compulsive behaviour, maybe messaging celebrities themselves are vulnerable too, as being in
their hero repeatedly. Thirdly, and more worryingly, is the the spotlight can put them under enormous pressure.
borderline pathological level. This is the danger zone; anti-social If I was in their shoes, I’m not sure I’d be keen on facing
tendencies, high levels of stress and low self-esteem are common cameras not just when I made a scheduled public
among people in this category, many of whom feel that they appearance, but every time I popped out to the
have a unique bond with the celebrity and are unaware that this shops as well …
admiration is one-way.

TALKING POINTS
How interested are you in the private lives of famous people?
Do you think that idolising a famous person is a positive or negative thing?
What laws should there be to protect the privacy of people who are in the
spotlight, and how should these laws be enforced?

FAME AT LAST! 59
 GRAMMAR PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
RELATIVE CLAUSES
4 Match sentences a–d to the descriptions of the
participle clauses 1–4.
1 Complete the examples from the article with a
word from the box. There may be more than one a Find me one person who didn’t have a poster of a pop
possible answer. Not all words will be used. star stuck on their bedroom wall when growing up.
b First coined by Dr John Maltby, the term ‘celebrity
that where whereby whom
worship syndrome’ describes this phenomenon.
whose which –
c While fans may believe that following stars around is a
1 We look to media celebrities, whose fame and fortune is great compliment, those being followed rarely agree.
something we aspire to. d After having photographed themselves with the band,
2 It replicates what happens in the wild, they then demanded to be let off the aircraft.
creatures quickly identify the 1 past participle clause, with passive meaning
strongest in the pack. 2 perfect participle clause, with having + past participle
3 ‘Celebrity worship syndrome’ is the phenomenon 3 present participle clause, with passive meaning, being
a person becomes highly involved used as a relative clause
and interested in the life of an individual celebrity. 4 present participle clause with a conjunction, describing
4 Low self-esteem is common among people in this something happening at the same time as the main action
category, many of feel that they
have a unique bond with the celebrity. GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 167
2 Choose the correct option to complete the rules. 5 Complete the sentences using a verb from the box in a
suitable form.
a Sentences 1 and 3 include defining relative clauses.
The information in a defining relative clause is / isn’t appear consume delay leave search seek
an essential part of the sentence. stand steal want
b Sentences 2 and 4 include non-defining relative
clauses. If the relative clause was removed from 2 and 0 Please take everything with you, as any items left
4, the sentence would still / would not make sense. behind in the auditorium will be thrown away. Thank you.
c When the relative pronoun refers to the object of the 1 People to be famous should consider
verb in a defining relative clause, it can be omitted, whether or not they’d actually enjoy being constantly in
as in sentence 1 / 3. the spotlight.
d In formal English, non-defining relative clauses 2 Any passengers for two hours or more
with which, whom and whose can be modified with are entitled to a refund.
expressions such as all of, many of, several of, some of, 3 outside the venue, the photographers
half of, none of, as in sentence 2 / 4. took pictures of the celebrities as they arrived.
4 everywhere, Marta was forced to
concede that she wasn’t going to find her phone.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 166 5 Police say it is unlikely that the goods
in the robbery will ever be recovered.
3 Combine the sentences using the word in brackets and 6 People on television may find that
of whom, of whose or of which. they get recognised later by complete strangers.
0 The lecture went on for an hour. I didn’t understand any 7 all over the world nowadays, coffee
of it. (none) was once completely unknown outside of the Arabian
The lecture, none of which I understood, went on for an hour. peninsula.
8 Anyone work should register with
1 I’ve met several A-list celebrities. I can’t say that many of
findajob.co.uk.
them were particularly friendly, to be honest. (few)
2 We had a day at DisneyWorld. We spent most of it
queuing for rides. (the majority)
6 Correct the mistakes in four of these sentences. Then,
with a partner, discuss which you agree with.
3 I was listening to a podcast about Suzanne Collins. I’ve
1 It must be amazing to get paid for something you enjoy
read every book she’s written. (all)
doing it.
4 Listen to these recordings of the sea. They will help you
2 I’d be more likely to buy branded jeans been endorsed by
to relax. (the sound)
a celebrity.
5 There were lots of my parents’ cousins at the wedding.
3 Anyone having over 1,000 followers must be exceptionally
I didn’t recognise many of them. (hardly any)
talented in some way.
6 I’ve just read a hilarious article about reality TV stars.
4 It’s a shame that the jobs society needs most are not the
There are reality TV stars who are only famous for being
jobs for people get famous.
famous. (some)
5 Most of the contestants entered talent shows are doing it
7 The football association has set up a new website.
mainly because they crave attention.
It aims to raise money for training camps for young
6 Having become wealthy thanks to their fans, pop stars
players. (the purpose)
should be grateful that people are interested in them.

7 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 151.

60 UNIT 8
 VOCABULARY 6 Have you ever seen any of the following, and if not, would
you like to?
IONS
DEPENDENT PREPOSIT • a silent film
• a musical
• a black and white film

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

Reading and Use of English Part 3

7 Use the word given in capitals

at the end of some of the lines
to form a word that fits in the
gap in the same line.

A film everyone
1 Do you know either of the actors in the photo
or the series that they are in? If so, what do you should see before
know about this series?

42 2 Listen to the conversation. What does the woman

they’re 20
change her mind about, and why?
One film that’s enjoyed enormous
EP 3 Listen again. What preposition is used after the (0) popularity among film fans is Singin’ POPULAR
words below?
in the Rain. It’s about the (1) TRANSFORM
42 0 knowledgeable about
of actor Don Lockwood from silent movie
1 central 4 engrossed 7 adviser
heart-throb into a walking, talking film star.
2 coverage 5 portrayal 8 imposed
(2) to the plot is the silent black CENTRE
3 outbreak 6 sympathetic 9 misled
and white film that Don and his co-star Lina Lamont
are working on, entitled The Dancing Cavalier.
4 Match the sentence halves and add the correct When a (3) in technology BREAK
preposition. Then discuss whether you agree.
enables audio recording, the studio bosses insist
1 Good sleep is as central
on the immediate (4) of The ADAPT
2 People should never impose
Dancing Cavalier into a talkie. But this proves
3 We should understand what led to the outbreak
to be highly (5) for the film- PROBLEM
4 It’s possible to become really knowledgeable
makers, as it occurs to them that Lina’s childish,
5 For years, the truth has been hidden and we have
squeaky voice is totally (6) for APPROPRIATE
been misled
a speaking role in the film. So they decide to use
a their friends by asking to borrow money. the voice of an unknown chorus girl called Kathy
b so many topics just by watching TV documentaries. as a (7) for Lina’s voice. This PLACE
c wars in the past in order to have peace in the future. is to be done in secret without Lina having any
d a healthy life as a balanced diet and plenty of (8) of what is happening. But AWARE
exercise are. complications arise when Don and Kathy fall in love,
e the moon landings: they never happened, and the with hilarious and unexpected consequences.
whole story was a fake.

5 Replace the underlined words with a word and

preposition from Exercise 3. Then ask and answer
the questions. 8 Complete the sentences with a word and preposition(s)
from Exercise 7.
1 Do you think the news media tend to be positive
1 It’s a hilarious film, but there’s quite a lot of violence, making
about politicians in your country?
it children to watch.
2 Do you think there’s enough time devoted to sport
2 The film Gangsta Granny is about a boy who has no
on TV, or is there actually too much?
his granny’s double life as a bank
3 If a feature film was made about your life, which
robber!
A-list actor do you think would give the most
3 In the Johnny English films, Rowan Atkinson plays
realistic representation of you?
an incompetent secret agent brought in as a
4 Are you ever so busy concentrating on something on
spies who are no longer able to work
your phone that you actually forget where you are!?
because of a security issue.
5 If you were an expert whose job was to give
4 The last few years have seen the the
guidance to the leader of your country, what would
seafront a no-go area a thriving community hub.
you encourage them to prioritise spending on, and
why?

FAME AT LAST! 61
 WRITING
A FORMAL EMAIL

1 If you were famous, how likely would the following be to

happen, and how would you feel about them?
hanging out with other big names
wishing that you weren’t famous
reporters waiting outside your home for you
being offered lucrative deals to endorse brands
getting asked to have selfies taken with you
false stories and negative portrayal of you in the media

2 What two questions do you need to answer in this task?

You recently read an article on a website about people’s
attitudes to fame. Here is an extract:

Fame – all that matters nowadays, apparently

According to research, a higher proportion of young
adults now would rather become celebrities than have a
successful career in an area such as law or medicine. All
young people want is to be rich and famous – they have 4 Complete the email with phrases from the box.
little interest in the things that really matter in life.
after all, what’s wrong with that highly misleading
You disagree with the negative opinions expressed and isn’t it fair to say it has to be said not the case
decide to write an email to the editor, explaining why you the same is true there’s no reason
disagree and saying what you feel young people’s attitudes to
becoming famous are.
Write your email.
5 Put the green phrases in the email into the correct
section of the Prepare to write box.

PREPARE TO WRITE
3 Read this answer (ignoring the gaps). Has the student
completed the task successfully? Letters and emails
Introducing the letter or email and explaining
the reason for writing
Dear Sir or Madam, Having read the article …
Having read the article on fame on your website, and There are several points I’d like to take issue with.
1
as an 18-year-old myself, I would like to respond to the
views expressed. Essentially, I felt that the portrayal of Adding points
people my age and our priorities was 1 . First of all,
First of all, the writer claims that fame is ‘all that matters’ to In addition,
us. This is a sweeping statement, suggesting that it applies As if this weren’t enough,
to all young people. But that’s clearly 2 . This brings me to
I for one have no desire to become famous myself; 2
3
of several of my friends. Furthermore,
Summarising another person’s opinion
the article also states that young people who do want
to achieve fame have no other goals in life, although Supposedly,
no evidence is provided to back up this allegation. The article also states that
3
There are, 4 , many people my age who
do aspire to get recognition, whether by gaining likes and Using your own experience as an example
followers, or by excelling in business, sport or music. But For me personally,
4
5
to be so judgemental about having
5
aims such as these. Needless to say, a young person who
dreams of becoming a rock star probably won’t manage Asking rhetorical questions
to fill stadiums. But if they become proficient enough to 6
play the guitar at a friend’s birthday, 6 7
that they’ve at least partly achieved their ambition?
Saying you don’t think something is true
I don’t accept for a moment that many young people
are genuinely deluded about their chance of becoming That’s clearly not the case.
8
superstars themselves. They may view fame as the
ultimate achievement, and 7 ? Criticising an opinion
Kind regards, This is a sweeping statement.
9
Rosana Lima

62 UNIT 8
6 Look at the extracts from another student’s PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
answer. Match the beginnings (1–8) and endings
(a–h) of the extracts. Writing Part 2 (a formal letter or email)
1 I would like to take this opportunity to respond
2 One claim in the article that I really take issue 9 Read the task and decide whether 1–8 below are things
3 For me personally, there’s nothing whatsoever that you:
wrong a have to do
4 The writer has misrepresented the priorities of b could do
young people c shouldn’t do
5 I don’t believe that we’re anything like as
obsessed with fame A news magazine recently published an article saying that
6 It wasn’t clear what the writer has against people celebrities do not make suitable or realistic role models for
wishing to be young people. You have read the article and think its ideas
7 Reading the article, I was wondering whether the are too negative. Write an email to the magazine editor
writer has any awareness saying why you disagree with the article and explaining
8 To be quite frank, the views expressed were how celebrities can be good role models for young people.
extreme and totally inappropriate
a for publication on a public website. 1 agree with the article, saying that celebrities make
b as the writer seems to believe us to be. unsuitable role models
c to some of the views expressed in the article. 2 say that you haven’t actually read the article and so it’s
d with someone aspiring to be famous in the future. difficult to comment
e in the spotlight, and why they see this as such a 3 explain who your favourite celebrity is
bad thing. 4 explain the advantages of looking up to celebrities as role
f of the concerns and interests of most young models
people these days. 5 give reasons for your opinions
g by suggesting that we’re all equally interested in 6 suggest one or two well-known people who would be
the same things. suitable role models
h with is the suggestion that we are uninterested in 7 avoid using the same words as the question, such as
the things that matter. ‘celebrity’ and ‘role model’
8 politely criticise the article, but without using strong
7 Correct the mistakes in these extracts from language, e.g. ‘total nonsense’
emails written by different students.
1 I would like to respond to the views express in the 10 Write your email.
article, some of which were inaccurate and highly • Plan to write three to five paragraphs and decide what the
misleading. main idea will be in each.
2 The writer implied that all young people are • Make notes before writing the actual email.
obsessed with pop stars, whereas this is clearly • Bear in mind your answers to the questions in Exercise 9.
not a case. • Use some phrases from the Prepare to write box and from
3 It goes without saying that many teenagers follow Exercise 6.
celebrities on social media, but isn’t the same • Write 220–260 words.
also true at older people?
4 There are several points in the article which
I would like to bring issue with.
5 I don’t accept at a moment that an interest in
celebrities is unhealthy.
6 All young people depend on their phones, and,
it has to be told, some may spend excessive
amounts of time using them.
7 No evidence was provided in the article to back
down the writer’s claim that young people are
uninterested in their future careers.
8 As young people, of course we have a different
outlook from our parents’ generation, but
there’s not reason to jump to conclusions
about us having no aspirations.

8 Discuss these questions.

1 How important is it for young people to
have role models?
2 Can you think of good role models from
the worlds of sport, entertainment,
business and politics?
3 Is it better to have role models who you
know personally, or role models who
are famous?

FAME AT LAST! 63
 LIFE SKILLS DIGITAL LITERACY
BEHAVING APPROPRIATELY 44
A Orange Fields: Latest Single ‘Right! Right! Right!’

ONLINE 11.3k 756

EZeePZee today 17.35

LIFE SKILLS I can’t stop listening to this! It’s their best track yet.

Behaving appropriately online OrangeFieldsFan today 16.20

Most of us spend a great deal of time interacting with 756 people are Wrong! Wrong! Wrong!
others on the internet, especially on social media. Just GothBilly9 2 days ago
as in face-to-face situations, there are appropriate and
inappropriate ways to behave online. Understanding What does Jake sing at 3.04? Is it ‘Connect me, lady’ or
and practising good behaviour helps to make the ‘Collect my baby’?
online world a safer, more respectful and more EZeePZee 2 days ago
pleasant environment for everyone.
Neither. It’s ‘correctly, maybe’.
GothBilly9 yesterday
Thank you! That makes sense!
EZeePZee today 17.45
No worries! Happy to help.
TammyZ 3 days ago
It’s an OK song, but I don’t find their music very original.
Great video, though.
OrangeFieldsFan 3 days ago

1 Work with a partner. What advice would you give Why are you even commenting if you hate them so much?
YOU KNOW NOTHING ABOUT MUSIC!
someone about how to behave appropriately online?
Lulz 2 days ago
You should … You shouldn’t …
Leave the real music to the fans.

43 2 Listen to the podcast. Does Donna mention any of B Group chat members: Alfie, James, Milo
your ideas?

43 3 Listen again and answer the questions. Alfie: How was bowling, guys?
1 Why should you avoid using all capitals letters?
2 Why did Donna call her book Beyond the Screen? Milo: You should’ve
3 What examples does Donna give of being kind online? come. Look what
4 Why should you avoid sharing images and videos you missed:
without permission?
5 How does sub-tweeting become cyberbullying? James: It was classic Stanley!
6 How can we help prevent the spread of false news
stories? Alfie: LOL.

4 Discuss the questions with a partner. Milo: It was even funnier the
1 Which piece of Donna’s advice is the best? Why? second time it happened:
2 Which piece of advice is the most difficult to follow? Why?
3 Is any of your advice from Exercise 1 more important
Milo: The people next to us couldn’t stop laughing.
than Donna’s? Why?
He went flying!
5 Read the online comments A–D and answer the Alfie: We HAVE to call him SuperStan from now on.
questions.
1 How does EZeePZee help GothBilly9?
2 How and why does Alfie’s attitude change during the Milo: Don’t! He doesn’t even know we filmed it.
group chat?
3 How does Kylie avoid mentioning the name of the person Alfie: You didn’t tell him?
she’s talking about?
4 Why does @ArmstrongX say he ‘can’t believe people are James: He was so embarrassed, we didn’t dare.
falling for this’?
Alfie: And yet you don’t mind sharing it??
Come on, guys – that’s really mean.
64 LIFE SKILLS
C 6 Read the comments again, then match the
online behaviours 1–6 to the comments A–D.
Kylie Hewlett 1 Being kind
I can’t believe she said that to me. Why doesn’t she just stay 2 Writing in capital letters ,
in her room? Nobody will even notice she’s not at school. 3 Sub-tweeting
4 Sharing images without permission
98 33 people are talking about this 5 Being rude to other people ,
6 Sharing a story as true without considering who
wrote it
Kylie Hewlett
If somebody is offended by my opinion, that person should

Project
think about some of the things they’ve said to me in the
past. Just sayin’…
111 27 people are talking about this Improving online behaviour

Kylie Hewlett
I’m not even going to get angry about this any more.
Don’t @ me. I know who my real friends are. 1 PREPARE
87 19 people are talking about this In groups, write a questionnaire
about good and bad online
behaviour. Include options for the
D answers. For example:
• Have you ever …? (Yes, I have. /
@Blake05 No, I haven’t.)
I can’t believe Sky Marine are endangering their • How often do you …? (always /
passengers’ lives just to save money! Share if you think often / never)
this should stop NOW! • How do/would you feel if …?
(happy / sad / embarrassed / fine)
@Noel Norman, Expert in All Things Here are some possible topics:
• being kind / unkind / angry
• paying a compliment

2 INTERVIEW
Interview your classmates and
compile your results. For example:
3 out of 4 classmates believe that … is
an example of bad online behaviour.
Popular airline Sky Marine is being investigated for
50% thought it was good to …
operating their London–New York flights by remote
control rather than spending money on pilots. I say,
down with pilotless planes!
3 PRESENT
@KarynBryce Shocking. I’m never flying with Sky Marine
again. Present your findings. E.g.
The most common complaint was …
@KowalczykABC Surely this is criminal? What people most appreciated /
@JamesKP I hope they go out of business. disliked was …
… made people feel embarrassed /
@BinaSankar ‘Expert in All Things’? Isn’t that the name of
unhappy
this guy’s comedy show? The one on Channel 9?
@ArmstrongX Exactly. I can’t believe people are falling
for this.
@RodLennon6 Where does the remote controller stand? 4 APPLY
London or New York? Start to improve your online
@JJ8 Do you even have a brain? Look who posted the behaviour today!
story! It’s clearly not serious.
@RodLennon6 I know that! IT WAS A JOKE!!!
share

BEHAVING APPROPRIATELY ONLINE 65

 REVIEW 2 UNITS 5– 8

VOCABULARY 3 Write the correct preposition.

1 Eloise is very knowledgeable birds.
2 Free trade is central the government’s policy.
3 Claire Foy’s portrayal the Queen was exceptional.
1 Read this blog post about Bonito, the Eco-tourism 4 Charlie was so engrossed his book that he missed
capital of the world. Complete the text with words or his stop.
phrases from the box. 5 She was chief adviser the President.
landmark lesser-known once-in-a-lifetime 6 Customers were misled how the company would use
package rocky scenic summit tourist traps their data.
unspoilt vegetation 7 Biographies are generally very sympathetic the
people they are about.
8 CNN’s coverage the crisis was very thorough.
If you’re looking for adventure and a change from
1
tours, you should visit Bonito 4 Choose the correct adverb.
in Brazil. This lush green area with its lagoons 1 The landscape in this area is fairly / absolutely stunning.
and 2 terrain is the ideal place to 2 We stayed in a fairly / completely remote farmhouse.
experience completely 3 landscapes. 3 Shelley found that rollercoaster very / utterly terrifying.
The climate and 4 of this region are 4 The documentary on the new prime minister was very /
tropical, which means the mountains remain green totally fascinating.
right up to the 5 all year round. 5 It’s highly / fully unusual to see a fox during the daytime.
A6 but nonetheless stunning place 6 Carly is a bit / deeply committed to a vegan lifestyle.
nearby, Abismo Anhumas is a natural architectural
7
: a huge hole in the face of the earth 5 Read the blog post and find words or phrases with the
following meanings.
with a crystal-clear body of water below.
1 shaped to fit a person’s body
Known as the capital of eco-tourism, Bonito really is an
2 be like everyone else
ideal place for a 8 holiday. It’s a great
3 immediately noticeable
alternative to the usual 9 and you can
4 people who lead the way in fashion
be assured that any money you spend will help protect
5 a brief period of extravagant shopping
this 10 location for future generations.
6 coming from diverse sources
7 without trying
8 making someone look better

HOME POST RECIPES BLOGS

An awards ceremony is not an occasion where you

should try to fit in; rather it’s an opportunity to stand
out from the crowd. This year’s Grammys was a case
in point. Trend-setters competed for attention on the
red carpet, demonstrating a wide variety of styles.
Lizzo attracted plenty of admiring looks in a flattering
Versace gown, while Ariana Grande’s eye-catching
Cinderella dress was the most photographed. Dua Lipa,
meanwhile, looked effortlessly stylish in a simple silk
skirt and top. It looked as if the men too had been on a
2 Complete the sentences with homophones and spending spree. Shawn Mendes had splashed out on a
homographs. tailored suit in a deep shade of pink, while Billy Porter,
1 a I don’t to anyone borrowing my well-known for his eclectic taste in clothes, dazzled in
things as long as they return them. an electric-blue jumpsuit.
b I found an unusual on the beach.
2 a Ricardo got promoted to the of
supervisor. 6 Correct the mistakes in italics.
b I bought a of wallpaper. 1 The Royal couple made their first publicly appeared since
3 a I had a with my brother and now the birth of their son.
we’re not on speaking terms. 2 The senator is in the headlight again over tax fraud.
b Jack likes to sit in the back of the 3 If she keeps lying like that she’ll lose all incredibility.
cinema to get the best view. 4 I hate seeing sportspeople endure unhealthy products.
4 a I can’t decide to join a band or not. 5 Many teenagers inspire to be social media influencers.
b If the is good, we’re heading for 6 As kids, we used to hide into the theatre to watch the
the beach. actors rehearse.

66 REVIEW 2
 GRAMMAR PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Reading and Use of English Part 3

1 Complete the sentences with a phrase including the 4 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at
word(s) in brackets. Add a modal where necessary. the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in
1 You compensation if your holiday is the gap in the same line. There is an example at the
cancelled. (entitled) beginning (0).
2 The students hand in their
assignments by the end of the week. (supposed) The Spanish fashion scene
3 Students use their phones in the
The Spanish are known for being
classroom. (not, permitted)
(0) effortlessly stylish. From legends EFFORT
4 We got here so early. There are plenty
like Manolo Blahnik to the upcoming
of empty seats. (needn’t)
designers of today, their vision has caught
5 I think plastic bottles in every
the eye of the most (1) DEMAND
country. (banned)
fashionistas all over the world.
6 You bring your own diving equipment
if you have it. (free) Barcelona is Spain’s fashion capital,
boasting many brands which use traditional
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the (2) processes. One PRODUCT
verb in brackets. such is Gabriela Comella, whose label,
1 Thailand is a great place to have a holiday provided that Gabriel for Sach, is inspired by the
you stand the heat. (be able to) (3) of her city’s mountains, DIVERSE
2 The organisers were determined the show would go beaches and architecture. When it comes
ahead whether or not all the tickets . to her shoes and accessories, she is
(sell) (4) about the need for EMPHASIS
3 In the event of a power failure, candles local manufacture. (5) the PRIORITY
. (provide) local makes the Barcelona-based designers
4 Assuming the anti-poaching laws , a hit not only with Spanish people but with
it may be possible to save several species. (introduce) (6) environmentally aware INCREASE
5 Supposing another guest the same customers all over the world.
dress, what will you do? (wear) Meanwhile, the greats of the Spanish fashion
6 If it wasn’t for my wonderful agent, I scene retain their (7) . CREDIBLE
still minor roles in films no-one Paco Rabanne’s current collection includes
watches. (play) earrings made of 100% aluminium, meaning
7 Only if everyone together will it be they are more (8) than ECONOMY
possible to reverse environmental damage. (work) most high fashion items and therefore
8 I wouldn’t wear some of this season’s fashions even if accessible to more people.
you me. (pay)
Reading and Use of English Part 4
3 Join the two sentences using a relative clause. Reduce
the relative clause if it is possible to do so. Start with
the words in bold. 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do
1 There are many international students at the school. not change the word given. You must use between three
The vast majority of the students come from Asia. and six words, including the word given.
2 The film was three hours long. I slept through the whole
1 The trip was a lot less exciting than I’d expected. NEARLY
of the film.
The trip wasn’t I’d expected.
3 Some students are willing to help. They should meet in
2 At my school, wearing a uniform was compulsory. OBLIGED
the hall after classes.
We a uniform at my school.
4 My son has a nice group of friends. All of his friends’
3 Sadly, if it’s raining heavily, the show won’t take
parents work at the hospital.
place. EVENT
5 Flights were cancelled because of the storm. They will be
Sadly, , the show won’t take place.
rescheduled in the next few days.
4 I found all the books I borrowed boring in the end. TURNED
6 I grew up in a small seaside town. The town has changed
I borrowed some books, none be
a lot in recent years.
interesting.
5 It was only because of the cheap price that I bought
this car. SUCH
If it car, I wouldn’t have bought it.
6 I borrowed too much money, which I now regret. OUT
I shouldn’t large loan.

UNITS 5–8 67
 9 FIT AS A FIDDLE
ABOUT YOU
09 Watch the video and then answer the questions.
How much time do you spend on fitness activities?
Which activities do you find the best for keeping fit?
What other things do you do to maintain good health?

VOCABULARY & READING

HEALTH AND FITNESS
EP 1 Do the quiz. Discuss your answers with a partner. What
do you think the words and phrases in blue mean?

1 How likely are you to try out a new fitness craze?

a Very likely – I’m always looking for new ways to get
back into shape and build up my stamina. 3 Read the first paragraph of the article opposite,
b Unlikely – whenever I try something new I always ignoring the gaps for now. Which three beauty fads are
end up pulling a muscle. mentioned? What is the writer’s opinion of them?
c Never – theses fads never last and often turn out to
burn off very few calories. 4 In Part 2 you must read the text and think of the
word which best fits each gap. Look at the gaps in
2 Do you use moisturisers? the article. Does this part of the exam focus more on
grammar or vocabulary? Don’t try to fill the gaps yet.
a I use them twice a day. It does my skin the world
of good.
5 Which piece of advice should you not follow?
b Yes. I use the ones containing sunscreen to protect 1 Read the whole text before focusing on any of the gaps.
my skin from damage and prevent wrinkles. 2 Study the example sentence as it may contain clues
c No – they don’t make any difference. about what comes next.
3 Always complete the gaps in order, from gap 1 to gap 8.
3 Have you ever tried mindfulness as a means of
4 Focus on the whole of each sentence before and after the
relaxation?
gap, not just the words immediately before and after it.
a I meditate regularly. It’s very therapeutic. 5 Read the completed text to check it makes sense.
b I tried it once but it’s not for me.
c Never. It’s much more beneficial to your well-being
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
to get out and do some exercise.
Reading and Use of English Part 2

2 Complete the sentences with words and phrases from 6 Read the first sentence of the paragraph and look at
Exercise 1 in the correct form. the words before and after gap 1. Which word do you
1 Colouring is supposed to be very and think fits best: up, down, back, forward? Why?
can help you achieve .
2 I don’t follow all the latest food .
7 Think of the word which best fits each gap 2–8.
I think you should just eat a healthy, balanced diet.
3 When I was younger, there was a for
hula hooping but it’s not so popular any more. 8 Read the rest of the article quickly. Which trends is
4 It is important to take care of your mental as well as your the writer positive about? Which is the writer negative
physical . about? How do you feel about the trends?
5 We sent my over-excited little brother into the garden to
some energy. 9 Read the article again and answer the questions.
6 I haven’t done any exercise for ages. I really need to 1 Why are inexperienced exercisers more likely to use
. virtual exercise classes and what are the disadvantages
7 I had a conditioning treatment last week, which of this?
my hair . 2 What positive and negative aspects of energy drinks does
8 My grandma looks amazing for her age. She’s nearly 80 the writer mention?
and has hardly any . 3 According to the text, what measures can we take to
9 I’m quite good at sprinting but I haven’t got the protect our skin?
for long-distance running. 4 How does sound healing benefit you?
10 I’ve in my back lifting those boxes.

68 UNIT 9
 45

People have always embraced new trends which promise to One of the most significant trends in beauty in recent
make (0) them fitter or more beautiful. Looking years is anti-pollution skincare. 91% of the world’s
(1) on historical practices, we may be population inhabit areas where the air quality does not
surprised at the lengths to (2) people reach World Health Organisation standards. Just as we
would go to achieve the ideal. In the nineteenth century, a protect our complexions from the harmful effects of the
practice known as ‘tightlacing’ was used by women to make sun, more and more people are realising the importance
their waists look impossibly tiny. (3) they of avoiding damage done by pollutants in the air.
failed to realise was that they were doing serious damage We have understood for some time that the sun can
to their health. (4) was it only women cause wrinkles, but it has only recently entered the public
who suffered for beauty. Around the same time, men wore consciousness that toxic emissions from car exhausts can
collars that were so tight they cut off blood circulation to penetrate our skin, causing swelling, redness and even
the brain. cell damage. Fortunately, those in the know can now
(5) usually less extreme, some more access a wide range of products – often vitamin-based –
recent fads are far from harmless. One example of this which form a barrier between the skin and the toxins in
is having small fish nibble the dry skin off your feet. Fish the atmosphere.
pedicures, (6) popularity has decreased Finally, the present focus on overall wellbeing has led
in recent years, risked passing diseases from one client to to a huge rise in the popularity of spas offering a wide
(7) via the fish. In (8) to range of therapeutic treatments. One of these is sound
the dangers to human health, there were concerns raised healing, a practice closely associated with mindfulness.
about animal welfare. Sounds have been used as therapy for thousands of
years in different cultures throughout the world. The
What the above
sounds – which may come from voice, drumming or
examples make clear
other sources – provide a stable frequency our brains can
is the extremes that
tune into, shifting the listener from a state of imbalance
people will go to in
to a state of balance. The stillness and your awareness
order to achieve the
of the sounds is supposed to move you to a state of
prevailing notion of
relaxed consciousness or even to a meditative state.
health and beauty.
This definitely sounds like one to try. It might do you the
Here, we look at
world of good.
some of the latest
health, fitness and beauty crazes to have gained popularity In the end, though, the simplest advice is the best: keep
and decide if they’re too good to be true. active, eat well and remember that you are already
beautiful, just the way you are.
One area where dramatic growth has occurred, but which
has generated serious concerns in some quarters, is
‘virtual fitness’. The reason why this is so popular is the
convenience of being able to get a free workout without
setting foot outside the house, saving both time and
money. Generally speaking, an increased interest in fitness
is a positive trend. However, it’s the phenomenon of social
media stars passing themselves off as trainers online which
is worrying professionals. If you’ve been avoiding exercise
and want to get back into shape, working out with someone
famous could be the motivation you need. But what if, as
is usually the case, your idol has no relevant qualifications
or experience? When you return to physical activity after a
break, you need to build up your stamina gradually. Failure
to do so could lead to injuries such as pulled muscles,
sprains and joint problems. The only people who should be
leading exercise classes are qualified trainers.
Another misconception is that if you’re going to be burning
off all those calories, it is fine to have an energy drink or
two before your workout. These do an effective job at
giving you a boost and may make you look cool at the TALKING POINTS
gym, but being packed with sugar and caffeine, they’re
now known to be detrimental to health in the long run. How important are a) fitness, b) health and
Instead, nutritionists suggest a pre-gym snack of yoghurt c) beauty to young people in your country?
with berries or a banana. If you plan your meals and snacks How much time and money are they prepared to
in advance, you don’t need to rush for the instant fix of a spend on them?
sugar-laden energy drink. What kind of risks do people take in the name of
fitness, health and beauty? Are they worth taking?

FIT AS A FIDDLE 69
 GRAMMAR 4 Instead of what, cleft sentences may begin with a noun
phrase. Complete the sentences with a word from the box.
CLEFT STRUCTURES
all last only something

1 Look at these examples of cleft sentences from 1 (that) I do to ensure I stay healthy is drink
the article. How do they differ in form and plenty of water.
meaning from the similar sentences below them? 2 The thing (that) I never eat is red meat.
1 What the above examples make clear is the 3 I want is to be fit and healthy.
extremes that people will go to in order to achieve 4 The thing we did was (to) say goodbye
the prevailing notion of health and beauty. to Grandma.
The above examples make it clear that people will
go to extremes in order to achieve the prevailing 5 Discuss what these health and fitness trends might be.
notion of health and beauty. clean eating digital detox immersive cycling
2 However, it’s the phenomenon of social media sleep-monitoring apps smart fabrics
stars passing themselves off as trainers online
which is worrying professionals.
However, the phenomenon of social media stars 6 Match quotes 1–5 to the trends in Exercise 5. Make each
passing themselves off as trainers online is worrying quote more emphatic, starting with the words given.
professionals. 1 I make sure I’m wearing my fitness tracker just before I get into
bed at night. (The last thing …)
2 Look at extracts 3–5 from the article and 2 I decided to switch everything off because I’d forgotten about
complete the rule about cleft sentences. life’s simple pleasures like reading a book or listening to the
3 The reason why this is so popular is the birds. (The reason …)
convenience of being able to get a free workout 3 It is supposed to prevent boredom, but for me, it’s just not the
without setting foot outside the house, saving both same as being out in the fresh air. (What …)
time and money. 4 Zara taught me the benefits of not consuming junk food.
4 The only people who should be leading exercise (The person …)
classes are qualified trainers. 5 I’ve always wanted a jacket which keeps me warm in the
5 One area where dramatic growth has occurred, winter and cool in the summer. (Something …)
but which has generated serious concerns in some
quarters, is ‘virtual fitness’. 7 Correct any mistakes in these sentences.
1 All the thing I wanted was to be fit enough to participate.
As well as what, other relative pronouns like who, 2 The last thing I didn’t want was for Mo to injure himself.
why and where can be used in cleft sentences. 3 The place what sound baths are offered is too far away.
However, we don’t usually use these words by 4 What you should be doing eating a proper lunch.
themselves. Instead, we use phrases like: 5 It is breakfast should be the biggest meal of the day.
a The who c One where
b The why
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Reading and Use of English Part 4
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 168
8 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
3 Make these sentences more emphatic by using a meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not
cleft structure. Start with the word(s) in brackets. change the word given. You must use between three and
1 I don’t go swimming any more because the six words, including the word given.
chlorine hurts my eyes. (The reason) 1 Hidden sugar is dangerous to children’s health. POSES
2 The Japanese invented the concept of smart Something children’s health is
fabrics. (It) hidden sugar.
3 We can apply mindfulness techniques in our 2 Amber absolutely adores doing ballet. PASSION
studies. (One area) One for is doing ballet.
4 The therapeutic treatment of sound healing 3 I don’t object to spending money on the treatment. COST
interested me most. (What) It’s the treatment I object to.
5 I was at my fittest when I was at college. (The time) 4 I enjoy all exercises except star jumps. DOING
6 Jaime first introduced me to the fitness classes at The one star jumps.
the gym. (The person) 5 We made the mistake of not training enough. WENT
Where not training enough.
6 It was usual for us to be served dinner at 8. ACCUSTOMED
What served dinner at 8.

9 Work in pairs. Tell your partner about:

• something that you do to keep fit
• the last time you ate something unhealthy
• one area where you could improve your lifestyle

70 UNIT 9
 VOCABULARY HEALTH: COLLOCATIONS
HEALTH IDIOMS
47 6 Listen to a nurse and patient and fill in the form.
46 1 Listen to two friends, Diana and Adam. Who has
not been feeling very well lately?
Name: Theresa Jenkins Address: 53 High Road
EP 2 Listen again and complete the idioms you hear. Serious injuries/illnesses YES / NO
1 Me? Oh, I’m fit as a . I’ve started Operations YES / NO
46 working out three times a week and given up the
junk food. Never felt better! Recent medications
2 He’s been a bit off lately. Current treatments
3 … sorry about that. I’ve got a
in my throat.
4 A few and pains from all that EP 7 Listen again and complete the collocations.
training, but nothing too serious. alleviate consult contract have
5 I know he had that operation back in March. Is he 47
miss prescribed sustain undergo
back on his yet?
6 Yes, he’s the of health now. 1 an appointment 5 be medication
7 She seemed to be full of . 2 an injury 6 the symptoms
8 … when you talk to her you have to speak up as 3 an illness 7 treatment
she’s a bit of hearing. 4 an operation 8 a specialist

3 Which of the idioms in Exercise 2 mean the 8 Which of the three options is NOT correct?
following? 1 I consulted / saw / met a doctor about my stomach ache.
1 have trouble speaking 5 be very energetic 2 Because my condition was serious, I was referred to a(n)
2 general physical discomfort 6 slightly unwell expert / specialist / consultant.
3 in perfect health (2 idioms) 7 a bit deaf 3 When I fractured my ankle, I had to have an operation /
4 recovered from an illness/surgery a process / surgery.
4 I’ve never had to have / undergo / undertake surgery.
4 Which idioms do the pictures represent? 5 Don’t forget / miss / fail your appointment with the doctor.
1 2 6 The medicine calmed / relieved / alleviated the pain.
7 Amalie suffered / sustained / took a serious injury when she
fell off her bike.
8 Children often contract / catch / sustain illnesses like measles
because they spend a lot of time close together.

9 Complete this email to a doctor who offers online advice

3 and the doctor’s reply. Use expressions from this page.

Dear Doctor Deepa

I’m usually 1 and full of energy,
but over the last month I’ve been feeling a bit
2
. In March, I 3 a minor
head injury in a skiing accident. At the time I managed to
4
quickly, but now I’ve started getting
5 Complete the conversations with the most headaches. What do you think the problem could be?
suitable idiom in the correct form.
Harry Jackson
1 A: The children are very energetic today.
B: Yes, they’re .
2 A: I’ve had such a bad cold I’ve been in bed all week.
B: Oh dear. I hope you’ll soon be . Dear Harry
3 A: Can I see your ticket, please?
B: Can you repeat that? I’m a bit . It sounds like your skiing injury might be more serious
4 A: Well, don’t you look the ! than you imagined. Are you getting 5
B: My holiday must have done me good! in other parts of your body? Head injuries, if
5 A: You look rather pale. Are you OK? untreated, can be serious, so I suggest you see your
B: I’m fine, just a little today. doctor immediately. It may be necessary for you to
6 A: How are you, Gran? No medical problems, I hope.
6
, in which case your doctor will refer
B: Just the usual . you to a 7 .
7 A: Your voice sounds odd. Have you got a cold? Dr Deepa
B: No, I’ve just got .
8 A: Can you manage the stairs or shall we take the lift?
B: The stairs will be fine. I’m 10 & 11 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 152.
these days.
FIT AS A FIDDLE 71
 LISTENING 48 6 Listen to Extract One again and make a final decision
on your answers to questions 1 and 2.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

1 Match the photos to the words. Explain to a partner what
you think they are. Listening Part 1
caveman diet chrono-nutrition smoothie spinning
7 Listen to Extracts Two and Three and answer
A B questions 3–6.
49 You will hear three different extracts. For
questions 1–6, choose the answer (A, B or C)
which fits best according to what you hear.
There are two questions for each extract.
Extract One
You hear two friends discussing activities at the gym.
C D
1 Regarding the video used in the cycling class, the
friends agree that
A it isn’t something you can ignore.
B it isn’t what draws people to attend the class.
C the teacher shouldn’t refer to it.
2 Why does the man think spinning classes have
become more popular?
A People want to be forced to do exercise.
2 Read the introduction to the exam task opposite and the B People enjoy the social aspect of these classes.
questions. Which questions require you to compare the C The main gym is often full but classes aren’t.
views of both speakers?
Extract Two

48 3 Listen to Extract One once and attempt to answer You hear two friends discussing healthy diets.
questions 1 and 2. How sure are you of your answers? 3 When discussing smoothies, what do the friends
disagree about?
4 Look at the table showing the parts of the recording A the amount of fruit and vegetables that goes
relating to the three options in question 1. Which option do into them
the man and woman have similar answers to? B the health benefits of drinking them
C whether green leafy vegetables should be added
Man Woman
4 What does the man say about commercially
A I’m working too hard to I spent more time produced soups?
notice the screen. watching that than A They taste inferior to homemade soups.
cycling. B They’re too pricy for him.
B I’m not convinced that it I don’t think they attract C What they contain can be unexpected.
brings people more in. more customers than Extract Three
sessions without the You hear two friends talking about a TV programme
immersive part. on health fads.
C When the instructor says I think it would be weirder 5 What point about chrono-nutrition do the friends
things like ‘we’re just if the trainer just ignored agree on?
passing the cathedral on the landscape going past. A It is a needlessly complicated name.
the left’ it’s really weird. B It shouldn’t encourage people to eat late.
C It could promote poor food choices.
5 Look at the table showing what the man says about the 6 What is the woman’s opinion of the ‘caveman diet’?
A It would be lacking in some vital nutrients.
three options for question 2. For each option, A, B and
C, does what the man says mean the same thing as the B It would be inappropriate for our modern
option ✓ or something different ✗? lifestyle.
C It may have some positive effects on people’s
A People want to I think people are basically health.
be forced to do lazy and know they need to be
exercise. pushed.

B People enjoy the I’d imagined it would be more 8 Discuss the questions with a partner.
social aspects of sociable, but no-one talks, and 1 Do you prefer working out alone or as part of a class?
these classes. they all rush off as soon as class 2 How important do you think it is to eat earlier in the
is over. day and not so late in the evening?
C The main gym It’s not that easy to get a place 3 What do you think the advantages and disadvantages
is often full but in a spin class any more. of a diet like the ‘caveman diet’ would be?
classes aren’t.

72 UNIT 9
 SPEAKING
DISCOURSE MARKERS
1 Match the sentence halves to form questions.
1 What do you do
2 If you could be good at any sport,
3 How important do you think
4 Do you prefer to exercise alone
5 Do you tend to eat
6 Have you ever been on
7 What new activities
8 Who has been the biggest
a or with others?
b it is to do regular exercise? 4 Choose the correct discourse marker.
c do you hope to try in the future? 1 To my mind / On the whole I prefer tennis to squash.
d influence on you so far? 2 Actually / Apparently I’ve just got back from the gym.
e to keep yourself fit and healthy? 3 After putting it off for ages, I once / eventually joined a
f junk food or healthy food? canoe club last week.
g which would you choose? 4 I love judo. In fact / Well I’d say it’s my favourite sport.
h an active holiday? 5 By and large, / To be honest, that never occurred to me.
6 I reckon / As a rule my dad has the most influence on me.
50 2 Read the information in the box and listen to Luca and
Martina each answering three of the questions. Who
gives the better answers? Why are they better?
5 Add discourse markers from the Prepare to speak box
to these answers.

Do you prefer to exercise alone or with others?

Discourse markers
Discourse is any written or spoken communication.
Well, 1 , I prefer to exercise with
Discourse markers are words or phrases that help
others. 2 I love team sports like
the listener to follow a conversation. They can be
football and basketball. Our team recently won
used to add emphasis, express uncertainty, change
a match and celebrating that win together was
the topic or to avoid uncomfortable silences. Using
amazing. 3 you wouldn’t get that
them makes your English sound more fluent and
with an individual sport.
natural. Effective use of them in the Speaking test
will increase your marks.
Have you ever been on an active holiday?

50 3 Listen again. Which of the discourse markers in red do 4

any holiday I go on is active!
you hear? 5
we go somewhere with a pool
PREPARE TO SPEAK and water sports because my parents know that I’ll
get bored otherwise. 6 we went
Discourse markers trekking in Nepal, which was exhausting, even for me.
Fillers Adding emphasis The walking was mostly uphill, 7 .
Well Actually
You know In fact
You see To be honest PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Generalising Above all
Broadly speaking The thing is Speaking Part 1
On the whole Giving opinions
By and large I’d say 6 Work with a partner to ask and answer the questions.
Try to use discourse markers from the Prepare to
9 times out of 10 I reckon speak box.
As a rule I mean, really
To my mind 1 Do you enjoy taking part in physical education classes at
Time references school? (Why? / Why not?)
eventually I think it’s fair to say that
Anyone can see that 2 What sort of fitness activities do you do most often?
recently 3 Do you ever wish you didn’t need to do regular exercise?
once Quite honestly, I think
(Why? / Why not?)
in the past Lack of certainty 4 Have you ever prepared a healthy meal for your friends or
a while ago Apparently family? (Why? / Why not?)
I suppose 5 Do you think you will be more active or less active in five
I guess years’ time? (Why?)

FIT AS A FIDDLE 73
 10 MAKE OR BREAK
ABOUT YOU
3 What would be difficult about doing these
10 Watch the video and then answer the questions. activities? Rank them in terms of difficulty.
What’s the most difficult thing you’ve ever done? a walking alone right across Antarctica
What would you say are the biggest challenges facing b summiting the world’s second highest mountain
people of your age? c circling the equator without motorised transport
Do extreme sports like snowboarding appeal to you? d walking/skiing across the frozen Arctic in darkness

4 Mike Horn has done all but one of the above. Read
the article quickly and answer the questions.
VOCABULARY & READING 1 Which one hasn’t he done?
2 What is said about the following: a helicopter,
EVEMENTS
CHALLENGES AND ACHI a watch and a mountain peak?

EP 1 Do the quiz and work out the meaning of the words. PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Reading and Use of English Part 5
1 You’re preparing a presentation in pairs. Your teacher
has warned you that running out of time is a common 5 You are going to read about Mike Horn, an
pitfall, but you’re on track to finish early and your extreme adventurer. For questions 1–6, choose
partner wants to take a long break. What do you reply? the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best
A Why not? The more breaks we have, the better!’ according to the text.
B ‘No way. Let’s finish it and then have a break.’ 1 In the first paragraph, the writer draws attention to
Mike Horn’s
2 Online, you see a pop-up saying ‘Click here to win A ability to plan thoroughly.
$1 million!’ What do you think? B determination to succeed.
A ‘No way – what a waste of time!’ C knowledge of the local environment.
D excellent health and fitness.
B ‘It’s a long shot, but I’ve got nothing to lose.
2 In the second paragraph, the writer suggests that
3 A friend invites you on ‘a lovely walk’, but it turns out to Mike’s biggest problem in the Arctic was
be a gruelling hike up a mountain. What do you say? A coping with the unusually low temperatures.
A ‘This is more than I bargained for. I was B not always knowing his precise location.
expecting a gentle stroll!’ C needing to travel further than anticipated.
B ‘All that effort really paid off. The view is awesome!’ D not being able to get his strength back.
3 Why did Mike and Børge increase the length of
4 You’re watching the football World Cup. It’s a penalty
their days in the Arctic?
shoot-out, and your country’s survival in the contest
A to make their food last longer
is hanging in the balance. What do you say?
B to increase their average speed
A ‘Come on guys, you can rise to the occasion!’ C to enable them to sleep better
B ‘I’m too nervous to watch!’ D to make use of the available daylight
4 The writer uses Mike’s trip to K2 to illustrate that
A some activities are harder for him than others.
2 Complete the sentences with a word or phrase from B his ability to assess risk is central to his survival.
Exercise 1 in the correct form. C he has the technical skill to climb any mountain.
1 When planning an expedition, make sure you avoid the D dangerous situations give him a thrill.
of not having enough drinking water.
5 In the fifth paragraph, the writer expresses
2 I think I probably will apply for a university place – after all,
admiration for the ways in which Mike
I , so why not give it a go?
A knows how to attract publicity for his exploits.
3 The firm is on the verge of bankruptcy, and the future of its
B manages to make difficult things look easy.
staff . Let’s hope the negotiators’ efforts
C does things that have never been done before.
will , and their jobs can be saved.
D makes things more challenging than they need be.
4 Based on current trends, Mumbai is to
become the world’s largest city by 2050. 6 When describing Mike’s descent from Broad Peak,
5 My cousin Ruby is pregnant and when she went for a scan, she the writer expresses
got – she’s going to have triplets! A doubt as to whether the story about his watch is
6 I’m going to try and break the record for swimming the Channel. entirely accurate.
I know it’s , but there’s no harm in trying! B surprise that he left his watch on the mountain.
7 Ana was asked some really questions, but C relief that his watch proved to be so useful.
she and answered them brilliantly. D curiosity as to why he thought his watch would
save him.

74 UNIT 10
 MIKE
HORN
THE WORLD’S
ULTIMATE ADVENTURER

Imagine the situation: you’re crossing the

frozen Arctic Ocean on foot in darkness. Your 51
thumbs and nose are black from frostbite.
You’re several days’ walk from the boat that you’ve
arranged to pick you up. Oh – and you’ve run out of
food. You’d ask to be rescued, right? Well, not if you’re
Mike Horn, survival legend, serial adventurer and
professional explorer. But this trip was tougher than
anything Mike had attempted previously. His survival, What makes Mike’s achievements so impressive is that
as well as that of his companion, Børge Ousland, hung whatever he does, he always aims to go one step further.
in the balance. The two conceded that supplies could be Circling the globe would be an adventure by anyone’s
brought across the ice to meet them, but no way were standards, but Mike made a point of pushing himself that
they going to accept a helicopter rescue. bit harder. Not only did he go around the hottest part, the
When organising his trip, Mike had estimated it would take Equator, but he restricted himself to human power: pedalling,
just two months. This turned out to be an underestimate, as paddling and hiking as the photos and videos on his
it ultimately became a gruelling 87-day journey. They found website demonstrate.
themselves being carried backwards on floating ice chunks, Mike’s experience has taught him many things, not least of
leaving them with more ground to cover than they had which is quick thinking. Abseiling down from the summit of
bargained for. So difficult were the conditions that Mike said the 8,047-metre Broad Peak can be hazardous at the best
the ice they were on ‘moved around like an inflatable mattress of times. When Mike ran out of pitons (metal spikes used by
floating on water’. But they did eventually make it to the boat. climbers), he had the idea of wedging his watch into a crack
Any trip like this has many pitfalls. Worst of all would be to in the rock, having worked out that it would be strong enough
run out of provisions. When Mike realised that he and Børge to carry his weight. It was a long shot, but he had nothing to
were in danger of doing just this, he rose to the occasion by lose, as he had no other options. He put a rope around the
adopting a survival strategy he had developed when trekking watch and abseiled down. His calculation had paid off and
solo across Antarctica. There, due to the 24-hour sunlight, apparently the watch is still there. At least, that’s the official
Mike had managed to trick his body into adjusting to a 30-hour version, although one wonders whether this was dreamed
day. He still had the same number of daily meals, but the up by the marketing team of the luxury watch manufacturers
adjustment meant his rations covered a greater period of time, who have enthusiastically made Mike Horn the face of their
though it did also mean adjusting his sleep pattern. The same brand. His can-do approach has made other corporate
was true in the 24-hour darkness of the Arctic and only by sponsors sit up and take notice, and among other things
implementing this tactic were they able to keep going. he is now also a brand ambassador for a car manufacturer.
And no wonder they’ve chosen him – he really is the world’s
Harder than any other challenge for Mike has been K2, the
ultimate adventurer.
world’s second highest mountain. He was on track to conquer
it on his last attempt; just 200 metres above
him was the peak he’d always wanted TALKING POINTS
to reach. But then the weather turned
Would you have accepted the helicopter rescue if you
bad, and as Mike took stock of the
were stranded with no food on the Arctic ice? Why? /
situation, his instincts told him to turn
Why not?
around. In front of him were climbers
Mike Horn is well-known as a motivational speaker.
still heading for the summit. Little
What kind of things do you expect he would say?
did they know what awaited them.
Given that Mike Horn has a family, is it fair on them
Perhaps lacking Mike’s experienced
that he spends so much time away from them, and is
judgement, they triggered an
constantly putting himself in danger?
avalanche, and sadly never made it
back down. It’s this combination of
self-confidence and the wisdom to
evaluate a situation that has stood
Mike in good stead throughout his
adventures. He hopes to make a
fourth attempt on K2 one day.

MAKE OR BREAK 75
 GRAMMAR INVERSION
FRONTING
4 Match extracts 1–3 to the descriptions of inversion a–c.
1 Match extracts 1–4 from the article to the 1 No way were they going to accept a helicopter rescue.
descriptions of fronting structures a–d. 2 Only by implementing this tactic were they able to keep going.
1 So difficult were the conditions that the ice 3 Little did they know what awaited them.
they were walking on ‘moved around like an a inversion after a phrase with a negative meaning
inflatable mattress floating on water’. b inversion after a phrase with a limited meaning
2 Worst of all would be to run out of provisions. c inversion in the second clause
3 Harder than any other challenge for Mike has
been K2. GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 169
4 In front of him were climbers still heading for
the summit.
5 Rewrite the sentences using the word or phrase in brackets.
a so + adjective Make any other necessary changes.
b a comparative phrase 1 We got lost, and we ran out of food as well. (Not only … but)
c an adverbial phrase of time or place 2 I have hardly ever seen such bravery. (Rarely)
d a superlative adjective 3 I definitely wouldn’t swim in the sea if sharks were around. (No way)
4 We’ll only stop campaigning when the country is carbon-neutral.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 169 (Only when)
5 We had no idea what was going to go wrong. (Little)
2 Choose the correct phrase to complete the
sentences. 6 What traditions are you aware of which mark the transition
1 On the ground in front of me from childhood to adulthood? It can be in your own country,
. (a huge snake was / was a or somewhere else.
huge snake)
2 Scariest of all – it goes
7 Read about a coming-of-age
tradition. How do you think the
at speeds of over 200 km per hour! (the boys feel about taking part?
rollercoaster is / is the rollercoaster)
3 So hot at night that we
were literally dripping with sweat. (was the
temperature / the temperature was) (1) The indigenous Sateré-Mawé
4 More impressive than the beaches, tribe live deep in the Brazilian
. (is the amazing Amazon, and they have
architecture / the amazing architecture is) developed a ritual that all boys
must go through once they turn
3 Rewrite the underlined sentences using the thirteen. According to Sateré-
fronting structures in Exercise 1.
Mawé beliefs, it’s only by enduring pain that boys
become men. And (2) the sting of a particular species of ant
– the Paraponera clavata – is more painful than anything

Mauro Prosperi
else in the Amazon. In fact, (3) their sting is so potent that
they are known as bullet ants, as the pain caused by one
was taking part in a six-day endurance race has been likened to a bullet wound.
through the Sahara Desert in Morocco in Central to the ceremony is a pair of gloves. These are made
1994 when a sandstorm struck. 1 He was out of leaves. (4) The bullet ants are inside these gloves.
so disorientated that he lost his way. He The boys must put their hands into the gloves, at which
stopped and waited for help but when none point they are stung repeatedly by no less than a hundred
came, he started walking. ants. (5) The boys can’t remove the gloves under any
2
He unknowingly crossed the border from circumstances and must withstand the agonising pain for a
Morocco into Algeria over a week later and full five minutes. But the experience is by no means over for
came across a group of nomads who took the boys. So intense is the sting that (6) the boys can suffer
him to the nearest village. The fact that not only hallucinations but they can also experience muscle
he had managed to survive without food paralysis for up to 24 hours.
and fresh water for so long astonished
everyone. 3 The revelation that he had
travelled 180 miles from where he got lost
was even more incredible. 52 8 Close your books and listen to this extract from a documentary.
What is the difference between the version you read and the
4
His story of survival is so remarkable that
version you hear? Which is more effective, and why?
Netflix have made a documentary about it.
5
That Prosperi went on to compete in the
Sahara Marathon another six times, is 52 9 Rewrite the sections in green above to make them more
dramatic, as the TV presenter did. Then listen again and check.
perhaps most surprising of all.
10 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 152.

76 UNIT 10
 VOCABULARY 6 What advice would you give to someone who is going
to go swimming in the sea or a lake for the first time?
KE,
VERB PHRASES WITHVEMA
AN D GET
TAKE, HA 7 Quickly read the text to see if any of your ideas are
mentioned.
53 1 You are going to hear two friends talking about
something that happened to a boy called Connor.
Listen to the first part of the dialogue and predict PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
what will happen next.
Reading and Use of English Part 2

8 For questions 1–8, read the text below and think of

the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word
in each gap.

NEW CHALLENGES:
A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO OPEN WATER SWIMMING

Open water swimming is swimming in outdoor

54 2 Now listen to the rest of the conversation and see if bodies of water (0) such as lakes, rivers
you were right. or oceans. Most people who take an interest in the
sport are already strong swimmers, which means
EP 3 Listen to the whole conversation and complete the there are (1) complicated new skills
phrases with a preposition or other word. whatsoever for them to pick up. If you can get your
55 1 have effect (on) 6 get a move hands (2) a swimsuit and pair of
2 get hand 7 make googles then you’re ready to go. That said, there are
3 have option to 8 take an interest a (3) basic tips to bear in mind.
4 get your hands 9 make a point + -ing
5 take stock 10 get the hang You’ll be swimming continuously, so take your time.
The temperature will be cooler (4)
4 Match phrases 1–10 in Exercise 3 to definitions a–j. you’re used to and you may feel the urge to
a survive (5) a move on but the aim is to
b hurry up conserve energy. Try swimming (6)
c master an activity a bank or shore to start with so you know you can get
d start paying attention to something back to dry land quickly.
e fail to change something
Get the hang (7) breathing on both
f become impossible to control
sides so if the waves are choppy on one side, you
g only have one choice of what to do
can breathe on the other. Finally, (8)
h do something consciously and deliberately
a point of swimming towards a fixed object in the
i evaluate a situation before deciding what to do
distance so you stay in a straight line. And above all,
j obtain (especially something that can be hard to get)
relax and enjoy your wonderful surroundings.
5 Rewrite the second sentence so that it means the
same as the first, using a phrase from Exercise 3.
1 a It’ll be too late to help unless we hurry up.
b If we don’t , it’ll be too late to help.
2 a Large amounts of money shouldn’t be available to 9 Match the halves of the questions. Then ask and
young people. answer them with a partner.
b Young people shouldn’t be able to 1 Do you tend to get the hang of things quickly
large amounts of money. 2 How easy would it be to make a point of
3 a The vet didn’t think the kitten’s chances of survival 3 If you overheard your friends having an argument
were high. 4 Do you think it’s important for all people your age
b The vet doubted whether the kitten was going to 5 Would you ever ask someone in front of you in a
. shop queue
4 a The only thing the expedition could do was turn
around and head back to camp. a to get a move on if they were taking a long time?
b The expedition turn around and b that was getting out of hand, would you do anything?
head back to camp. c to take an interest in current affairs?
5 a Stop taking the vitamins if you think they’re not d when you try an activity you’ve never done before?
helping. e using English outside the classroom every day?
b If the vitamins are , stop taking
them.

MAKE OR BREAK 77
 WRITING 3 Read the answer written by a student called Marta
(ignoring the options) and answer the questions.
AN ESSAY 1 Which of the things in Exercise 2 has Marta done?
2 Has she answered the question in full?
1 Discuss the questions.
1 Do you know anyone who works for one of the emergency In a world obsessed with health and safety there are
services?
still people who put themselves in danger for the
2 What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of
benefit of 1some / others. 2This / These applies to
jobs such as these?
firefighters and also to the ambulance service. For
3 Would you consider a career in the police, fire or ambulance
these people, danger is never far away; 3the former /
service? Why?
the latter often have to enter burning buildings to
search for anyone who may still be trapped there
and help them to safety. If the fire gets out of hand,
they 4themselves / theirselves could suffocate and
perish. For 5the former / the latter, also, until the
ambulance arrives at its destination, the crew need
to be ready for any eventuality such as a cardiac
arrest or even a death and deal with it calmly and
efficiently with no thought of their own emotions in
the situation. 6These / Those emergency situations
are, sadly, part of the daily routine and ambulance
crews are expected to cope with 7so / such
pressures with little support apart from that of their
colleagues on the team.

Both emergency services have suffered from a lack

2 Read this Part 1 question. Would you do any of a–g of funding in recent years, with the result that there
below? Why? / Why not?
are 8fewer / less young people who apply to join.
You recently listened to a podcast discussion on reasons However, I think 9it / that is the ambulance service
why the emergency services should benefit from increased which does not benefit from sufficient support or
funding. You have made the notes below: recognition. In consequence, what should be a
highly rewarding job for ambulance workers often
Emergency services
ends up with many of 10whom / them going off sick
• police
or leaving the service altogether.
• fire and rescue
• ambulance I believe strongly that to maintain the high quality
Some opinions expressed in the discussion of the ambulance service and to make it more
“People need to feel safe on the streets and in attractive as a career for young people, funding
their homes.” should be substantially increased.
“Fire officers should be supplied with the best
equipment.”
“Ambulance crews provide a vital service for the 4 Complete Marta’s essay by choosing the correct options.
community.”
5 Writing can become uninteresting if …
Write an essay for your tutor discussing why two of the A the same word is repeated.
emergency services in your notes should benefit from B information or ideas are repeated.
increased funding. You should explain which emergency C similar clause structure is used.
service you think is more in need of increased funding,
justifying your opinion. Decide what makes these extracts repetitive (A, B or C).
You can choose more than one answer.
You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in
the discussion, but you should use your own words as far as 1 Skydiving is certainly a dangerous hobby, and in fact part
possible. of the reason people find it so exciting is the fact that it is
dangerous.
a invent factual details about the podcast 2 Doing a job can be dangerous. Being an astronaut is very
b quote in full the opinions expressed in the discussion risky, and firefighting may cost you your life.
c disregard one of the three emergency services in your essay 3 Some jobs are dangerous because of the high level of risk
d describe which two emergency services you would most like involved in doing the work.
to have a career with 4 The fact that someone isn’t afraid to jump out of an
e explain your own opinion, even if it isn’t supported by any of aeroplane shows that they are brave enough to do it.
the three quoted ones 5 I believe all healthcare workers are heroes. I think we
f pretend to hold an opinion that you don’t actually have, should acknowledge that. I don’t think people should be
simply in order to answer the question admired simply because of a hobby they do.
g include any interesting facts you know about each
emergency service to make your essay more interesting

78 UNIT 10
6 Find unnecessary words or phrases in these sentences. 9 Discuss the questions in groups.
0 The sentences in this exercise include redundant words 1 Which of these three things do you think is most
which are not needed. challenging for young people, and why?
1 In addition, I also make a point of checking my spelling • behaving appropriately online
before I hand in any work. • looking after their physical and mental health
2 Our school has a budget of €1000 euros to spend on new • managing money
books for the library. 2 What problems can arise when young people are dealing
3 Some classmates and I collaborated together on a with issues such as these?
geography project. 3 What can be the potential benefits of dealing with issues
4 New towns should be built with broad, wide streets to and challenges like these?
enable traffic to flow freely.
5 My dad sometimes doesn’t make it back home from work PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
until 8 pm in the evening.
6 In my opinion, I believe that more needs to be done to Writing Part 1 (an essay)
encourage people to eat healthily.
10 Read the question carefully. Then plan and write your
7 Identify the repetition in these sentences and replace answer in 220–260 words in an appropriate style.
it with a word formed from those in the box, making
any other changes necessary. Your class have been watching a documentary
discussion on what education schools could
improve transform centre
provide to help children prepare for adult life.
concerned difficult You have made the notes below:
0 Oak Road changed from a congested road to a Education which schools could provide to
pedestrian zone; this change transformation was help children prepare for adult life
achieved in just six months. • Money management
1 Students may have problems accessing all the online
• Online behaviour
materials, and these problems can be made worse by
• Physical and mental health
poor internet connections.
2 Physical activity should be important in everyone’s Some opinions expressed in the discussion
life, and I’m really glad that sport is so important in the “Dealing with money matters is difficult if
curriculum of my school. you don’t know how.”
3 Many pupils complained about the quality of the meals “Everyone needs to know how to protect
but didn’t feel their complaints were taken seriously. themselves on the internet.”
4 I got higher marks in this term’s test, and I think the “We all need to learn about the different
higher marks are due to the tutor I’m having private ways to keep ourselves well.”
lessons with.
Write an essay for your tutor discussing two of the
8 Complete the advice in Prepare to write with words areas of education in your notes which schools
from the box. could provide to help children prepare for adult
fronting inversion paraphrases pronouns life. You should explain which area of education
you think is more important, and provide reasons
to support your opinion.
PREPARE TO WRITE
Avoiding repetition
Vary your sentence structure
Many sentences in English are arranged as follows:
subject + verb + object or complement.
Using other sentence structures gives variety, e.g.
• 1 – Not only can you meet more
people, but you might also be able to …
• cleft sentences – What makes this really important is
the fact that …
• 2 – Above all else, make sure that
you …
Don’t overuse the same vocabulary
This can be avoided by using:
• 3 – education – your studies –
going to university – getting a degree – enrolling on a
course
• 4 – this, that, these, those
• referring phrases – Hiking and kayaking are great
hobbies; the former can be done whatever the
weather, but the latter is more suitable for a warm
sunny day.

MAKE OR BREAK 79
 LIFE SKILLS EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
57

DEVELOPING A GROWTH MINDSET

LIFE SKILLS
How to grow
your mind
Developing a growth mindset
Sometimes our underlying beliefs about learning and
intelligence can hinder our progress in studying or
acquiring a new skill. Learning about how the brain
works and developing a growth mindset can help us
Does our level of intelligence stay the same
become more positive and successful learners.
throughout our lives or can we become cleverer as
we grow? Does failure hinder us or does it actually
help to develop our potential? These are some of
1 Look at the image and discuss with a partner what you the questions that the theory of growth mindset
think it means.
explores. Developed by American psychologist
Professor Carol Dweck, the theory describes how
individuals fall into one of two categories. There are
those who shun challenges, react badly to making
mistakes, find failure crushing, and believe that
intelligence and ability can’t be changed; these
people are said to have a fixed mindset. Then
there are those who are motivated by challenge,
see mistakes as a positive and necessary part of
learning, rebound quickly from failure and believe
that with perseverance and determination they
can achieve whatever they set out to do; these
individuals have a growth mindset. Which one
are you?
1
2 Read the first paragraph of the article opposite and The good news is that according to Dweck’s theory,
which was based on the observations she made of
answer the question at the end. Is your answer the
same as your partner’s? thousands of schoolchildren and how they reacted
to challenges and dealt with mistakes, you can
3 Read the rest of the article and match headings A–D to actually change your mindset and become a better,
paragraphs 1–4. more resilient and more successful learner. The
A Positive thoughts lead to positive change idea has even been backed up by insights from
B One little word can make all the difference neuroscience. The more we attempt difficult things,
C Things aren’t really set in stone the stronger our neural connections become. In
D Promoting growth in others short, with training and effort, we can become more
intelligent and capable.
4 Match gaps a–g to the growth mindset phrases 1–7.
1 ‘I can’t do this … yet.’
2 ‘What can you do differently in order to improve?’
3 ‘I can learn from my mistakes.’
4 ‘This might be hard but I’ll get there in the end.’
5 ‘I can get better at this next time.’
6 ‘OK, how did you work that out?’
7 ‘If I don’t succeed at first, I can always try again.’

56 5 Listen to a conversation between two friends. Which

of these things does Rachel give Leroy advice about?
a studying maths c being confident in front of others
b using maps d improving his singing

56 6 Listen again and discuss these questions.

1 What does Rachel say or do that shows she has a growth
mindset?
2 What does Leroy say or do that shows he has a fixed
mindset?
3 What does Leroy say or do that shows his mindset might
change?

80 LIFE SKILLS
 58 7 Listen to another conversation between the
friends and answer the questions.
2 1 How does Leroy feel about having taken
What does this mean in practice? Well, if you’re the kind of Rachel’s advice?
person who tends to think, ‘I won’t try that because I might 2 What is he worried about?
fail’, then you can start to change your mindset simply by 3 Why does Rachel get irritated with him?
telling yourself (a) You can also set yourself 4 What good news does Leroy have?
personal challenges, especially with schoolwork, sports or
creative hobbies, by reminding yourself (b) 58 8 Listen again. With a partner, discuss how far
rather than saying, ‘This is good enough.’ You can even you think Leroy’s mindset has changed. Give
push yourself out of your comfort zone by trying something reasons for your answers.
new altogether. Naturally, you will make mistakes along a not at all b a little c a lot d completely
the way – we all do – but you shouldn’t be disheartened by
them. Take learning a language, for example. Unless you’re 9 How hard is it to change our mindset? What
prepared to get things wrong as you learn to get them right, makes it difficult? Discuss with a partner.
you’ll never open your mouth. So instead of thinking, ‘Well,
I did that wrong, which just goes to show I can’t do this’,
accept that it’s a process of trial and error and tell yourself,
(c) Project
3 Achieving a growth mindset
If you’re teaching somebody a skill – how to play an
instrument, for example, or how to do a maths problem –
you can help them develop a growth mindset by bearing in
mind that learning doesn’t mean doing something correctly
or getting the right answer, even though that’s the desired 1 DECIDE
outcome. It means using your brain to process knowledge and • Which subjects are you good at?
acquire skills. Praise the effort your student makes and ask Which ones do you struggle with?
them questions that focus on the process of learning itself. • What other things are you good at?
Instead of a pleasant but not very helpful, ‘You’re so smart!’ What would you like to be good at?
when they do things well, ask them (d) . If
they don’t do well the first time round, don’t say, ‘Not like that’
or ‘That was wrong’, but instead ask (e)
2 DISCUSS
4
Finally, remember that it takes time and perseverance to • In pairs, take turns to tell each
become better at something, but you shouldn’t let this put other about either a) a subject
you off. Next time you find yourself thinking, ‘It’s going to take you struggle with or b) a skill you
me ages to learn how to do this’, replace those words with would like to acquire.
(f) And remember what Dweck calls ‘the • Give each other advice on how
power of yet’. Don’t let yourself get fixed in place by telling to develop or apply a growth
yourself ‘I can’t do this’. Help your mind grow by adding that mindset. Include some phrases
one little adverb to the sentence: (g) from Exercise 4.

3 PLAN
Help each other make a 3-stage plan
that will help you achieve this. Use
this language to help you.
I will stop telling myself … and will
instead tell myself …
I will try to … within the next month.
I will know I’ve improved when …

4 FEEDBACK
In one month, report back to the
class about your partner’s progress.

DEVELOPING A GROWTH MINDSET 81

 11 JOG YOUR MEMORY
ABOUT YOU
11 Watch the video and then answer the questions.
How accurate would you say your memory is?
What kind of things do you find hard to remember?
To what extent do you agree that everyone should be
taught about the past?

VOCABULARY & READING

NG
MEMORY AND FORGETTI 3 Ask and answer the questions in Exercise 2.
EP 1 With a partner, try to work out the meaning of the PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
words and phrases.
1 The gist of the lecture was that plastic is harmful to sea Reading and Use of English Part 8
life, but some of the detail was too technical for me.
2 I meant to email my teacher about my assignment, but it 4 Quickly read the four extracts on the opposite page.
completely slipped my mind. I’ll speak to her tomorrow. Then tell your partner one thing you already knew
3 The accused claimed that someone must have planted about false memories, and one thing you learned from
the stolen painting in his suitcase. the extracts.
4 Pedro fabricated an elaborate excuse for why he hadn’t
come into work the day before, but no one believed him. 5 The ideas in the questions in Part 8 are likely to
be expressed in different words to those in the
5 I have a vague memory of my first day at primary school,
text. Match questions 1–5 in Exercise 7 to possible
but I can’t recall it in much detail.
paraphrases a–e.
6 Laura had to go back to the library to retrieve her bag,
which she’d left there earlier. a Our memories aren’t just … , they’re also …
7 To this day I have flashbacks to the time I fell off my bike b Not everything deserves to be committed to memory,
when I was a child, which is why I still won’t go cycling. such as …
8 There’s a discrepancy between the prices on the menu c You might like to think of your ability to recall events as
and what’s on the bill. I think we’re being overcharged. being a bit like a …
9 I bought a flat-pack desk, then spent hours trying to d To illustrate how we simply can’t function without the
make sense of the instructions. In the end I gave up. ability to remember, consider …
10 I heard a song that I hadn’t heard since I was a child, and e Getting somebody to believe that something happened
it triggered memories of being ten all over again! when it didn’t is actually easier than …

2 Complete the questions with words and phrases from 6 Work with a partner and think of ways to paraphrase
Exercise 1 in the correct form. the ideas in questions 6–10, using different vocabulary
where possible.
1 What is the best way of remembering something you
need to do, so that it doesn’t ? 6 Not remembering something isn’t the same as having a
2 Have you ever a reason for not doing false memory.
something, such as a party you didn’t want to go to?
3 Do you ever have to a scary 7 For questions 1–10, choose from the extracts (A–D).
experience you had when you were young? The extracts may be chosen more than once.
4 Is it possible to your dreams? Or are Which writer …
people who say they can interpret them talking nonsense? 1 says how easy it is to deliberately create false memories?
5 If you dropped your brand new phone into an animal 2 suggests what memory should be compared to?
enclosure at the zoo, would you try to it? 3 provides an example to show how essential memory is?
6 When you read a text in English, do you try and 4 gives an example of something that is not worth
understand all the details, or just try to get remembering?
of it? 5 distinguishes between two different forms of memory?
7 When you were little, what kinds of thing tended to 6 explains how creating a false memory is different from
an angry reaction or a tantrum? forgetting?
8 If witnesses described a fight and there was a 7 includes the suggestion that creating false memories can
the descriptions, would that mean be beneficial?
one of them was lying? 8 illustrates how a false memory can come about
9 If someone told you that they could unintentionally?
a false memory in you, what would you say? 9 mentions practical steps being taken to avoid the
10 Do you tend to give precise information (it’s two minutes development of false memories?
to six) or are you more (it’s about six)? 10 demonstrates that the choice of wording a person hears
can influence details they think they remember?

82 UNIT 11
THE PAST 59

ISN’T WHAT IT
USED TO BE!

O LO G IS TS W R IT E A B O U T M EM ORY
FOUR PSYCH

A Julia Kirk
The ability to recall is one of our most fundamental
human attributes. Without it, even getting the most
basic of tasks done, such as getting to basketball practice,
C Valentina Murray
You might imagine that making someone think
they can remember an event that never took place
would be impossible. In fact nothing could be further from
would become impossible if we couldn’t remember where the the truth. All it takes is repeatedly being made to imagine
gym was. But memory is widely misunderstood. Many people the event. In one study, participants were shown a film
think of it in terms of a computer file – we have a fun day out of a traffic collision (all simulated, so nobody got injured).
at the beach with friends, click ‘save’, and store the memory Some participants were asked to estimate the speed of
away. Later, we retrieve the memory of that experience and the vehicle which ‘hit’ the other one; others were told that
relive it just the way it was, right? Wrong. A better analogy the vehicle ‘smashed into’ the other one. Unsurprisingly,
is that our memory of that day on the beach is like a wiki, the ‘smashed’ group reported that the car was travelling
a webpage that can be edited and changed, not only by the much faster than the ‘hit’ group did. Clearly, the
person who created it, but by anyone. When we remember researchers had managed to trigger different memories in
an event, like meeting someone at a party, we create a gist different participants.
memory, for example whether we liked the person, and,

D Gareth Adams
independently of that, a detail memory trace, which could be
the colour of their eyes or what they said. These traces are
Nobody wants an innocent person to be wrongfully
stored and recalled by the brain separately. Gist memories
convicted on the evidence of a witness who
are quite resilient, whereas details fade fast. It may be this
mistakes them for the actual robber, based on their false
discrepancy that leads us to create false memories.
memory of what they looked like. Some police forces

B
engage memory experts to train officers not to use
Lewis Corbett leading questions: they might ask a witness to describe
Remember your last lunch? You probably can. ‘what you saw’ rather than, say, ‘what kind of beard the
What about the one before that? Not so easy, is it? robber had’. However, it doesn’t follow that the deliberate
Of course, simply having things slip your mind, especially planting of false memories is always undesirable. For
insignificant details that are going to be of no interest or use, example, a child with an unhealthy high-sugar diet could
such as what you ate, is a universal experience that we have be ‘reminded’ that the chocolate ice cream he craves
all had. We can consider them errors of omission, in the sense made him feel a bit sick last time. Misinforming him would
that an experience has been omitted from our memory. But be in his best interests. But as to whether a false memory
that can’t be classed as a false memory, which is when we could be created to make him believe that he actually
think we can remember something that happened, but which likes broccoli, that remains to be seen …
in fact did not. And it’s more common than you might think.
Suppose you have a gist memory of going shopping as a child
with your parents and feeling anxious. Put these together, TALKING POINTS
and it’s plausible you could fabricate a memory of becoming
separated from your parents, which would make sense of the Do you think that you could be tricked into believing
anxiety, even though this never actually happened. In other something that wasn’t true?
words, a false memory (getting lost) comes into being in order Can the planting of false memories be justified under
to make sense of a genuine one (feeling anxiety in the shop). any circumstances?
You may even have vivid flashbacks to the event, although
you never in fact experienced it.
JOG YOUR MEMORY 83
 GRAMMAR CAUSATIVES
PASSIVES REVIEW
3 Read the examples and answer the questions.
1 Match examples 1–6 to the passive structures a–f.
Clearly, the researchers had got the participants
1 An experience has been omitted from our memory. to recall their experience in different ways.
2 Participants are being monitored continuously during
the experiment. 1 Who recalled the experience differently?
3 Participants were shown a film of a traffic collision. 2 Who caused this to happen?
4 Nobody got injured.
It cost Jo €60 to have her phone screen replaced.
5 It’s plausible you could fabricate a memory of
being separated from your parents.
6 Nobody wants an innocent person to be wrongfully 3 Did Jo replace the phone screen herself or did she
convicted. arrange for someone to do it?
a present continuous passive Sandra had her bag stolen on the Metro the other day.
b passive infinitive (with to)
c get + past participle 4 Did Sandra want her bag to be stolen?
d past simple passive (with be) 5 Did she arrange for it to be stolen?
e present perfect passive
The boss wants the report finished by 6 pm.
f passive gerund (after a preposition)

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 170 6 Is the boss going to finish the report, or someone else?
The receptionist said she’d have the doctor call me later.
2 Complete sentences 1–6 using the passive structures
in Exercise 2 and the verbs in the box.
7 Who will make sure the doctor calls?
promote repair retrieve steal teach tell
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 170
1 I’ve arranged for my computer – it
hasn’t been working properly for a while.
2 At the moment Jack how to play 4 Make sentences using the verbs in bold with a
causative structure. Then decide which one is false.
chess by a former national champion.
3 Isabel even though her bosses 1 The government of Sweden announced plans / the town
suspected she had lied on her CV. of Kiruna / demolish and rebuild elsewhere, because
4 I’m fed up of what I can and can’t underground mining had made it unsafe. (have)
wear – I’m old enough to decide for myself! 2 In the 17th century, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan / the
5 Yesterday a stolen bicycle by police Taj Mahal / construct / for his wedding. (have)
from a park, where it had been abandoned. 3 In March 2020, fitness trainer Joe Wicks managed /
6 Oh no! My car , and I’ve got no other 950,000 people / take part / in a live-stream fitness
way of getting home. workout, a new world record. (get)
4 The Prime Minister of Albania said he / all the buildings
of the capital Tirana / paint / bright colours. (want)
5 Melanie Martinez / five of her homes / destroy /
hurricanes, earning her the title ‘unluckiest woman in
America’. (have)

5 Correct any mistakes in these sentences. Two are

correct.
1 So far, the video of me spilling coffee down myself has
being viewed 56,000 times!
2 The mayor has announced plans for a new museum of
archaeology to built in the city centre.
3 The local residents want the nightclub closed down
immediately.
4 I was shocked to read about the body of English King
Richard III being discovered underneath a car park.
5 Jacob got his copy of Sapiens signing by the author.
6 Whenever I’m in New York, I always go and have tested
my eyes by this amazing optometrist in the Bronx.

6 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 152.

84 UNIT 11
 VOCABULARY NEGATIVE PREFIXES
PREFIXES
5 After checking you know the meaning of the words, discuss
what in examples 1–4 …
you would consider disrespectful.
might seem rather unprofessional.
strikes you as inconsiderate behaviour.
may have been caused by a misunderstanding.

1 Jake was rude about his grandmother’s cooking.

2 Sara arranged to meet her friend Josie at eight o’clock in the café,
but Josie still hasn’t turned up.
3 Flora put her backpack on the seat beside her on the train.
Some people had to stand.
4 Freddy’s boss found him with his feet up on his desk.

6 Look at the adjectives in Exercise 5, which have the prefixes

dis-, un-, mis- and in-. Which three prefixes mean ‘not’?
Which prefix means means ‘badly’ or ‘incorrectly’?
60 1 Listen to two friends and answer the questions.
1 What was unusual about the restaurant the boy
went to? PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
2 Would you like to go there? Why? / Why not?
Reading and Use of English Part 3
EP 2 Listen again, and using each prefix twice,
form eight words which you hear in the 7 Quickly read the article below. What does the headline
60 conversation. refer to?

re charged grown 8 Use the word given in capitals at the end of some
of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the
out consider qualified same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
over cooked staffed
under dated done
Town History Museum to get a new lease of life
3 Match the prefixes in Exercise 2 to the
meanings a–d that they convey. To say that the Town History Museum is useful
a too much c doing something again would be an (0) understatement . It is so STATEMENT
b not enough d going beyond much more – it is an essential part of the town’s
cultural landscape. So I was shocked when the
4 Use a prefix from Exercise 2 and the correct council decided to close it permanently. The
form of a word from the box to form a new building was in a state of (1) , REPAIR
word which completes the sentences. Then and the council felt that keeping it open was
decide which sentences you agree with. simply (2) . Any arguments SUSTAIN
apply estimate introduce number in favour of keeping it open were
pay price protective (3) by the problem of its high WEIGH
running costs. When it was announced that,
1 There hasn’t been military service in my due to (4) circumstances, FORESEE
country for many years, but I think they should the museum was to close, there was a huge
it. public (5) , which prompted CRY
2 If parents are , it stops their the council not just to (6) TURN
children from becoming independent. their original decision, but also to upgrade the
3 If you don’t get onto the course of your dreams, museum. Timed entry will be introduced, so that
the sensible choice is to take a year out and the building doesn’t get (7) at CROWD
then for the same course in a peak times. The museum also aims to broaden
year’s time. its visitor demographic by reaching out to more
4 If you feel that you are overworked and people from (8) backgrounds, ADVANTAGE
, you’re likely to hate your job. creating a museum for the 21st century
5 In five years’ time people who work from home and beyond.
are likely to people who work
in an office.
6 The food in restaurants is always
and rarely good value for
money. 9 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 152.
7 Young people are often
by adults who think they’re unmotivated and
irresponsible.
JOG YOUR MEMORY 85
 LISTENING

1 Look at the photograph and discuss the questions.

1 What do you think the man with the red feather in his
hat does for a living?
2 What might be enjoyable about this kind of work?

61 2 You will now hear the man addressing a group of

students at a careers day. Listen to the opening
section and see if you were you right about his job.

3 Make a list of three skills and attributes that would

be necessary for this job.

62 4 Read the instructions and first two questions of a

task. Then listen to the first part of the recording and
read the recording script as you listen.
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Underline the parts of the script that tell you the Listening Part 2
answer to questions 1 and 2. Cross out the parts that
would give you the wrong answers. 6 Now listen to the whole of Tom’s talk. For questions 3–8
complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
You’ll hear a historical interpreter called Tom Evans 63
talking to a group of college students at a careers day.
For questions 1–8, complete the sentences with a Tom says that interpreters need expertise in a
word or short phrase. region’s history and (3) .
Tom says that historical interpreters are expected
BRINGING THE PAST TO LIFE to have done (4) in order to find
Tom explains that he played the role of an work at some sites.
(1) for his first assignment as a Tom uses the word (5) to describe
historical interpreter. groups of visitors, and says that this helps to keep the
Tom is often asked about his work interesting.
(2) by his audience.
Answers to visitors’ questions need to be
(6) as well as accurate.
Recently Tom was involved with an overseas group
Recording script
who were interested in (7) .
Many historical interpreters like me find work
Tom recommends always including
through agencies, and no sooner had I signed
(8) in a performance.
up with one than I was engaged by a history
teacher to appear as an agricultural labourer
for her class. I’d had my heart set on being an
emperor or something, but never mind! Before
any job, I always try to anticipate questions from 7 Match 1–5 to definitions a–e. What was Tom referring to
my audience about equipment that would have when he said the following?
been used during the period in question, as well 1 I’d had my heart set on being an emperor
as the working conditions, but hadn’t anticipated
so many concerning the costume. And in actual 2 that goes without saying
fact, whatever the period, this is what tends to
preoccupy visitors the most when they interact 3 nothing could be further from the truth
with a historical interpreter.
4 that’s the last thing I was expecting

5 Consider how you answered questions 1 and 2 above 5 they usually go down well
and answer these questions.
a Which two other jobs did Tom mention?
a People normally enjoy them. d It was a big surprise.
b How do you know these two jobs aren’t the answer to
b I really wanted to do it. e It’s obvious.
question 1?
c That’s totally wrong.
c Question 2 asks what ‘Tom is often asked about’. What
words do you hear in the audio which mean the same
as ‘Tom is often asked about …’ and which tell you the
8 Discuss the following opinions.
‘Young people aren’t particularly interested in history or
answer is coming?
museums, and so the use of historical interpreters is a great
way to get people to engage with the past.’
‘We should respect historical sites, not treat them as if they
were theme parks, with people dressing up in ridiculous
costumes.’

86 UNIT 11
 SPEAKING 6 Are these phrases used to describe similarities or
differences?
PHS
COMPARING PHOTOGRA 1 Whereas the first picture features …, the other one
shows …
1 Which of the old objects in the pictures would you 2 The first picture shows …., and in the same way /
most like to try out, and why? similarly, the other picture …
3 The people in the first picture seem to be …, unlike the
ones in the other picture.

7 Using expressions in the Prepare to speak box, what

else could Sandro have said about his two pictures?

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

Speaking Part 2

8 Work with a partner. Student A: Compare two of the

pictures and answer the following questions.
• Why might the people want to remember these
things?
• How effective are their ways of remembering
things?

9 Student B: Which of the people in the pictures do

you think would benefit most from being able to
remember things successfully? Why?
64 2 Look at the pictures and task. You will hear two
students, Sandro and Alicia, doing the exam task
below. First, listen to Sandro. Which of the things
a–f does he do?
• What might make the old objects interesting
to people?
• Why might someone want to learn about them?
a speak about two of the photos
b run out of things to say before his time is up
c say why people might find the old things interesting
d have a problem because of a word he doesn’t know
e address all parts of the task successfully
f devote the first half of his time to one photo, and the
second half to the other

65 3 Now listen to Alicia answering the examiner’s follow-

up question. Which of the things g–j does she do?
g talk about what she is asked to
h develop her answer by explaining her reasons
i use different words from the examiner’s question
j run out of things to say

4 Which things in Exercise 3 is it advisable to do? How

could Alicia improve?

64 5 Listen again to Sandro and complete the phrases 1–7

that he uses to describe similarities and differences.

PREPARE TO SPEAK
Describing similarities
What the pictures have in 1 is that
they both feature people … -ing.
I think that in both 2 ,…
The same is 3 of the other picture.
4
, in the other photo …
Describing differences
What 5 them is …
I can’t 6 the same for the …
in7 to the girl at the castle

JOG YOUR MEMORY 87

 12 CHANGING TIMES
ABOUT YOU
3 Complete the sentences with a word or phrase from
12 Watch the video and answer the questions. Exercise 1 in the correct form.
What do you like most about living in the twenty- 1 In city centres, can lead to a wide
first century? range of social and health-related problems.
If you could choose to visit another century, which 2 The salaries of senior officials should be made public to
would it be? prevent a , where women doing the
Do you enjoy talking to your parents and same job are paid less than men.
grandparents about the past? 3 If we can the tax system, hopefully
workers will have more at the end of
the month.
4 Everyone in the country will need to
VOCABULARY & READING to get through the current crisis.
5 Owning their own home is an dream
SOCIAL CHANGE for many young people, who barely even have the
to pay rent.
EP 1 Find a word or phrase in the box that means the same 6 When John was from the factory, he
as the phrases in blue. found it very hard to until he found a
afford what they need changed expenses new job.
financial resources lost their jobs spend less money 7 To the problem of social inequality,
too expensive too many people in a space we need to adjust taxes so that the
try to deal with unequal salaries wealthy pay more to help the less well-off.
money left after bills, rent, etc have been paid 8 If your exceed your income, you will
get into debt.
1 Many people find it difficult to make ends meet. Some
don’t even have the means to feed their families. 4 Discuss the questions with a partner.
2 Most young people find that their outgoings are so high 1 In what ways is society unequal nowadays?
that they are left with very little disposable income at 2 How could society be made more equal?
the end of the month. 3 How realistic is it to aspire to a more equal society?
3 Housing is unaffordable for many young people and
as a result they often live with their parents well into 5 Look at the Part 6 task in Exercise 6 without reading
adulthood. the texts. Which one of these statements is incorrect?
4 The government needs to tackle the pay gap between 1 The main focus of Part 6 is identifying writers’ opinions
the genders. and attitudes.
5 Many workers have been laid off in recent years, which 2 You read four academic texts on the same topic.
has meant that everyone has had to tighten their belts. 3 The texts do not contain in-depth specialist knowledge
6 Affluent people should help those who are less well off. of the topic.
7 The education system should be reformed as one way of 4 There is always one question that asks you to identify
achieving equality. one text that differs from all the others.
8 Overcrowding is a serious problem in many cities as so 5 The other questions will ask you to identify a text which
many people want to live there. expresses a similar view to one of the texts.

2 Decide whether the statements in Exercise 1 are true

for your country or region. Compare your ideas with a PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
partner.
Reading and Use of English Part 6

6 You are going to read the opinions of four experts on what

equality is and how it can be achieved. For questions 1–4,
choose from the experts A–D. The experts may be chosen
more than once.
Which expert
1 has a different opinion from the others on how equality
should be defined?
2 shares expert B’s opinion on the importance of education
in reducing inequality?
3 expresses a similar view to expert C regarding the
possibility of full employment?
4 has a different view from expert A on the role of the law
in creating a more equal society?

88 UNIT 12
ACHIEVING SOCIAL EQUALITY
66

A Noelia
For me, equality means ensuring that everyone gets to start from the same place in the
race of life. We know that some will emerge as winners and the rest will be beaten but
at least everyone has the same chance. This can be achieved by having a clear legal
framework to protect everyone – the poor as well as the affluent. Since most people
respect the law, this gives a clear message that we should treat everyone equally.
There’s a widely held view that improved teaching methods and better resources in
schools will eventually lead to the elimination of inequality. The truth is, though, that
not everyone is academically able or wants to do higher studies. I would argue that the
road to a better, fairer society at least partly entails the creation of paid work for all
citizens. Not all jobs are equal, of course, but everyone should be given access to work
that allows them to cover their outgoings and make ends meet.

B Fabio
I’m not suggesting that everyone can end up in a similar position, but nobody should
be denied the opportunity to fulfil their potential. That’s what I understand by equality.
The way ahead is far from straightforward: rapid advances in science and technology are
transforming the modern world. The fact is, however, that in the twenty-first century,
it is unacceptable that some people don’t have the means to support their children
even at a basic level, and a robust welfare state is essential in an age where universal
employment is not realistic. In my view, though, education is the key. If all children had
to be provided with high quality education, we would be well on the way to reducing
inequality. Laws are also crucial, helping for instance to tackle the pay gap which keeps
women, in particular, from achieving a decent standard of living.

C Natalia
My starting point is that the standard of living should be broadly similar for
everyone. A street cleaner should be paid roughly the same as a doctor and
live in a similar kind of house. There should be no such thing as unaffordable
housing. This is what I consider equality to be. I also believe that the right to
work should be enshrined in law and jobs provided for anyone who wants to work.
Building new homes outside of city centres would not only solve the problem of
overcrowding in cities, but would create more jobs. More homes must be built for
low-paid workers. The problem with treating education as a solution is that some
people have no respect for schools and teachers, who they consider part of a
group they are not a member of. This is another issue we need to tackle.

D George
Inequality should have been eliminated by now, but it clearly hasn’t. So reformed laws
on equal rights, which have been in place for decades, can’t have been the solution.
Ideally, it should be possible for any individual, irrespective of their social and economic
background, to make the most of their abilities – though not everyone will, of course. To
me, that’s what equality is about. Free access to school – at both primary and secondary
levels – as well as college and university is the best way to get there and the structures
we currently have need reforming. While being wealthy should not be a crime, it does
not seem fair for some to have a huge amount of disposable income while others have to
tighten their belts. Unemployment is inevitable – jobs can’t be created out of thin
air – but society’s attitudes must change. A person who has been laid off is
entitled to respect.

TALKING POINTS
Do you think education, the law or some other aspect has the greatest role in creating a more equal society?
Do you agree that people should be paid a similar amount whatever job they do? Why? / Why not?
Do you agree that most social changes in the past 50 years have been positive?

CHANGING TIMES 89
 GRAMMAR 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. You must use a present/
MODAL PASSIVES future or past modal in the passive.
1 It was necessary to tell the mayor what local people
1 Match the examples to the functions in the box. Do the wanted.
example sentences refer to present/future or past? The mayor what local people wanted.
deduction obligation possibility 2 It’s a good idea to improve public transport in rural areas.
regret/criticism recommendation Public transport in rural areas.
3 Children are not allowed to use drones without adult
1 In 19th-century London, poverty became so serious that supervision.
it had to be tackled by the government. Drones under adult supervision.
2 Not all jobs are equal, but everyone should be given 4 The unpopularity of his policies was probably why the
access to work that allows them to make ends meet. president lost the election.
3 This can be achieved by having a clear legal framework. The election by the president due to
4 Inequality should have been eliminated by now, but it his unpopular policies.
clearly hasn’t. 5 I’m sure they didn’t offer Duncan the job.
5 The key issues can’t have been resolved as many people Duncan the job.
are still living in poverty.
5 Look at the photo. Which social issue do you think it
2 Use the sentences in Exercise 1 to help you complete relates to? Read the text quickly to check.
the grammar rules.
6 Find and correct six errors in the text.
Modal passives
Modal verbs can express a wide range of functions, The population of some countries might be
including ability, possibility, obligation, deduction, reduce by up to 50% by the year 2100, it has
recommendation, regret/criticism, requests, permission been predicted. This could be seen as a positive
and advice. development as there will be less demand on the
We use modal + 1 + past participle earth’s resources. However, healthcare systems
to form passive modals expressing present or can be overwhelmed by the increased need for
2
time. care for the growing number of elderly people.
We use modal + 3 + past participle to Scientists have already developed simple robotic
form passive modals expressing past time. devices that can have been programmed to help
When the modal must is used for obligation, the past patients in and out of bed. In the future, nursing
form is had to + be + past participle. robots could be trained to talk to patients and
even detect their needs. Medical authorities
have said that in the near future, people should
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 171 prepared to be looked after by robots rather than
humans in their old age.
3 Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets and The technology could been implemented sooner
a modal from the box. Make the sentences negative if as it has been available for some time. But some
necessary. More than one answer may be possible. patients were resistant to the idea. A nurse who
can could have to might must should works in a care home that already uses robots
told us, ‘It can’t have been easy for the patients
1 The postcard by Lucy – she’s the only when the robots first arrived. They all like human
one on holiday at the moment. (send) contact. But there are advantages for both patient
2 In the UK people from organising and carer. I’m sure the number of back injuries
protests or marches but the police must be informed of among nursing staff must be cut dramatically
them in advance. (stop)
since the robots were introduced.’
3 The new shopping centre by the end
of this year but we’re not sure. (complete)
4 Unemployment if we are to create a
more equal society. (reduce)
5 All children free school meals – only
those that really need it. (give)
6 Your great grandmother a degree
from Oxford as they only started giving women degrees
in 1920. (award)
7 That law because it was unfair to
poor people. (pass)

7 Discuss how you would feel about being looked after

by a robot nurse.

90 UNIT 12
 VOCABULARY EP 6 Listen again and find antonyms (words with an
opposite meaning) for the words below. They are in
MS
SYNONYMS AND ANTONY 68 the order in which you hear them.
1 prosperous 4 weak 7 income
2 scarce 5 fairness 8 individual
3 poverty 6 urban

READ THE SCRIPT ON PAGE 153 IF YOU NEED HELP.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

Reading and Use of English Part 1

7 Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or

D) best fits each gap.
1 Listen to Ruby, a social historian, talking about
67
inequality between different areas of a country. THE PROCESS OF
1
2
What did people hope would reduce inequality?
What types of area suffer poverty? GENTRIFICATION
3 What major causes of unemployment does she mention? Gentrification is the gradual process whereby an
4 What are the social and economic effects of these? urban area changes through the arrival of more
(0) B residents. Not only will the style of
EP 2 Listen again and complete the extracts with a word (1) change, but residents will be more
from the box. likely to be home owners than to rent. The influx of
67
deprivation diversify housing income individuals with a higher income usually (2)
jobless manufacturing shortage suffrage it impossible for the original residents to stay
in the area. The type of shops and businesses
1 Many believed the introduction of universal operating in the area will be those that (3)
would give a voice to the weak. to a more prosperous clientèle who can afford
2 It’s not only in urban areas that there is . the higher prices. In many places, the process of
3 Rural and seaside towns are also suffering from gentrification has led to an uncomfortable lack
unemployment and a of housing. of (4) . The natives of a gentrified area are
4 The decline of in some areas means … (5) out to other regions, which can cause
5 … it was assumed the job market would anger and frustration, especially if their families
6 … whole villages lost their main source of . had lived in the place for generations. Although it
7 A scarcity of means that often … seems (6) , governments have not stepped
8 … several generations of people are forced in to restrict gentrification. They have (7)
to live together under one roof. to the shortage of affordable places to live in cities
by (8) the poor and the unemployed to less
3 Match these words to the answers in Exercise 2. The desirable areas.
matching words are synonyms.
1 salary 4 vary 7 the right to vote 0 A acclaimed B affluent C profitable D prominent
2 scarcity 5 unemployed 8 accommodation 1 A neighbourhood B shelter C settlement D housing
3 industry 6 poverty 2 A finds B makes C means D leaves
3 A appeal B attract C suit D match
4 Synonyms do not always mean exactly the same thing. 4 A assortment B mixture C diversity D contrast
Which word or phrase …
5 A compelled B enforced C forced D obliged
1 means money from working only? salary / income 6 A uneasy B unreal C unequal D unjust
2 is used in less formal contexts? unemployed / jobless 7 A responded B answered C returned D addressed
3 means intentionally expand the range or scope of 8 A departing B shifting C pushing D changing
something? vary / diversify
4 is used in formal contexts? suffrage / the right to vote
5 often refers to both economic and non-economic
problems? deprivation / poverty
8 Complete the questions with words from this section.
Discuss the questions with a partner.
6 implies a temporary lack of something? shortage / scarcity
1 What type of is available in your home
7 usually refers to places to live in permanently and is
town? Is there a of accommodation?
often used in a general sense? housing / accommodation
If so, what do you think the solution might be?
8 refers only to making things? manufacturing / industry
2 What kind of is there in your region?
68 5 Listen to the next part of Ruby’s talk. What solutions How successful is it?
to the problem of unemployment in certain areas are 3 What kind of problems are there in areas
suggested? in your country?
4 How do you think areas of the country
could be made more ?
5 How would you pass your time if you were
?

CHANGING TIMES 91
 WRITING
A PROPOSAL

1 Work with a partner. What might be the benefits of a

town having a youth club? What problems might be
created if one were to shut down?

2 Read the task and answer the questions below.

There are plans to shut down the local youth club in
your town. You feel that the club should be saved.
You decide to write a proposal for the town council,
explaining the importance of the club and suggesting
alternative ways of funding it.

Write your proposal.

1 Who is the proposal to be directed at?

2 How formal do you think the writing should be?
3 What do you have to persuade the reader to do?
4 Which TWO key areas do you have to cover?
5 Will the main focus be past, present or future?

3 Read a student’s proposal and see if any of your points

from Exercise 1 are covered.
How many headed sections is the proposal divided
into? How many ways of funding the club are
suggested?

Introduction
The Beacon youth club has served the town of
Moorland for over 30 years. This proposal sets out
the reasons why the heart-breaking decision to
close it should be reversed and suggests ways in
which this might be achieved.

Benefits of the club

A 1987 study by Simons and Dwight revealed
that youth clubs can improve the social confidence
of their members by up to 40%. Here in Moorland, a
high proportion of young people aged 14–19 attend
the Beacon club regularly, considering it a supportive
Funding
environment where they can take part in a wide
range of activities. The skills learned at the club have Funds to support the club could be generated by
helped our youngsters in numerous ways and have inviting local businesses to buy advertising space
even led to part-time employment. Where would within the club premises, on the website and in the
young people go to socialise, learn and develop if monthly newsletter. Another solution would be to
there were no youth club? charge a modest fee to participants for activities.
Similarly, fund-raising events like fun runs and cake
Solutions sales could become activities organised by the
members themselves.
The decision to shut down the club is based solely
on financial considerations. We can solve this by
Conclusion
funding the club in alternative ways. It is vital to
protect our young people and prevent the serious The Beacon club is a lifeline for our young people, and we
consequences of losing their safe space. urge the council to save it by any means possible.

92 UNIT 12
4 Find examples in the student’s proposal of the 7 Replace the underlined words with a more emotive
following ways of persuading the reader: word from the box.
1 language that appeals to the emotions conceal devastated doomed slash
2 statistics surrender tragic transformed urge
3 expert opinion
4 rhetorical questions 1 The youth club has changed the lives of young people in
5 involving the reader this town.
2 The members have been very upset by this decision.
5 Complete the Prepare to write box with the phrases in 3 It is sad that the council will no longer fund this work.
green in the student’s proposal. 4 It is not fair to cut the budget for cultural activities.
5 We ask you to reconsider your decision.
PREPARE TO WRITE 6 It is not clear why you chose to hide this decision for
Cause and effect so long.
1 7 If these recommendations are not accepted, the project
If these plans go ahead, will be sure to fail.
This will mean that 8 We are not willing to give in.
As a result,
Rhetorical questions PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
2
Writing Part 2 (a proposal)
How could you possibly …?
What would happen if …? 8 Read the task. Add the notes A–H to the correct section
Presenting solutions of the table to complete a plan for this task. Add any
3 additional ideas you have.
4

This can be overcome by You are concerned about the lack of job
One remedy might be opportunities for young people in your town.
You feel the town council should encourage local
Introducing evidence businesses to give free training and work experience
5
to help make younger candidates more attractive to
According to employers. You decide to write to the local council,
Smith states that outlining how such a scheme would benefit both
Research proves that young people and businesses. You should also
suggest at least one way in which businesses can be
encouraged to participate.
6 Complete these extracts from proposals with a phrase
from the Prepare to write box. Write your proposal.

Sections (How many?

1
researchers at Upton Headings?)
University, libraries are a vital resource for people Persuasive techniques
of all ages. Yet, the council has plans to close
ours down. 2
, it will deprive Benefits to young people
both young and old of the opportunity to learn. (content/language)
Benefits to businesses
(content/language)
Ways to encourage
The council announced an end to funding
businesses to participate
for theatres. 3 applying (content/language)
for a grant from the National Arts Council. A Free advertising to participating companies
4
to explore ways of making the B Use statistics
theatre more commercially viable. C Extra workers at low cost
D Possibility of permanent work later
E Gaining certificates or references
F 5 headings – introduction, the scheme, benefits,
Psychologist Jan Hopkins 5
encouraging participation, conclusion
a healthy mind needs a healthy body. G Good for their reputation
H Give expert opinion
So, 6 take the heart-breaking
decision to stop funding the Sports for Youth 9 Write your answer to the task in Exercise 8 in 220–260
programme? words.

CHANGING TIMES 93
 LIFE SKILLS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
LIFE SKILLS
Making a difference
As individuals, we all have a responsibility to help others and act
in a way that benefits society as a whole. This can range from
helping those less fortunate than ourselves to taking action to
ensure the world we live in is fair and just to everyone.

1 Where do you stand on these social issues? Write:

1 = I completely agree. 3 = I largely disagree.
2 = I agree up to a point. 4 = I completely disagree.
Then discuss your answers with a partner.
a Individuals are responsible for protecting the environment,
not governments.
b Girls and boys are treated equally in education.
c Young people can bring about positive changes in society.
d Everybody should have access to free health care.
e Young people have a responsibility to help their community.

2 Read the three fact files. Which statement from the questionnaire
above best relates to each one? Do any of them apply to all three?

69 2
Who is he?
1
Kelvin Doe (also known as DJ Focus)
Who are they?
Where is he from?
Melati and Isabel Wijsen
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Where are
they from? What issue has he tackled?
Bali, Indonesia In Kelvin’s neighbourhood, the electricity supply is
unreliable. When he was growing up, blackouts were
What issue are frequent. In order to tackle this, Kelvin taught himself
they tackling? electronics, developing a homemade battery to solve
Plastic waste the lack of lighting in local homes. He also created
How have they made a community radio station, building all the necessary
a difference? equipment from scratch – all by the age of 13.
In 2013, when Melati was
How has he made a difference?
12 and Isabel was 10
He inspires other young people to
years old, the two sisters
become inventors and help their
set up a campaign called
community.
‘Bye Bye Plastic Bags’,
whose aim was to stop Other information
people using single-use plastic bags in Bali. They participated Kelvin was the youngest person to
in beach clean-ups and organised petitions. In 2018, they be invited to participate in a
successfully demanded a meeting with the governor of Bali at the scheme at MIT (Massachusetts
time, after which he banned Styrofoam, plastic bags and straws Institute of Technology) which
from the island. helps innovators turn their
ideas into reality. He has
Other information
also spoken at TEDxTeen,
In 2017, the sisters spoke at the United Nations World Ocean
an event where passionate
Day in New York City. In 2018, Time Magazine named them
young people get to share
two of the 25 Most Influential Teens of 2018. In 2020, Melati
their inspirational stories
was also a guest speaker at the World Economic Forum.
and ground-breaking ideas
with others.

94 LIFE SKILLS
 3 Which person … 7 Discuss these questions with a partner.
1 experienced a problem similar to the one he/they went on to tackle? 1 Are any of the issues Gabriela mentions issues
2 obtained the assistance of a person in authority? where you live?
3 took part in an international event? 2 Do you know of any ways in which they are
4 acquired skills and knowledge without the help of others? being tackled?
5 has helped people beyond his immediate community? 3 Which of the issues is/are the most urgent?
6 began by trying to solve a problem in his/their local area?

4 In groups, imagine you are a panel of judges deciding who

should get a ‘Young Helper of the Year’ award. Decide which
teenager in the fact files to give the award to. Project
A presentation about a social issue
70 5 Listen to this acceptance speech by the recipient of the ‘Young
Helper of the Year’ award. Which of these topics does she
talk about?
a The volunteer work she is being given the award for
b The other volunteers she works with 1 DECIDE
c Why young people should help others
In groups, choose an issue you are
d How young people can help others
interested in (it can be local, national
e How she plans to continue her work
or international).
70 6 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 What has Gabriela learned about the refugees she works with?
2 Who does she address the second part of her speech to?
3 What examples does she give of issues that need tackling?
2 RESEARCH
4 What examples does she give of simple ways to ‘get involved’? Research the issue and prepare a
presentation. Use these questions
to guide you.
• What is the issue?
• Who does it affect?
• What is being done to tackle it?
3
• Why should young people be
Who is he? concerned about it?
Yash Gupta • What can young people do to help?

Where is he
from?
California, USA 3 PRESENT
What issue has he Give your presentation.
tackled?
After breaking his own
glasses and needing to
go for a week without
4 NOTE
new ones when he was Listen to the other presentations. For
14, Yash learned that 13 each group, make notes based on the
million children around the questions in step 2. At the end, ask the
world cannot access the group at least one more question about
glasses they need and that what they learned.
the lack of them hinders their
ability to see in class and
study properly.
5 CHOOSE
How has he made a difference?
He set up Sight Learning, an organisation that collects Take a class vote on who should
recycled glasses for children and teenagers who need win an award for ‘Most inspiring
them but otherwise wouldn’t have access to them. presentation’.
He has helped more than 20,000 people in Mexico,
Honduras, Haiti and India to see better.

Other information
Yash has been honoured as a CNN Hero.

MAKING A DIFFERENCE 95
 REVIEW 3 UNITS 9–12

VOCABULARY 3 Which verb collocates with expressions a–d? Complete

the sentences with one of the expressions in the
correct form.
a an interest in / stock of
1 Complete the sentences with a suitable word or b your hands on / out of hand /
phrase. The first letter or two have been given. the hang of
1 I’m glad to hear you are getting away on holiday. It’ll do c a point of / it
you the w of . d no effect / option
2 Lots of adults do colouring these days as they find it
1 Add saffron if you can some.
quite th .
2 We need to where we are before
3 I think I’ve pu a mu in my back
deciding what our next move should be.
carrying those heavy bags.
3 Jan checking on his elderly
4 We’ve been quite lazy over the winter, so I think it’s time
neighbour every day.
to g b into s .
4 Extra police officers were called in because the situation
5 Josh is a fast runner but I don’t think he’s got the
.
st for a marathon.
5 The teacher threatened to tell Alonso’s parents about his
6 Health is no longer defined as the absence of illness, but
behaviour but even that on him.
rather as physical and mental w -b .
7 That was a delicious meal – I’m going for a walk to
b o all those calories.
4 Identify two sentences in which the phrase in bold is
used correctly. Correct the others.
1 His visa application was rejected because of a
2 Complete the story with words from the box. discrepancy among the date of birth on his passport and
a long shot got more than he bargained for his application form.
gruelling hung in the balance on track 2 When caught inside his neighbour’s garden, Ollie
paid off pitfalls rose to the occasion fabricated a story about a missing cat.
3 I was supposed to pick up my mum’s dry cleaning but it
slipped out of my mind.
Steven Callahan 1 when he decided to 4 Mandy saw an old man walking his dog and it triggered
take part in a single-handed sailing race back in 1981. her a memory of her grandfather.
Callahan was 2 to achieve his goal of 5 I’ve been reading through these legal documents for
completing the race across the Atlantic and back in his hours but I can’t make the sense of them.
6.5-metre boat. An experienced sailor, he was fully aware of 6 When I questioned Tara, she was very vague about what
the 3 of the undertaking, which included her plans were.
7 Physically Jaime has recovered well from the accident
poor weather and possible attacks by sea creatures. After a
but he keeps having sparkbacks to that awful day.
4
outward journey, he was on the return leg
8 As people get older, they find it easier to retrieve from
when a storm struck. The storm itself didn’t bother him but memories from childhood than from the past few days.
as it raged, a whale or shark made a hole in the boat’s hull and
he realised the situation was extremely hazardous. He knew 5 Which prefix(es) go(es) with all words in each set a–f?
it was 5 but he jumped into his tiny life raft, Write the prefix in the correct form in each gap 1–6.
grabbing as much survival equipment as possible. For the a number, dated, grow
next 76 days, Callahan’s life 6 as he drifted b charge, qualified, statement
along, with a hole in his raft and suffering from dehydration. c respect, repair, advantage
Many would have given up but Callahan 7 , d introduced, do, apply
catching fish with a spear gun and making water with a solar e understanding, conception, inform
f sustainable, professional, foreseen
still. Finally, his persistence 8 when he was
rescued by fishermen off the coast of Guadeloupe. 1 Some young people object to following traditions they
see as .
2 Alicia spilt a drink over her art project and now has to
the whole thing.
3 Michael’s manager said he was in
allowing his friends into the event for free.
4 I think you’ve me. I only had one
drink, not two.
5 Petra hasn’t studied economics and has no previous
experience – she’s really for the role.
6 I think there must have been a .
I didn’t mean to offend them.

96 REVIEW 3
 GRAMMAR PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Reading and Use of English Part 2

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the 4 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
verb in brackets. each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
1 I could happily get used to around by
a chauffeur. (drive)
2 Paula was delighted to the movie
Children of the
premiere. (invite)
3 I’d like to have my new flat before
industrial
I move in. (decorate)
4 Martin says he wants the report by
revolution
the end of the day. (check)
5 On our trip to Amsterdam, we saw wooden clogs The Industrial Revolution
in the traditional way. (make) (1760–1840) was a time of rapid
6 The suspect five times by police change as new technologies
before his arrest. (question) led to the mass production of
7 My dream is for doing the work I love. goods in factories. In Britain,
(pay) (0) as elsewhere, it
8 Can you get someone my television? was a time of prosperity for the
(fix) country as a (1) ,
but it came at a high cost to the
2 Choose the correct option. Then match the sentences working classes. (2) their labour was the main
to the functions in the box below. source of the nation’s increased wealth, they themselves
1 Some of the children had to be / must have been taught gained little or nothing from it. The move from countryside
how to use a knife and fork. to city to work in the factories offered (3) of the
2 To protect the artwork, photos don’t have to / mustn’t be promised benefits. Hours were long, the work dangerous
taken inside the gallery. and living conditions overcrowded. But it was the children
3 More affluent elderly people needn’t / need to be given (4) suffered the most. Due to their size,
free transport – they can afford to pay for it. they had the riskiest jobs, such as cleaning machinery,
4 It is amazing what should / can be achieved if we work sometimes while it was (5) operation. Working
together. up to 15 hours a day, children were deprived of even the
5 The students shouldn’t / can’t have been given so much (6) basic education. Gradually the Factory
homework – they need a rest. Acts improved conditions for young workers but it was not
6 Shall / Could we be moved to a quieter part of the (7) 1833 that the law prevented children from
restaurant, please? (8) forced to work more than 10 hours a day.
7 The police think the fire may / can have been started
deliberately.
8 In my opinion, the newspaper would / should be Reading and Use of English Part 4
prosecuted for publishing fake news.
5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
deduction lack of obligation obligation meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
possibility prohibition recommendation Do not change the word given. You must use between
regret/criticism request three and six words, including the word given.
1 Irina was the one who understood the new system
first. HANG
3 Make the sentences more emphatic. Start with the It was of the new system first.
word(s) given in brackets.
2 They forced me to sign the forms. OPTION
1 We don’t need any more interruptions to this meeting. I was given sign the forms.
(The last) 3 The news upset Justin to the extent that he broke
2 The negotiations failed because both sides were too down in tears. WAS
ambitious. (The reason) So broke down in tears.
3 Being away from my family was harder than anything 4 The hacker managed to get into the system, which
else. (Harder) we didn’t expect to happen. ABLE
4 I use spray tan to make my skin look less pale. The hacker shouldn’t get into the
(Something) system.
5 The rules of the game were so complicated no-one could 5 Ira said we must tell her immediately the baby
understand them. (So) was born. BEING
6 I enjoyed our stay on the island the most. (Best) Ira as the baby was born.
7 My gran has never understood why people spend so 6 I feel sure they were not trained adequately. BEEN
much time on social media. (What) They can’t sufficient training.
8 There’s a beautiful lake only a few minutes’ walk
away. (Only)

UNITS 9–12 97
 13 ECONOMICAL WITH THE TRUTH
ABOUT YOU
13 Watch the video and then answer the questions.
Do you prefer to read fiction or things that are true? Why?
When did you last see or hear something that you didn’t
think was true?
Do you think that people should always tell the truth?

3 Complete the statements with words from Exercise 1

?
in the correct form. Do you agree with them?

VOCABULARY & READING 1 Most people I know are too smart to be

by online fraudsters and would
TRUTH AND LIES be able to identify a financial

?
immediately.
EP 1 Read the emails. What would you do if you were Liam? 2 If you see what are designer
sunglasses for sale in a market at half their

?
usual price, you should assume they are
and report it to the police.
I’ve just had an email, supposedly from a lawyer,
3 People are more likely to lies if the
attaching a legal document (obviously fake,
person telling them is good-looking, regardless of how
because it was full of mistakes), saying I’ve been
the lie is.
left €1 million by a great aunt. To receive the money,
4 Anyone who stories to get
I just need to pay his fees of €7,500. It’s so obviously
other people into trouble with the police, or makes
a scam – I’m not going to fall for it! Does he really
calls to the emergency services,
think he can take people in by concocting such a
should be charged with a crime.
far-fetched story?
5 Scams often seem because of the
Liam
of people who perpetrate them.

4 Quickly read the first two paragraphs of the article on

?
the opposite page. What is its focus?
I tend to agree the story lacks credibility. But isn’t A what fake news is
it just plausible that you had a relative you were B how to identify fake news
unaware of? It’s probably a hoax, but shouldn’t you C why fake news is so common
try and verify first whether it’s genuine? You wouldn’t
want to forfeit that €1 million!
Ryan PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

?
Reading and Use of English Part 3

2 With a partner, work out the meaning of the words in 5 Read the first two paragraphs again and use the word
the emails. given in brackets to form a word that fits in the gap.

6 You are going to read a story involving a telescope, a ?

newspaper, a goat and the moon. What do you think the

?
story could be?

7 Quickly read the rest of the article on the opposite page.

Did you guess correctly what the ‘Great Moon Hoax’ was?

8 Read the whole article again. Are the following

statements true, false, or is it impossible to say from
the article?
1 The ‘Great Moon Hoax’ is an early example of fake news.
2 John Herschel had access to the world’s best telescope.
3 Herschel sent regular reports of his research.
4 The reports about Herschel’s findings aroused
considerable interest.
5 Richard Adams Locke made up the stories in order to boost
newspaper sales.
6 The article about Herschel’s findings had appeared in
another publication before it appeared in The Sun.

98 UNIT 13
 Gre at Moon Hoax
71

The
Being able to distinguish between information that’s accurate Which of course was the whole point. The whole story
and that which is (0) untrue (TRUE) is a key life
skill these days. And that’s because posting false or at least
had been concocted by Richard Adams Locke, the
newspaper’s editor. Admittedly, an astronomer named ?

?
(1) (RELY) information on websites is John Herschel was indeed in South Africa undertaking
big business. Some stories circulated online may be based genuine astronomical observations. But Locke knew

?
on fact, but include exaggeration or a (2) that the only means of communication with Herschel
(DISTORT) of the truth. For example, the writer might be was by letter, and so it would take months before the
particularly (3) (BIAS) in favour of brand X, deception could be exposed. The whole story was a

?
and write complimentary reviews of their products, but without scam, intended to sell newspapers. And it worked:
(4) (CLOSE) that they are actually paid by within just a few days, The Sun’s circulation had shot
? brand X. The truthfulness of their review should therefore be up from 8,000 to 19,000, overtaking The Times of

?
considered (5) (QUESTION), though not all London to become the world’s bestselling newspaper.

?
readers may realise this. Locke became a wealthy man. So just how did he
Other stories may be deliberately false, and intended to manage to get away with such a far-fetched story, and
(6) (INFORM) readers and trick them into take so many people in?
believing something that is totally untrue. In some cases, this First of all, the story appeared convincing. It was
is simply clickbait, intended to drive readers to a particular worded in the sort of cautious academic language
?
? website. In others, it is orchestrated by criminal organisations one might expect in a scientific report. It was also

?
posing as legitimate businesses in order to (7) stated that the report had already been published in an
(FRAUD) obtain money. And of course the (8)

?
academic journal in Edinburgh. This claim was also
(DECEIVE) only needs to work with a small proportion of made up, but it enhanced the story’s credibility, and
readers in order for their scam to be highly profitable. many readers fell for it. Secondly, it was consistent

?
Fake news has become closely connected with the internet in with readers’ life experience. This was an age of

?
general and with pay-per-click advertising in particular. And yet great scientific advances. John Herschel’s father had
it is by no means a new phenomenon, as the Great Moon Hoax recently discovered the planet Uranus, so wasn’t it
illustrates. equally feasible that his son should discover life on the
moon? Thirdly, as Locke knew all too well, nobody
In 1835, the New York newspaper The Sun published a series
?
could travel to the moon, or build a telescope powerful
of stories that caused an absolute sensation around the world. enough to view its surface close-up, and so the story
? According to the articles, John Herschel, a British astronomer was impossible to disprove. Locke’s story illustrates an

?
working at an observatory in South Africa, had constructed the important point: if you can get away with it, spreading

?
most powerful telescope ever made, and was using it to study the fake news can be good business.
surface of the moon.
It was reported that Herschel had observed dark red flowers
growing on the surface of the moon. As any form of life on the
moon had been considered impossible, this was quite a revelation. ?
? Word soon spread, and people flocked to buy each day’s edition

?
of The Sun. If plant life had been discovered on the moon, the

?
central question was whether there could be animal life there too.
The following day’s report did not disappoint. Blue goats had
apparently been spotted, as well as a strange amphibian, which
moved around by rolling like a ball. By now, these reports were
the talk of the town. The next day, beavers were said to have been
?
? seen, carrying their young in their arms. The day after that carried

?
the announcement everybody had been waiting for: there were

?
claimed to be humans on the moon, with wings on their back, and

? ?
supposedly wearing no clothes. New Yorkers were hooked.

?
? ? ? ? ? ?
TALKING POINTS ?
If you’d been a New Yorker in 1835, at which point might you have suspected that the story was a hoax?
Do you think it should be illegal for newspapers and websites to publish fake news in order to make more money?

?
? ? ? ? ? ? ECONOMICAL WITH THE TRUTH 99
 GRAMMAR REPORTING VERBS
STRUCTURES USED WITH
ING
IMPERSONAL REPORTCT
STRU URES
4 Read the information in the box and choose the correct option
to complete sentences 1–5.
1 Impersonal structures are common in news
reporting. Complete the extracts from the Instead of using verbs such as say, we can report speech by
article with a word from the box. using a variety of verbs and structures which express the
It There Beavers purpose of the direct speech, e.g. ‘I didn’t break the vase,’ Pedro
said. Pedro denied breaking the vase.
1 were said to have been
seen, carrying their infants in their arms. 1 She persuaded me to go / persuaded to go to the festival.
2 were claimed to be humans 2 The boss threatened sack / threatened to sack Mike if he was
on the moon, with wings on their back. late again.
3 was also stated that 3 She accused the media of exaggerating / accused the media to
the report had already been published in an exaggerate the story.
academic journal in Edinburgh. 4 Football legend Gary Cosford admitted not paying / admitted not
to pay any tax on his huge salary.
2 Complete the rules with the phrases in the box. 5 They refused give me / refused to give me my money back.
beginning the sentence with It
naming the speaker perfect infinitives GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 171
tenses and reporting verbs what exists

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

a We can report what was said without
. Reading and Use of English Part 1
Chief scientist Dr Morgan is said to have left
the research institute unexpectedly. 5 For questions 1–8, read the text below and decide which
b Statements can also be reported by answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example
. at the beginning (0).
It has been reported that Morgan had fallen

BIGGEST LIAR
out with the other board members.
c There is said to be can be used to say
: THE WORLD’S
There is said to be anger among the rest of
the board. The area around Santon Bridge (0) B both England’s
d Other can also be used. deepest lake and its tallest mountain. It’s been (1)
There were rumoured to be ‘differences of that the village was also home to the world’s biggest liar, Will
opinion’ within the group. Ritson, who would tell visitors that turnips grew so large there
e Some reporting structures can be followed that farmers built cow-sheds out of them. Ritson himself
by infinitives or by . always (2) that this was true, though it’s doubtful
The other board members were said to be whether anyone actually (3) it. Ritson died long ago,
shocked / to have been shocked by Morgan’s but is honoured to this day in Santon Bridge.
announcement. ‘The World’s Biggest Liar’ is an annual competition.
Competitors have five minutes to (4) the most
convincing lie they can, and judges select the winner.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 172 A bishop supposedly once won with the shortest ever
(5) : he simply said, ‘I have never told a lie in my life.’
3 Report the information starting with the Another winner was Glen Boylan, whose story (6)
words given. taking part in a snail race against Prince Charles, who
1 We anticipate that the work will take six months. (7) him to remove the shell to reduce air resistance.
The building work . Prince Charles was (8) to have cheated by using
2 The experts judged that the painting was a battery-operated snails.
forgery.
The painting .
0 A exaggerates B boasts C exhibits D proves
3 People expect there’ll be a bus drivers’ strike
1 A challenged B justified C defended D claimed
next week.
2 A persuaded B demanded C asserted D required
There .
3 A fell for B heard from C stood for D relied on
4 The belief is that global warming will affect
4 A concoct B promote C envisage D support
us all.
5 A expression B reference C debate D speech
It .
6 A associated B involved C consisted D related
5 Some people estimate that half the stories on
7 A suggested B informed C urged D talked
that website are fake.
8 A complained B accused C blamed D alleged
It .

100 UNIT 13
 VOCABULARY EP 6 Match the definitions to the phrasal nouns in texts
a–c. Then discuss with a partner what you would do in
PHRASAL VERBS ANDUNS those situations and why.
NO
1 something that happens and causes delays or problems
2 reduction in the amount or success of something
EP 1 Match the sentence halves to make news headlines. 3 cost of looking after something
1 Airport expansion to go 4 amount of money regularly spent
2 Education authority to crack 5 result
3 Phone manufacturer must pay 6 start
4 Council forced to cut
5 Local company says they’ve turned
6 Smuggler arrested after customs officials were tipped a The puppy you once bought is now a large dog with
a huge appetite, and its upkeep is more than you can
a over €1 million after just two years. afford because your household’s outgoings are so high.
b down on exam cheating at local school. Do you keep your pet or find it another home?
c off about contents of suitcases.
b You recently suffered minor injuries when a cyclist who
d back payments made to schools after accounting error.
was using her phone crashed into you. You could either
e out millions after misleading adverts about battery life.
demand a £500 payout from the cyclist, report her to the
f ahead despite false claims about environmental impact.
police, or do nothing. Which outcome would you prefer?
2 Match the definitions to the phrasal verbs in c You are the boss of a company that makes apps. At the
Exercise 1. outset it was highly profitable, but owing to a setback
1 take place as planned in the development of a new app and a downturn in the
2 earn an amount of money as a business market, this year’s turnover was lower than expected. Do
3 pay a large amount of money to someone you make staff redundant, or force them to accept a pay
4 reduce the amount of money spent cut in order to keep their jobs?
5 start taking strong action in order to prevent something
6 give someone secret information, often about
illegal activities 7 Complete the rules with the phrasal nouns given.
72 3 Listen to radio presenter Liam and producer Cathy
planning their next show. Which of the stories in downturn / crackdown
Exercise 1 do they choose to feature? Some phrasal nouns are formed by verb +
particle, e.g. 1 and some are
formed particle + verb, e.g. 2 .
upkeep / tip-off
When the particle comes before the verb, there
is no hyphen, e.g. 3 .
If the particle is after the verb, sometimes
a hyphen is used, e.g. 4 .
outcome / cutback
The meaning of the phrasal noun can be the
same as the phrasal verb, e.g. 5 ,
or different, e.g. 6 .

EP 4 Listen again. What phrasal nouns made from

the phrasal verbs in Exercise 1 were used in the
72 conversation? 8 Complete the sentences with a phrasal noun from this page.
Example payout 1 The on littering will be enforced with
on-the-spot fines.
5 Complete the summaries with the phrasal nouns you 2 Jane and her classmates are hoping they’ll get the
identified in Exercise 4. to organise the school ball next term.
1 The of a new company run by a 3 With a poorly paid part-time job, Jez is worried that his
teenager has exceeded €1 million. income won’t be enough to cover his .
2 Callnow customers are going to receive a 4 With my insurance policy the maximum
from the company after false claims if my phone is stolen is $400.
about battery life were made. 5 When deciding whether to buy a pet, you need to consider
3 The has been given for the the cost of their .
construction of a new runway. 6 Due to recent , they can only afford to
4 Local authorities have announced a run one train per hour, instead of two.
on exam cheating. 7 After a from his dad, Marcus quickly
5 Pupils’ dinners actually improved after their school had sold all his shares in Spandifex.
to make to their catering budget. 8 Our team suffered a major when two
6 Police received a from the wife of a of our best players were injured.
smuggler.

ECONOMICAL WITH THE TRUTH 101

 LISTENING

1 Discuss the following questions.

1 Can you remember any lies you told when
you were a young child? If so, what was the
lie about?
2 Do you think that adults today lie to young
children, and if so, what kind of things do they
lie about?

2 Match the sentence halves to make sayings

about lying. Then discuss whether you agree
with them, and why. PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
1 No person has a good enough memory to
2 If you tell the truth, you don’t have to Listening Part 3
3 The truth doesn’t cost anything. But a lie
could 8 You will hear an interview in which two experts called Susie
Bartholomew and Max Samson are talking about lying. For
4 A person who says they will never lie to you
73 questions 1–6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best
a is probably lying already. according to what you hear.
b be a successful liar. 1 Max says that how a child plays the game of hide-and-seek can give
c remember anything. insights into
d cost you everything. A what kind of games they can play most successfully.
B how effectively they can convey information to others.
3 Do you remember playing the game of C whether or not they understand the concept of deception.
hide-and-seek? At what age? Where did you
D whether they are likely to be frequent liars when they are older.
use to hide?
2 Susie argues that her four categories of lie demonstrate that
4 Look at the exam task in Exercise 8. Look at A many lies are totally harmless.
question 1 and underline the key words and B it’s reasonable to lie in some situations.
phrases in the question and each option. C some children tell more serious lies than others.
D parents’ efforts to stop children from lying are ineffective.
5 Think of one other way to express each of
the underlined words or phrases. 3 What does Max challenge Susie for?
A failing to quote someone accurately
73 6 Read and listen to the first part of the B expressing an opinion that is unoriginal
interview and answer question 1. C ignoring the effects the lies can have on people
Presenter Max, do all children lie? D making assumptions about a person’s reason for telling a lie
Max Beyond a certain age, I’d say yes. The
4 What finding emerged from Susie’s experiment with the box?
norm is for children to lie at some point.
A As children get older, they become more likely to tell the truth.
Up to the age of three or four, children
B Most children learn to distinguish right from wrong at an
tend to have simpler beliefs about how
early age.
other people’s minds work. And we can
C The children who lied were found to be smarter than those who
see this in the way a child of three might
told the truth.
play the children’s game of hide-and-seek;
D Children are good at deciding whether they can tell a lie
they’ll typically tell the person who’s going
without getting caught.
to look for them where they’re going to
hide! Which defeats the object of the 5 Max mentions receiving a present in order to
game. But what it illustrates is that they A explain what he means by a ‘white’ lie.
may not have yet grasped two key things. B suggest what children tell their first lies about.
Firstly, the idea that what’s in their head C show how a child might learn to lie from their parents.
isn’t necessarily the same as what’s in D provide an example of a situation in which it would be
someone else’s. And secondly that they acceptable to lie.
can, if they want, prevent another person
6 When the presenter asks how young people can be stopped from
from knowing the truth about where they
lying, Max and Susie agree that
will hide – or even get them to believe
A it is neither necessary nor desirable.
something completely false. Of course,
B doing so would cause arguments in families.
this will come as they get older, and you’ll
C most parents lack the skills to do this well.
see their approach to hiding will become
D it would be difficult to identify an effective way to do this.
more secretive.

7 For questions 2–6 and their options A–D, find

and underline the key words, as you did in 9 What would be better and worse about living in a world where
Exercise 4. no one ever lies about anything?

102 UNIT 13
 SPEAKING 74 6 Read the Prepare to speak box. Then listen to the
conversation again and complete the expressions.
EEING
AGREEING AND DISAGR
PREPARE TO SPEAK
Agreeing with a negative statement
1
would I.
I haven’t either.
Showing agreement
Same here.
Strongly agreeing
You can 2 that again!
That makes 3 us.
I know exactly what you mean.
You’re 4 right there.
Accepting someone’s argument
5
taken.
1 Why do people sometimes deceive others? Can it ever Suggesting mild disagreement
be justified?
I’m not so 6 about that.
I’m not 7 .
2 Match the statements 1–8 to the short responses a–g.
One statement has two possible answers. Which Showing strong disagreement
statement can’t be matched with any of the Absolutely not.
responses, and why? How else could you respond to No way.
that statement?
1 I haven’t told a lie today.
2 I don’t believe people should ever lie.
3 To be honest, I’ve lied about my age a few times.
4 I reckon I can usually tell when someone’s lying. PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
5 You know what? I’d love to try a lie detector test.
Speaking Part 3
6 No way would I ever trust a person who I know has lied
before.
7 Tell you what, I can’t stand it when adverts manipulate
7 Work in pairs. Look at the diagram showing situations
in which people might sometimes not tell the truth.
our emotions. Talk to each other about the reasons why people might
8 Lying for any reason whatsoever is always wrong. sometimes not tell the truth in these situations.
a So would I.
socialising with a replying to
b Neither do I.
group of friends an invitation
c I can’t either.
d Why not? I would.
e Nor have I. Not that I can remember.
f Really? I can’t. Nor can anyone, in my opinion. Why might people sometimes not
g Yeah, I have too. I think most people do actually. tell the truth in these situations?

3&4 TURN TO PAGE 153.

writing an being
74 5 Look at the Part 3 task below. Then listen to two opinion essay interviewed
students, Ali and Mariola, doing the task. Which of the in English speaking for a job
situations do they speak about? And which ones do to very young
they agree about? children

checking out reading an

customer reviews of a advert for a 8 Now decide in which situation it would be most
new computer game new phone justifiable not to tell the truth.

Why might it be difficult to tell

what is true and what isn’t when
doing these things?

listening to a looking at
learning news stories
very young child
facts about on social
talking about
the earth media
something

Then decide in which situation it is most important to

know whether something is true or not.
ECONOMICAL WITH THE TRUTH 103
 14 I’M WORKING ON IT
ABOUT YOU
3 Complete sentences 1–10 with words and phrases from
14 Watch the video and then answer the questions. Exercise 1.
What jobs do members of your family do? 1 We hope to someone as a social
What kind of work do you think would interest you most? media co-ordinator before the end of the year.
Would you prefer a conventional or unconventional type 2 My older brother just got another promotion – he’s
of job? already starting to .
3 When we staff, we get candidates to
do a presentation as part of the process.
4 How would you pass your time if you were
VOCABULARY & READING .
5 Since I was young, I’ve known that nursing was my
WORK AND CAREERS .
6 However you are, jobs are still hard to
EP 1 Match the phrases to their definitions a–j. come by.
1 Are there people who are out of a job in your home town? 7 There is plenty of casual work around but getting
2 Why might someone not be able to hold down a job? is a challenge.
3 What jobs are often considered to be a vocation? 8 Do you work for a charity or a commercial
4 If you could start an enterprise of your own, what would ?
it be? 9 Katie her job because she wanted to
5 What reasons do people give for resigning from their job? travel the world.
6 What steps do employers take to ensure they appoint 10 This isn’t the first time Adam has been sacked this year –
the right staff? he just doesn’t seem able to .
7 Do you see yourself climbing the corporate ladder in
the future? 4 Discuss with a partner. What might these jobs involve?
8 How important do you think it is to have a steady job? professional sleeper food stylist listening officer
9 How easy would it be for an IT company to find cool hunter colour expert hippotherapist
well-qualified staff in your home town?
10 What type of employers in your town often recruit young
Quickly read the article about jobs on the opposite
people straight from school?
page to check if you were right.

a officially choose someone for a job

b work which is likely to continue for a long time and PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
pays regularly
Reading and Use of English Part 7
c avoid being sacked
d unemployed 5 Six paragraphs have been removed from the article on
e having suitable experience or formal qualifications the opposite page. Read the paragraphs before and
f being promoted several times to higher positions in the after gap 1. Which of suggestions i–iii do you think the
company missing paragraph is most likely to contain? Which
g a business or activity that will earn money words or ideas in the text helped you decide?
h select and persuade someone to work for a company
i more details about the traditional jobs mentioned
i a type of work you are well-suited for and prepared to
ii a case study of a person who joined the family business
devote yourself to
iii an introduction to the idea of unusual jobs
j telling your employer you are planning to leave

2 Ask and answer the questions in Exercise 1 with 6 Which of the paragraphs A–G do you think goes in
gap 1?
a partner.
7 Read the rest of the text. Choose from paragraphs A–G
the one which fits each gap 2–6. There is one extra
paragraph which you do not need to use.

8 Find the 18 jobs mentioned in the text. Choose the

three you would most like to do and the three you
would be least interested in doing. Explain your
choices to a partner.

104 UNIT 14
 YOU DO 75
00

WHAT?
Since you were very young, you have probably faced the expectation
that you would get a steady job, work from 9 to 5 and take home
a monthly salary. The last time your relatives came to visit, they
probably asked you what you wanted to be, as if everyone has to
have a specific vocation in life. The answer they have in mind is likely
to be something like police officer, nurse or teacher. They might be
pleased to hear you are planning to start an enterprise of your own or
join a large company and work your way up to the top. Some might
A The next one may also be the job you always
even suggest you go into a particular field that they feel is suitable.
fantasised about: Cool Hunter. If you are always on
1 the look-out for the next trend and are someone your
friends go to for fashion advice, this job might suit
Even if you’ve already embarked on a traditional career, you don’t you.
need to resign to have a go at something more interesting. These
occupations are not just aimed at those currently out of a job. You can B We also have plenty of ideas for those who want
work in a bank from Monday to Friday and be a water slide tester at their full-time job to be unconventional. Let’s start
the weekend or an accountant by day and an online reviewer by night. with one which will definitely appeal to many
teenagers: professional sleeper. A hotel in Finland
2 has appointed one to ensure all their beds meet their
guests’ expectations of comfort.
If you would prefer to be more alert during working hours, how
about becoming a Listening Officer? Business owners obviously C If you’re not a style guru or a fashionista but are
wonder what people are saying about their products and services an animal-lover who enjoys working with people,
outside of formal reviews. You would get to listen in to social media hippotherapist could be the job for you. This type
conversations and find out what the customers really think. of therapy uses the natural movement of a horse
as part of patients’ physical and psychological
3 treatment plans.

If you want another option for a job that appeals to your taste buds, D If you are creative with a great visual awareness but
a famous brand is looking to recruit chocolate tasters. When you don’t fancy holding down a job as a trend watcher,
wondered whether your dream job actually exists, you thought the you could become a colour expert. Your role would
answer was no. You were wrong! be to decide how best to incorporate colour into
projects from room layout to company logos.
4 E There are several other options for outdoor types.
We’d all like to think we’d be ideal for the job, but the harsh reality is Horticultural therapy, for example, uses the process
that most of us probably aren’t. You’d need to be so in-the-know that of gardening or planting to support patients’ physical
you could spot a fad before it has even got off the ground. Even the and mental recovery from illness or injury. You may
most fashionable among us are followers, not spotters. work in schools, hospitals or even prisons.

5 F Less nosy, more artistic types could consider

a career as a food stylist. If you’ve ever asked
There’s more to the job than you first realise. Not only do you need to yourself how they make food look so delicious in
be artistic, but you have to understand the psychology and cultural advertisements, you could find out. Those with
factors underlying your choices. The range of different contexts in backgrounds in photography or the culinary arts
which you might work makes this an utterly fascinating career. could be considered well-qualified for this role.

6 G But what if you’re not keen to join the rat race?

The idea of climbing the corporate ladder doesn’t
So, as we have seen, there really is a job for everyone. The next time fill everyone with joy. Your parents might be urging
your auntie enquires about your future career, you can give her an you to be a doctor, lawyer or engineer, but if you’d
answer she wasn’t expecting. prefer something a little more unusual, check out
our suggestions.

TALKING POINTS
How important do you think it is to love the work you do?
Do you agree that if there aren’t enough jobs for
everyone, job-sharing should become compulsory?
Do young people need to be educated for unemployment
as much as for employment?

I’M WORKING ON IT 105

 GRAMMAR QUESTS, SUGGESTIONS
REPORTED OFFERS, RE
REPORTED QUESTIONS
5 Read the rules and complete sentences 1–5 using the
1 Look at extracts a–e from the article. Find examples of: number of words in brackets.
1 reported wh- questions
2 reported questions with how or how long/much, etc. • Offers can be reported with offer + infinitive with to.
3 reported yes/no questions • Requests can be reported with ask / tell + someone
4 reported questions where the tense has been changed + infinitive with to or request (that) + someone +
from the original question infinitive without to.
5 reported questions where the tense has not been • Suggestions such as Why don’t you? and What about?
changed from the original question or How about? can be reported with suggest + ing or
6 reporting verbs apart from ask suggest + that + someone + infinitive without to.
a … they probably asked you what you wanted to be, as if
everyone has to have a specific vocation in life. 1 Why don’t you apply for that job at the supermarket?
b If you’ve ever asked yourself how they make food look so Paul the job at the supermarket. (5)
delicious in advertisements, you could find out. 2 Would you like me to help you with your application?
c The next time your auntie enquires about your future Esme with my application. (4)
career, you can give her an answer she wasn’t expecting. 3 Could you swap shifts with me please? It’s my birthday
d Business owners obviously wonder what people are tomorrow.
saying about their products and services. My co-worker shifts with her. (4)
e When you wondered whether your dream job actually 4 How about going for a coffee after work today?
exists, you thought the answer was no. James for a coffee after work. (2)
5 Would you mind parking somewhere else?
2 Use the rules to help you select the correct option in The car park attendant elsewhere. (4)
sentences 1–5 below.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 173
a Yes/No questions are reported using if or whether.
b Wh- questions are reported using the question word. 6 Correct any mistakes in these sentences. One is correct.
c Word order is that of a sentence, not of a question. 1 Ian asked to his manager if he could have a pay rise.
d Tenses change as in reported speech (present to 2 My dad asked me why didn’t I want to become a lawyer.
past, past to past perfect, etc.) except when the 3 Tiago offered help me find a job.
information being reported is still true. 4 Cheryl enquired that the company had any vacancies.
e The most common reporting verb for questions is ask; 5 The teacher wanted to know whether we had had any
others include want to know, enquire and wonder. careers advice.
6 My son asked me to do work experience at my company.
1 The interviewer asked me whether I had / had I ever
worked in a restaurant before.
2 She asked me which / when days I was available to work.
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
3 Her colleague then asked me which school I had / had I Reading and Use of English Part 4
gone to.
4 He also asked me which exams I had passed / passed. 7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
5 Finally, they asked / enquired me when I could start. meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Do not change the word given. You must use between
3 Which question do you think the relatives asked in three and six words, including the word given.
sentence a in Exercise 1?
1 I was asked about my experience of working with
a What you want to be? c What do you want to be? animals. KNOW
b What you wanted to be? d What did you want to be? They worked with animals before.
2 Everyone was keen to know the full story. URGED
4 Write the questions you think were asked in sentences I everyone the whole of my story.
b–e in Exercise 1 in direct speech.
3 The manager said we should recruit more staff. TAKING
The manager more staff.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 173 4 I’d like to know their reasons for not hiring
Selena. WONDER
I the job.
5 I said that I would keep the thief’s identify
a secret. PROMISED
I the thief was.
6 My boss said it was a good idea for me to
put my application in early. ADVISED
My boss early.

8 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 153.

106 UNIT 14
 VOCABULARY COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS
EXPRESSIONS WITH RK
WO 5 Imagine you are starting a new job. What information
would you need to find out on your first day?

77 6 You will hear a manager welcoming trainees to a work

placement. In which order does he do the following?
a explain changes to the schedule
b show a video
c explain the emergency procedures
d introduce himself

EP 7 A complex preposition is a group of two or three words

that together act as a preposition. Listen again and
77 complete the complex prepositions you hear.
1 On of Maynards and Co I would like
to welcome all new starters.
1 How many expressions can you think of that include 2 My name is Tony Saunders and I’m in
the word work? of training.
be out of work, a work of art 3 Now, before we begin, in with health
and safety regulations, …
76 2 You will hear eight short conversations. Choose a 4 … please exit the building calmly by
word to describe the reaction of the second speaker in of the emergency staircases.
each one. 5 In of the factory tour …
6 The factory manager regrets he’s had to cancel the visit
calming encouraging delighted
today for of available staff.
stressed surprised sympathetic
7 … which means our final briefing of
unconcerned unenthusiastic
starting work on Monday …
8 OK, so by of an introduction to
EP 3 Listen again and complete the expressions with work. Maynards …
1 If you stay there, you can work .
76 2 You’ve really got your work getting 8 Which word or phrase from the box could replace the
complex prepositions in the sentences in Exercise 7?
through all that by yourself.
3 Wow, you work of that! as as a representative of before following
4 Sam got me presents, flowers, dinner at a fancy instead of due to not having responsible for
restaurant – the . using
5 We’re working at the moment …
6 It’s really annoying that we have to
work, but the boss gets all the credit. 9 Choose the correct complex preposition.
7 Don’t get so worked . 1 In accordance with / By way of international health
8 Right, students, stop talking and guidance, the cabin will be sprayed with insecticide
work. before take-off.
2 The case against the suspect was dropped in place of /
4 Write a suitable comment for each of these situations for lack of evidence.
using an expression with work. 3 Most colleges have sports sessions by means of / in place
0 Our hotel room had 10 movie channels, a jacuzzi, plunge of lessons on Wednesday afternoons.
pool, a pillow menu, butler service …. 4 We need to read the report in full in accordance with /
We had the works. ahead of next week’s meeting.
1 That designer is celebrated for his skills but what about 5 Speaking on behalf of / in charge of local residents, the
those who do the long hours of cutting and sewing? chairperson rejected the council’s proposal.
2 Zoë started as a shop assistant, then she became a 6 As the team’s nutritionist, Charlotte was in place of / in
supervisor and now she’s a retail manager. charge of the players’ diet.
3 We’ve been talking about this project for a long time,
sharing ideas, but we haven’t actually started yet. 10 Complete the questions with a phrase from this
section. Ask and answer the questions with a partner.
4 When Jeremy’s manager told him she wanted to see him
in her office, he got very nervous and anxious. 1 Tell me about a time when you had to
5 Melanie had a huge plate of fish and chips. Five minutes to finish something?
later she’d finished it. 2 How would you feel if you had to speak
6 Pablo has a deadline of 9 am to finish the report. other students in your class?
7 The drama teacher needs to make sure all the students 3 What kind of things do you get about?
know their parts and will be word perfect on the night. 4 When it’s time to do your homework, how difficult do
They are a long way from that! you find it to ?
5 What would you do if you were put an
important project at school or a club?

I’M WORKING ON IT 107

 WRITING 4 Read a student’s report. For each section, choose
which of the two headings is better. To what extent
A REPORT does the report fulfil the task?

1 What do you think the event shown in the photo is? Introduction / Evaluation
2 Read the paragraph. Why might this kind of event be The Portfield City Council held its 3rd annual
useful for students? Careers Fair on 21st June in the Central
Conference Hall. The purpose of this report is to
evaluate the event and make recommendations as
A careers fair is an event at which employers
to whether Bailey College should continue to send
give information to potential employees about
students to the fair.
the kind of positions they have available and
How effective was the conference? / Evaluation
what skills and qualifications they are looking
Overall, the day was considered a great success
for. Students often attend these events to help by all who took part. All the students reported
them decide what kind of job they want to do having plenty of opportunity to interact with
in the future. exhibitors and obtain useful information. The talks
introducing different careers were a particular
highlight for many.
3 Read the task. Which three things must you write After last year’s fair it was suggested that an
about? What style should you use (formal or informal)?
appointment system be set up to avoid long waits
to speak to company representatives. This was
You have just attended a careers fair, organised by implemented this year and worked well.
your city’s council, for students who are preparing to
leave school. Your principal has asked you to write a Although there were some shortcomings, such as
report on the event. a number of companies failing to turn up, overall,
In your report you should explain what happened on the students reported that they felt informed
the day, evaluate how effective it was in informing about careers available in the local area.
students about possible careers, and make
recommendations about whether the school should Next year’s event / Recommendations
send students to similar events in the future. It would be useful to continue sending students
in their last year of school to the Careers Fair.
Write your report.
It might also be worth encouraging students aged
16 and 17 to attend in order to help them choose
which subjects to study. One suggestion might
be to set up a committee comprising both staff
and students in order to plan a series of careers-
related events which would benefit school leavers.

5 Which paragraph, A or B, would be more suitable to

cover the missing part of the task? Write a heading for
the new section.

A The careers fair was once again enjoyed by

all who took part. The guests reported a
welcoming atmosphere and a great deal of
interest and enthusiasm from the young
people who attended. Other features which
were very much appreciated were the ‘mock
interviews’ and ‘CV workshop’.

B The careers fair ran from 10 am to 6 pm. 24

local businesses had stalls with literature
about the careers available in their sectors.
There were eight introductory talks from
professionals, providing general information
about qualifications, entry requirements and
career progression. 550 students from Bailey
College and two other local colleges attended.

108 UNIT 14
6 Complete the Prepare to write box with the phrases in PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
green from the report.

PREPARE TO WRITE Writing Part 2 (a report)

Making suggestions and recommendations 9 Work with a partner. Use the table to plan your
response to the task below.
I suggest we …
1
to + infinitive
2
+ -ing You recently undertook a two-day training
3
to + infinitive programme for your new part-time job. The Training
I think we should … Manager has asked you to write a report on your
I would recommend … + -ing experience of the programme.
My recommendations would include … + -ing In your report, you should explain what you
found most useful, what you enjoyed most and
Reporting suggestions and recommendations
make recommendations for improvements to the
4
that … programme for future groups of trainees.
[name] recommended + ing
Write your report.

7 Choose the correct form of the verb. Number of sections/

1 It might be worth consider / considering different headings
approaches to the problem.
What kind of job is it?
2 One suggestion might be recruit / to recruit students
straight from school. What did the training
3 My recommendation would be to invite / invite a wider include / how useful
range of employers. was it?
4 It was suggested that refreshments be / were served Most enjoyable aspect
earlier in the day. Recommendations for
5 It would be useful consult / to consult local businesses improvements
about the skills they need.
6 I suggest move / moving the event to later in the year.
10 Write your report in 220–260 words. Use language from
8 What kind of part-time jobs might students do in the Prepare to write box.
the following workplaces? What training would
be needed?
hotels restaurants and cafes sports centres
shops factories private homes
hospitals and care homes

I’M WORKING ON IT 109

 LIFE SKILLS CRITICAL THINKING
IN IONS
EVALUATING IDEAS, ARGUMENTS AND OP
LIFE SKILLS
Evaluating ideas, arguments and opinions
In order to successfully navigate the flood of news and
information that we’re exposed to in the modern world, it is
important to read and listen critically. One aspect of this is
the ability to distinguish factual information from opinion.

1 Where do you get your information from?

1 79

Arnold Kennings (born London, 1985)

2 With a partner, decide if these are factual statements or is one of world’s richest entrepreneurs (1), as well as one
statements of opinions. How did you distinguish between of the most famous. He wrote and developed one of the
the two? most frequently downloaded apps in history, flicademy (2).
1 All international airline pilots should speak fluent English. He is also well-known for his philanthropic work,
2 The fashion industry produces 10% of all humanity’s carbon particularly in the field of education.
emissions.
3 To be a successful influencer, you need at least 7,000
followers.
History
4 A four-day working week and a three-day weekend would Kennings was interested in technology from an early age
benefit society. and wrote his first computer program when he was 13 (3).
5 The average salary of a professional cartographer in the USA In 2003, he started a degree in Information Technology
is $64,430. at Brunston University. While there, he and his roommate
6 A degree in medicine is more useful than a degree in law. Joe Hall tried to develop software to help their fellow
7 Now that we have the internet, librarians are no longer students read textbooks more quickly. However, it
necessary. wasn’t successful, and the friends abandoned the idea (3).
8 Levels of job satisfaction have decreased over the last ten
Several years after graduation, however, Kennings
years.
returned to the idea and began developing it as an app
3 Complete the sentences with statement of opinion or instead. This eventually became flicademy, which is
factual statement. one of the most user-friendly apps for students on the
1 A is something that can be checked and market today.
either proved or disproved with evidence.
2 A is based on a view or a belief. It isn’t Personal life
based on evidence that can be checked.
Kennings has a very strong work ethic; he spends at
78 4 Listen to the podcast. Which statements from Exercise 2 least ten hours a day at his office and will often cancel
do the presenters mention? holidays to get a project finished (4). He is also a very
demanding boss.
78 5 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 What point is Riley making when she talks to Harry about
the English level of pilots?
2 In what way do certain adjectives convey opinion?
References
3 What is the difference between ‘the report argues that …’ 1 Report: ‘World’s Richest Businesspeople 2018-2020]
and ‘the report confirms that …’? 2 www.appnowstatistics.org
4 How can we know if a statement presented as factual is true 3 ‘Flip Faster: The Life So Far of Arnold Kennings’ by Jane
or not? Vincent, Big Word Publications, 2016
5 Why should we question statements that include numbers 4 ‘An interview with Arnold Kennings’, The National Times,
and figures? Sunday 19th July 2020
6 Why should we use online encyclopaedias with caution?

110 LIFE SKILLS

2

Influencers are often unfairly dismissed as not doing a real 6 Match excerpts 1–3 to the text types a–c.
job. However, according to the latest report from the Internet a a news report
b an article in a newspaper or magazine
Trends Institute, a growing number of them are being
c an encyclopaedia entry
exploited, with many companies either delaying paying them
for promotional work or even failing to pay altogether, often
despite verbal and written agreements. Jemima Oldham, who
7 With a partner, analyse the texts and decide
which statements are factual and which ones
compiled the report, argues that more needs to be done to express opinion.
ensure influencers are protected by the law.
Tom Sayle, a fashion influencer who has over 27,000
8 With a partner, discuss these questions.
1 How trustworthy do you think text 1 is overall? Why?
followers, agrees. ‘It’s happened to me a lot,’ he says.
2 Does text 2 contain more factual information or
‘A company agrees to pay you to promote their product, so
more opinion? How did you decide?
you work really hard, doing everything by yourself – making 3 How fairly does the author of text 3 treat the two
videos, doing your own make-up and styling, posting day companies? How could he or she be fairer?
and night on social media, and then you never see the
money. And if you say anything, people just say – what are
you complaining about? You got some nice clothes for free.
It’s scandalous.’
Project
It’s hard to argue with that; non-payment would be Analysing the news
unacceptable in any other kind of work. Unfortunately,
people like Tom are unlikely to find much sympathy among
the public. Nevertheless, as Tom himself makes clear, the
good news is there’s a growing sense of solidarity among
influencers as more and more of them share their tales of 1 DISCUSS
exploitation and start to look for ways to work collectively.
With a partner, talk about any stories
‘I’m part of an influencers’ WhatsApp group,’ he says.
you’ve been following online in the
‘We share experiences and support each other whenever one
area of …
of us gets treated unfairly. We’re even talking about setting up
• Sports
a union. And I don’t think we’re the only ones.’ • Celebrities
• TV, music and film
• Fashion
• Science and technology
3

A popular new sports most memorable campaign

drink has been described this year, but also that one in 2 RESEARCH
as ‘potentially dangerous’. three would buy it instead of Choose one of the stories you
Velocerade, which was any other brand, including discussed and find three articles
developed by the company any of the products sold online about this story. Find
Medmoore, and which has by Bevory, based solely on examples in each of:
• statements presented as factual
been on sale for less than a the campaign. Given that
• evidence for those statements
year, is said to cause severe Velocerade tastes better than • opinions
tremors and headaches in anything else you can find
7% of those who drink it. on the shelves at your local
The claims were made by a supermarket, this is hardly
group of researchers at the surprising. A spokesman
3 DECIDE
multinational corporation for Medmoore said, ‘We’re Decide which article you think is the
most factual. Why?
Bevory and were no doubt disappointed to hear these
prompted by Medmoore’s comments about our
highly effective advertising product, but they’re unlikely
campaign for their new to have much impact on 4 THINK
beverage. A survey of over sales. As everybody knows, What words or phrases in your own
5,000 people by the Consumer this is not the first time language can help you distinguish
Watch Institution recently Bevory has made fact and opinion?

found that not only did over damaging remarks about a

60% of respondents think the rival company.’
Velocerade advertising was the

EVALUATING IDEAS, ARGUMENTS AND OPINIONS 111

 15 BORN TO LEAD
ABOUT YOU
15 Watch the video and then answer the questions.
Are you more of a leader or more of a follower?
Who are your heroes?
Is there anyone you know personally that you look up to?

VOCABULARY & READING

HEROES AND LEADERS
EP 1 Discuss the meaning of the words and phrases with a
partner. Say whether or not you agree with the views.
1 It is more likely people will listen to an older 4 Read the six questions in Exercise 5. Which
spokesperson than a younger one. 1 focus(es) on the article as a whole?
2 We should use our privileged position to be a voice for 2 mention(s) a specific paragraph?
weak and vulnerable groups. 3 focus(es) on a specific word?
3 Teenagers tend to be more resourceful than adults as
they are creative and digitally aware.
4 If you are totally uncompromising in your beliefs, people
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
won’t take you seriously. Reading and Use of English Part 5
5 Students should be taught how to take the initiative and
encouraged to be self-assured while still at school. 5 You are going to read an article about inspirational
6 It’s important to be an advocate for animal rights as well young people. For questions 1–6, choose the answer
as human rights. (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to
7 Nurses and care workers are the unsung heroes of the text.
our society. 1 In the first paragraph, what does the writer suggest
8 Climate change campaigners are extremely committed about well-known activists like Greta Thunberg and
but some go too far by disrupting day to day life. Malala Yousafzai?
A They are not as influential as many people assume.
2 Complete the sentences with a word or phrase from B They inspired the young people in the article.
Exercise 1 in the correct form.
C They have been changed by their experience of fame.
1 Employers like people who can rather D They are actually representative of young people.
than waiting to be told what to do.
2 She is an campaigner – you will never 2 What first inspired Helena Gualinga to get involved in
persuade her to modify her views. campaigning against oil companies?
3 against the new high-speed railway A the dedication of her relatives to the cause
met to protest in central London. B reading online about how industrial development has
4 Young people nowadays tend to be affected the environment
enough to speak publicly on various issues. C her concern about the rainforest while she was away
5 Vegans consider themselves to from Ecuador
animals, who can’t speak for themselves. D meeting indigenous people affected by the destruction
6 Jamie Oliver is a chef and for of rainforests
healthier school meals. 3 What does the writer suggest about the activities Valerie
7 As a for the organisation, you have to Weisler has been involved in?
represent others’ views, not just give your own. A She has found them particularly challenging because
8 Project-based learning has led to young people being of her age.
more than they used to be. B Personal experiences have made her well suited to
9 We all know that Greta Thunberg is tackling them.
to reversing climate change, but there are many C They have only resulted in limited progress so far.
working tirelessly behind the scenes. D Some elements of them are more valuable than others.

3 Which young people do you admire? Read the article 4 What is the writer doing in the fourth paragraph?
on the next page quickly. What kind of leaders or A raising awareness of poverty in affluent countries
heroes are mentioned? Are your ideas mentioned? B emphasising the problem of families not valuing
education
C highlighting the value of seeing beyond people’s
material needs
D encouraging readers to donate a box of
school supplies

112 UNIT 15
INSPIRED YOUTH 80

When we think of inspirational young people, a Another young person making a difference is Patricia
few prominent ones immediately spring to mind. Manubay, whose initiative, Dream Boxes, was inspired by
Among these, of course, are climate change activist her personal experiences of seeing poverty in her native
Greta Thunberg and campaigner for girls’ rights to Philippines and experiencing bullying at school in the United
education Malala Yousafzai. Undoubtedly, these two States. This resourceful and compassionate young woman
and others who have risen to the status of household understood that school supplies could be low down the
name have done a huge amount to raise awareness list of priorities for families on low incomes. She became
of their respective issues. However, we may still a spokesperson for the underprivileged and encouraged
believe that they are exceptions to the rule, and that people from all over the world to donate a box full of
there are few, if any, young people like them in our school supplies. More importantly though, the boxes also
own towns and neighbourhoods. In this article, we included a ‘dream journal’ and inspirational messages to
try to convince you that this is not the case. We meet a needy student. Manubay realised that if the resources
some unsung heroes who have used their teenage weren’t enough to motivate students, letters and words of
years to help others and make the world a better encouragement might be.
place. While few are widely known, all are a source A member of the National Youth Council, Veer Qumar
of inspiration. Mattabadul is a voice for the young people of his home
Helena Gualinga, a native of the Ecuadorian Amazon, may country, the Indian Ocean island nation of Mauritius.
be young but she has devoted her life to fighting against Mattabadul takes an uncompromising position against 65

big oil companies that have damaged the rainforests polluters, favouring strict laws to protect his beautiful 66

or threaten to do so. Like many others born into the country. He spends his free time involved in ‘blue clean-ups’,
digital age, Gualinga finds that the major advantage her recruiting professional swimmers and divers to help clean
generation has is the internet, which has enabled anyone up the sea, rivers and beaches. For Mattabadul, education
to get involved in promoting good causes. Influenced is the key as people will continue to destroy the environment
primarily by her aunts and uncles, who were criminalised until they are fully aware of how their actions impact the 71

for trying to prevent deforestation, she has undertaken natural world.

to do the same. Gualinga’s passion for protecting the So, the next time someone makes a sweeping generalisation 73
rainforests increased when she spent periods of her about young people, remember those who are trying to make
childhood in Europe. Fearing she may return to find her a difference. Greta and Malala are not exceptions – they are
home destroyed, she became an advocate for the rights of just two young people who are committed to improving the
indigenous people, who, she says, have been protecting world and happened to become well-known because of it.
the rainforest for a very long time. There are thousands more out there, each contributing in
The Validation Project is an organisation which helps their own way to making Earth a happier, cleaner or more
young people aged 13–25 to change the world one person peaceful place to live.
at a time. Founder Valerie Weisler was just 14 when she
took the initiative to help those who were vulnerable to
bullying. According to Weisler, validating others should
be ‘as normal as brushing your teeth’. Her mission is to
make all young people as self-assured as she now is,
through the total eradication of bullying worldwide. Having
been bullied herself, she understands the power of a
compliment and a smile to help people through difficult
times. She believes everyone can change their own corner
of the world if they really want to. The Validation Project
has involved over 5,000 teenagers in 12 countries. Not
content just to change attitudes, Weisler’s ‘Teens for Clean’
project has collected and donated 10,000 toiletry items to
homeless shelters.

TALKING POINTS
5 Which word implies that the writer feels an attitude described is unfair?
How interested are the young people you know
A uncompromising (line 65) C aware (line 71)
in the causes mentioned in the text?
B strict (line 66) D sweeping (line 73)
Which issues do you think are worth standing
6 The writer’s overall purpose in writing this article is … up for?
A to explain how the young people attracted publicity for their causes. How important do you think it is for schools to
B to get more young people contributing to their communities. help raise awareness among students of major
C to remind people to judge others on their own merits. issues affecting the world?
D to encourage adults to be more interested in social causes.

BORN TO LEAD 113

 GRAMMAR 6 Substitute the parts of the sentence in italics.
TION
ELLIPSIS AND SUBSTITU
1 Sophie made a donation to a local charity and William
made a donation to a local charity too.
2 My teacher said I should study medicine and I would
1 Ellipsis means leaving words out because the meaning study medicine if the course wasn’t so long.
is clear without them. Which words have been omitted 3 I would like to practise my English with native speakers,
from the purple parts of extracts 1–4? For extract 4, but I don’t know native speakers.
you will need to look back at the article. 4 Both Darius and Sara are good students, but Darius and
1 Not content just to change attitudes, Weisler’s ‘Teens Sara don’t like speaking in front of the class.
for Clean’ project has collected and donated 10,000 5 Some people don’t like protests that disrupt everyday
toiletry items to homeless shelters. life but protests that disrupt everyday life are often the
2 … if the resources weren’t enough to motivate students, most successful.
letters and words of encouragement might be.
3 Greta and Malala are just two young people who are
committed to improving the world and happened to
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
become well known because of it. Reading and Use of English Part 2
4 There are thousands more out there, each contributing
in their own way to making Earth a happier place. 7 Read the text below and think of the word which best
fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
2 Find examples of points a–d in extracts 1–4 above.
Ellipsis: words or phrases that can be left out Tanzania’s SWASH heroes
a nouns and noun phrases c pronouns, including
b verbs, including relative pronouns The SWASH (School,
auxiliary verbs d clauses Water, Sanitation,
Hygiene) heroes are a
3 Cut unnecessary words from these sentences. group of young people
(0) who
1 Sol resigned from her job, but no-one knows why Sol
are transforming
resigned from her job.
health and hygiene
2 I attended three protests last year and my brother
practices in rural
attended two protests last year.
Tanzania. Raleigh International is the organisation
3 The most prestigious title that Malala ever received was
which has helped them to do (1) .
Glamour magazine’s Woman of the Year back in 2013.
Diseases caused by contaminated water are still
4 This year’s conference was one of the best conferences.
common in many areas, (2) such
5 I’ve written to the school and have thanked them for
initiatives vital. Fortunately, children in Tanzania
their kind offer.
have access to education, which the elder
4 Substitution means replacing a word or phrase with generation (3) not when they
were younger. Consequently, it is the youth who
another to avoid repetition. Highlight the words in
extracts 5–8 below where you think a substitution has are teaching their parents about the importance of
been made. Which words have been replaced? hygiene, saving not just lives but also livelihoods.
Not (4) are the SWASH heroes
5 When we think of inspirational young people, a few
trained in keeping their communities healthy,
prominent ones immediately spring to mind.
but they also learn (5) best to
6 She has devoted her life to fighting against big oil
pass on the message to others. Both are equally
companies that have damaged the rainforests or
important if this life-saving information is to spread.
threaten to do so.
It is not (6) to teach within their
7 So, the next time someone makes a sweeping
own households; the volunteers must also raise
generalisation about young people, remember those
awareness among their peers so that they can do
who are trying to make a difference.
the (7) . In terms of improving the
8 We meet some unsung heroes … While few are widely
health of their country, (8) have
known, all are a source of inspiration.
contributed as much as these young SWASH heroes.
5 Find examples of points e–h in extracts 5–8.
Substitution
To replace nouns and noun phrases
8 Correct any mistakes in these sentences.
e one(s), some and any 1 I might contact you for more information if I need.
f this, that, these, those 2 Of all the flats I’ve seen, this is the one I prefer.
g quantifiers such as few, enough, both, all, either, 3 Of all the campaigners I’ve met, he is the most dedicated.
each, etc. 4 Malala started speaking out for girls’ rights when she was
To replace verbs and verb phrases 11 and has not stopped do so since then.
h do, do so, do it, do that, do the same 5 Many young people in Mauritius regularly clean up the
beaches as Veer has always done so.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 174 9 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 153.

114 UNIT 15
 VOCABULARY 5 Read this extract from Becky’s diary from the week
after she was elected chairperson of the Panther’s
METAPHORS, SIMILESISMS Club. Find two examples each of similes, metaphors
AND EUPHEM and euphemisms. Can you work out what they mean?

1 Read the extract from a language learning blog about

ways of making you sound more like a native English So, it’s now been a week and a half since I started as
speaker. Match examples 1–3 to the type of expression
chairperson of the club. I was so pleased to be elected
(euphemism, metaphor, simile).
but it has been a roller-coaster ride of emotions. I’ve
never really been in charge of anything before, well not
something as big as this, so at first, I felt like a fish
When you get to an advanced level of English, you out of water. But then I had a stern word with myself.
may wonder how you can sound as if you were I said ‘Becky, pull yourself together. You can do this!’
brought up speaking English. You’ve mastered the My first event as chairperson went much better than
grammar and your vocabulary is expanding, but you expected. I’ve always had a passion for helping people
need that little extra something to make your English on low incomes. We held an auction to raise money for
stand out. Similes, metaphors and euphemisms are our food bank. It was absolutely brilliant. Every single
colourful and interesting ways to use English, mostly in item sold as quick
informal contexts. as lightning. It feels
Similes compare something to something else using good to be able to
words such as ‘as’, ‘like’ and ‘as if’. Metaphors do the help so many people,
same, but without the use of such words. So the simile especially those who
‘Hannah is like a breath of fresh air’ turned into a are on the streets.
metaphor would be ‘Hannah is a breath of fresh air’.
Euphemisms are slightly different: they allow us to be
less direct. They are used when a topic is potentially
embarrassing, or you don’t want to hurt someone’s
feelings. So, for example, instead of saying ‘Jack was 6 Discuss with a partner. What do you think the
fired’, you might say he was ‘let go from his job’. euphemisms in italics might mean? Why do you think
the speakers have chosen to use a euphemism in
these situations?
1 as good as gold 1 My pet passed away recently. I miss him terribly.
2 Life is a journey. 2 Our hotel room left a lot to be desired.
3 My dog had to be put to sleep. 3 Uncle Tom is getting on a bit but he’s in excellent health.
4 My car is pre-owned but it’s in very good condition.
81 2 You will hear two friends talking about two candidates 5 Don’t believe everything Ryan says. He can be
who have been shortlisted to be the chairperson of
economical with the truth sometimes.
a club they belong to. Note down the strengths and
6 You need to be careful around Aunty Pam – she doesn’t
possible weaknesses of each candidate.
suffer fools gladly.
EP 3 Listen again and complete the phrases you hear. Are 7 Could you hold my bag? I need to go to the rest room.
8 He’s going a bit thin on top, but otherwise he doesn’t look
they similes (S), metaphors (M) or euphemisms (E)?
his age.
81 1 She has a heart of . She’s always
helping someone or other.
2 She’s an absolute .
EP 7 Which adjective completes these common similes?
3 She used to be in the army, so everything runs like good light mud quiet regular
when she’s involved. sick solid white
4 She’s very calm and strong but she takes no
1 There’s nothing wrong with this table. It’s as
.
as a rock.
5 And to be fair, she’s as sweet as most
2 I shouldn’t have eaten those prawns. I was as
of the time.
as a dog.
6 Nick works his off whatever project
3 I couldn’t follow the maths lesson this morning – the
he’s involved in.
teacher’s explanation was as as mud.
7 And he’s, er, jobs at the moment, so
4 Joe visits us every day, as as
he’d have plenty of time for club activities.
clockwork.
8 … he might get cold if he were
5 I promise I won’t disturb you. I’ll be as
actually elected.
as a mouse.
4 Do the phrases in Exercise 3 have a positive or 6 My bike looks as
cleaned it.
as new now I’ve
negative meaning? Find a phrase which means:
1 strict and direct in speech 5 hardworking 7 Your case is as as a feather – you
2 very kind 6 very efficiently can’t have packed many clothes.
3 a great person 7 unemployed 8 What on earth has happened? You look as
4 change your mind about 8 very nice as a sheet.
something you agreed to do
8 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 153.

BORN TO LEAD 115

 LISTENING
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Listening Part 4

6 Listen to Speaker One, focusing on Task One. Which

words and phrases from Exercise 4 do you hear in the
82 relevant part of the recording? Which lead you to the
answer and which are distractors?
You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking
about someone they admire.

TASK ONE
For questions 1–5, choose from the list (A–H) the main reason
each speaker gives for admiring the person.
A physical appearance
B commitment to a cause Speaker 1 1
C determination to overcome obstacles Speaker 2 2
D kindness to others Speaker 3 3
E willingness to break boundaries Speaker 4 4
F natural talent Speaker 5 5
G intellectual capacity
H sense of humour

7 Listen again to Speaker One and complete Task Two.

Which of these phrases led you to the correct answer
82 and which are distractors?
I’d always wanted a model stick with my ambition
right from when I was very young

TASK TWO
1 Discuss with a partner. Who do you admire from the For questions 6–10, choose from the list (A–H) how each
following areas?
speaker was influenced by the person they admire.
Acting/TV personalities Music Sports
A I chose which course to study.
Politics Activists/charity workers Family/friends
B I changed my career path. Speaker 1 6
Your school
C I altered my lifestyle. Speaker 2 7
2 Do you recognise any of the people in the photos? D I followed my dream. Speaker 3 8
What do you think they are known for? E I moved to a new country. Speaker 4 9
F I took up a new hobby. Speaker 5 10
3 Look at Tasks One and Two in Exercises 6 and 7 and G I entered a competition.
answer the questions.
H I started doing voluntary work.
1 What will the five speakers be talking about?
2 How many tasks do you have to complete for each 8 Listen twice to Speakers 2–5 and complete Tasks One
speaker? and Two.
3 How many unnecessary options are there for each task? 83

4 Look at options A–H for Task One. Match the options

to the words and phrases from the recording in the
box. They may match more than one option.
9 Discuss the questions with a partner.
didn’t put her off leading campaigner for 1 Do you think the speakers made good choices?
looks are everything born to run 2 Who do you tend to admire more, famous people or
patient, calm and generous joking around people you know personally?
admire her courage be a pioneer witty 3 Do you think the type of people we admire has changed
risk rejection over the years? Why do you think that might be?

5 Why is the highlighted word in Task One important?

116 UNIT 15
 SPEAKING
COLLABORATIVE TASK
1 Look at the Part 3 task. Choose one of the groups and
tell your partner why you think people admire them.

young entrepreneurs political leaders

What reasons do people have for

admiring the following groups of people?

sportsmen environmental actors and

and women activists singers

84 2 You will hear two students called Aurelia and

Edmundo doing the task. Who expresses the following
points? Write A, E or B (both). Do they discuss all five
groups in the task?
1 There are several factors contributing to young people’s 5 Work with a partner and do the Part 3 task in Exercise 1.
Use some expressions from the Prepare to speak box.
admiration of actors and musicians.
2 Some sports stars have had books and songs written
about them. 86 6 Listen to Aurelia and Edmundo doing Part 4. Number
the questions in the order in which they are discussed.
3 Not all politicians are admired.
a Do you think young people sometimes look up to the
4 A few politicians have been almost universally admired.
wrong people?
5 Young entrepreneurs are admired for doing something
b Would you agree that some sports stars are paid
unusual.
too much?
c In your view, is leadership something that can be learnt or
84 3 Listen again and tick the expressions from the Prepare is it something you are born with?
to speak box that you hear.
d Some people say that anyone can be famous nowadays.
PREPARE TO SPEAK What do you think?

Giving reasons 86 7 Listen again. Which expressions from the Prepare to

It’s probably because of … speak box do Aurelia and Edmundo use?
Thanks to …
The reason I say (that) is … 8 Work with a partner to answer the questions in
Why I believe that is … Exercise 6. Use expressions from the Prepare to speak
due to (the fact that) … box where appropriate.
owing to (the fact that) …
since 87 9 Work with a partner. Listen to the instructions and
complete the task.
as
Giving examples self-confidence intelligence
…, say, …
For instance, … How important do you think these
A case in point is … qualities are in a leader?
Take (for example) …
An illustration of that is …
creativity honesty
The best example (of that) is … empathy
… and so on
… and so forth
… and things like that 88 10 Work with your partner. Listen and follow the instruction.
11 In pairs, discuss the Part 4 questions.
Do you think schools should teach leadership skills? Why? /
85 4 The examiner gives Aurelia and Edmundo the Why not?
following one-minute task:
To what extent do you think that different styles of
Which TWO groups do you think are most admired by
leadership are needed for different situations?
young people?
Some people believe anyone can be a leader in the
Based on what they said earlier, which groups do you
workplace with the right training. Do you agree?
think they will decide on?
How important is it for the success of a sports team to have
Listen and check. Do you agree with their choice?
a good manager?

BORN TO LEAD 117

 16 A NEW CHAPTER
ABOUT YOU
2 Complete the statements with words and phrases
16 Watch the video and answer the questions. from Exercise 1. Then say why you agree or disagree.
What is the best age to begin and to finish education? 1 Everyone needs excellent skills in
Which school subjects are likely to be of most use order to manage money and avoid getting ripped off.
when you start working? 2 Regular exams are the only way that schools can make
What do you think is the best way to find out whether pupils and do any work. Without
a particular career will really suit you? exams, they’d just play on their phones all day.
3 For some people, going to college to learn a practical
like construction will enhance their
prospects more than going to university and wasting
VOCABULARY & READING time on a
4 If all employers provided enough
degree such as Latin.
,
WORK AND STUDY organisations would run much more smoothly.
5 With all the online educational resources now available,
EP 1 Match statements 1–8 to replies a–h. Then check you home will become a more and more
understand the meaning of the words. popular option for parents.
1 Jacqueline’s about to finish her university dissertation. 6 All drivers should attend one compulsory
2 Oh no, I’ve got three assignments to hand in by Monday. per year to learn about road safety.
3 I’m more interested in humanities than science subjects. 7 Most students probably learn as much from doing
4 Where I live, schooling is compulsory up to the age of 16. during their course and then
5 In my new role I’m getting extensive on-the-job training. writing a final as they do from
6 Ella’s going to spend a month as an intern with a law attending lectures.
firm during the summer. 8 Whenever you start a new job, it’s always harder to
7 I’ve just seen a poster about a workshop on how than you think it’s going to be.
mindfulness can help you pass your exams.
8 The bottom line is – kids have to have decent numeracy
skills before leaving school.
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
a Great! You’ll soon learn the ropes and know what to do.
b Same here – that’s when a lot of people leave to learn a Reading and Use of English Part 8
trade like plumbing or construction.
c Me too, especially languages and philosophy. 3 Quickly read the article opposite in which four young
women talk about their study or work choices.
d But don’t you think literacy is equally important?
e Fantastic – does that mean she’ll be graduating soon?
f Well, you’d better not waste time talking to me then!
4 Read the task in Exercise 5 and underline the key
words in each question.
g Nice! That’ll give her some useful work experience.
h I won’t be attending – you just need to apply yourself if 5 For questions 1–10, choose from the young women
you want to do well. (A–D). The women may be chosen more than once.
Which young woman …
1 admits to being influenced by the example of
other students?
2 suggests that she deserved the offer she received?
3 mentions feeling concerned about being unable to do
certain things?
4 found that achieving what she wanted was easier than
she had expected?
5 reports going back to her original plan of action?
6 wants to be able to stand out from other people in the
job market?
7 is confident that she picked the right career?
8 corrects a misunderstanding about the kind of work that
she is likely to be given?
9 says that other people wish they’d done what she’s
about to do?
10 feels confident that she will be able to be useful to her
employer?

118 UNIT 16
SO, WHAT NEXT? 89

Work, study, or perhaps a bit of both? Four young women explain the choices they made

A Helen I had the option of undertaking a year’s work placement before my final year at university,
and although this meant extending my degree by a year, I was in no doubt I should go for it. I had
visions of working for some prestigious company in London, while enjoying the big city nightlife
and culture. But then I met a group of people who had taken part in something called the Study
Abroad programme. Its appeal was immediately obvious. I realised I’d sooner enrol on a course on
another continent – probably Australia – soak up the culture and hit the beach, rather than work 9–5
in rainy England. If I did that, I’d spend half my time wishing I’d gone somewhere more exotic! But as
neither of my options were guaranteed to come off, I reckoned the wisest move would be to apply for
both. The more I thought of Australia, however, the more daunting the prospect of a year without seeing
friends or family appeared, as my finances wouldn’t cover extra return air fares. So after weighing up the
pros and cons, I decided I would rather just apply for the internship.

B Emily I’ve always had doubts about whether my schooling would fully prepare me for the world
of work. I’ve got pretty good numeracy skills, which are likely to come in handy in a career in
accounting, but don’t feel I’m ready to embark on that just yet. I’m really interested in doing a
course which includes a work placement year, because I think this will add a lot to my CV and
give me a taste of working life. It’s sometimes said that placement students are just there to
make the coffee – in actual fact, nothing could be further from the truth. In most cases, they’re
given real responsibilities and can make a genuine contribution. So, the idea of learning the
ropes and seeing for myself what goes on in a typical workplace is very attractive.

C Lizzie
With so many school leavers going straight to university, recruiters must surely be
faced with a vast pool of humanities graduates who have general skills that don’t lead
to any specific profession or trade. As our final school exams approached, most of my
friends had their futures pretty much mapped out, with many receiving offers of university
places. That route had never appealed to me, but I realised I wanted to get out into
the real world, and so I decided to apply for a professional apprenticeship as a way of
differentiating myself and offering employers something extra. Although I anticipated a long
and arduous process of applications, shortlists and interviews, I ended up getting an offer in
no time. I’ll be starting in the accounts department, and I’ve been informed that I’ll be getting
a lot of on-the-job training. I have some friends who are two years older than me and who went
straight into uni, where they’re now having to write 5,000-word dissertations, and they’re starting to
think they should have taken the apprenticeship route instead and learned a trade!

D Florence It was after hearing a guest speaker give a talk at school on women in STEM (science,
technology, engineering and maths) jobs that I started to consider a career in engineering.
Rather than go to university, I chose an apprenticeship programme, and I’ve never looked
back. Being an apprentice enables you to get hands-on experience rather than just doing
endless theoretical assignments. That’s not to say it’s not demanding, but the variety of
everyday tasks gives you an insight into the reality of that particular industry and you can see
if it’s really what you want to do for a living. Luckily for me, it was. I really applied myself and
when my apprenticeship came to an end, my boss knew what I was capable of and proposed
that I be taken on permanently. My apprenticeship has helped me achieve an awful lot, so I
certainly don’t regret missing out on university, although I do think that more young people
would be attracted to them if only the wages were higher.
TALKING POINTS
Does the idea of an apprenticeship appeal to you? Why (not)?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of starting work before finishing your education?
Would it be good to take a year abroad during a university or college course?
Should university education be free to all students?
A NEW CHAPTER 119
 GRAMMAR 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
PREFERENCES similar meaning to the first, using the word given.
WISHES, REGRETS AND 1 Carl’s ambition is to be given a place at
university. HOPING
1 Complete the extracts from the article with the words in Carl accepted at university.
the box. 2 I wish I hadn’t got angry yesterday. TEMPER
should sooner only wishing would If only yesterday.
3 It was wrong of the footballer to swear. SHOULDN’T
1 I realised I’d enrol on a course on another The footballer bad language.
continent … 4 Louisa prefers to be optimistic. SOONER
2 If I did that, I’d spend half my time Louisa bright side of life.
I’d gone somewhere more exotic! 5 I’d rather you didn’t drop out of college. WOULDN’T
3 … more young people would be attracted to them if I drop out of college.
the wages were higher.
4 They’re starting to think they have taken 5 Identify two incorrect sentences
the apprenticeship route instead! in each group. Correct the
5 I decided I rather just apply for the mistakes.
internship. 1 a I wish my mum won’t take
selfies all the time – she’s
2 Complete the rules with a word or phrase from the box. SO embarrassing!
negative past simple past perfect if only I’d sooner b Family holidays are great,
I’d rather the present or future would / wouldn’t except that I wish my dad
wouldn’t play such dreadful
music in the car!
1 To express a preference about the future, we can use c I wish I haven’t eaten all that ice cream!
or plus infinitive d Don’t you just wish German was taught at our
(without to) school? I’d love to learn.
2 To make a statement with I’d sooner or I’d rather 2 a Opera – boring! I’d sooner to watch paint dry!
, just add not: I’d rather not move. b ‘Coming to the beach?’
3 To say what we would like another person to do, we can ‘I’d rather not today.’
use I’d sooner or I’d rather (that) + : c I’d sooner the window was kept shut. It’s cold.
I’d rather (that) you didn’t wear boots inside the house. d I’d much rather studying in the evenings than get
4 To express a wish about , we use I wish up early to work.
+ past simple: I wish I didn’t have so much homework. 3 a My exam results were awful – if only I was working
5 To express a wish or regret about the past, we use I wish + harder!
or should / shouldn’t + have + past b If only my school had its own swimming pool,
participle I’d use it every day!
6 To complain about a current situation, we can use I wish + c I’ll lend you my racket, but if only you give it back
: I wish you’d pay more attention! by the end of the day.
7 To express a wish or regret more strongly, we use d If only the weather had been better on holiday.
: If only I had more money!
8 To express a wish for something that is possible or likely 6 What could you say in the following situations?
to happen, we use hope: I hope they don’t forget / haven’t Use one of the following: I’d sooner …, I wish …,
forgotten. If only …, I’d rather …
1 Your dad has offered to drive you to school, but he’s
still eating breakfast! You say …
GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE PAGE 175 2 The waiter tells you that the starter of raw snails is
particularly good today. You say …
3 Match the sentence halves, putting the verb in brackets 3 You’re in your swimming costume at the beach, but
into the correct form.
the weather’s turned really nasty. You say …
1 Do you reckon that Darren ever wishes 4 You recently spent $4,000 on a guitar, but now you
2 Which would you rather do: can’t afford to go on holiday. You say …
3 Larissa’s always wished she
4 Our exam is next week – I hope 7 Choose the correct option. Then tell your
5 My mum can be so embarrassing – I wish she partner …
6 I wish I’d never come here. If only I 1 something that you hope happens / has happened
a the students (start) revising. next week
b that he (not dye) his hair pink? 2 a bad habit you wish you won’t have / didn’t have
c (take) a year out, or (go) straight to university after school? 3 whether there’s another country you’d rather / you
d (not always show) my friends photos of me as a baby when wish live in
they come round. 4 something in your life that you wish you have done /
e (listen) to my parents! had done differently
f (have) a better singing voice. 5 something annoying that you wish a family member
wouldn’t / won’t do
6 what you’d rather be doing / have done now

120 UNIT 16
 VOCABULARY VERB SUFFIXES
S
COMPOUND ADJECTIVE EP 6 Add a word beginning from the box that can be used to
make the three words in the same line.
wid- econom- isol- - resid- simpl-

Verb Adjective Noun

0 resid e resid ent resid ent
1 ify e ification
2 en e th
3 ise ical y
4 ate ated ation

1 How would you decide which of your friends to go 7 Complete the questions with a word from Exercise 6 in
travelling with? the correct form, and then discuss the questions.

90 2 Listen to Oliver talking to his mother about which of 1 What would be the main advantages and disadvantages of
in an isolated location?
his three friends he wants to go travelling with. Are the
following true or false? How do you know? 2 Do you think that English spelling should be
, e.g. by changing enough to enuf?
1 Oliver feels that he is similar in character to his friends.
3 What would be the best way to , if you
2 Oliver’s mother thinks all the friends are reliable.
were saving up to buy your first car?
3 Oliver thinks that being with Adam and Chuck will be
4 Do you think all roads should be to
really relaxing.
allow for cycle lanes to be added?
4 Going with Chuck would enable Oliver to save money.
5 They think Brad should eat more nutritious food.
6 Brad tends to ask about what’s in his food. PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
7 Oliver’s mother thinks he should show more
Reading and Use of English Part 3
understanding towards Brad’s needs.
8 Oliver is enthusiastic about sharing a tent with Adam.
8 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at
the end of some lines to form a word that fits in the
EP 3 Listen again and join the words in A with a suffix from gap in the same line.
B to make adjectives used in the conversation. The
90 words in A are in the order in which you hear them.
A like- trust stress- rent- health-
THE MAN WHO …
vitamin- broad- water sound Have you ever felt the (0) motivation MOTIVE
to sail off to the South Pacific and live a life
(1) from the rest of society? Well, in SOLE
B conscious free minded
1989 an Italian man called Mauro Morandi decided
proof rich worthy
to do just that, but even before his boat had left
Italian waters, it broke down near Budelli Island.
4 Complete the second part of the compound adjectives Learning that the island’s (2) RESIDE
and then match the sentence halves to make caretaker was about to retire, Morandi took his
definitions of the adjectives in Exercise 3. place there instead, and spent the next 30 years
of his life (3) that the small island’s SURE
1 If you live rent- it means
precious ecosystem was protected.
2 If a material is water ,
In 2016, however, there was a legal battle over the
3 A sound structure
ownership of the island, which (4) THREAT
4 If you can rely on a person,
Morandi’s existence there. It resulted in the
5 A health- person is someone who
island being returned to the local authorities, who
6 Someone who accepts new ideas and experiences
proposed plans to turn it into an environmental
7 We often make friends with like- observatory. It looked (5) likely INCREASE
people, that Morandi would be forced to leave his home.
8 If you don’t have anything to worry about, A petition was launched which gathered thousands
a is one that keeps noise out. of signatures from those who (6) SYMPATHY
b you can describe them as trust . with Morandi and supported his right to remain.
c in other words those with a similar outlook on life. However, despite the highly (7) CRITIC
d you don’t pay for accommodation. public reaction to his possible expulsion from the
e can be described as broad- . island and (8) over what its future AGREE
f does exercise and eats nutritious food. should be, it was finally decided that Morandi
would have to go. He now lives on a nearby island.
g it prevents moisture from going through it.
h you can say that your life is stress- .

5 WORK IN PAIRS. TURN TO PAGE 153. 9 Would you like to live alone on an island for a time?
A NEW CHAPTER 121
 WRITING N
AN EMAIL OF APPLICATIO

1 What are the advantages of doing the part-time jobs in

the photos? What skills and experience would make a
young person a suitable applicant for them?

2 Match the email openings and closings (1–8) to

the situations in which they are used (a–f). Some
situations may be used more than once.
Opening
1 Dear Sir or Madam,
2 To Whom It May Concern:
3 Dear Ms Jenkins,
4 Hi Jake,
5 Dear Human Resources Manager,
Closing
6 All the best,
7 Yours faithfully,
8 Yours sincerely,
a when writing to someone who you know and are on first-
name terms with
b when you do not know the name of your reader
c when you are writing to a woman, and know her
surname but not her title
d when you do not know the identity of your reader, and/or
when there may be more than one reader
e when ending formal polite correspondence to someone
whose name you know
f when you know the job title but not the name of the
person you are writing too
5 Choose the more suitable option in these extracts
from applications.
1 While I was in the school basketball club, we succeeded
3 Which of the openings and closings in Exercise 2 would in getting / attracting over twenty new members, which
be least likely to appear in an email of application,
and why? generated / made additional income for the club.
2 One of the aspects of the job which I most enjoyed
4 Read the tips about writing job applications. Which was having the opportunity to interact / chat with the
ones are good advice for writing an application in customers.
the real world (R), and which are good advice for the 3 Duties included using / operating a wide range of
Writing paper in the exam (E)? Write R, E or Neither warehouse equipment and ensuring / checking that it
next to each tip. Some can be both R and E. was all safely stored.
4 While working in the shop, I handled cash on a regular
Sound advice for writing applications? basis, demonstrating / and this shows that I am a
1 Start writing your application as soon as trustworthy member of staff.
you can. 5 I would describe my manner while working in the
2 Read the instructions carefully, checking that advertising agency as client-focussed / friendly and
you understand exactly what is needed. professional.
3 Research the company which is advertising 6 I thought of / proposed several ways to enhance the
the job online and find out about it and interior appearance of the café / make the café look nicer.
its competitors.
4 Use chatty language to reflect your friendly 6 Look at this exam task. What information should you
include in your application?
personality.
5 Ensure that everything you say is absolutely
true. A local advertising company is offering a one-week
6 Provide specific examples of your placement for a student who is considering a career
achievements. in advertising. The successful applicant will be
7 Include the names and contact details of the answering customers’ queries and helping in the
people who will give you references. computer graphics department. Write to apply for
8 Give details of your age and ethnicity. the placement, explaining why you are a suitable
9 Once you have written your application, show candidate, suggesting what you could do to help the
it to another person to get their feedback. firm, and outlining how the placement could help
10 Proofread your application carefully. you to achieve your career goals.

Write your email.

122 UNIT 16
7 Read a student’s email. How effectively has he 9 Complete the Prepare to write box with these phrases.
completed the exam task? I have always been fascinated by …
team player
1
Dear Sir or Madam, gain a qualification
I am writing to apply for the week-long placement with a career that I would find fulfilling
your company, and would like to outline why I think I
I would like to thank you for considering my application
would be well suited to do this.
gave me valuable insights into
First of all, I 2really like art. 3Even when I was a young
excellent spoken and written communication skills
child, I was extremely creative and really enjoyed
drawing and designing posters. 4I did some work I would be well suited to
experience at a publishing company last year, and
PREPARE TO WRITE
I really enjoyed it, and I have decided to become a
graphic designer. 5I am a strong team player with An application
excellent spoken and written communication skills with Opening
a proven track record of achieving impressive results.
Dear Recruitment Manager / Dear Sir or Madam
6
If I was doing a placement in your office, I would be To whom it may concern
happy to assist with routine tasks, such as admin or
Explaining your reasons for applying
answering the phone. I am flexible, and so I would be
willing to do whatever was needed.
1
this placement / course / position
For several years, it has been my ambition to …
Being offered a place in your office for a week would 2
be 7nothing short of totally awesome! 8The experience
would be very useful. It would enable me to gain Describing relevant experience
experience which I could use when I apply for university My experience 3 what / how …
next year. During my time as …, I developed / extended my
9
This could lead to a qualification and career that I knowledge of …
would find fulfilling, and that would enable me to make Explaining how your skills are an asset
a contribution to society. I demonstrated that I was a strong 4
10
I would like to thank you for considering my when I …
application, and look forward to hearing from you. My 5 enabled me to produce
Yours faithfully, effective emails.
Marcin Siemanski Although I have no previous experience in …, I have
had …
I believe I possess the right combination of … and …
8 Match sections 1–10 of Marcin’s answer above to his Talking about the future
teacher’s comments A–J below. The highlighting is This would enable me to 6 which
there to help you. would …
Content This could lead to 7 …
A I don’t think this is relevant, as it’s a long time ago. Focus Closing
on recent achievements. 8
B This indicates a willingness to help, which the company I would be pleased to have the opportunity to discuss
would appreciate. my application further at an interview.
Communicative achievement
C This isn’t an appropriate tone for a formal application.
It’s good to sound enthusiastic, but don’t overdo it!
D An effective opening. You clearly state why you are
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
writing, and avoid copying language from the task rubric.
Writing Part 2 (an email of application)
E An effective ending. Well done!
Organisation 10 Read this task, then plan and write your answer in
220–260 words.
F The sentence could be written in a more interesting
style using a higher level structure. Rewrite it starting
Having done some … Your college is going to host some students of
G This shouldn’t be a separate paragraph as you aren’t your age from abroad for a week, in order for them
starting a new topic. to learn about the language and culture of your
country. The head teacher is looking for one pupil
Language to lead a team to organise some activities for them.
H You could convey your enthusiasm more if you said I You should write to apply for this role and say why
have always been fascinated by… you are suitable for it and explain how the activities
I The adjective + noun collocations here are used a lot in would help the visitors learn more about your
job applications. To make your claims meaningful, you country’s language and culture.
need to also give specific examples of exactly what you
have achieved. Write your email.
J Avoid short sentences like this, as they can seem
unsophisticated. Make sure you demonstrate a wide
range of advanced grammar.

A NEW CHAPTER 123

 LIFE SKILLS COMMUNICATION
HOW TO WRITE A CV
LIFE SKILLS
6 Look at the CVs of two applicants. Which advice
How to write a CV from the seminar does each one follow? Which
A CV (or resumé) shows potential employers what work advice does each one ignore?
experience and qualifications you have and helps them to
decide whether to interview you or not. It usually follows a
standard format. Knowing how to write one is a skill you are
likely to call on more than once throughout your working life.
My resumé
Heidi Fischer

Contact details
Löwe Strasse 37
Berlin 5478

Work experience
1 What is this situation? What stages have led up to it? Summer 2019, 2020
Marine World Aquarium (Volunteer)
2 You are going to hear a seminar about how to write a
good CV. With a partner, make a list of the advice you think • Guided visitors • Cleaned the tanks
you will hear.
2018 Beaches for the Future (Volunteer)
91 3 Listen to the seminar. Does the trainer mention your ideas? • Took part in a beach clean-up

91 4 Listen again. Are the statements true or false? 2017 Summer Study Activity Camps (Volunteer)
1 You should address the CV to an individual. • Looked after a group of ten children
2 Putting a photo on your CV is illegal in some places. • Cleaned, cooked and maintained the campsite
3 Work and volunteer experience should be in separate sections.
4 Your CV needn’t include every school you have attended. Education
5 Some people don’t include a personal statement.
6 It’s OK to mention your pastimes. 2019 to present Technical University of Berlin
7 Employers always read CVs fully. B.A. Environmental Science
2014–2019 Löwe Platz Gymnasium
5 Look at the job advert. Answer these questions. Passed the Abitur with 1.3 (very good)
1 What does the job involve?
2 What does an applicant need? Skills
3 When is the deadline for application?
• Member of the university swimming team
• English at C1 level, plus informal experience
VOLUNTEERS NEEDED TO as an interpreter
PROTECT SEA TURTLES
Positions available all-year round, from 2–8 weeks.
Duties and responsibilities
Monitoring turtle nests
Keeping records
Cleaning the beaches
Experience
Previous volunteering experience desirable
Skills and qualifications
The work takes places outdoors, so volunteers must be fit
and able to cope with often adverse weather conditions.
The ability to swim is essential. B2 level English or above
is required.
Please send a covering letter and CV no later than April 30th.

124 LIFE SKILLS

CRISTIANO Project
Creating a CV
BRUNO
TopSounds 5-day summer music
*CONTACT DETAILS*
festival needs volunteers!
Crisbruno2004@yahmail.com • Get to see the latest bands for free. Food and
+6911613282265 accommodation included.
*INSTAGRAM AND TIKTOK* • Duties: checking tickets, working on the
@bravobruno04 refreshment stalls, cleaning up the site.
• We’re looking for outgoing, hardworking
*WORK EXPERIENCE* people with a passion for music. Previous
October 2020 to present Il Migglior Caffé volunteering experience desirable.

PART-TIME ASSISTANT
• Prepare drinks and snacks
• Order ingredients Footballandia
• Chat to customers
Want to share your passion for the beautiful game
Summer 2019, 2020, 2021 Beaches for the Future
with other fans? We’re looking for volunteer guides
VOLUNTEERING for our new museum. Applicants should be highly
knowledgeable about football and comfortable
• Took part in numerous beach clean-ups around Europe
speaking in public. Visitors come from overseas so
• Kept records of plastic waste that had landed on the ideally you’ll be able to talk about football in more
beach than one language.
*PERSONAL STATEMENT*
Dear director, I am passionate about marine conservation,
having grown up on the coast and having been involved
in various beach clean-up projects. I am hardworking and
enjoy working with new people in a team. 1 PREPARE
Make notes about the following:
*EDUCATION*
• Your educational history
• 2008-2011 I Fiori Nursery • Any work experience you have,
• 2011-2015 Nuovo Ponte Elementary School including volunteering
• 2015-2018 Nuovo Ponte Junior High • Any skills or qualifications you have
• 2018-2020 Caracalla Senior High
Passed the general certificate with 87%
• 2020 to present Sapienza University of Rome 2 DECIDE
B.A. Marine biology Decide which of the jobs above
you’re going to apply for.
*SKILLS*
• Native Italian
• English at C1 level
• Qualified PADI Open Water Diver
3 WRITE
Write a brief personal statement and
• Word processing and photo editing CV, bearing in mind the job you’ve
decided to apply for.

7 Work with a partner. Imagine you are in charge of selecting

one volunteer for the turtle protection project. 4 CHOOSE
1 Based on the appearance of the two CVs, who would you choose? Imagine you work for TopSounds
Why? or Footballandia. Look at the CVs of
2 Based on Cristiano’s and Heidi’s experience, education and skills, three classmates who want that job.
who would you choose? Why? Who would you employ and why?
3 Based on everything, who do you choose? Why?

HOW TO WRITE A CV 125

 REVIEW 4 UNITS 13 –16

VOCABULARY 4 Complete the sentences with a phrasal noun

made by combining a word from each box in
the correct order.
ahead down off
1 Replace the sections in italics with a word or phrase from the out (x3) over up
box in the correct form.
a steady job appoint climb the corporate ladder come go keep pay
enterprise hold down a job out of a job set tip turn (x2)
recruit resign from
1 I’m delighted that your case had a positive
1 Raquel is too restless to work in the same place for a long period. .
2 Someone said the bakery in town is looking for staff. 2 I knew from the that the
3 We’re glad to see that Al is getting regular promotions. plan would fail.
4 If the factory closes, hundreds of people will be unemployed. 3 I sold my horse because I couldn’t afford its
5 Mr Lee wished us the best of luck with our new business. .
6 Sam told his boss he didn’t want his job. 4 All we hear about on the news these days is
7 I heard the company is going to put in place a new sales manager. the economic .
8 All I want is work that will continue for a long time and pay regularly. 5 Police received a that a
robbery was planned.
2 Complete each sentence with a phrase containing work. 6 The builders have been given the
1 You m s work o your dinner. You must to start work.
have been really hungry. 7 The business has an annual
2 It may not be a well-paid job but you can work y of over £2 million.
w u . 8 We’re hoping to receive a
3 This order has to go out by Friday at 4 pm. We’re really w from the insurance company.
a t c .
4 I’ve really g m work c o with 5 Choose the correct option.
this project – there’s a lot more to do than I imagined. 1 It turns out that my painting is actually a
5 The boss told his employees to stop complaining and fake / hoax.
g d t work. 2 No-one believed that Lola was your long-
6 The manager got a pay rise even though it was his employees who lost third cousin – it was just too plausible /
had d t d work. far-fetched.
3 Was anyone taken in / fallen for by that
3 Complete the article with words from the box. conman?
committed self-assured spokesperson 4 The photos of the Loch Ness monster
uncompromising unsung voice credibly / supposedly taken in the 1960s
turned out to be hoaxes / scams.
5 The newspaper lost all incredibility / credibility
after repeatedly publishing inaccurate stories.
6 The worst kind of fake / scam is one that
Xiuhtezcatl targets the elderly.
Roske-Martinez 6 Complete the compound adjectives with an
is one of the many 1 appropriate word.
heroes of the climate change movement. 1 I’m lucky to have a really great boss and a
Since the tender age of six, he has completely stress- job.
been a 2 for the 2 I wore my new coat during a storm yesterday
indigenous peoples of America. and realised it wasn’t water
He is 3 in his belief at all!
that the individual is a part of the 3 I’m joining a book club because I like the idea
of meeting a group of like-
natural environment and has a duty to
people.
protect it. This resourceful young man 4 The walls in the studio are not completely
is the Youth Director of Earth Guardians, an activist sound , but they do cut
organisation founded by his mother. He has acted as down the noise level.
a4 for environmentalists on numerous 5 It astonishes me that they appointed such an
occasions and is also 5 to social justice. untrust person to such an
Talented and 6 , Martinez, along with important position.
6 If all we offer is burgers and chips, we won’t
his brother and sister, has made several environmentally
attract any health-
themed hip-hop albums.
customers.

126 REVIEW 4
 GRAMMAR PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
Reading and Use of English Part 1

1 Complete the sentences with the number of 4 Read the text below and decide which answer ( A, B, C or D)
words given in brackets. Include a form of best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).
the given word.
0 It is predicted that the population of
Europe will decline steadily over the next 100
Ethical hacking
years. PREDICT (3) If you are on the (0) B for an unusual career related to
1 At 109, Mary the oldest computers, how about becoming an ethical hacker? Due to the rise
woman in the country. BELIEVE (4) in malicious hacking, organisations have had to take the (1)
2 to be at least 400 species to find their computer systems’ vulnerabilities before those with bad
of bird at risk of extinction. KNOW (3) intentions do. You would help your employer stay one (2)
3 The defendant stolen ahead of the online criminals by identifying any weaknesses
jewellery worth £250,000. ALLEGE (4) and suggesting ways of fixing them. It is highly satisfying to
4 Mozart composed his first prevent hackers from (3) access, as the average cost of
symphony at the age of seven. THINK (4) a data breach is in the (4) of $150 million. There are now
5 to be widespread protests qualifications you can obtain which will boost both your employment
in the capital this weekend. EXPECT (3) potential and your earning (5) . A hacker attack occurs every
6 that diplomatic relations 39 seconds, a statistic which has led to a serious (6) by
between the two countries will soon be organisations. Those that hire ethical hackers conduct thorough
restored. HOPE (3) checks on them, so it is out of the (7) for anyone with a
7 Heavy rain in parts of the criminal record. However, for a person of (8) , it is a rewarding
country in the next 24 hours. ANTICIPATE (2) and stimulating career.

2 Report the questions using the verb given in

brackets. 0 A chase B hunt C search D seek
1 How long have you been working at the bank? 1 A inspiration B initiative C energy D action
(he / ask) 2 A pace B space C track D step
2 Will you be going to Marina’s wedding next 3 A reaching B taking C gaining D finding
Saturday? (she / want to know) 4 A zone B region C range D area
3 What’s the difference between Emperor and 5 A possibility B extent C capacity D scope
Gentoo penguins? (he / wonder) 6 A crackdown B lockdown C downturn D setback
4 What would our house have been worth in the 7 A probability B likelihood C question D chance
1960s? (we / inquire) 8 A sincerity B reliability C honesty D integrity
5 How often did you use to visit your
grandparents as a child? (he / ask) Reading and Use of English Part 3
6 Did you realise the whole thing was a hoax?
(they / want to know)
5 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at
the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in
the gap in the same line.
3 Rewrite the sentences using the word given
in brackets.
1 For me, writing a letter is preferable to making Apprenticeships
a complaint in person. (sooner) It is (0) undeniably the case that the days of going DENY
2 I’m too young to travel across Europe alone. straight from school into a steady job are over. If the
(If only) dream of going to university is (1) for you ATTAIN
3 Concha is sorry she didn’t trust you. (wishes) but you still want to have a well-paid and fulfilling
4 It was wrong of you to give away my paintings. career, an apprenticeship could suit you. For many
(rather) young people, the thought of being burdened with a
5 I wasted my time at school, which I now lifetime of student debt is (2) . Apprenticeship TOLERATE
regret. (wish) is a pathway which facilitates the (3) of ACQUIRE
6 I resigned without a new job and now I’m the kind of skills employers value most. Working
unemployed. (should) under the (4) of an experienced member SUPERVISE
7 Please don’t play ball inside the house. of the team eases the transition from school to the
(rather) workplace. The length of apprenticeships varies
depending on the (5) of the work and on the COMPLEX
industry. (6) is also dependent on region, AVAILABLE
but the government has a useful website to help
(7) apprentices locate relevant opportunities. PROSPECT
The best part is that there is a (8) rate of RETAIN
over 90% across all apprenticeships, meaning you
have a very good chance of keeping your job.

UNITS 13–16 127

 FOR THE EX AM C1 ADVA NCED
PREPARE
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH 5 Now complete the exam task.
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 1 For questions 1–8, read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C
Multiple-choice cloze or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Units 1, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13

EXAM INFORMATION
Reading and Use of English Part 1
• You will read a short text with eight gaps (plus SOUNDTRACKS
one gap as an example).
• Each gap represents a missing word or short Many people listen to music while they are (0) B
phrase. out a task, and some people argue that one of the best music
• There are eight 4-option multiple-choice genres for concentration is the video game soundtrack. This
items, one for each gap, plus one item as an makes sense, in (1) of the purpose of the music
example. that accompanies video games: to help create an immersive
environment and to (2) , but not distract from,
a task that (3) for constant attention and focus.
1 Read the article quickly for general meaning. Limitations in the technology used for early games consoles
Which of the following could be an alternative
meant the music also tended to be fairly simplistic when it
title for the article?
(4) to its melodies. The music in video games
a Video game music – who is it aimed at? was then (5) over decades to be pleasant,
b Video game music – how is it made? entertaining, but not distracting. The composers had, probably
c Video game music – what is it for? unintentionally, been manipulating the attention systems in the
brains of players for years.
2 Why does the writer recommend that people But then, that rather unexciting early style of music was gradually
should listen to video game soundtracks while
working or studying? (6) as technology progressed, with games
producers (7) for anything from big orchestral
3 Look at the example (0). All the options are pieces to hip-hop. The challenge for video game composers
verbs which can be followed by out to form a will always be to maintain the (8) balance of
phrasal verb. Why is B the correct answer? stimulation without distraction.

4 What do the other phrasal verbs mean?

0 A acting B carrying C dealing D running
EXAM TIPS 1 A view B sight C case D mind
2 A promote B assist C facilitate D advance
• Look at the words before and after the gap 3 A looks B calls C stands D accounts
to check if the missing word is part of a set 4 A referred B got C related D came
phrase or collocation. 5 A clarified B processed C refined D edited
• Look at the form of verbs after the gap in case 6 A surrendered B abandoned C departed D deserted
grammar is being tested as well as meaning. 7 A opting B favouring C choosing D selecting
• Some items may test the relationship 8 A detailed B accurate C delicate D narrow
between ideas, either within a sentence or
between two sentences.

128 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

 READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 2 3 Now complete the exam task.
Open cloze
For questions 1–8, read the text below and think of the word
Units 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 15 which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There
is an example at the beginning (0).
EXAM INFORMATION
Reading and Use of English Part 2
• You will read a short text with eight gaps (plus
one gap as an example).
• Each gap represents a missing word.
JAPANESE
• You need to think of one word to complete
each gap.
PAPER ART
1 Look at the sentences below (1–5). What type INSPIRES A NON-SLIP SHOE
of word is needed in each gap?
a preposition The Japanese art (0) OF paper cutting and
b auxiliary verb
folding, or kirigami, has led to the creation of mind-bending
c relative pronoun
d linker 3D structures from 2D sheets, including spectacular
e word to complete a fixed phrase pop-up designs. You wouldn’t think this could have

1 They tried a number of different dishes, most of anything (1) common with footwear,
they thoroughly enjoyed. would you? But recently, researchers have been using
2 Several people collaborated the technique (2) a very down-to-earth
the research project. reason: creating non-slip shoes. They wanted to develop
3 In event of a power
moving, (3) than static, structures.
cut, emergency lighting always comes on
automatically. Walking is a dynamic process, so their aim was to come up
4 having seen parrots in the (4) a design that was also dynamic and
area before, he was still surprised to see so could respond to movement.
many in one place.
So the researchers developed a kirigami-inspired sole,
5 The scientists’ results should
been analysed more carefully. from (5) surface tiny spikes pop up
(6) time the shoe is bent during walking.
2 Now complete each sentence with one word. The spikes enhance grip, potentially preventing falls. The
intention is to augment, or add on to, existing systems like
EXAM TIPS
studs or rubber soles so (7) to provide
• Always read the text quickly for general a better grip on slippery surfaces. The new system drew
meaning before starting to fill in the gaps.
inspiration from friction-enhancing features found in
• In this task, the focus is on words like articles,
pronouns, auxiliary verbs and prepositions, nature, such as the semi-retractable claws of cheetahs that
as well as phrasal verbs, linkers and words help them chase prey, or the scales on snakes that can
within fixed phrases. (8) orientated to help them slither along.
• You must spell all the words correctly.
• Contractions (e.g. don’t) count as two words
– remember that only one word can go in
each gap.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM 129

 FOR THE EX AM C1 ADVA NCED
PREPARE
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 3 4 Now complete the exam task.
Word formation
For questions 1–8, read the text below. Use the word
Units 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16 given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form
a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an
EXAM INFORMATION example at the beginning (0).
Reading and Use of English Part 3

MYSTERY
• You will read a short text with eight gaps (plus one gap
as an example).
• Each gap represents a missing word. There is a word in

FOSSILS
capital letters at the end of each gapped line.
• You need to form a word based on the word at the end
of the line to complete each gap.

1 Complete the table below. (Sometimes there is also a

negative form.) Palaeontological research can yield an
(0) ASTOUNDING amount of information ASTOUND
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB about the lives of organisms which died
compare millions of years ago. This can be as
(1) as the last meal a SPECIFY
mechanism
dinosaur consumed, the colour of a creature’s
prosper feathers or the precise (2) at DEEP
aware which a marine organism lived. However, some
fossils defy classification. There are detailed
relevant
ways of describing such fossils, but they are
generally grouped together as ‘problematica’.
2 Look at the example gap in the exam task. What kind In palaeobiology, fossils are assigned to
of word comes after the gap? What kind of word is problematica for various different reasons.
needed in the gap? Sometimes fossil (3) PRESERVE
is poor, so they cannot be identified.
3 Two endings are possible for the word astound. (4) , isolated parts ALTERNATE
What are they? Why is one correct, but the other
of a long-dead body are classified as
one incorrect?
separate organisms until a complete
fossil is found. Lastly, especially with
EXAM TIPS specimens from billions of years ago,
• Read the text first for general meaning. fossils bearing no (5) to RESEMBLE
• Decide what kind of word you need to fill each gap. any organisms known today are shelved
If the word is a noun, check if it should be plural. as problematica. (6) , INTEREST
Check if you need the negative form of the word. despite the fact that there is so much
• You need to spell all the words correctly. (7) about the exact nature CERTAIN
of some of these problematica, many are
useful to (8) . They can use GEOLOGY
them as ‘index fossils’ to work out the ages
of different rock formations.

130 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

 READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 4 3 Now complete the exam task.
Key word formation
For questions 1–6, complete the second sentence so
Units 1, 7, 9, 14 that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word given.
EXAM INFORMATION You must use between three and six words, including
Reading and Use of English Part 4 the word given. Here is an example (0).
• There are six questions in this part, plus one example. 0 James would only speak to the head of department
• Each question consists of a sentence, a key word in alone.
capital letters and a gapped sentence. ON
• You need to complete the gap in the second sentence so James to the head of
that it means the same as the first sentence. You include department alone.
the key word and use between three and six words. The gap can be filled with the words ‘insisted on
speaking’, so you write:
Example: 0 INSISTED ON SPEAKING
1 For each question below, decide which option, a or b,
has the same meaning as the first sentence. 1 I agreed to do a lot of extra work while my boss was
1 People say that this map is one of the oldest in the world. away, but I regret it now.
a This map is among some of the oldest ones in the TAKEN
world. I wish so much extra work
b This map is said to be among the oldest ones in the while my boss was away.
world. 2 It seems that Barry can’t tell a lie, even when it would get
2 She didn’t go swimming because the sea was too rough. him out of trouble.
a If the sea had not become calmer, she wouldn’t have INCAPABLE
gone swimming.
Barry seems to a lie, even
b If the sea had been calmer, she’d have gone swimming.
when it would get him out of trouble.
3 The teacher was very surprised that not many students
had read the book. 3 All the students were sure that Ursula would solve the
a The teacher couldn’t believe that so few students had problem before anyone else in the class.
read the book. BOUND
b The teacher couldn’t believe that a few students had All the students thought that Ursula
read the book. person in the class to
solve the problem.
2 Why is the other answer incorrect?
4 ‘I managed to contact Harry, even though I thought
EXAM TIPS I might not,’ said Valerie.
HOLD
• Remember that you must not change the key word in
‘I managed to all,’ said
any way.
Valerie.
• The key word is included in the maximum of six words
that you can use to fill the gap. 5 A lot of people in this area oppose the plans for a new
• Contractions (she’s, don’t, …) count as two words. motorway.
• Make sure that the second sentence has the same DEAL
meaning as the first sentence. On the one hand, There is in this area to the
you must include all the ideas expressed in the first plans for the new motorway.
sentence, but on the other hand, you mustn’t add any
extra information. 6 Jill was fascinated by cars as a child, and that’s why she
decided to train as a mechanic.
INSPIRED
Jill’s childhood to train as
a mechanic.

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PREPARE
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 5 3 Now complete the exam task.
Multiple-choice long text
You are going to read an article about a city farm. For
Units 2, 10, 15 questions 1–6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you
think fits best according to the text.
EXAM INFORMATION
1 What is emphasised about the rooftop farm in the first paragraph?
Reading and Use of English Part 5 A how popular it is
• You will read a long text followed by six four- B how productive it is
option multiple-choice questions. C how unique its location is
• There is one correct option for each question. D how hard its employees work
• The questions are in the same order as the 2 What point does Pascal Hardy make in the second paragraph?
information in the text. A It is important to be realistic about urban farming’s potential
• The questions test detailed understanding, as impact.
well as opinions and attitudes expressed in B People are becoming increasingly critical of intensive farming
the text, and writer purpose. techniques.
• Some questions may test the meaning of C There is opposition to the idea of devoting space in cities to
words or phrases in the text. growing food.
D Using urban farming to feed large populations inevitably
involves compromises.
1 Read the article on the page opposite quickly
for general meaning. What’s unusual about 3 When comparing himself to intensive farmers in the third
the farm? What is the writer’s general attitude paragraph, Hardy suggests that
towards the farm? A they are less willing to consider reducing their water usage.
A positive B negative C neutral B they have a different view on the ideal distance between plants.
C they have a different set of priorities when choosing what to
2 Look at the first question in Exercise 3. What is grow.
the correct answer? Underline or highlight the D they are less knowledgeable about when they should harvest
parts of the text which helped you to choose their crops.
your answer. 4 What attitude is suggested in the fourth paragraph regarding
urban farming?
EXAM TIPS A caution about raising public expectations
B acceptance of the necessity for regulation
• For each question, make sure that you can
C annoyance about some of the sites being used
find information in the text that supports
D surprise at the pace of developments
your answer. Sometimes the information will
be in more than one part of the paragraph. 5 Hardy uses the word ‘virtuous’ in line 59 to describe aeroponic
• Read each question or incomplete sentence farming techniques in order to
carefully before looking at options A–D. A justify the speed with which he adopted them.
Then read the text carefully to find out which B draw attention to their convenience.
part will help you to find the answer. After C illustrate how they can be implemented.
that, choose the option which matches the D contrast them favourably with other methods.
information that you have found.
6 What is said about urban farms in the final paragraph?
• Occasionally, the last question is about the
A They must be designed to last.
whole of the text. There is only ever one
B They may affect people’s perspectives.
question like this, and it will always be the
C They should be established in warmer areas.
last one.
D They could provide unexpected opportunities.

132 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

CITY FARM ON
Everything grown on this farm is ‘produced up here, and sold
locally, just down there. It barely travels at all,’ Hardy says.
‘It uses less space. An ordinary intensive farm can grow nine

A ROOFTOP
salads per square metre of soil; I can grow 50 in a single
tower. You can select crop varieties for their flavour, not their
resistance to the transport and storage chain, and you can
pick them when they’re really at their best, and not before.’ No
pesticides or fungicides are needed, no soil is exhausted, and
On top of an exhibition hall in Paris, France, the world’s the water that gently showers the plants’ roots every 12 minutes
largest urban rooftop farm has started to bear fruit. is recycled, so the method uses 90% less water than a classic
Strawberries sprout abundantly from cream-coloured intensive farm for the same yield, he points out.
plastic columns. Peer inside and you see the columns
Urban farming is not, of course, a new phenomenon. Inner-city
are completely hollow, the roots of dozens of strawberry
agriculture is booming from Shanghai to Detroit and Tokyo
plants dangling into thin air. From identical vertical
to Bangkok, and there is considerable excitement about it.
columns nearby burst row upon row of lettuces; near
Strawberries are being grown in disused shipping containers;
those are aromatic basil, sage and peppermint. This
mushrooms in underground carparks. Not all techniques,
soil-free method of growing plants relies solely on a
however, are environmentally friendly: ultra-intensive, 10-storey
small quantity of water, enriched with organic nutrients,
indoor farms that have sprung up in some places rely on banks
minerals and bacteria, pumped around a closed circuit
of LED lighting and are major consumers of energy, Hardy says.
of pipes, towers and trays. The team of young urban
59 His approach, known as aeroponic farming, is ‘virtuous’, he
farmers who tend the farm have picked, in one day, 3,000
says. The equipment weighs little, can be installed on almost
lettuces and 150 punnets of strawberries. Currently, only
any flat surface, and is cheap to buy. It is cheap to run, too,
a third of the vast rooftop is being used. Eventually, 20
consuming a tiny fraction of the electricity used by some
staff will harvest up to 1,000kg of perhaps 35 different
techniques. There are limits to what farmers can grow this way,
varieties of fruit and vegetables every day. The farm is
however, and much of the produce is only suited to the summer
already supplying local residents, who can order fruit and
months. ‘Root vegetables we cannot do, at least not yet,’ says
vegetables online; a clutch of nearby hotels; a catering
Hardy. ‘Radishes are OK, but carrots, potatoes, that kind of
firm operating 30 company canteens in and around Paris;
thing – the roots are simply too long. Fruit trees are obviously
and an airy restaurant occupying one end of the rooftop.
not an option. And beans tend to take up a lot of space for not
‘We’re not ever, obviously, going to feed the whole much return.’ But at a smaller test farm, on top of a gym and
city this way,’ cautions Pascal Hardy, engineer and swimming pool complex, new varieties and techniques are
sustainable energy consultant at the farm. ‘In the urban being trialled.
environment you’re working with very significant practical
‘We’re really talking about building resilience, on several levels,’
constraints, clearly, on what you can do and where. But
says Hardy. That resilience can be economic, but it is also
if enough unused space – rooftops, walls, small patches
environmental: boosting the amount of vegetation in cities will
of land – can be developed like this, there’s no reason
help combat some of the effects of global heating, particularly
why you shouldn’t eventually target maybe between 5%
in urban ‘heat islands’, where temperatures are three to four
and 10% of consumption. The method’s advantages are
degrees higher than in the surrounding countryside. Done
many. First, I don’t know about you, but I don’t much like
respectfully, and over time, inner-city agriculture can also
the fact that most of the fruit and vegetables we eat have
prompt us to think differently both about cities, by breaking
been treated with something like 17 different pesticides,
down their traditional geography of separate zones for working,
or that the intensive farming techniques that produced
living and playing, and about agriculture, by bringing food
them are such huge generators of greenhouse gases.
production closer to our lives.
I don’t much like the fact, either, that they’ve
travelled an average of 2,000 refrigerated
kilometres to my plate, that their quality
is so poor.’

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PREPARE
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 6 5 Now complete the exam task.
Cross-text multiple matching
You are going to read four extracts from
Units 4, 12 articles in which academics discuss museums.
For questions 1–4, choose from the academics
EXAM INFORMATION A–D. The academics may be chosen more
Reading and Use of English Part 6 than once.
• You will read four short texts on the same topic, followed by Which academic
four questions. 1 has a similar opinion to D regarding the need for
• The questions are about opinions and attitudes in the texts. museums to display as many objects as possible?
• Some questions ask about the opinion on a particular subject 2 has a different view from A on whether the public
in just one text (A, B, C or D). You have to find either a similar or should be able to touch museum exhibits?
different opinion on the same subject in one of the other texts. 3 shares C’s view on temporary exhibitions
• For other questions, you need to look at the opinions on a designed to attract large numbers of visitors?
particular subject in all the texts and decide which text gives an 4 has a different opinion from all the others on
opinion that is different from all the others. the value of online public access to museum
collections?

1 Look at the first question in Exercise 5 and

underline the subject you need to focus on.

2 Read text D on the page opposite and

underline the part of the text which gives
you an opinion on the subject in question 1.
Decide what the opinion is.

3 Now read texts A, B and C, underlining

parts of the text you find which mention
the subject in the question. What opinion
is expressed in each case?

4 Which text contains a similar opinion to

the one in D?

EXAM TIPS
• For each question, follow the steps outlined
in the training exercise. Use a different
highlighting colour for each question, or,
when you underline or highlight the relevant
section of text, write the question number in
the margin.
• You won’t always see the same words in
the questions and the texts. So in the texts,
look for paraphrases of the language in the
question.
• Sometimes, one or two of the texts may not
contain an opinion on the subject mentioned
in the question.
• Each text can be chosen more than once.

134 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

 MUSEUMS
A C
It saddens me that some museums with Many museums have worked hard to remain
huge and fascinating collections have to relevant in the modern world by creating
keep so many of their treasures hidden informative websites with excellent images of
away in storage. There is, in my view, a strong everything in their galleries and storage areas. I would
case for building larger museums to house these argue that this is more worthwhile than focusing on
collections, as opposed to occasionally displaying a high-profile exhibitions that last for just a few weeks,
limited selection of objects in overcrowded and often with publicity often a greater concern for the organisers
expensive ‘blockbuster’ exhibitions which are never than education. Museums should be places where
truly satisfactory for the public. In the meantime, visitors can indulge in quiet contemplation. Moreover,
everything possible should be done to digitise having such websites ensures that objects in storage
catalogues detailing museums’ collections and make can still be appreciated by the public and removes the
these freely available on the internet. We should, pressure on smaller museums to attempt to cram too
however, never lose sight of the fact that humans many exhibits into every room. Nonetheless, a digital
relate to objects from the past in a very fundamental record, however fine, can never take the place of an
way, and I believe they will always want to come to actual exhibit and, where appropriate and with careful
museums in person. It is also desirable for visitors supervision, visitors should even be offered the chance
not only to be able to see these things, but to hold to pick up one or two of the objects on display.
a few of them too, especially everyday objects – to
experience their weight and texture.

D
All good museum curators know that what
matters is not the size of a gallery or the

B
I have observed with some dismay the trend number of items on show, but the quality
for museums to allow visitors to handle of the exhibits and the insight with which they are
some of the objects in their collection. Even selected and displayed. Many have also devised virtual
younger members of the public can enjoy looking at tours of their galleries, invaluable for those unable to
displays from a safe distance, especially if these are travel to a museum in person, and ideal for anyone
carefully thought out and well lit. However, museums wishing to remind themselves of what they saw during
are clearly under pressure to find ways of encouraging an actual visit. Nowadays, a curator’s work often
as many people as possible to visit them. Several involves organising non-permanent exhibitions that
now achieve this through holding special exhibitions will appeal to as wide a cross-section of the public
once or twice a year which draw in large crowds, a far as possible. Not only do these have the potential
cry from the hours spent in silent and dusty galleries to generate much-needed revenue, but they also
so many children used to dread. It would be a great serve to stimulate the interest of people who might
shame if, as seems likely, being able to view all of a not otherwise regard museums as either welcoming
museum’s objects on a computer screen at home or entertaining. Seeing people of all ages enjoying
results in less of an incentive to actually go and see museums together gives me hope for the future of
them – there is no substitute for the real thing. these great cultural institutions.

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PREPARE
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 7 3 Now complete the exam task.
Gapped text
You are going to read an article about sea otters, small
Units 6, 14 brown furry animals which are very good swimmers.
Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract.
EXAM INFORMATION Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits
Reading and Use of English Part 7 each gap (1–6). There is one extra paragraph which
you do not need to use.
• You will read a long text from which six paragraphs
have been removed.
• There are seven paragraphs to choose from. EXAM TIPS
• You should read the text carefully and choose one • Read the first paragraph carefully, then look at the
paragraph to fill each gap. options to choose the one which you think fits in the
• There is one paragraph which you do not need to use. gap. Then read the beginning of the next paragraph to
make sure that the text follows on logically from the
option you have chosen.
1 Read the text quickly for general meaning. How are • In each option, look for references to the text before
sea otters affecting estuaries?
and after the gap that you think the option may fit
into.
2 Choose the option which fits in the first gap.
a Who does ‘he’ refer to in this option?
b Which word in the option refers to the idea that seagrass
beds were thriving despite the pollution in the estuary?
c How does ‘Then’ at the beginning of the paragraph after
the gap relate to the content of the option?

136 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

SEA OTTERS IN 5
Archaeological and historical records confirm this, indicating

CALIFORNIA’S
that otters were once abundant in California’s estuaries,
prior to being driven to local extinction through over-hunting.
‘Scientists are subject to perception bias,’ says Tim Tinker,
a wildlife biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

ESTUARIES
‘Estuaries were traditionally very important to otters. But we
didn’t really appreciate them as such. The ecological effects
of otters on the outer coast dominated our thinking.’

Sea otters, the USA’s smallest marine 6

mammals, have been unexpectedly
Estuaries could provide sea otters with an important
benefiting local ecosystems.
refuge from these predators and other unfavourable coast
When US biologist Brent Hughes started studying the conditions, such as storms and warming events. Scientists
seagrass beds in the waters of Elkhorn Slough, an estuary in also believe that otters could be conservation allies, with their
Monterey Bay on California’s central coast, he was surprised potential to help restore other polluted estuaries in California.
by what he found. In this highly polluted estuary, excessive ‘It’s a two-way street,’ Tinker says. ‘To have a resilient
nutrients from agricultural fertilisers end up in the water and population of sea otters we may need them in estuaries, but
encourage the growth of algae on seagrass leaves. A build-up estuaries may also need sea otters.’
of algae would normally kill seagrass, yet the seagrass beds
here were thriving. It did not make sense. A Since these projects first showed signs of success in
kelp forests along the open coast, scientists assumed
1 that this was the otters’ primary habitat. When the
animals started appearing in Elkhorn Slough in the
Then a boat captain named Yohn Gideon, who had been
running wildlife tours in the estuary since 1995, approached 1980s, they thought that was an anomaly, not realising
him. Over the years, Gideon had handed clickers to his that the otters were in fact reoccupying old habitats.
passengers, asking them to count the sea otters they saw.
Hughes overlaid the captain’s otter counts with historical B Nevertheless, Hughes contacted other scientists
seagrass coverage data and realised that when otter numbers studying sea otter populations along the coast of
went up, seagrass coverage went up, too. The two graphs California. The potential benefits of sharing his findings
were an almost perfect match. ‘You don’t see that very often with them seemed evident.
in ecology. That was a eureka moment,’ he says.
C While Hughes had often encountered sea otters in the
2 estuary during his dives, he had never paid attention
The explanation lay in sea otters’ food choices. They use their to them. He now knew they were clearly linked to
dense fur and a high metabolic rate to maintain body heat in seagrass health, but how?
the chilly waters of the North Pacific, and they must eat 25%
of their body weight every day. When the otters first moved D Now, estuaries are being turned to as potential
into the estuary in the 1980s, they put their big appetites places where sea otter numbers could grow. In the
to work eating crabs. With fewer crabs to prey on them, past decade, their expansion on the California coast
California sea hares – a type of sea slug – grew larger and has been curbed unexpectedly by the presence of
became more abundant. The slugs fed on the algae growing great white sharks recovering from overfishing at the
on the seagrass, leaving the leaves healthy and clean. southern and northern edges of the otter range.

3 E But the discovery that sea otters could also be

It was not the first time that sea otters had shown they important players in estuaries came as an ecological
could have a significant influence on the ecosystem. In the surprise. In fact, scientists had not even expected them
1970s, biologist James Estes was conducting research in the to survive in one.
Aleutian Islands in Alaska and noticed some areas where the
seafloor was covered with sea urchins, a spiky marine animal.
As herbivores, urchins feed on kelp, a type of seaweed, and
F So he set out to solve the mystery. He examined every
possible factor, including water quality, temperature
when their numbers are not kept in check by predators, no
and changes in seagrass coverage over time, going
kelp remains. In contrast, in places where otters were present,
kelp forests were thriving. Estes demonstrated that by eating back half a century. For a long time, he made no
urchins, otters created the opportunity for kelp to flourish. progress.

4 G This was the mechanism by which the seagrass beds

had become the healthiest of any estuary Hughes had
Hunted to near extinction for their fur in the 18th and 19th seen on the west coast. Since the otters arrived in the
centuries, only a few small, isolated populations of sea otters estuary, the seagrass has recovered and increased by
remained in the North Pacific. Conservation efforts then led
more than 600%.
to an increase in numbers. In California, the population grew
from 50 in 1914 to about 3,000. They were reintroduced off
British Columbia between 1969 and 1972 and there are now
about 8,100 of them.
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PREPARE
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 8
A Sam
Multiple matching I love cycling because it’s not just a leisure activity, it’s also a
practical means of transport that saves both time and money. And the
Units 8, 11, 16
satisfaction I feel following a long bike ride always more than makes
up for any aching in my legs – though when I first started cycling to
EXAM INFORMATION
work, I’d often have second thoughts on rainy mornings, living as I
Reading and Use of English Part 8 did on a convenient bus route. I love to remind my friends that I never
• You will read either a single long text
once gave in, and now I wouldn’t dream of commuting any other way.
divided into sections, or several short texts
It’s a different matter at the weekends, and I don’t feel somehow
on the same subject.
obliged to go out on my bike whatever the weather. Some people start
• There are ten questions. You need to
to feel they absolutely have to, and even get quite agitated if they
match each question to one of the
miss a day or two. That seems a little unhealthy to me. I think that
sections.
variety is the spice of life when it comes to fitness and exercise, so I
• You can use each section more than once.
do plenty of other sports, too.

1 Look at question 1 in Exercise 4. Are you B Kai

looking for a positive or a negative opinion? I’m just not one of those cyclists who can do a 50-kilometre ride in
a morning. I can cover that distance on a day out with my cycling
2 Which person expresses this opinion? buddies, as long as it’s in short segments, with plenty of opportunities
Underline or highlight the relevant part of to sit and chat over a cup of tea and a sandwich. I’m never in a rush,
the text. although I do love watching cycle races when I get the chance. I have
a friend who drives everywhere and says cycling is tedious – he
3 Is the idea of patience in any of the other thinks all you do on a bike is put your head down and pedal for hours
texts? Does what the person says also
match question 1? – but of course that’s rubbish. When I mentioned some beautiful
gardens in our neighbourhood once, he’d never even noticed them
4 Now complete the exam task. because he’s always in his car. I’m always spotting something new.
Cycling’s also a very safe way to travel most of the time, but when
You are going to read an article in which I see people out on the road on their bikes without helmets, it really
four people talk about cycling. For gets me. I think it should be illegal, to be perfectly honest.
questions 1–10, choose from the people
(A–D). The people may be chosen more
than once.
Which person
C Jo
One of my favourite places is my local bike shop. They always have
1 criticises others for lacking patience?
the latest gear and it’s incredible how much impact seemingly small
2 dismisses the idea that cycling is
improvements in bike design can have on speed and the rider’s
monotonous?
experience generally. But cycling’s also a very inclusive activity, and
3 claims that cycling can become addictive?
there’s plenty of fun to be had on any kind of bike, whatever your
4 acknowledges a tendency to be competitive?
fitness level. I’ve cycled in several different countries, and in places
5 denies being irresponsible?
where there aren’t any cycle paths, some drivers are reluctant to slow
6 confesses to needing frequent breaks?
down when they’re behind a group of cyclists. They need to accept
7 takes pride in having resisted a temptation?
that we all have the right to be on the road. When I’m riding in a group
8 appreciates some assistance that was offered?
myself, I must say I like to be ahead of the pack – there’s a real thrill
9 embraces advances in technology?
in that. On one occasion, I was out with a particularly fast cyclist, and
10 favours regulations being imposed?
was delighted to get to the first stopping point way ahead of her. To my
EXAM TIPS shame, it turned out she’d been helping someone to fix a puncture.

• Read the questions and underline the

important words. If the question is about D Fran
an opinion, think about whether the
Cycling is a fantastic sport, and there’s no need for the latest fancy
opinion in the text will be positive or
equipment to enjoy it, despite what some websites might have you
negative.
believe. I’ve loved cycling ever since I was quite a small child and
• Then read text A carefully. Read the
will always remember the day Dad took me to the park and spent an
questions again and decide which
afternoon teaching me to ride my new two-wheeler. I kept on falling
questions match text A. Repeat this
off, but each time, he’d just put me back on and we started again.
process for each of the texts.
It must have felt like a long afternoon to Dad! I’ve never looked back
• Remember that several texts may contain
and would never consider buying a car. It’s simply not something
a similar idea, but there is only one correct
that’s ever appealed to me. Some drivers accuse cyclists of taking
answer for each question.
unnecessary risks on the road, but I would never put myself in that
category, even though I’m out most days on my bike in the city. It’s
also been suggested that cyclists should have licences just like car
drivers – that seems excessive to me.
138 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM
WRITING 1 Read the Part 1 task. Which examples 1–10 below could you
use to discuss the following points: consideration for other
WRITING PART 1 Essay students, student safety and student–teacher relationship?
Units 4, 10 Tick the appropriate boxes.

EXAM INFORMATION Some examples could be used for more than one area,
depending on how they are used.
Writing Part 1
• You will be given a topic to write about, three Your class has recently taken part in a student discussion group
bullet points and three opinions which refer about the reasons for having school rules. You have made the
notes below:
to the topic.
• You will be asked to choose only two of the Purposes of school rules
bullet points and discuss them in your essay. • to promote consideration for other students
• You can use the opinions to help you with • to ensure the safety of students
ideas for your essay, if you like.
• to encourage respect between teachers and
• You must also explain which of the two
students
points you have chosen to discuss is more
Some opinions expressed in the discussion
important/effective/useful, etc., and give
“It’s important to have an atmosphere of
reasons for your opinion.
co-operation between students.”
“We all need to feel safe when at school.”
“There’s got to be mutual respect for the
student–teacher relationship to work well.”

Write an essay for your tutor discussing two of the purposes of

school rules. You should explain which purpose you think is
more important, giving reasons for your opinion.
You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the
discussion, but you should use your own words as far as possible.

Examples Points for discussion

Consideration Student Student–
for other safety teacher
students relationship
1 Attendance and
time-keeping
2 Mobile phones in
the classroom
3 Behaviour in
lessons
4 Behaviour
towards other
people
5 Tests and exams
6 Rewarding
achievement
7 School uniform/
clothes worn to
school
8 Fire and accident
procedures
9 Using internet
sites
10 Learning
together

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 FOR THE EX AM C1 ADVA NCED
PREPARE
2 Read this answer to the essay question. EXAM TIPS
There is no question that school has a major influence on It’s important to plan your essay before you
begin writing, so try doing this:
our lives, and that school rules play an important part in
• Choose only two of the bullet points to
preparing students for the future in many ways.
discuss and think of some examples to
Rules which ensure that students show consideration support your argument.
for others are vital for helping build a happy school • In your introduction: say which points you
community and a supportive learning environment. will discuss in your essay.
Students’ self-esteem and confidence can be nurtured • In the second paragraph: discuss and give
when they behave towards each other in a thoughtful examples for the first point.
• In the third paragraph: discuss and give
and respectful way. School bullying has to be eradicated.
examples for the second point.
It is a huge problem in some schools and it can have a
• In the conclusion: explain with reasons which
negative effect on a person’s mental health even when point you think is more important/ effective/
the victim becomes an adult. useful, etc.
Another area where school rules play a role is in helping
create a positive atmosphere between students and
teachers. Rules to prevent disruptive behaviour in the 4 Look at the Part 1 essay question below and use the
Exam Tips box above to help you plan and write your
classroom are essential for enabling teachers to do their
essay.
job properly. Students have a responsibility to behave
appropriately, in a socially acceptable manner towards You must answer this question. Write your answer in
their teachers both within and outside the classroom. 220–260 words in an appropriate style.
And this respect must also be shown by the teachers Your class has watched a film of students discussing
towards their students. Fairness must be applied by the reasons for going to university. You have made
teachers, and a school code of giving positive feedback the notes below:
to students of different abilities needs to be in place.
Reasons for going to university
For me, both the objectives behind school rules which I • getting a qualification
have discussed are very important, but I think the most • gaining independence
essential one is the promotion of consideration which • preparing for future work
students should have for each other. With this in place
many of the negative issues that schools face today Some opinions expressed in the discussion:
would disappear and all students would be better able “I want to have a recognised qualification.”
to achieve their individual goals. “It’s important to make my own decisions.”
(260 words) “University prepares students for the world
of work.”

3 Look again at the essay question on page 139 and the Write an essay for your tutor discussing two of the
reasons in your notes for going to university. You
model answer above. Find answers to these questions.
should explain which reason is more important,
a How many words must you write for the essay question?
and give reasons in support of your answer.
b What is the topic of the essay?
You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions
c How many paragraphs are there in the model answer?
expressed in the discussion, but you should use
d In which paragraphs are the two bullet points covered?
your own words as far as possible.
e How many examples are given for each point?

140 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

 WRITING PART 2 Different task types Match the parts of the sample answer in
Units 2, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16 blue to these types of language, which are
commonly used in proposals. Write the
EXAM INFORMATION number of the expression in the correct part
of the table. Some expressions may go on
Writing Part 2 more than one line.
• You will be asked to answer one question from a choice of three:
introducing the purpose of the 1
an email or letter, a report, a review or a proposal.
proposal
• Each question is on a different topic and will include the reason
for writing, who you are writing for, and give details of what you making suggestions or
must include. recommendations
• You have to write your answer in 220–260 words in an persuasive language
appropriate style.
impersonal structures
giving opinions
A proposal explanation
A proposal is often written for a person such as a college
summarising the proposal
principal or a boss at work, or for a group of people such as the
members of a college club, colleagues at work or a town council.
You are given details of a situation and asked to make suggestions or EXAM TIPS
recommendations for the person or group to decide on or act on.
• Write your proposal in clear sections. Use
section headings if you wish.
1 Read this question and the sample answer. Then do the • State who the proposal is written for and its
matching task opposite.
aims or purpose.
You see this announcement on your town council’s website and • Describe the current situation and why
decide to send in a proposal: change or action is needed.
• Explain how you think the situation
We are looking for ways to promote tourism in the town. could be changed or improved and make
We would like residents to suggest ways in which we can suggestions or recommendations. Be
achieve this. Please send us a proposal for two ideas to help persuasive!
attract tourists to our town. Your proposal should also explain • Give your opinion.
why you think your ideas would be successful.

Write your proposal.

2 Look at the Part 2 question below and use
the tips to help you plan and write your
proposal.
PROPOSAL TO THE TOWN COUNCIL ON WAYS
TO PROMOTE TOURISM IN THE TOWN You are a student representative at your
college. A group of international students
1
The aim of this proposal is to suggest ways in which tourism could
are to visit the college next month, and
be promoted in the town. 2Two ideas are suggested which 3could the Principal has asked you to suggest
significantly increase the number of tourists visiting the area, both from activities for a day’s visit in the area. Write
abroad and nationally. a proposal for the Principal, outlining two
As a resident who has lived here all my life, 4I have excellent knowledge interesting places to visit and explaining
of what we have to offer visitors to 5our beautiful town. 6The town has what the students would learn about the
many assets and people from outside the area are often not aware of local culture and history from visiting
7
our hidden treasures. these places.
Day entry passes Write your proposal.
One scheme which has been very successful in many larger towns and cities Write your answer in 220–260 words in an
is the day entry pass. This is a special ticket 8which visitors can buy to appropriate style.
gain entry to places of interest without having to queue to buy a ticket
at each attraction. The pass 9could be offered at a discount to individual
entry ticket prices 10so that tourists see that they are saving money by
buying one. 11This would also have the advantage that places that are
not so well-known are visited more frequently, such as our 12fascinating
underground caves.
The fruit conserves factory
This area is famous for fruit-growing and our town produces a brand
of conserves which is sold around the world. Tours of the factory to see
the conserves being made in the traditional way, with a visit to its shop,
13
would be highly popular.
14
In conclusion, a day-entry pass scheme to local attractions and promoting
an important local industry 15would put our town on the tourist map.
PREPARE FOR THE EXAM 141
 FOR THE EX AM C1 ADVA NCED
PREPARE
LISTENING 93 5 Now complete the exam task.
LISTENING PART 1 Short multiple-choice You will hear three different extracts. For questions 1–6,
Units 1, 9 choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to
what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.
EXAM INFORMATION Extract One
You hear two friends talking about TV series which are available
Listening Part 1 online.
• You will hear three short extracts. 1 The boy thinks that people who watch several episodes of a TV
• Two people are talking to each other in each series in one sitting
extract. A show a remarkable lack of self-control.
• The three extracts are completely unrelated. B frequently miss vital elements of the plot.
• There are two 3-option multiple-choice C risk the experience proving disappointing.
questions for each extract. 2 Why does the girl describe what she did recently?
• Each of the two questions has a different A to present an alternative perspective
focus, for example feeling, attitude, opinion, B to justify her own viewing habits
speaker purpose, function, agreement, gist, C to demonstrate that the man is mistaken
detail, etc.
• You will hear each extract twice. Extract Two
You hear part of an interview with a well-known chef.
3 When answering the question about her first job, she
1 Read the information and the questions for A regrets ignoring advice she was given.
Extract One opposite. Who are you going to
B admits to having felt overwhelmed at times.
listen to? Look at question 1 and the options.
C denies having had doubts about her own abilities.
Are the man’s opinions about the topic
4 How does she feel about her career?
positive or negative?
A amused at her current fame
B astounded by her own success
2 Look at question 2. Can you guess what the C content with her achievements
woman might have done recently?
Extract Three
92 3 Listen to the recording for Extract One. You hear a man telling a friend about learning to drive.
Which option in question 1 reflects what the
man thinks? And which option is correct for 5 Why did he decide to learn to drive?
question 2? A He needed to overcome a childhood fear.
B He hoped it would improve his employment prospects.
92 4 Listen again and check your answers. What do C He came under pressure to do so from people he knew.
the people say that matches the correct 6 What do the friends agree about?
options? A how influential the driving instructor is
B how awkward the city centre is to navigate
EXAM TIPS C how demanding it is to take in so much information

• Before the recording starts, look

at the information about the
two speakers. Sometimes they
are friends or colleagues, or
the extract might be part of an
interview.
• Read the questions carefully and
think about what ideas you will
be listening for.
• The first time you listen to the
extract, mark the answers you
think are correct.
• The second time you listen,
check if they are correct.

142 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

 LISTENING PART 2 Sentence completion 2 Look at the first sentence. (i) What kind of information do you
Units 3, 11 have to listen for? (ii) Do you think you’ll write down a noun,
a verb, or something else?
EXAM INFORMATION
3 Look at the rest of the sentences. What kind of information do
Listening Part 2 you need to complete each one?
• You will hear one long monologue.
• You have to complete eight sentences 94 4 Listen to the beginning of the recording, from ‘Hello’
with information you hear in the to ‘exciting’. What is the correct answer for question 1?
recording. Something else is mentioned which is not the correct answer.
• To complete each sentence, you write a What is it?
word or a short phrase that you hear.
• The sentences follow the order of the EXAM TIPS
information in the recording.
• Before the recording starts, read the information about the
• Your spelling needs to be correct. Both
speaker and the sentences.
US and British English spellings are
• Read the sentences carefully and think about what kind of
accepted.
information is needed to complete each one.
• You will hear the monologue twice.
• You will hear additional information that is related to the
sentence, but which does not give you the correct answer.
• For your answer, use the actual words you hear in the
1 Read the exam task information and the recording.
sentences below. Who is the speaker? What is
the speaker going to talk about? • Usually, no more than three words are required.

5 Now complete the exam task.

You will hear a man called Deni talking about working as a mystery shopper, someone who is
employed part-time by an agency to find out how well shops or other businesses are being run.
For questions 1–8, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.

MYSTERY SHOPPER
Deni says that mystery shoppers and
(1) have some skills in
common.
Deni’s first assignment as a mystery shopper was
to buy a (2) in a department
store.
Deni sometimes has to report on a company’s
(3) department.
Deni once wished he had taken notes when asking
about a shop’s (4) over the
phone.
Deni felt reluctant to go to a (5)
restaurant for a mystery shopping agency.
Deni says that acquiring a (6)
is particularly important for mystery shoppers
who want to enhance their career.
Deni uses the word (7) to
describe the skills a mystery shopper learns.
Deni recommends an agency called
(8) to anyone wishing to work
as a mystery shopper.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM 143

 FOR THE EX AM C1 ADVA NCED
PREPARE
LISTENING PART 3 Long multiple choice 4 Now listen to the whole recording and complete the
95
Units 5, 13 exam task.

EXAM INFORMATION You will hear an interview in which two dancers called
Damian Grant and Tara Moore are talking about their
Listening Part 3 work. For questions 1–6, choose the answer (A, B, C or
• You will hear an interview in which two people are D) which fits best according to what you hear.
being interviewed, or a discussion involving two or 1 What does Damian say about his first dance school?
more speakers. A It often featured in films about ballet.
• This is often the kind of interview or discussion you B It was notorious for being extremely strict.
might hear on the radio or in a podcast. C Some teachers used unconventional methods.
• There are six 4-option multiple-choice questions. The D The students were from a variety of backgrounds.
questions may focus on feeling, attitude, opinion, 2 Why was Tara attracted to dance as a child?
speaker purpose, function, agreement, gist, detail, etc. A It combined two of her main interests.
• One or two of the questions may rely on information B Some of her role models were dancers.
from two speakers (for example you may be asked C It had the potential to make her wealthy.
what they agree about). D She enjoyed being the centre of attention.
• You will hear the recording twice.
3 Tara says that her dance partners need to be
A willing to consider her suggestions.
1 Read the exam task information about the recording B tolerant of unavoidable errors.
and the questions. Who are you going to listen to? C confident in their own judgment.
What is the topic of each question? D prepared for the unexpected.
4 Tara and Damian both say that being injured
95 2 Listen to the first part of the recording, from ‘Today’ to A motivated them to work harder.
‘at home’. Which option in question 1 is correct?
B reminded them of their limitations.
95 3 Listen again and check your answer. What does C impacted significantly on their careers.
Damian say that matches the correct option? D allowed them to explore alternative approaches
to training.
EXAM TIPS 5 How does Damian feel about his recent promotion?
• Before the recording starts, read the information A unsure that he can deliver
about the speakers. B puzzled at his good fortune
• Read the questions carefully and think about what C relieved his gift has been recognised
ideas you will be listening for. D relaxed about his new responsibilities
• The first time you listen, mark the answers you think 6 What do Tara and Damian agree about their schedules?
are correct. A Taking time off is almost impossible.
• The second time you listen, check if these answers B It is difficult to maintain such a busy lifestyle.
are correct. C Achieving a good work-life balance is crucial.
D Few other jobs involve such anti-social hours.

144 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

 LISTENING PART 4 Multiple matching You will hear five short extracts in which students are
Units 7, 15 talking about their geography courses at university.
While you listen you must complete both tasks.
EXAM INFORMATION
TASK ONE
Listening Part 4 For questions 1–5, choose from the list (A–H) how each
• You will hear five short monologues on the same speaker felt before beginning their course.
theme. A confused about the course content
• The speakers will have a range of different accents and B afraid of appearing ignorant Speaker 1 1
will usually be speaking informally. C optimistic about making friends Speaker 2 2
• There are two lists of eight options. D impatient to get started Speaker 3 3
• For each monologue, you have to choose one option
E anxious about the workload Speaker 4 4
from the list in TASK ONE and another option from the
F grateful to have been offered a place Speaker 5 5
list in TASK TWO.
G determined to be outstanding
• You will be listening for gist, main point, feeling,
H enthusiastic about gaining technical skills
attitude or opinion.
• You must complete both tasks as you listen. TASK TWO
• You will hear the set of five monologues twice. For questions 6–10, choose from the list (A–H) what
surprised each speaker about their course.
A the frequency of deadlines
1 Read the information at the beginning of the task and B the diversity of opinions Speaker 1 6
the instructions for TASK ONE and TASK TWO. What
are the speakers all going to talk about? C the relevance of the topics Speaker 2 7
D the attendance rate Speaker 3 8
2 Underline the key words in the instructions above E the innovative tuition methods Speaker 4 9
each list. Read the two lists carefully. F the administrative efficiency Speaker 5 10
G the collaboration between students
96 3 Listen to Speaker 1. Did you hear the answer for TASK
ONE or TASK TWO first? H the dedication of the teaching staff

4 What are the correct answers for TASK ONE and TASK
TWO for this speaker?

5 Listen again to Speaker 1 to check your answers. How

did you find the correct answer?

6 Did Speaker 1 say anything that related to other

options in TASKS ONE and TWO?

97 7 Now listen to Speakers 2–5 and complete the exam

task.

EXAM TIPS
• Before the recording starts, read the information and
the lists carefully.
• Even if you do not understand every word you hear, it
should be possible for you to understand the speaker’s
main point, feeling, attitude or opinion.
• Sometimes the speaker gives the answer to the
question in TASK ONE first, and sometimes the speaker
gives the answer to the question in TASK TWO first.
• Some students prefer to focus on one list the first time
they hear the recording, and the second list when
they hear it again. Other students prefer to answer
the questions that they find easier on both lists while
listening to the first recording and focus on the more
challenging questions when they hear the recording
for the second time. Both these approaches work well,
so practise them both to see what works best for you.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM 145

 FOR THE EX AM C1 ADVA NCED
PREPARE
SPEAKING SPEAKING PART 2
Units 5, 11
SPEAKING PART 1
Units 1, 9 EXAM INFORMATION
EXAM INFORMATION Speaking Part 2
• The examiner will give you three photographs. They
Speaking Part 1 will be linked by a common theme.
• During this part of the test, you will not be talking to • You should compare two photographs for about one
your partner but only to the examiner. minute and answer the two questions the examiner
• The examiner will ask you some questions about you, asks you.
your daily life and your interests. • You will also be asked to comment briefly on your
partner’s photographs. You will have up to 30 seconds.

1 Look at these questions from Part 1 of the exam and

identify the topics that the questions focus on. 1 Look at photographs 1, 2 and 3 on page 147. They
1 Is there a website that you look at regularly? show people in situations where they need to
2 Do you like being busy or do you prefer to have a quiet concentrate. What can you see in each photograph?
life? (Why?) Predict how students might answer these questions.
3 Could you tell us about something special you have
achieved in the last year?
99 2 Listen to Maria comparing photographs 1 and 2. Make
4 Do you take an interest in the latest fashions? (Why? / a note of any good vocabulary or phrases she uses
Why not?) when answering the questions.
5 Is there a country you would particularly like to visit Do you agree with her answer to the questions?
one day?
3 Now look at photographs 4, 5 and 6 on page 147.
98 2 Listen to Daniel answering three of the questions in They show people who are feeling proud in different
Exercise 1. Which questions is he answering? How situations. What can you see in each photograph?
detailed are his responses? Can you identify any good
vocabulary or phrases he uses? Think about how candidates might answer the questions.

EXAM TIPS 100 4 Listen to Daniel comparing photographs 5 and 6.

Make a note of any good vocabulary or phrases he
• Answer the questions in more than a few words, giving uses when answering the questions.
your opinions and sharing your personal experiences. Do you agree with his answer to the questions?
• However, you do not need to give long answers with a
lot of detail. EXAM TIPS
• If the examiner stops you after a few sentences, don’t
worry. It only means that it’s time to move on to • It’s important to compare the two pictures rather than
another question. describing one and then the other. If you focus too
long on one picture you may find you run out of time
before you fulfil both parts of the task.
• Remember to speculate about the people and
3 Read the questions below and think about how situations and not just describe them. There is no right
you might answer them. Then ask and answer the
questions with your partner. or wrong answer so you can say what you like.
• Don’t worry if you can’t think of exactly the right word
1 Is it important for you to have the same interests as your
to describe something in a picture. Try to find another
friends? (Why? / Why not?)
way of saying the same thing. This is what we often do
2 Is there a subject you don’t study at school that you
in real life.
would like to study sometime in the future?
3 What do you think is the most enjoyable time of the
year? (Why?)
4 What changes would you like to make to the
5 Work in pairs.
neighbourhood where you live? Do the task about concentration. You can talk about
5 Do you generally feel in a good mood when you get up in any two out of the three pictures.
the morning? (Why? / Why not?) Swap roles and do the task about feeling proud.
Remember you can talk about any two of the three
pictures.

146 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

Why might it be important for the people to concentrate in these situations?
How difficult might it be for these people to concentrate?

1 2

Why might these people be feeling proud in these situations?

What qualities might they have needed to achieve their success?

4 5

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM 147

 FOR THE EX AM C1 ADVA NCED
PREPARE
SPEAKING PART 3 2 Listen to the examiner. What do the candidates have
102
Units 3, 7, 13, 15 to do next?

EXAM INFORMATION 103 3 Listen to Maria and Daniel make their decision. What is
their conclusion? Do they agree?
Speaking Part 3
• You and your partner will have a discussion on a topic EXAM TIPS
that will last for about two minutes.
• The examiner will give you the question and five ideas • Try to respond to what your partner says. If you agree
to help you organise your discussion. with what your partner says, don’t just say ‘I agree’,
• After two minutes, the examiner will stop your try to develop or expand on their ideas.
discussion and then ask you to talk together for • It is also fine to disagree politely with your partner,
another minute. You will be asked to make a decision but you should explain why.
about something closely related to the task you have • Remember this is a discussion and not two separate
in front of you. monologues. Make sure neither of you is talking too
much!
• You can even ask your partner questions about their
101 1 Read the Part 3 task and then listen to Maria and ideas or opinions.
Daniel discussing the question. Do you agree with
what they are saying about the importance of these
different experiences? 4 Work in pairs.
Here are some experiences which young people might have Now do the same task together using your own ideas.
and a question for you to discuss. First you have some time
to look at the task.
Now, talk to each other about how important it is for young
people to have these experiences.

living on travelling to
their own other countries

How important is it for young people to

have these experiences?

learning doing going to

to drive part-time jobs university

148 PREPARE FOR THE EXAM

 SPEAKING PART 4 3 Here are some linking words and phrases that could
Units 7, 15 be useful in a Part 4 discussion. Put these words in the
right categories in the table below:
EXAM INFORMATION 1 as a result 5 what’s more
Speaking Part 4 2 on balance 6 although
3 however 7 and so
• You will continue the discussion on the topic you
4 overall 8 in addition
talked about in Part 3.
• The examiner will ask you both questions. In this Making extra points to
part of the test it is also possible for you to have a support your argument
discussion together with your partner. Expressing consequences
• As in Part 3 of the test, you do not have to agree with
Admitting there could
everything your partner says.
be another side to the
argument

104 1 Read the questions and then listen to Maria and Coming to a conclusion
Daniel. Which questions are they asked? Do they
respond to the points made by their partner?
104 4 Listen again to Maria and Daniel answering some of
1 Do schools in your country prepare students well for the questions. What do they say about each question?
adult life? Do they agree with each other?
2 Some people say that being at university is the best time
in someone’s life. Do you think that might be true? EXAM TIPS
3 How important is it for schools and universities to offer
students advice on their future careers? • The examiner may ask you to comment directly on
4 Who do you think has the biggest influence on people what your partner has said. When you respond, you
when they are growing up: their families or their friends? should explain fully why you agree or disagree.
5 Do young people need role models to look up to or is it • Sometimes the examiner will ask you both a question
better for them to find their own way of doing things? and you have to discuss it together.
6 At what age do you think someone becomes mature? • In this part of the test, try to extend your answers. You
can give examples to justify your opinions.
2 Here are things that candidates might say when they
are agreeing or disagreeing with each other during
a Part 4 discussion. Look at the expressions and 5 Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions in
identify: Exercise 1. Try to use some of the different ways of
• three expressions of strong agreement agreeing and disagreeing that you have just studied.
• four expressions of agreement that are less strong
• three expressions of polite disagreement
1 Well, I suppose so.
2 I’m really not sure about that.
3 I couldn’t agree more.
4 Well, you might be right.
5 I take your point but …
6 You’re absolutely right.
7 Maybe, but on the other hand …
8 Well, up to a point, yes.
9 That’s a good point.
10 Yes, to some extent.

PREPARE FOR THE EXAM 149

 EXTRA ACTIVITIES
PAGE 10 PAGE 31
UNIT 1 GRAMMAR
UNIT 4 VOCABULARY

7 You are going to ask your classmates some questions. 8 Discuss the questions with a partner.
Complete the prompts in your own way. You can use 1 Can you think of any food and drink-related idioms or
the ideas in the box if you wish. expressions in your language? How do you think they
ask questions tell jokes originated?
be a member of a sports team 2 Which nutrients might be lacking in a plant-based diet?
do very little exercise eat lots of sweets 3 Do you agree that vegan meals can be as nourishing as
help at home make new friends ones containing meat?
spend too much time on social media 4 How appetising do you find plant-based ‘meat’ and ‘milk’?
stay up late talk too much
PAGE 43
UNIT 5 SPEAKING
Find someone in your group/class who …

didn’t use to … used to … 7 Read the task below, then do it with your partner.
is always …ing would …
Examiner: Student B, I’m going to give you three pictures.
keeps … will sometimes … I’d like you to talk about two of them on your own for a
minute. Here are your pictures. They show people who
Ask your questions around the class until you find work with clothes for a living. I’d like you to compare two
of the pictures and say what sort of skills you think are
someone who says ‘yes’. Write his or her name next to the
needed to do these jobs and why these people might have
prompt and ask a follow-up question.
chosen this career.

PAGE 11
UNIT 1 VOCABULARY

9 Discuss the questions with a partner.

1 How do young people try to come over on social media
these days?
2 Do you agree that most people can count on their family
more than their friends? Why?
3 What kind of behaviour would cause you to break off a
friendship?
4 Which of your friends or family do you look up to?
5 How important is it for you to keep up with the lives of
your favourite celebrities?

PAGE 14
UNIT 2 VOCABULARY AND READING

2 Hans usually only got the answers right when he

could make eye contact with Wilhelm von Osten. Hans
was able to pick up subtle cues from Osten’s body
language and tell when he had arrived at the correct
answer.

PAGE 25
UNIT 3 VOCABULARY

6 Student A: Give your partner these words to spell:

unnatural suspicious necessary height
exceptional achievement

Examiner: Student A, Which of these careers do you think

would be the most challenging?

150 EXTRA ACTIVITIES

 PAGE 46 PAGE 57
UNIT 6 GRAMMAR
UNIT 7 SPEAKING

7 Complete the sentences with your own ideas. You can 12 Work with a partner to complete these Part 3
use the adjectives in the box if you wish. and Part 4 tasks. Try to use expressions from the
Prepare to speak box where appropriate.
awful enjoyable exhausting expensive
popular remote unspoiled Part 3

1 The place I’ve ever travelled to was … air travel animal agriculture
2 My last holiday wasn’t quite as as …
3 For me, the type of holiday would
be … In what ways might
these activities damage the
Read your completed sentences to a partner. Ask and environment?
answer follow-up questions, using comparatives and
superlatives where appropriate.
using
Example online construction mobile
A: The hottest place I’ve ever travelled to was Dubai. shopping work phones
B: What was it like?
A: There was more to do than I’d expected, but it was also You now have a minute to decide which two activities are
busier than I thought it would be. most damaging to the environment.

Part 4
PAGE 47
UNIT 6 VOCABULARY
1 Some people think air travel should be more expensive
to discourage people from travelling. What is your
opinion?
11 Prepare a short talk entitled ‘The best place and the 2 Do you think mobile phone companies should be
worst place I’ve ever visited’. Use at least five adverb + prevented from making their phones obsolete too soon?
adjective combinations. 3 Do you think it’s a good idea to offer incentives, such as
discounts to encourage people to shop in store rather
Give your talk to your group. Note down the adverbs than online?
and adjectives used by other people and think of one 4 How important do you think it is for there to be strict
question to ask them. laws to prevent noise pollution?

PAGE 50 PAGE 60
LIFE SKILLS UNIT 8 GRAMMAR

1 Holiday Quiz – What do your answers mean? 7 Use a word from A and a verb from B in the correct
form to complete the sentences. Then discuss which
Mostly A: You like to be spontaneous, which can lead you think are true.
to unexpected adventures, but be careful: it can be A after B
unfair on your travelling companions as you might not admire
make the most of what your destination has to offer. when ask
Mostly B: You like to be laid-back, which makes if go
you an easy travelling companion, but don’t just go before eat
with the flow if there’s something you’d really rather once meet
(not) do. Compromise means finding what works for almost universally charge
everyone, including how much you spend. anyone
Mostly C: You like to be organised, which
helps ensure you use your time well but watch 1 politely, most famous people will be
out: excessive planning can ruin unexpected happy to let you take a selfie with them.
opportunities and might come across as domineering 2 to sleep, it’s best to check all your
to your travelling companions. apps for any updates or messages.
3 fully , your phone
actually works more efficiently.
4 Immediately , it’s unhealthy to do any
exercise for half an hour or so.
5 by young people, celebrities have a
responsibility to be good role models.
6 a celebrity in person is unlikely to
forget the experience.

EXTRA ACTIVITIES 151

 EXTRA ACTIVITIES
PAGE 54 PAGE 84
UNIT 7 GRAMMAR
UNIT 11 GRAMMAR

6 Complete the sentences so that they are true for you. 6 Complete the questions using the prompts in the box
Then share your sentences with a partner. with causative and passive structures.
1 I wouldn’t like to live somewhere remote unless …
get / pupils / watch
2 I would try waymarking provided that …
3 I could go 24 hours without using my phone so long as … be / preserve / knock down / replace
4 I wouldn’t have …. if I had known that … be / teach / schools
5 I’m going to … whether or not … get / you / ‘remember’ / something
you / ever / make / learn
PAGE 71
UNIT 9 VOCABULARY
1 Should the history of all countries
2 If someone said they could that
?

hadn’t happened, would you believe them?

10 Work with a partner. Write a dialogue between a 3 Is it better for old buildings
something more modern?
with
doctor and a patient using as many idioms and
collocations from the section as possible. You can use 4 Could schools make history more interesting by
this skeleton dialogue if you wish. feature films about historical events?
5 any mnemonics, such as ‘Rinse Out
Doctor: Good morning. How can I help you?
Your Granny’s Boots In Vinegar’ to help you remember
Patient: Well, I’ve been feeling a bit …. The other day I …
the colours of the rainbow? If so, what were they?
Doctor: And what have you tried so far?
Patient: Well, I’ve … but … 8 Ask and answer the questions in Exercise 7.
Doctor: I see. Have you ever had anything like this before?
Patient: Mm, let me see. Yes, actually, a few years ago … PAGE 85
Doctor: OK. I’m going to … / I want you to … / Take … / UNIT 11 VOCABULARY
Come back and see me if …
And please don’t worry. We’ll soon get you …
9 Complete the questions by using a word from the box
with an appropriate prefix and an appropriate ending.
11 Act out your dialogue for the rest of the class. As you
listen to your classmates’ dialogues, note down the date desire illusion lead rate respect wind
idioms and collocations they use.
1 Would it be a good thing if every adult owned a car, or
would you see this as ?
PAGE 76
UNIT 10 GRAMMAR
2 Can you think of a band who are highly thought of by
other people, but who you think are ?
3 Do you buy CDs and DVDs, or do you consider these to be
10 Choose one situation, and three objects, then devise technologies?
4 Have you ever spent more than you expected to because
a story of how a person used these to escape from a
dangerous situation and survive. Use five sentences of information in an advert?
with inversion. 5 Is there anything that visitors to your country should
know is considered , such as putting
Situations
your feet on a table?
a climber who has fallen down a mountain
6 Have you ever been enthusiastic about a new activity,
a solo traveller in the Arctic then become with it, and given it up?
a kayaker, whose kayak was eaten by a crocodile 7 What’s your favourite way to at the
end of a long day?
Objects
a mirror a knife
10 Ask and answer the questions in Exercise 9.
a piece of rope a box of matches
an empty plastic bottle a survival manual
PAGE 25
a mobile phone with a flat battery UNIT 3 VOCABULARY

6 Student B: Give your partner these words to spell:

weird desperate accidentally responsible
acknowledge responsible

152 EXTRA ACTIVITIES

 PAGE 91 PAGE 114
UNIT 12 VOCABULARY
UNIT 15 GRAMMAR

6 So, how can we tackle the issues facing the most 9 Complete the sentences with one word in each gap.
depressed areas of the country? There are areas where Ask and answer the questions with a partner.
work is plentiful, so why not relocate workers to these 1 Have you ever done any voluntary work? If not, would
areas? Unfortunately, it’s not as simple as that. Since the you like ?
country’s wealth is concentrated in the areas where jobs 2 Once you are earning, do you think you will regularly
are available, the cost of accommodation is too high for donate money to charities? If so, which ?
relocated workers to afford. The solution has to come 3 What qualities do you think a leader needs? Which of
from the powerful elite in the capital, who must commit to are the most important?
ending discrimination based on geographical location. 4 We have read about several young heroes in this unit.
The government must offer incentives to businesses to Can you think of any other ?
relocate to deprived towns and cities. Rural areas can also 5 Do you think anyone has done as much as Greta
be revitalised through grants to enable development of the Thunberg to raise awareness of climate change?
tourist industry or agriculture. Employers may argue that
the workforce lacks the skills they need, so government PAGE 115
expenditure on training must increase. In the long run, UNIT 15 VOCABULARY
investing in depressed areas will revitalise the economy
as well as the social life and culture of those areas. Best of
all, the communal spirit, for which such areas were best 8 Complete the tasks as creatively as possible.
known, will return. 1 Complete the similes with your own ideas.
Example My brother is like an erupting volcano when he
PAGE 103 gets angry.
UNIT 13 SPEAKING a It’s as hot as in here today.
b Why are you so happy? It’s as if
c My best friend is like
3 Which of the following things … 2 Use the prompts to make metaphors of your own.
… do you think is morally acceptable? Example My dog is … a big teddy bear.
… could be justified in some circumstances? a My sibling/pet
… might you possibly do? b My phone/other possession
… would you never do? c My favourite sport/hobby
3 Think of a more polite way to say the following:
1 copying a classmate’s homework Example He’s lazy. He’s motivationally challenged.
2 keeping a wallet that you find on the street a You’re fired!
3 exaggerating how well you did in a sports game b Go away!
4 failing to report a minor crime that you witnessed c You’ve failed your driving test.
5 keeping quiet when you’re undercharged in a café
6 claiming to be older (or younger) than you actually are 9 Share your similes, metaphors and euphemisms with
a partner. Share your favourites with your class.
4 Discuss your answers with a partner, using short
responses like these and those in Exercise 2.
PAGE 121
There’s no way I’d ever …! Nor would I! UNIT 16 VOCABULARY

I can’t think of any circumstances in which I’d actually …

5 Complete the statements with a compound adjective
using the suffixes in Exercise 3 or 4. Then discuss
I can probably see myself –ing. Can you?! whether you agree with the statements.
1 Middle-aged people tend to have fixed views about
I might be tempted to … I wouldn’t, because … what’s morally right or wrong, whereas teenagers are
always more .
2 Boys are generally uninterested in fashion, whereas girls
PAGE 106 are much more .
UNIT 14 GRAMMAR 3 Everyone would describe themselves as ,
regardless of whether they are honest or not.
4 It’s wrong to live in your parents’
8 Choose a job from the article and write 3 or 4 home after the age of 16; young people should pay a
questions to ask someone who does the job. Swap
contribution.
questions with a partner and note down some
5 Life’s boring if you just hang out with
answers you could give. Then interview each other.
people – choose friends who are different to you.
Write up your interview using reported speech.
6 I wish our flat was . The people above
us have such noisy parties.

EXTRA ACTIVITIES 153

 EP VOCABULARY LIST
denote (sth) /dɪˈnəʊt/ v to represent sth
adj = adjective adv = adverb n = noun v = verb
flick through (sth) /flɪk ˈθruː/ pv to look quickly at the pages of a
pv = phrasal verb prep = preposition phr = phrase magazine, book, etc.
id = idiom conj = conjunction pron = pronoun give (sth) away /ɡɪv əˈweɪ/ pv to tell people sth secret, often
det = determiner smb = somebody sth = something without intending to
launch into (sth) /lɔːntʃ ˈɪntu/ pv to start doing sth with a lot of
energy
UNIT 1 put (sth) down to (sth) /pʊt ˈdaʊn tu/ pv to think that a problem or
situation is caused by a particular thing
raise eyebrows /reɪz ˈaɪbraʊz/ phr to cause surprise
RELATIONSHIPS reputedly /rɪˈpjuːtɪdli/ adv in a way that is said to be true, although
be attached to (smb) /bi əˈtætʃt tə/ phr to like smb very much it is not known to be certain
be on good terms with (smb) /bi ɒn ˌgʊd ˈtɜːmz wɪð/ phr to have wink /wɪŋk/ v to close one eye for a short time
a good relationship with smb
close-knit /ˌkləʊsˈnɪt/ adj If a group of people are close-knit, they COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS
all help and support each other. all over the place /ɔːl ˈəʊvə ðə ˌpleɪs/ phr in a lot of different places,
come between (smb) /kʌm bɪˈtwiːn/ pv If sth comes between two or in all parts of a place
people, it harms their relationship. be up for grabs /bi ˈʌp fə ˈgræbz/ phr available and ready to be won
family ties /ˈfæməli ˈtaɪz/ n the friendly feelings and special or taken
connections between members of a family be up in the air /bi ˈʌp ɪn ði ˈeə/ phr If a matter is up in the air, it is
family unit /ˈfæməli ˈjuːnɪt/ n members of the same family living uncertain and no final decision has been made about it.
and working together, especially for a particular purpose easier said than done /ˈi:ziə ˈsed ðən ˈdʌn/ phr said when sth seems
miss out on /mɪs ˈaʊt ɒn/ pv to fail to use an opportunity to enjoy like a good idea but would be difficult to do
or get an advantage from sth get off on the wrong foot /get ˈɒf ɒn ðə ˈrɒŋ ˈfʊt/ phr to make an
not be on speaking terms with (smb) /nɒt bi ɒn ˈspi:kɪŋ ˈtɜːmz unsuccessful start in sth, especially a relationship
wɪð/ phr to not be friendly enough to talk to smb I couldn’t care less /aɪ ˈkʊdənt ˈkeə ˈles/ phr used to say rudely that
rub (smb) up the wrong way /ˌrʌb ʌp ðə ˈrɒŋ ˈweɪ/ phr to annoy you are not interested in or worried about sth or smb
smb without intending to it’s about time /ɪts əˌbaʊt ˈtaɪm/ phr If it’s about time that smb did
see eye to eye with (smb) /si: ˈaɪ tə ˈaɪ wɪð/ phr If you see eye to sth, it should have been done sooner or a long time ago.
eye with smb, you agree with them. keep a straight face /ˌki:p ə ˈstreɪt ˈfeɪs/ phr to manage to stop
sibling /ˈsɪblɪŋ/ n a brother or sister yourself from smiling or laughing
spoil /spɔɪl/ v to allow a child to do or have everything that it keep (smb) in the picture /ˌki:p ɪn ðə ˈpɪktʃə/ phr to make sure smb
wants to, usually so that it expects to get everything it wants and knows all the facts about a changing situation
does not show respect to other people know (sth) inside out /ˌnəʊ ˌɪnsaɪd ˈaʊt/ phr to know everything
about a subject
PHRASAL VERBS WITH LITERAL AND
IDIOMATIC MEANINGS
break off /breɪk ˈɒf/ pv to permanently separate a smaller piece
UNIT 3
from a larger object with force; to bring a relationship to an end
come over /kʌm ˈəʊvə/ pv to come to a place, move from one THINKING OF THE FUTURE
place to another, or move towards smb; to seem to be a particular
anticipate /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ v to imagine or expect that sth will happen
type of person
coming /ˈkʌmɪŋ/ adj happening soon
count on /ˈkaʊnt ɒn/ pv to use sth to help you add up numbers; to
be confident that you can depend on smb envisage /ɪnˈvɪzɪdʒ/ v to imagine or expect sth in the future,
especially sth good
get at /ˈɡet æt/ pv to reach; to criticize a person repeatedly
for the foreseeable future /fə ðə fɔːˈsiːəbl ˈfjuːtʃə/ phr as far into the
get on /ɡet ˈɒn/ pv to go onto a bus, train, aircraft; If two or more
future as you can imagine or plan for
people get on, they like each other and are friendly to each other.
foresight /ˈfɔːsaɪt/ n the ability to judge correctly what is going to
get over /ɡet ˈəʊvə/ pv to manage to move across from one side
happen in the future and plan your actions based on this
to the other, especially by going up and then down; to accept an
unpleasant fact or situation after dealing with it for a while imminent /ˈɪmɪnənt/ adj coming or likely to happen very soon
let off /let ˈɒf/ pv If you let a dog off the lead, you allow it to run in the short term /ɪn ðə ˈʃɔːt ˈtɜːm/ phr for a short period of time in
free; to not punish smb who has committed a crime or done sth the future
wrong, or to not punish them severely long-term /ˌlɒŋˈtɜːm/ adj continuing a long time into the future
rip off /rɪp ˈɒf/ pv to remove sth quickly, without being careful; to overdue /ˌəʊvəˈdʒuː/ adj not done or happening when expected or
cheat smb by charging too much money, or to steal sth when needed; late
run by /rʌn ˈbaɪ/ pv to move past sth very quickly; to tell smb pending /ˈpendɪŋ/ adj about to happen or waiting to happen
about sth, to make sure they understand or approve shortly /ˈʃɔːtli/ adv soon
run down /rʌn ˈdaʊn/ pv to move very quickly further along sth; to
criticize sth or smb, often unfairly COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS
accept /əkˈsept/ v to say yes to an offer or invitation
UNIT 2 acquire /əˈkwaɪə/ v to get or buy sth
affect /əˈfekt/ v to have an influence on smb or sth, or to cause a
change in smb or sth
COMMUNICATION assure /əˈʃɔː/ v to tell smb confidently that sth is true, especially so
that they do not worry
assert /əˈsɜːt/ v to say that sth is certainly true
council /ˈkaʊnsəl/ n a group of people elected or chosen to make
attribute (sth) to (smb/sth) /əˈtrɪbjuːt tu/ v to say or think that sth
decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a
is the result or work of sth or smb else
particular group of people, or to run a particular organization

154 VOCABULARY LIST

counsel /ˈkaʊnsəl/ v to give advice, especially on social or personal spending spree /ˈspendɪŋ ˈspriː/ n a short period spent shopping,
problems buying much more than usual
effect /ɪˈfekt/ n the result of a particular influence stock /stɒk/ v If a shop stocks sth, it keeps a supply of it.
enquire /ɪnˈkwaɪə/ v to ask for information tailored /ˈteɪləd/ adj used to describe a piece of clothing that is
ensure /ɪnˈʃɔː/ v to make sth certain to happen shaped to fit a person’s body closely
except /ɪkˈsept/ prep not including, but not trendsetter /ˈtrendˌsetə/ n a person, organization, etc. that starts
historic /hɪˈstɒrɪk/ adj important in history new fashions, especially in clothes
historical /hɪˈstɒrɪkəl/ adj connected with studying or representing
things from the past; set in the past COMPOUND ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
insure /ɪnˈʃɔː/ v to protect yourself against risk by regularly paying bow tie /ˌbəʊ ˈtaɪ/ n a special type of tie in the shape of a bow,
a special company that will provide a fixed amount of money if you worn especially by men on formal occasions
are killed or injured, or if your home or possessions are damaged, dinner jacket /ˈdɪnə ˌdʒækɪt/ n a man’s black or white jacket worn
destroyed or stolen at formal social events, usually in the evening, with matching
trousers and a bow tie
dressing gown /ˈdresɪŋ ˌɡaʊn/ n a loose piece of clothing like a
UNIT 4 coat, worn informally inside the house, especially before getting
dressed in the morning or after getting undressed in the evening
evening dress /ˈiːvnɪŋ ˌdres/ n a long dress worn by a woman to a
FOOD AND DRINK formal party or social occasion
a bite to eat /ə ˈbaɪt tu ˈi:t/ phr some food hard-wearing /ˌhɑːdˈweərɪŋ/ adj If clothing is hard-wearing, it lasts
appetite /ˈæpətaɪt/ n the feeling that you want to eat food for a long time and looks good, even if it is used a lot.
boost /buːst/ n the act of improving or increasing sth high-heeled /ˌhaɪˈhɪəld/ adj (of shoes) having heels that are raised
chain (of restaurants) /tʃeɪn/ n a set of connected or related things high off the ground
culinary /ˈkʌlɪnəri/ adj connected with cooking or kitchens long-lasting /ˌlɒŋˈlɑːstɪŋ/ adj continuing for a long period of time
foodie /ˈfuːdi/ n a person who loves food and is very interested in long-sleeved /ˌlɒŋˈsliːvd/ adj having long sleeves
different types of food loose-fitting /ˌluːsˈfɪtɪŋ/ adj Loose-fitting clothing is quite large and
inedible /ɪˈnedəbəl/ adj not suitable as food; not pleasant to eat does not fit tightly.
leftovers /ˈleftəʊvəz/ n food remaining after a meal old-fashioned /ˌəʊldˈfæʃənd/ adj not modern; belonging to or
nutritional /njuːˈtrɪʃənəl/ adj relating to nutrition or containing a typical of a time in the past
food substance that your body can use raincoat /ˈreɪŋkəʊt/ n a coat that protects the wearer against rain
taste buds /ˈteɪst ˌbʌdz/ n a group of cells, found especially on the short-sleeved /ˌʃɔːtˈsliːvd/ adj having short sleeves
tongue, that allow different tastes to be recognized sweatshirt /ˈswetʃɜːt/ n informal clothing with long sleeves, made
of thick cotton, worn on the upper part of the body
FOOD IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS swimming trunks /ˈswɪmɪŋ ˌtrʌŋks/ n a piece of men’s clothing
be as cheap as chips /bi əz ˈtʃi:p əz ˈtʃɪps/ phr to be very cheap that is worn when swimming
food for thought /ˈfu:d fə ˈθɔ:t/ phr sth worth thinking seriously tight-fitting /ˈtaɪtˌfɪtɪŋ/ adj fitting very closely to the body.
about wetsuit /ˈwetsuːt/ n a piece of clothing, usually made from rubber,
have a finger in every pie /hæv ə ˈfɪŋgər ɪn ˈevri ˈpaɪ/ phr to be that covers the whole body closely and is designed to keep you
involved in and have influence over many different activities, often warm when you are swimming
in a way that people do not approve of
have a lot on your plate /hæv ə ˈlɒt ɒn jɔ ˈpleɪt/ phr to have a lot
of activities or responsibilities, be very busy UNIT 6
have your cake and eat it /ˈhæv jɔ ˈkeɪk ən ˈi:t ɪt/ phr to have or do
two good things at the same time that are impossible to have or do
at the same time
TRAVEL AND TOURISM
not be my cup of tea /ˈnɒt bi maɪ ˈkʌp əv ˈti:/ phr If sth is not your city break /ˈsɪti ˈbreɪk/ n a short holiday spent in a city
cup of tea, it is not the type of thing that you like. getaway /ˈɡetəweɪ/ n a place where you go for a holiday
spill the beans /ˈspɪl ðə ˈbiːnz/ phr to tell people secret indigenous culture /ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs ˈkʌltʃə/ n a way of life that
information naturally exists in a place or country
take (sth) with a pinch of salt /ˈteɪk wɪð ə ˈpɪntʃ əv ˈsɔ:lt/ phr to lesser-known place /ˌlesəˈnəʊn ˈpleis/ n somewhere that is not as
not completely believe sth that you are told, because you think it is popular or famous as somewhere else
unlikely to be true long-haul travel /ˈlɒŋhɔːl ˈtrævəl/ n when you travel a long
distance
once-in-a-lifetime holiday /ˌwʌnsɪnəˈlaɪftaɪm ˈhɒlɪdeɪ/ n a holiday
UNIT 5 that is very special because you will probably only have it once.
package tour /ˈpækɪdʒ ˌtʊə/ n a holiday at a fixed price in which
the travel company arranges your travel, hotels and sometimes
CLOTHES AND FASHION meals for you
eclectic /ekˈlektɪk/ adj Methods, beliefs, ideas, etc. that are eclectic seasonal job /ˈsiːzənəl ˈdʒɒb/ n a job that only exists for a
combine whatever seem the best or most useful things from many particular part of the year
different areas or systems, rather than following a single system.
solo traveller /ˈsəʊləʊ ˈtrævələ/ n smb who travels alone
effortlessly /ˈefətləsli/ adv in a way that is effortless (= seeming not
tourist trap /ˈtʊərɪst ˌtræp/ n a crowded place that provides
to need any effort)
entertainment and things to buy for tourists, often at high prices
eye-catching /ˈaɪˌkætʃɪŋ/ adj very attractive or noticeable
unspoilt beach /ʌnˈspɔɪlt ˈbːtʃ/ n a beach that is beautiful because
fit in /fɪt ˈɪn/ pv to feel that you belong to a particular group and it has not been changed or damaged by people
are accepted by that group
weekend away /ˌwiːkˈend əˈweɪ/ n a short holiday, lasting from
flattering /ˈflætərɪŋ/ adj making smb look or seem better or more Friday evening to Sunday evening
attractive than usual
second /ˈsekənd/ n sth that is sold cheaply because it is damaged
and not in perfect condition

VOCABULARY LIST 155

 EP VOCABULARY LIST
ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES in the spotlight /ɪn ðə ˈspɒtlaɪt/ phr (of a person) receiving a lot of
public attention
fascinating /ˈfæsəneɪtɪŋ/ adj extremely interesting
public appearance /ˌpʌblɪk əˈpɪərəns/ n an occasion when smb
fresh /freʃ/ adj clean and cool; found outside rather than in a room
appears in a place where a lot of people can see them
hazardous /ˈhæzədəs/ adj dangerous
sneak into /sniːk ˈɪntu/ pv to enter somewhere secretly
remote /rɪˈməʊt/ adj far away in distance; a long way from any
stalker /ˈstɔːkə/ n a person who illegally follows and watches smb,
towns or cities
especially a woman, over a period of time
stunning /ˈstʌnɪŋ/ adj extremely beautiful or attractive
terrifying /ˈterəfaɪɪŋ/ adj very frightening DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS
tranquil /ˈtræŋkwɪl/ adj calm and peaceful adviser to (smb) /ədˈvaɪzə tu/ n smb whose job is to give advice
unspoilt /ʌnˈspɔɪlt/ adj An unspoilt place is beautiful because it has about a subject to smb else
not been changed or damaged by people. be central to (sth) /bi ˈsentrəl tu/ phr to be very important to sth
deeply committed /ˌdiːpli kəˈmɪtɪd/ phr extremely loyal and be engrossed in (sth) /bi ɪnˈɡrəʊst ɪn/ phr to give all your
willing to give your time and energy to sth that you believe in attention to sth
fully aware /ˌfʊli əˈweə/ phr knowing that sth exists, or having be knowledgeable about (sth) /bi ˈnɒlɪdʒəbəl əˌbaʊt/ phr to know
absolute knowledge or experience of a particular thing a lot about sth
genuinely proud /ˌdʒenjuɪnli ˈpraʊd/ phr feeling real and sincere coverage of (sth) /ˈkʌvərɪdʒ əv/ n the reporting of a particular
pleasure and satisfaction because you or people connected with important event or subject
you have done or got sth good
impose (sth) on (smb) /ɪmˈpəʊz ɒn/ pv to force smb to accept sth,
highly unusual /ˌhaɪli ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/ phr extremely different from especially a belief or way of living
others of the same type in a way that is surprising
mislead (smb) over /ˌmɪsˈliːd ˌəʊvə/ pv to cause smb to believe sth
totally unique /ˌtəʊtəli /juːˈniːk/ phr being the only existing one of that is not true about sth
its type or, more generally, very unusual or special in some way
outbreak of (sth) /ˈaʊtbreɪk əv/ n when sth suddenly begins,
especially a disease or sth dangerous or unpleasant
UNIT 7 portrayal of (sth/smb) /pɔːˈtreɪəl əv/ n the way that smb or sth is
described or represented in a painting, film, book etc.
sympathetic to (sth/smb) /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk tu/ adj used to describe
LANDSCAPE smb who shows, especially by what they say, that they understand
alleyway /ˈæliweɪ/ n a narrow road or path between buildings and care about smb else’s suffering
coastline /ˈkəʊstlaɪn/ n the particular shape of the coast, especially
as seen from above, from the sea or on a map UNIT 9
cove /kəʊv/ n a curved part of a coast that partly surrounds an
area of water
flyover /ˈflaɪˌəʊvə/ n a bridge that carries a road or railway over HEALTH AND FITNESS
another road burn off /bɜːn ˈɒf/ pv to get rid of (energy or fat) by doing exercise
landmark /ˈlændmɑːk/ n a building or place that is easily complexion /kəmˈplekʃən/ n the natural appearance of the skin on
recognized, especially one that you can use to judge where you a person’s face, especially its colour or quality
are; a building or other structure that is considered especially
craze /kreɪz/ n an activity, object or idea that is extremely popular,
important as an example of its type
usually for a short time
landowner /ˈlændˌəʊnə/ n smb who owns land, especially a large
do (smb or sth) the world of good /du ðə ˈwɜːld əv ˈgʊd/ phr to
amount of land
make smb or sth much healthier or happier
rocky /ˈrɒki/ adj made of rock and therefore usually rough and
fad /fæd/ n sth that is very popular for a short period of time
difficult to travel along; covered with, or consisting of, stones
get back into shape /get ˈbæk ɪntu ˈʃeɪp/ phr to regain good
scenic /ˈsiːnɪk/ adj having or allowing you to see beautiful natural
physical condition
features
mindfulness /ˈmaɪndfəlnəs/ n the practice of being aware of your
summit /ˈsʌmɪt/ n the highest point of a mountain
body, mind and feelings in the present moment, thought to create
underpass /ˈʌndəpɑːs/ n a road or path that goes under sth such a feeling of calm
as a busy road
pull a muscle /ˌpʊl ə ˈmʌsəl/ phr to injure a muscle by stretching it
vegetation /ˌvedʒɪˈteɪʃən/ n plants in general, or plants that are too far so that it is very painful
found in a particular area
stamina /ˈstæmɪnə/ n the physical and/or mental strength to do
sth that might be difficult and will take a long time
UNIT 8 therapeutic /ˌθerəˈpjuːtɪk/ adj causing smb to feel happier and
more relaxed or to be more healthy
well-being /ˌwelˈbiːɪŋ/ n the state of feeling healthy and happy
CELEBRITY wrinkle /ˈrɪŋkəl/ n a small line in the skin caused by old age or too
A-list celebrity /ˈeɪlɪst səˈlebrəti/ n a person who is among the much exposure to the sun / pollution / etc.
most famous, especially in the entertainment business
aspire to (sth) /əˈspaɪər tu/ pv to have a strong wish or hope to do HEALTH IDIOMS
or have sth aches and pains /ˈeɪks ən ˈpeɪnz/ phr feelings of pain in different
big name /ˌbɪɡ ˈneɪm/ n a famous or important person parts of your body that are unpleasant but not very strong
credibility /ˌkredəˈbɪləti/ n the fact that smb can be believed or (as) fit as a fiddle /bi əz ˈfɪt əz ə ˈfɪdəl/ phr very healthy
trusted be the picture of health /ˌbi ə ˈpɪktʃə əv ˈhelθ/ phr to look very
endorse /ɪnˈdɔːs/ v to appear in an advertisement, saying that you healthy
use and like a particular product; to make a public statement of be back on your feet /bi ˈbæk ɒn jə ˈfi:t/ phr to be healthy again
your approval or support for sth or smb after a period of illness
hit the headlines /ˌhɪt ðə ˈhedlaɪnz/ phr to suddenly become the be full of beans /bi ˈfʊl əv ˈbiːnz/ phr lively and full energy
main subject of stories in newspapers, on television, etc.

156 VOCABULARY LIST

hard of hearing /ˌhɑːd əv ˈhɪərɪŋ/ phr not able to hear well
(have) a frog in your throat /hæv ə ˈfrɒg ɪn jə ˈθrəʊt/ phr (to UNIT 11
have) difficulty speaking because your throat feels dry
off-colour /ˌɒfˈkʌlə/ adj slightly ill
MEMORY AND FORGETTING
HEALTH: COLLOCATIONS discrepancy (between sth and sth) /dɪˈskrepənsi/ n a difference
between two things that should be the same
alleviate symptoms /əˈliːvieɪt ˈsɪmptəms/ phr to make the feeling
of illness caused by a particular disease less severe fabricate /ˈfæbrɪkeɪt/ v to invent sth false in order to deceive
be prescribed medication /bi prɪˈskraɪbd ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃən/ phr to flashback /ˈflæʃbæk/ n a sudden, clear memory of a past event or
be told by a doctor what medicine / set of medicines / drugs smb time, usually one that was bad
should have to improve a particular condition or illness make sense of (sth) /ˌmeɪk ˈsens əv/ phr to understand sth
consult a specialist /kənˈsʌlt ə ˈspeʃəlɪst/ phr to get advice from a plant /plɑːnt/ v to put sth or smb in a position secretly, especially in
doctor who has special knowledge of a particular area of medicine order to deceive smb
contract an illness /kənˈtrækt ən ˈɪlnəs/ phr to catch or become ill retrieve /rɪˈtriːv/ v to find and bring back sth
with a disease slip your mind /ˌslɪp jɔ ˈmaɪnd/ phr to be forgotten
have an operation /ˌhæv ən ˌɒpərˈeɪʃən/ phr to undergo a the gist /ðə ˈdʒɪst/ n the most important pieces of information
procedure where a doctor cuts a body for medical reasons in order about sth, or general information without details
to repair, remove or replace an unhealthy or damaged part trigger /ˈtrɪɡə/ v to cause sth to start
have treatment /ˌhæv ˈtriːtmənt/ phr to have drugs/medicine or vague /veɪɡ/ adj not clearly expressed or known
do special exercises to cure smb of an illness or injury
miss an appointment /ˌmɪs ən əˈpɔɪntmənt/ phr to fail to attend PREFIXES
(usually unintentionally) an appointment disrespectful /ˌdɪsrɪˈspektfəl/ adj lacking respect
sustain an injury /səˈsteɪn ən ˈɪndʒəri/ phr to suffer physical harm inconsiderate /ˌɪnkənˈsɪdərət/ adj not thinking or worrying about
or damage to your body caused by an accident or an attack other people or their feelings
mislead /ˌmɪsˈliːd/ v to cause smb to believe sth that is not true
UNIT 10 misunderstanding /ˌmɪsʌndəˈstændɪŋ/ n an occasion when smb
does not understand sth correctly; a disagreement, argument or fight
outdated /ˌaʊtˈdeɪtɪd/ adj old-fashioned and therefore not as good
CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS or as fashionable as sth modern
a long shot /ə ˈlɒŋ ˌʃɒt/ n sth you try although it is unlikely to be outgrow /ˌaʊtˈɡrəʊ/ v to grow bigger than or too big for sth; to lose
successful interest in an idea or activity as you get older
be more than you bargained for /bi ˈmɔː ðən ju ˈbɑːɡɪnd fɔ/ phr outsell /ˌaʊtˈsel/ v (of a product) to be sold in greater numbers than
to be more than you expected or were prepared for another product
on track /ɒn ˈtræk/ adj making progress and likely to succeed overcharge /ˌəʊvəˈtʃɑːdʒ/ v to charge smb either more than the real
gruelling /ˈɡruːəlɪŋ/ adj extremely tiring and difficult, and price or more than the value of a product or service
demanding great effort and determination overprotective /ˌəʊvəprəˈtektɪv/ adj wishing to protect smb,
hang in the balance /ˌhæŋ ɪn ðə ˈbæləns/ phr not be decided yet especially a child, too much
have nothing to lose /hæv ˈnʌθɪŋ tu ˌluːz/ phr to be in a situation overqualified /ˌəʊvəˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/ adj having more knowledge, skill
that could improve by doing sth and that will not be any worse if and/or experience than is needed (for a particular job)
you fail at it reapply /ˌriːəˈplaɪ/ v to officially ask again for sth, for example for
pay off /peɪ ˈɒf/ pv If sth you have done pays off, it is successful. yourself to be considered for a job, especially by writing or sending
in a form
pitfall /ˈpɪtfɔːl/ n a likely mistake or problem in a situation
reconsider /ˌriːkənˈsɪdə/ v to think again about a decision or opinion
rise to the occasion /ˌraɪz tu ðə əˈkeɪʒən/ phr to show that you
and decide if you want to change it
can deal with a difficult situation successfully
redo /ˌriːˈduː/ v to do again
PHRASES WITH MAKE, TAKE, HAVE AND GET reintroduce /ˌriːɪntrəˈdjuːs/ v to put sth into use, operation or a
place after it has not been used or in place for some time
get a move on /get ə ˈmuːv ɒn/ phr to hurry
undercooked /ˌʌndəˈkʊkt/ adj not cooked enough
get out of hand /get ˌaʊt əv ˈhænd/ phr to get out of control
underpaid /ˌʌndəˈpeɪd/ adj paid too little for the work you do
get the hang of (sth) /get ðə ˈhæŋ əv/ phr to learn how to do sth,
especially if it is not obvious or simple understaffed /ˌʌndəˈstɑːft/ adj If a shop, business or organization is
understaffed, it does not have enough employees.
get your hands on (sth) /get jɔ ˈhændz ɒn/ phr to obtain sth
unprofessional /ˌʌnprəˈfeʃənəl/ adj not showing the standard of
have no effect (on sth/smb) /ˌhæv nəʊ ɪˈfekt/ phr to have no
behaviour or skill that is expected of a person in a skilled job
influence on, to cause no change
have no option but to (do sth) /ˌhæv nəʊ ˈɒpʃən bət tə/ phr to
have to do a particular thing because there is no possibility of UNIT 12
doing anything else
make a point of (doing sth) /ˌmeɪk ə ˈpɔɪnt əv/ phr to always do
sth, or to take particular care to do sth SOCIAL CHANGE
make it /ˈmeɪk ɪt/ phr to be very successful affluent /ˈæfluənt/ adj having a lot of money
take an interest in (sth) /ˌteɪk ən ˈɪntrəst ɪn/ phr to want to be be laid off /bi ˌleɪd ˈɒf/ pv to stop being employed, usually because
involved with and to discover more about sth there is no work to do
take stock of (sth) /teɪk ˈstɒk əv/ phr to think carefully about a disposable income /dɪˌspəʊzəbəl ˈɪnkʌm/ n the money that you
situation or event so that you can decide what to do can spend as you want and not the money that you spend on taxes,
food and other basic needs
make ends meet /ˌmeɪk endz ˈmiːt/ phr to have just enough money
to pay for the things that you need
means /miːnz/ n money, for example from an income, that allows
you to buy things

VOCABULARY LIST 157

 EP VOCABULARY LIST
outgoings /ˈaʊtˌɡəʊɪŋz/ n amounts of money that regularly have PHRASAL VERBS AND NOUNS
to be spent, for example to pay for heating or rent
crack down on /kræk ˈdaʊn ɒn/ pv to start dealing with bad or
overcrowding /ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪŋ/ n a situation when a place contains illegal behaviour in a more severe way
too many people or things
crackdown /ˈkrækdaʊn/ n a situation in which smb starts to deal
pay gap /ˈpeɪ gæp/ n the difference between the average pay of with bad or illegal behaviour in a more severe way
two different groups of people, for example men and women
cut back /kʌt ˈbæk/ pv to spend less, do less or use less of sth
reform /rɪˈfɔːm/ v to make an improvement, especially by changing
cutback /ˈkʌtbæk/ n a reduction in sth, made in order to save money
a person’s behaviour or the structure of sth
downturn /ˈdaʊntɜːn/ n a reduction in the amount or success of
tackle /ˈtækəl/ v to try to deal with sth or smb
sth, such as a country’s economic activity
tighten your belt /ˌtaɪtən jɔ ˈbelt/ phr to spend less money than
go ahead /ɡəʊ əˈhed/ pv to start to do sth
you did before because you have less money
go-ahead /ˈɡəʊəhed/ n an occasion when permission is given for
unaffordable /ˌʌnəˈfɔːdəbəl/ adj too expensive for people to be
smb to start doing sth or for an activity to happen
able to buy or pay for
outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ n a result or effect of an action, situation, etc.
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS outgoings /ˈaʊtˌɡəʊɪŋz/ n amounts of money that regularly have to
spent, for example to pay for heating or rent
communal /ˈkɒmjənəl/ adj belonging to or used by a group of
people rather than one single person pay out /peɪ ˈaʊt/ pv to pay a lot of money to smb
deprivation /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃən/ n a situation in which you do not have payout /ˈpeɪaʊt/ n a large amount of money that is paid to smb
things or conditions necessary for a pleasant life setback /ˈsetbæk/ n sth that happens that delays or prevents a
deprived /dɪˈpraɪvd/ adj not having the things that are necessary process from developing
for a pleasant life, such as enough money, food or good living the outset /ði ˈaʊtset/ n the beginning
conditions tip (smb) off /tɪp ˈɒf/ pv to warn smb secretly about sth that will
discrimination /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/ n treating a person or particular happen, so that they can take action or prevent it from happening
group of people in a worse way from the way in which you treat tip-off /ˈtɪpɒf/ n a secret warning or piece of secret information
other people, because of their skin colour, sex, sexuality, etc. turn over /tɜːn ˈəʊvə/ pv to make a particular amount of money
diversify /daɪˈvɜːsɪfaɪ/ v to start to include more different types or from doing business
things turnover /ˈtɜːnəʊvə/ n the amount of business that a company
expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə/ n the total amount of money that a does in a period of time
government or person spends upkeep /ˈʌpkiːp/ n the cost or process of keeping sth, such as a
housing /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/ n buildings for people to live in building, in good condition
jobless /ˈdʒɒbləs/ adj unemployed
manufacturing /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ/ n the business of producing
goods in large numbers
UNIT 14
plentiful /ˈplentɪfəl/ adj If sth is plentiful, there is a lot of it
available. WORK AND CAREERS
powerful /ˈpaʊəfəl/ adj having a lot of power to control people and a steady job /ə ˌstedi ˈdʒɒb/ n work that is likely to continue for a
events long time and for which you will be paid regularly
rural /ˈrʊərəl/ adj in, of or like the countryside appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/ v to choose smb officially for a job or task
scarcity /ˈskeəsəti/ n a situation in which sth is not easy to find or get climb the corporate ladder /klaɪm ðə ˌkɔːpərət ˈlædə/ phr to get a
shortage /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/ n a situation in which there is not enough of sth series of increasingly important jobs within a company
suffrage /ˈsʌfrɪdʒ/ n the right to vote in an election, especially to enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz/ n an organization, especially a business, or
vote for representatives in a government a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money
wealth /welθ/ n a large amount of money or valuable possessions hold down a job /ˌhəʊld daʊn ə ˈdʒɒb/ phr to manage to keep a
that smb has job for a period of time
out of a job /ˌaʊt əv ə ˈdʒɒb/ phr without a job, unemployed
UNIT 13 recruit /rɪˈkruːt/ v to persuade smb to work for a company or
become a new member of an organization, especially the army
resign from (sth) /rɪˈzaɪn frəm/ pv to give up a job or position by
TRUTH AND LIES telling your employer that you are leaving
concoct /kənˈkɒkt/ v to invent an excuse, explanation or story in vocation /vəʊˈkeɪʃən/ n a type of work that you feel you are suited
order to deceive smb to doing and to which you should give all your time and energy, or
credibility /ˌkredəˈbɪləti/ n the fact that smb can be believed or the feeling that a type of work suits you in this way
trusted well-qualified /ˌwel ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/ adj having suitable experience or
fake /feɪk/ adj not real, but made to look or seem real formal qualifications
fall for (sth) /ˈfɔːl fə/ pv to be deceived by sth, usually a lie
far-fetched /ˌfɑːˈfetʃt/ adj very unlikely to be true, and difficult to
EXPRESSIONS WITH WORK
believe do the donkey work /du ðə ˈdɒŋki ˌwɜːk/ phr to do the hard,
boring part of a job
hoax /həʊks/ n a plan to deceive smb, such as telling the police
there is a bomb somewhere when there is not one, or a trick get down to work /ɡet ˌdaʊn tə ˈwɜːk/ phr to start to direct your
efforts and attention towards sth
plausible /ˈplɔːzəbəl/ adj seeming likely to be true
get worked up /get ˌwɜːkt ˈʌp/ phr to get upset or very excited
scam /skæm/ n an illegal plan for making money, especially one
about sth
that involves tricking people
have your work cut out (for you) /hæv jə ˈwɜːk kʌt ˈaʊt fə ju/ phr
supposedly /səˈpəʊzɪdli/ adv used to show that you do not believe
to have sth very difficult to do
that sth you have been told is true
make short work of (sth) /ˌmeɪk ʃɔːt ˈwɜːk əv/ phr to finish or deal
take (smb) in /teɪk ˈɪn/ pv to cause smb to believe sth that is not
with sth quickly
true, or to trick or deceive smb
the works /ðə ˈwɜːks/ n everything that you might want or expect
to find in a particular situation
158 VOCABULARY LIST
work against the clock /ˌwɜːk əgenst ðə ˈklɒk/ phr If you work be on the streets /bi ɒn ðə ˈstriːts/ phr to be homeless
against the clock, you work as fast as possible and try to finish feel like a fish out of water /fiːl laɪk ə ˈfɪʃ aʊt əv ˈwɔːtə/ phr to feel
before a certain time. uncomfortable in a specific situation
work your way up /ˌwɜːk jə weɪ ˈʌp/ phr to achieve a better get cold feet /get ˌkəʊld ˈfiːt/ phr to suddenly become too
position within the organisation you work for frightened to do sth you had planned to do
go thin on top /gəʊ ˌθɪn ɒn ˈtɒp/ phr to lose some of the hair on
COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS your head
ahead of /əˈhed əv/ prep earlier than or before smb or sth leave a lot to be desired /ˌliːv ə ˈlɒt tə bi dɪˈzaɪəd/ phr to be much
by means of /baɪ ˈmiːnz əv/ prep used to show the method used worse than you would like
by way of /baɪ ˈweɪ əv/ prep as a type of not suffer fools gladly /nɒt ˌsʌfə ˈfuːlz ˈglædli/ phr to have little
for lack of /fə ˈlæk əv/ prep because of the fact that sth is not patience with people you think are stupid or have stupid ideas
available or that there is not enough of it on low incomes /ɒn ˌləʊ ˈɪnkʌmz/ phr not earning much money
in accordance with (sth) /ɪn əˈkɔːdəns wɪð/ prep following or pass away /pɑːs əˈweɪ/ pv to die
obeying pre-owned /ˌpriːˈəʊnd/ adj not new; once owned by smb else
in charge of (sth/smb) /ɪn ˈtʃɑːdʒ əv/ prep responsible for pull yourself together /pʊl jəˌself təˈgeðə/ pv to become clam and
in place of (smb/sth) /ɪn ˈpleɪs əv/ prep instead of behave normally again after being angry or upset
on behalf of /ɒn bɪˈhɑːf əv/ prep representing put (sth) to sleep /pʊt tə sliːp/ phr to kill an animal that is very ill
or very old so that it does not suffer any more
restroom /ˈrestruːm/ n (US English) a room with toilets that is in a
UNIT 15 public place, for example in a restaurant
run like clockwork /ˌrʌn laɪk ˈklɒkwɜːk/ phr to happen exactly as
planned, without any trouble
HEROES AND LEADERS
take no prisoners /teɪk ˌnəʊ ˈprɪzənəz/ phr to be determined and
advocate /ˈædvəkət/ n smb who publicly supports sth not care about other people’s feelings when trying to achieve sth
be a voice for (smb) /bi ə ˈvɔɪs fə/ phr to express an opinion on work (your) socks off /ˌwɜːk jə ˈsɒks ˈɒf/ phr to work very hard
behalf of smb
campaigner /ˌkæmˈpeɪnə/ n a person who takes part in organized
activities that are intended to change sth in society UNIT 16
committed /kəˈmɪtɪd/ adj loyal and willing to give your time and
energy to sth that you believe in
resourceful /rɪˈzɔːsfəl/ adj skilled at solving problems and making WORK AND STUDY
decisions on your own apply (yourself) /əˈplaɪ/ v If you apply yourself to sth, you work
self-assured /ˌselfəˈʃɔːd/ adj having confidence in your own abilities hard at it, directing your abilities and efforts in a determined way.
spokesperson /ˈspəʊksˌpɜːsən/ n a person who is chosen to speak assignment /əˈsaɪnmənt/ n a piece of work given to smb, typically
officially for a group or organization as part of their studies or job
take the initiative /ˌteɪk ði ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ phr to be the first one to do dissertation /ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃən/ n a long piece of writing on a subject,
sth, especially to solve a problem usually done in order to receive a degree
uncompromising /ʌnˈkɒmprəmaɪzɪŋ/ adj If people or their beliefs humanities /hjuˈmænɪtiz/ n literature, language, history,
are uncompromising, they are fixed and do not change. philosophy and other subjects that are not a science
unsung hero /ˌʌnsʌŋ ˈhɪərəʊ/ n a person who does sth very brave, intern /ˈɪntɜːn/ n smb who is finishing training for a skilled job
achieves sth great or works hard, but who is not noticed or praised especially by getting practical experience of the work involved
for this learn the ropes /ˌlɜːn ðə ˈrəʊps/ phr to learn how to do a job or
activity
METAPHORS, SIMILES AND EUPHEMISMS numeracy /ˈnjuːmərəsi/ n ability to do basic mathematics
(have) a heart of gold /hæv ə ˈhɑːt əv ˈɡəʊld/ phr to have a kind on-the-job training /ˌɒn ðə dʒɒb ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ n the process of
and generous character learning the skills you need while you are working
a roller-coaster ride of emotions /ə ˈroʊlə ˌkoʊstər ˈraɪd əv schooling /ˈskuːlɪŋ/ n education at school
ɪˈməʊʃənz/ phr a series of emotions that change very quickly trade /treɪd/ n a job, especially one that needs special skill, that
as clear as mud /əz ˈklɪər əz mʌd/ phr very unclear involves working with your hands
as good as new /əz ˈgʊd əz ə ˈnjuː/ phr in very good condition workshop /ˈwɜːkʃɒp/ n a meeting of people to discuss and/or
again, after not working well perform practical work in a subject or activity
as light as a feather /əz ˈlaɪt əz ə ˈfeðə/ phr very light
as quick as lightning /əz ˈkwɪk əz ˈlaɪtnɪŋ/ phr very quick COMPOUND ADJECTIVES AND VERB
as quiet as a mouse /əz ˈkwaɪət əz ə ˈmaʊs/ phr very quiet SUFFIXES
as regular as clockwork /əz ˈregjʊlər əz ˈklɒkwɜːk/ phr very broad-minded /ˌbrɔːdˈmaɪndɪd/ adj willing to accept other
regularly and reliably people’s behaviour and beliefs
as safe as houses /əz ˈseɪf əz ˈhaʊzɪz/ phr very safe health-conscious /ˈhelθ ˌkɒnʃəs/ adj If you are health-conscious,
as sick as a dog /əz ˈsɪk əz ə ˈdɒg/ phr very sick you know and care about your health and think it is important.
as solid as a rock /əs ˈsɒlɪd əz ə ˈrɒk/ phr very strong like-minded /ˌlaɪkˈmaɪndɪd/ adj People who are described as like-
as sweet as pie /əz ˈswiːt əz ˈpaɪ/ phr very nice and kind minded share the same opinions, ideas or interests.
as white as a sheet /əz ˈwaɪt əz ə ˈʃiːt/ phr very pale rent-free /ˌrentˈfriː/ adj, adv If a house is rent-free or if you are living
or staying rent-free, the owner is not asking for payment.
be (an absolute) star /bi ə ˈstɑː/ phr If you describe smb as a star,
it is because they have done sth for you that really helps you with a soundproof /ˈsaʊndpruːf/ adj (of a building or part of a building)
problem or difficult situation. not allowing sound to go through
be as good as gold /bi əz ˈɡʊd əz ˈgəʊld/ phr (of a child) to stress-free /ˈstresˌfriː/ adj not causing or feeling any worry
behave very well trustworthy /ˈtrʌstˌwɜːði/ adj able to be trusted
be between jobs /bi bɪˈtwiːn ˈdʒɒbz/ phr to be unemployed vitamin-rich /ˈvɪtəmɪn rɪtʃ/ adj containing a lot of vitamins
be economical with the truth /bi ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkəl wɪð ðə truːθ/ (organic substances necessary for good health)
phr to tell lies waterproof /ˈwɔːtəpruːf/ adj not allowing water to go through
be getting on a bit /bi ˌɡetɪŋ ˈɒn ə bɪt/ phr to be getting old

VOCABULARY LIST 159

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
UNIT 1 HABITUAL ACTIONS 2 Complete the text with the correct form of the verb in
brackets.
Habitual actions in the present
• We use the present simple + usually, often or generally to When I was a kid, I 1 (collect)
talk about current habitual actions. everything under the sun, including odd things like
In our family, we usually have lunch at about 1 o’clock. fossils and cheese labels. In those days, my mum
• We can also use will + infinitive without to to refer to
2
(go) shopping almost every
day and I went with her. Whenever we went into a
habitual or typical behaviour. This is the present equivalent
food shop, I 3 (spend) lots of time
of would referring to past habitual behaviour.
examining the cheeses. My mum 4
Most evenings, I’ll get home from work at around 6 o’clock, (get) irritated because I 5 (always
have a bite to eat and then watch a film on TV. pester) her to buy cheese with colourful labels. As soon
• We use the present continuous to refer to new habits. as we got home, I 6 (tear) the labels
Normally I drive to work, but this week I’m getting a lift. off and stick them in a special album.
These days, my friends and I are playing tennis rather than These days, I’m an avid collector of antique furniture.
squash. At the moment I 7 (look for) Art Deco
• We use the present continuous + always, constantly or dining chairs. Most weekends I 8
forever to refer to habitual actions which we consider too (visit) an auction and I 9 (usually /
frequent and often annoying. end up) buying something I don’t have room in the
house for. My children get really annoyed. ‘You
Our cat is always catching birds and mice and bringing 10
(always buy) expensive
them into the house.
rubbish, Dad,’ they say. They’re right of course.
• We use keep + the -ing form of the verb to emphasise the
fact that an action is repetitive.
I keep thinking we’ve met before.
3 Correct any mistakes in these sentences. One sentence
Habitual actions in the past is correct.
• We use used to + infinitive to refer to habitual past actions 1 When I was a child, I used play outside with my friends
which no longer take place and past states which are no until quite late in the evening.
longer true. 2 Our neighbours are always argue. It keeps us awake.
I used to walk or cycle everywhere when I was younger. 3 I don’t spend much time in the kitchen now, but when
In those days I used to be slimmer than I am now. I was younger I used to be a good cook.
4 I keep tell my dad to slow down – he drives too fast.
• We use would + infinitive without to to refer to habitual
5 When you were a teenager, you would be a vegetarian,
past actions but not to past states.
wouldn’t you?
When they were younger, my grandparents would spend
6 I’ll sometimes spending a whole day reading a novel.
their evenings listening to the radio.
• We use the past continuous + always, constantly or forever
THE GRAMMAR OF MULTI-WORD
to refer to habitual past actions which the speaker found UNIT 2 VERBS
annoying for some reason. We can use it about other
people and ourselves. Multi-word verbs or phrasal verbs, consist of a verb followed
When I was younger, my parents were constantly telling me by one or two particles (adverbs or prepositions).
to tidy my room. Phrasal verbs are either ‘separable’ or ‘inseparable’.
As a child, I was always breaking things.
Separable phrasal verbs
Practice • The components of these verbs can be separated or
interrupted by the object of the verb.
1 Complete the sentences with one word. Sometimes Did you turn the TV off? (the TV is the object)
more than one answer is possible. Yes, I turned it off when I went to bed. (it is the object)
1 My parents are asking me what I’ve • If the object of the verb is a noun, it can come between the
been doing. It’s infuriating. verb and the particle or after the particle.
2 When I was a child, I often to wonder It took me all morning to fill in this form.
what I’d be when I grew up. It took me all morning to fill this form in.
3 It’s a bit worrying – I getting
• If the object of the verb is a pronoun, it must come
anonymous phone calls.
between the verb and the particle.
4 In the past, factories close down for
It was a long form. It took me all morning to fill it in.
two weeks every summer.
5 Eventually, we all got fed up with Pete. He • If the object is a long noun phrase, it usually comes after
always criticising us. the particle.
6 On a typical Sunday morning, I get up It took me all morning to fill in this driving licence
late and spend the morning in my pyjamas. application form.
Here are some more common separable verbs:
cheer up / hand out / let down / take in / throw away
160 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
Inseparable phrasal verbs 3 Correct any mistakes with phrasal verbs in these
• The two parts of these verbs cannot be separated by the sentences. Two sentences are correct.
object of the verb. The verb and the particle always remain 1 I can’t find my passport. I hope no one has thrown away
together. it by mistake.
I’m looking after my baby sister this evening. 2 It was so hot in the cinema last night that several people
Yesterday I came across this email you sent me a year ago. passed out.
Here are some other common inseparable phrasal verbs: 3 Whatever the problem is, you just have to face it up to.
get off / get on / get over / grow up / look into / take after 4 Don’t forget to turn all the lights off when you leave.
• Verbs followed by two particles are usually inseparable. 5 If I want to remember how to spell a word, I write
down it.
My dad and I have always got on with each other very well.
6 I can’t hear the radio. Can you turn up it, please?
There’s a great view. You can look down on the whole city.
Here are some more phrasal verbs followed by two
particles: UNIT 3 REVIEW OF FUTURE TENSES
come up with / get away with / look up to / put up with /
read up on Present simple
Intransitive verbs We use the present simple
• These verbs do not have an object and are inseparable. • for future timetabled or scheduled events.
Our car broke down on a busy motorway. Football practice starts at 11.00 and finishes at midday.
Here are some more common intransitive phrasal verbs: • in subordinate clauses which refer to the future and begin
eat out / fall through / get by / grow up / pass out / set off with time phrases.
As soon as we get back, I’ll give you a call.
Practice Present continuous
1 Complete the sentences with a phrasal verb from the We use the present continuous for fixed future arrangements.
box. You may have to add a pronoun. I’m meeting my sister for lunch tomorrow.
fall through hand out look forward to put away going to + infinitive
put up with set off take after turn down We use going to + infinitive
1 That music is really deafening. Please could you • for intentions, plans or resolutions.
. Mike is going to work really hard for next year’s exams.
2 We were hoping to go on holiday, but our plans • for making predictions when there is evidence.
because we didn’t have enough It’s going to rain tonight. (Evidence: dark clouds in the sky)
money.
3 I’m really seeing you tomorrow.
future simple (will + infinitive)
4 The children have left their toys all over the floor We use the future simple
although I did ask them to . • for predictions and expectations.
5 We’re catching the 4 am ferry, so we’ll have to Hopefully, we’ll meet again soon.
soon after midnight. • for future facts and theoretical certainties.
6 I’d like everyone to have one of these leaflets. Could you On her next birthday Ivy will be seven.
for me, please? • for promises, offers and refusals.
7 Simon looks nothing like either of his parents. If
I’ll close all the windows if you like.
anything, he his grandfather.
I’ll never do that again, I promise.
8 Suzie’s boyfriend is so bad-tempered. I don’t know how
It doesn’t matter what I say, he won’t go to sleep.
she .
• for sudden responses or instant decisions.
2 Rewrite these sentences replacing the underlined A: Oh no! We’ve run out of milk.
words using a phrasal verb from the box. B: Don’t panic. I’ll go and get some.
call off cheer up come up with fill in future continuous (will be + -ing)
get over let down run into run out of We use the future continuous
1 This was a very complicated form; it took me two hours • to refer to an action or event which we predict will start
to complete it. before a point of time in the future. The event or action will
2 It was good to see Jan this morning. I met her in town. probably continue after this point.
3 You look sad. What can I do to make you happy? This time next week, I’ll be starting my new job.
4 We’re going to have no coffee left soon. • to refer to a future arrangement.
5 That’s a great idea. Who thought of it? We’ll be leaving on the overnight train tomorrow.
6 I hope the weather is OK for our party tomorrow. If it
rains we’ll have to cancel it.
7 Be there at midday, and don’t disappoint me again.
8 Mia had a bad accident. It took her ages to recover.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 161

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
be to + infinitive 4 Before long the popularity of online films will have been
We use be to + infinitive increasing so much that most cinemas are to close.
5 If we will reduce climate change significantly, we should
• to refer to events that are planned to happen in the near
ban the use of fossil fuels.
future.
Food shops are to re-open on Monday.
3 Choose the correct verb form.
• in an if clause to point out that something must happen 1 Slow down! You’ll have been finishing / have finished your
before something else can happen. meal before the rest of us have even started.
If we are to solve this problem, we need to act quickly. 2 This time tomorrow, we’ll be arriving / we are to arrive in
• We only use be to to refer to events that can be controlled South Africa.
by people. So this sentence is incorrect: Apparently it’s to 3 You’ll need a lot more practice if you are to pass / were
rain all day. The correct form here is will or going to. going to pass your driving test.
4 Doesn’t time fly? This weekend we’ll be living / we’ll have
was/were going to + infinitive been living here for ten years.
We use was/were going to + infinitive 5 It says in the instructions that we will be assembling / are
• to refer to a future event as seen from the past. to assemble in the main hall at 9 o’clock.
Tim really believed he was going to fail his final exam.
• in the same way as would.
Did you think finding a job was going to be / would be easy?
UNIT 4 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

future perfect (will have + past participle) to + infinitive

We use the future perfect We can use to + infinitive
• to refer to actions or events that will have ended by a point • as the subject of a sentence.
of time in the future.
To sleep is essential.
I’ll have finished my assignment by the end of this week.
More often we use an infinitive clause.
future perfect continuous (will have been + -ing) To break a bad habit can be almost impossible.
We use the future perfect continuous In informal English, however, it is more common to change
• to refer to an activity in progress at a point in the future. this word order and start these sentences with It.
On May 10th, we’ll have been going out for two years. It can be almost impossible to break a bad habit.
• to stress the duration of the activity. • to express purpose
Soon we’ll have been waiting here for over two hours. We’re going to Milan to see our old friends.
More formally we can use in order to and so as to + the
Practice infinitive.
1 Complete this text with the verbs in the box in the Most people need to work in order to survive.
future continuous or future perfect form. I crossed the road so as to avoid talking to him.
become demand eat increase reduce • after certain adjectives (e.g. excited, pleased) and nouns
(e.g. attempt, decision).
She was pleased to be nominated for the award.
In the near future vegetable proteins like Quark
Unfortunately his attempt to qualify for the Olympics failed.
1
an established alternative to meat
and other animal products. Around 20% of the population Infinitive without to
2
only vegetarian food, and the rest of • This is used after sense verbs, e.g. see, watch, hear, feel,
us 3 the amount of meat we consume. to refer to a complete action, when we see or hear the
Awareness of the dangers of pesticides and intensive beginning and end of the action.
farming 4 and we 5 We watched them cut the tree down. (from the first cut of
chemical-free fruit and vegetables. the saw to the tree lying on the ground)
I heard him slam the door behind him. (a single action)
2 Correct the mistakes in these sentences using a verb Note: To refer to part of an action we use the gerund, not
form from the box. the infinitive. (See below.)

future continuous future perfect to be + infinitive Gerund

was/were going to We use the gerund
• after sense verbs, e.g. see, watch, hear, feel to refer to an
1 By the year 2030, I think most people will have been
incomplete action, or when we see only part of an action.
working from home.
2 Yesterday the sky went very dark. I really thought there We watched them cutting the tree down for ten minutes. (We
will be a thunderstorm. may not have seen the first cut or the fallen tree.)
3 In fifty years’ time I’m sure people will still have got Did you hear me laughing just now? (You may not have
married and have children. heard me start or finish laughing.)

162 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

• after sense verbs when referring to a repeated action.
I heard him running up and down stairs this morning.
UNIT 5 REVIEW OF MODALS
• after certain verb + preposition combinations.
PART 1: Modal verbs
She admitted to having felt nervous before her test.
You needn’t apologise for arriving early. Permission
Other verbs of this kind are: believe in, boast about, • We use can / could / may + infinitive without to to ask for
confess to, insist on, put off, object to, succeed in permission.
• after certain adjective / noun + preposition combinations • We use can’t for lack of permission or prohibition.
(e.g. afraid of, famous for / belief in, fear of). Students can’t use mobile phones in the classroom.
Mary was worried about losing her job. • We use could / couldn’t to talk about permission or
There was a delay in completing the building work due to prohibition in the past.
bad weather.
Obligation: must, have to, need (to)
• as the subject of a sentence.
• We use must / mustn’t + infinitive without to for rules and
Watching the sea is very calming. laws.
Practice • We can also use must / mustn’t to express a feeling of
obligation or a feeling that something is important.
1 Complete this courtroom conversation between a You mustn’t worry about paying the rent on time.
lawyer and witness, using either the infinitive or the • Note the opposites of must in the present and future.
-ing form of the verbs in brackets. You must / will have to wear a tie for work. This is a rule.
Lawyer: Tell the court, Ms Diaz, why you looked out of your You mustn’t wear jeans for work. This is also a rule.
window at 5.30 in the morning. You don’t have to / won’t have to wear a tie. You can wear a
Ms Diaz: I heard someone 1 (try) to start tie if you like. It is your choice.
their car. • We use have to / need to + infinitive to express obligations
Lawyer: And what did you see? from an external source.
Ms Diaz: I saw my neighbour 2 (hit) the He has to / will have to / needs to attend a meeting at 8.30.
steering wheel car and 3 (yell). • We use need to / don’t need to + infinitive for necessity.
Lawyer: Did he 4 (strike) the steering You need to get more sleep. / You don’t need to hurry.
wheel once or several times?
Ms Diaz: I saw him 5 (punch) it over and Obligation in the past
over again. He was furious. • The verb must has no past form. We use had to / needed to
Lawyer: And did you actually hear him 6 to talk about obligation in the past.
(shout)? I felt I had to / needed to explain what I’d done.
Ms Diaz: No, but I could see his mouth 7 • We use didn’t have to / didn’t need to to refer to lack of
and (open and close). obligation or necessity.
Lawyer: And what happened next? On Fridays we didn’t have to / didn’t need to dress formally.
Ms Diaz: I saw him 8 (get out) of the • We use didn’t need to for actions that were not necessary.
car, 9 (slam) the door and We had lots of coffee, so we didn’t need to buy any. (We
10
(walk) away. didn’t buy coffee.)
Lawyer: Thank you, Ms Diaz. • We use needn’t have + past participle for actions that
happened but that were unnecessary.
2 Rewrite these sentences using the verbs in brackets. We already had plenty of coffee, so we needn’t have bought
Add any other words that you need. any more. (We bought coffee.)
1 I didn’t lock the door behind me. (neglect)
2 The designer handbag was actually a fake. (prove) Advice: should, ought to
3 My brother finally passed his driving test. (succeed) • We use should / shouldn’t + infinitive without to for advice.
4 Sara always likes to buy everyone a birthday present. You should see the dentist if you have toothache.
(insist) • We use ought to / ought not to + infinitive for strong advice
5 The driver said he had fallen asleep at the wheel. (confess) or to express moral responsibility and also to remind
6 He couldn’t find his keys, so in the end he climbed someone, including yourself, about a responsibility.
through a window. (resort) Adults ought to set a good example to children.
I really ought to finish my homework, but I’m too tired.
3 Choose the correct verb form in these sentences. • We use had better + infinitive without to to give advice in
1 We’re looking forward to see / seeing you in the summer. a specific situation.
2 Speaking / To speak in front of a large audience is a
You’d better leave now or you’ll miss your train.
terrifying experience for me.
3 I’m wearing this thick coat so as to keep / keeping warm. • We use should have / ought to have + past participle to
4 As soon as I woke up I heard rain fall / falling on the tent. describe mistakes, regrets or to give retrospective advice
5 Did you actually see the car hit / hitting the cyclist? (advice after the event) to other people or oneself.
6 Jo was anxious getting / to get to the interview on time. You should have / ought to have told me you had no money.
It was fine. I shouldn’t have / ought not to have worried.

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 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
Speculation and deduction: must, can’t, may, Have the right
might, could • be entitled + to + infinitive
• We use must + infinitive without to when we are almost If our flight is cancelled, we are entitled to receive a refund.
sure something is true.
Prohibition
People have their umbrellas up. It must be raining.
• We can use the negative forms of permission structures.
• We use can’t + infinitive without to when we are almost
Students are not allowed to take food into the classroom.
sure something is impossible.
Planes are not permitted to take off between 20.00–06.00.
She isn’t wearing a uniform, so she can’t be a police officer.
We were not free to leave until the end of the lesson.
• We use may / might / could + infinitive without to when we
aren’t sure. • We can use to be banned from doing something to refer to
situations where something is not allowed by law.
She looks terrible, but she may / might / could just need a
good night’s sleep. He was banned from driving for a year after being found
guilty of causing the accident.
He’s never as late as this. I suppose he may / might not be
coming. (We can’t use could in the negative.) Obligation
• We use must have + past participle when we are almost • be required + to + infinitive is used for laws and rules.
certain about something in the past. You are required by law to stop driving after an accident.
There are students everywhere. Their classes must have I was required to show my driving licence to the police.
finished early today. • be obliged to do something is used for laws, rules and
• We use can’t have + past participle when we are almost moral duties which make someone behave in a certain way.
certain that something did not happen. Police officers are legally obliged to uphold the law.
That’s Matt’s bike, so he can’t have cycled to college. Doctors are legally and morally obliged to save patients’
• We use may / might / could have + past participle when we lives.
aren’t sure whether something happened or not. • be supposed + to + infinitive is used for obligations which
He’s very late. He may / might / could have missed his train. we choose to ignore.
I wonder why Mandy hasn’t phoned me back. I suppose she We’re supposed to hand our essays in on Friday, but mine
may / might not have heard my message. (We can’t use won’t be ready until next week.
could have in the negative.) I was supposed to be at the interview at 10.30, but I didn’t
Ability: could, couldn’t, was able to, was unable to get there till 11.00 because my train was late.
• We use can / can’t + infinitive without to for natural or Ability
learned abilities. • We use manage + to + infinitive to refer to present, future
I can read quickly, but I can’t see well without glasses. and specific past actions when could would be incorrect.
• Can doesn’t have a future form, so we often use will be able I usually manage to do 30 press-ups before I collapse.
to + infinitive. It’s not far, so we should manage to get there before dark.
I hope I’ll be able to walk again after the operation. I managed to get to sleep despite the noise next door.
• We use could / couldn’t + infinitive without to for past
abilities. Practice
I couldn’t swim until I was 10.
• For specific past actions we can use couldn’t but not could. 1 Choose the correct verb.
Instead, we use was / were able to. 1 Someone can’t have / must have helped him with this
I couldn’t get in because I’d lost my key, but in the end I was essay. It’s much better than his normal work.
able to get in through the kitchen window. 2 Everyone is required to / is free to show a valid visa or
they are not allowed to / should not enter the country.
PART 2: Other verbs with modal meanings 3 You don’t need to / mustn’t tell me what happened –
I already know.
Permission 4 I’d better / ought to walk to work, but the car is easier.
• be allowed + to + infinitive 5 I have to / must get my hair cut. It’s getting on my nerves.
Students are / were allowed to take water into the exam. 6 We didn’t need to put / needn’t have put fuel in the car.
• be permitted + to + infinitive The tank was already full.
This is a more formal alternative to be allowed to.
Planes are permitted to take off between 06.00–20.00 2 Complete conversations 1–3 with verbs from those
listed for each conversation.
• be free to + infinitive
1 couldn’t / can’t / could have
This indicates that someone has the right to do something
A: Jo? Thank goodness it’s you. I 1 tell
or is not being prevented from doing something.
you how good it is to hear your voice.
We were free to leave straight after our last lesson.
B: You 2 called me.
A: I tried, but I 3 get through. Either
your phone was switched off or you just didn’t answer.

164 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

 2 weren’t able / wasn’t allowed / couldn’t Modifying comparative and superlative adjectives
A: I waited for nearly two hours. What happened to you? • We use these words to modify comparative adjectives:
B: I 4 get out. a great deal, considerably, even, substantially, somewhat
A: You mean your leg was broken or you
It’s considerably warmer today than it was yesterday, but it
5
to open the door?
was even warmer on Monday.
B: No, I mean I 6 to leave the house.
• We use no and not any to form a negative.
My parents wouldn’t let me.
Flying is no more expensive than travelling by train.
3 managed / being able / couldn’t • We can use to infinitive (+ than + to infinitive) after a
A: Are you OK? comparative adjective.
B: I’m OK now, but it was a very strange feeling not
It is always better to tell the truth than to lie.
7
to get out of my own car.
• We use these words to modify superlative adjectives: by far,
A: What happened exactly?
easily, one of, among
B: I fell asleep with the radio and the heater on. When
I woke up, I was very hot and I 8 Shanghai is by far the busiest port in the world.
hear the radio. The battery was flat. • We use these words after superlative adjectives to make
A: So, what did you do? them stronger: possible, ever, by far
B: I climbed into the back and 9 to Elvis Presley was the most famous rock star ever / by far.
open the boot from the inside. • We can also use the following structures to make
comparisons:
3 Read these pairs of sentences and decide if both (not) as + adjective + as
sentences are correct. If so, what is the difference in
The winter was not as dreadful as we had anticipated.
meaning between them?
(not) as + adjective + a/an + noun + as
1 a I am obliged to finish this essay, so I can’t go out.
It was as beautiful a place as we had been told.
b I must finish this essay. It’s important that I do well.
2 a I didn’t need to take a taxi home from the airport. not such + a/an + adjective + noun + as
My brother picked me up. It was not such a difficult exam as I thought it’d be.
b I needn’t have taken a taxi home from the airport.
My brother would have picked me up. Practice
3 a After a lot of effort, I could finally start the car.
b After a lot of effort, I finally managed to start the car.
1 Rewrite sentences 1–5 using words or phrases from
the box. There may be more than one answer.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE by far even no more substantially the least

UNIT 6 ADJECTIVES
1 Our holiday to France was great but our trip to Greece
Simple comparative and superlative adjectives was better than that.
• Adjectives of one-syllable: tall, big 2 Almodovar’s latest film is easily his best.
3 I promise to cause as little disruption as possible.
My sister is much taller than me, but our brother is the
4 Going by train costs about the same as driving.
tallest of us all.
5 My new job pays a lot less than I used to earn.
• Adjectives of two or more syllables: healthy, expensive
Fruit juice is healthier than fizzy drinks, but water is the 2 Correct any mistakes in these sentences.
healthiest drink. 1 The exam questions were considerately more difficult
An Audi is a lot more expensive than a Ford, and a than I had imagined.
Lamborghini is one of the most expensive cars you can buy. 2 Max is between the best musicians of his generation.
• Irregular adjectives: good, bad, far 3 Given the dreadful weather, that was as comfortable a
Ben is a better writer than me, but Jo is the best writer in the journey than we could have expected.
class. 4 That was the most stupidest article I’ve ever read.
The weather today is worse than yesterday, but Sunday was 5 I rarely eat meat, but that was the better steak ever.
the worst weather we’ve had all year.
Anne’s house is further / farther from the city centre than 3 Explain the difference in meaning, if any, between the
sentences in each set.
mine, but Jo’s is the furthest / farthest away.
1 a The clothes she wears for work are most unusual.
• Exceptions to the rules
b These are the most unusual clothes I’ve seen her
We use more and most with a few one-syllable adjectives.
wearing for work.
Jason is the most spoilt child I’ve ever come across. 2 a The job was not so difficult as I’d expected.
Other adjectives of this kind are ill, real, right, wrong. b The job was not as difficult as I’d expected.
Some two-syllable adjectives have two comparative and c The job was less difficult than I’d expected.
superlative forms. 3 a Last winter was cold, but this winter is even colder.
Audi cars are commoner / more common than Jaguars, but b This winter is colder than last winter.
the commonest / most common cars are Fords. c Last winter was not as cold as this winter.
Other adjectives of this kind are: clever, gentle, likely,
narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, stupid, subtle, sure

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 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
We use the following alternatives to if when we want to
UNIT 7 CONDITIONALS emphasise that a condition must be met.
• provided / providing (that)
Review of conditionals: zero, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and mixed You’ll sail through your exams provided / providing (that)
The if clause can start or finish conditional sentences. If it you continue to work hard.
starts the sentence, it is followed by a comma.
• as long as
• Zero conditional
I’ll lend you my new camera as long as you look after it.
if + present simple >> present simple
• only if
This is used when a particular result always occurs.
Children can see this film only if they are with an adult.
(If means the same as when.)
Only if they are with an adult, can children see this film.
If I’m thirsty, I drink water.
The subject and verb of the main clause are inverted when
• First conditional
only if starts the sentence.
if + present simple >> will, may or might + infinitive
• even if is used to say something will happen regardless of a
This is used when the result is likely to be in the future. condition being met.
If it’s sunny tomorrow, I’ll / I might go for a bike ride. Even if they are with an adult, children can’t see this film.
• Second conditional • supposing is used to introduce a hypothetical situation in
if + past simple >> would or could + infinitive the past, present or future.
This is used to describe possible but unlikely future events. Supposing he fails his exams, will he still go to university?
I would contact the police if someone stole my phone.
This form is also used to describe impossible or Practice
hypothetical conditions.
If I were ten years younger, I’d sail round the world.
1 Complete the conversations with the correct form of
the verbs in brackets.
• Third conditional
1 A: If you (tell) me you couldn’t get here on time, I (not
if + past perfect simple / continuous >> would or might + arrive) so early.
have + past participle B: Sorry, if I (realise) that the road was closed, I (call) you.
This is used to describe hypothetical past actions. 2 A: What (you do) if there’s a rail strike tomorrow?
You might not have had that accident if you had been B: I (walk) or get a lift with a friend.
driving more carefully. 3 A: How (Phil’s life be) different now, if he (win) last
• Mixed conditionals week’s lottery?
If + past perfect >> would / might / could + verb B: He (give up) his job and (travel) around the world.
This is used to describe an imaginary present or future
action which is impossible because of a past action/event. 2 Rewrite the sentences starting with the words given.
I’d be playing in the tennis finals tomorrow if I hadn’t broken 1 I won’t be able to work if I don’t get my computer fixed.
my arm last week. (I broke my arm last week, so I can’t play Unless .
in the tennis finals tomorrow.) 2 You can convert any text into a computer document
provided that you have the right type of scanner.
If + past simple >> would / might / could + have + past
As long as .
participle
3 Unless you want this printer, I’m going to get rid of it.
This is used to describe a present situation which had an If .
effect on a past action/event. 4 We’ll have a picnic on the beach this afternoon as long as
If I had more money, I’d have bought a sports car. (I don’t the weather holds up.
have much money, so I didn’t buy a sports car). Assuming .
Conditionals with alternatives to if 5 You can have your party here as long as you promise to
tidy up afterwards.
• unless + present simple affirmative verb can often replace
Only if .
if + negative verb.
6 I don’t know if it’s true but it’s a very convincing story.
Wild animals won’t attack people unless they feel
Whether or not .
threatened. (= Wild animals won’t attack people if they do
not feel threatened.) 3 Correct any errors in these sentences. One sentence
Unless you have a valid passport, they will stop you entering is correct.
the country. (= If you do not have a valid passport, they will 1 If I were ten years younger, I’ll quit my office job and go
stop you entering the country.) to work for a charity organisation.
Note: unless can only be used in first conditional sentences. 2 Assuming that I get the OK from my doctor, I’d be playing
• whether or not is used to say that it is not important which for the team next weekend.
of two possibilities is true. 3 If I had realised how late it was, I wouldn’t have phoned
We’re going to go running tomorrow whether it rains or not. you until tomorrow morning.
• assuming that is used to say that we accept something 4 Unless you don’t tell me where you hid my glasses,
will / won’t happen I won’t be able to read you a bedtime story.
Assuming that I don’t lose my job, we’ll be able to buy a car.

166 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND Perfect participle clauses: having + past participle
UNIT 8 PARTICIPLE CLAUSES • Use this to describe something that happened before the
main action.
Words introducing relative clauses Having failed his driving test six times, Don bought himself
The following words introduce relative clauses: an electric bicycle.
• who, whose, and that refer to people. Jeff felt quite ill, having eaten fours bars of chocolate.
• whom is usually used with a preposition.
• which, that and whose can refer to things or ideas. Past participle clauses
• where and when refer to places and times. • A past participle clause is used when the meaning is
passive.
• why refers to reasons.
Built in 1930, the Empire State Building is one of the most
• whereby means by/in which way.
recognisable buildings in the world.
There’s a scheme whereby banks lend money interest-free.
• of whom, of whose and of which are used when referring Participle clauses used instead of relative clauses
to amounts or proportions. These can include none, all, • These are called ‘reduced relative clauses’.
several, a few, most, neither, some and numbers. The tree growing in our garden is an oak.
At today’s meeting, there were 50 or more people, none of Most of the people involved in the play were teenagers.
whom I knew. With a full relative clause these sentences would be:
Defining relative clauses The tree which is growing in our garden is an oak.
• These clauses provide information which is essential to the Most of the people who were involved in the play were
meaning of a sentence. The clause defines or identifies the teenagers.
person or thing we are talking about.
The couple who brought me up were not my real parents. Other uses of participle clauses
• instead of time clauses with while, when, as, on.
• When the relative pronoun is the object, rather than the
subject, of the relative clause, it is often left out. Walking to work, we chatted about a film we’d both seen.
The couple <> you met last week were not my real parents. (instead of As we walked to work, we chatted …)
(<> replaces who(m) or that) • instead of reason clauses with because or as.
• In defining relative clauses which include prepositions Wanting to improve my English, I enrolled in an online course.
there are two possibilities. (instead of Because I wanted to improve my English, …)
In formal speech or writing, we would say:
Practice
The book about which he was talking is a best seller.
In informal speech or writing, we would say: 1 Complete this text with the correct relative pronouns.
The book he was talking about is a best seller. Add commas if necessary. Sometimes more than one
answer is possible.
Non-defining relative clauses Bridget Fonda 1 aunt is the actor Jane
• These clauses provide additional information which is Fonda was born in 1964. She spent four years at the Lee
not essential to the meaning of the sentence. They are Strasburg Theatre Institute 2 she studied
separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. method acting. Scandal was the film 3
This hotel, which has 100 rooms, is in the centre of the town. first brought her to public attention in 1989. 1992 was
• They can be used to comment on a previous clause. an important year in Bridget’s career. It was the year
We’d been kept waiting at the airport for six hours, which I 4
Single White Female was released.
found very frustrating. Bridget was brought up in a family of actors, many of
• That cannot be used instead of who or which. 5
are household names. This is probably
• The relative pronoun cannot be left out. the reason 6 she chose a career in
films herself. Henry Fonda 7 was her
Participle clauses grandfather won an Oscar for his part in On Golden Pond.
Participle clauses are used to link actions within sentences.
These clauses can go before or after the main clause. 2 Add the information in sentence b to sentence a using
a defining or a non-defining relative clause. You may
Present participle clauses: -ing not need to include a relative pronoun.
• Use this structure to describe actions happening at the 1 a We had to wait for hours for our flight.
same time as the main action: b I found waiting for hours incredibly annoying.
I drove to work, thinking about our forthcoming holiday. 2 a The people are standing right behind us.
or immediately before the main action: b I was telling you about these people yesterday.
Putting down my book, I turned off the light and went to 3 a To reduce city centre congestion, they’re bringing in a
sleep. new scheme.
• These clauses can be used with conjunctions and b In this scheme traffic is diverted onto the ring road.
prepositions. 4 a The person moved away from this area years ago.
I learnt basic Spanish while living in Barcelona. b This parcel is addressed to this person.
5 a They’re hoping to sell their house later this year.
They left without saying a word.
b The value of the house is yet to be established.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 167

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
3 Combine the sentences into a single sentence using It
relative or participle clauses. • It + is/was + noun phrase + relative clause
1 We walked along the path by the canal. We watched It was my sister who made all the party decorations.
children. They were opening and closing the lock gates • It + is/was + adverbial phrase + relative clause
to allow boats to pass through. It was in 2010 that we first met.
2 The police officer referred to written notes and described • In cleft sentences which start with It, we can choose which
how he had heard someone. This person was screaming information to emphasise. For example, from this ‘normal
at the top of their voice. sentence’ we can make the three cleft sentences below.
3 Before Jeff moved to Barcelona, he lived near Houston in Pete had his bike repaired last weekend.
Texas. He worked in a school there. He taught English to
It was Pete who had his bike repaired last weekend. (It was
students from other countries.
Pete, not Ben.)
4 The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889. It has dominated the
It was last weekend that Pete had his bike repaired. (It was
Paris skyline for over a century. During this period it has
last weekend, not yesterday.)
been repainted 19 times.
5 Bob Marley was a Jamaican singer. He recorded the best- It was his bike that Pete had repaired last weekend. (It was
selling reggae album of all time. His full name was Robert his bike, not his car.)
Nesta Marley. Cleft sentences beginning with a noun phrase
Instead of what, these noun phrases may be used: the only,
CLEFT STRUCTURES
UNIT 9 (FOR EMPHASIS)
the last thing, something, all, (the) one …
• The only time you shouldn’t swim is after a heavy meal.
Cleft sentences are used to emphasise certain information. The only thing wrong with your essay is your poor spelling.
They often start with What or It. These two examples compare • The last thing I was expecting was to lose my job.
the structure of ‘normal’ sentences with cleft sentences. The • Something you should know about me is that I’m terrible
emphasised information is in bold. with money.
Normal sentences: They bought things online. • All I did was ask her not to park her car on the footpath.
Pete paid for our flights.
• The one thing you should remember is to always tell
Cleft sentences: What they did was buy things online. the truth.
It was Pete who paid for our flights.
One person you should thank is your father. He has been
What very supportive.
• what clause + the verb + is/was + noun phrase
Practice
What my brother wanted for his birthday was a new car.
• what clause + the verb + is/was + infinitive without to 1 Rewrite these sentences starting with It or What.
What you should do if you have a toothache is arrange a 1 I’d really like to write stories for children.
dental appointment. 2 The doctor advised me to reduce the amount of sugar
• what clause + the verb + is/was + to + infinitive I eat and do regular exercise.
What I decided to do was to* write a letter of complaint. 3 My best friend suggested I should apply for a
• We use to + infinitive if the verb in the first part of the postgraduate degree course.
sentence is followed by to + infinitive (e.g. intend, want). 4 My father, not my brother, lost his job when the office
We use the bare infinitive if the verb in the first part of the closed down.
sentence is followed by the infinitive without to (e.g. should). 5 I’m to blame, not you.
6 I don’t understand why so many people voted for her.
Other question words
• Who, When and Where are not usually used to start cleft 2 Reply to A’s question using a cleft sentence with it to
sentences. Instead, we use these constructions. give the correct information.
The people who come here are mostly in their twenties. 0 A: Your bike was stolen last night, wasn’t it? (My dad’s)
The time when most people go on holiday is July. B: No, it was my dad’s bike that was stolen (last night).
1 A: We decided to meet at 7 o’clock, didn’t we? (6 o’clock)
The place where we first met was in that little café.
2 A: You’re eligible to vote in this year’s election, aren’t
• Why can be used to start a cleft sentence, but normally a
you? (next year’s)
phrase is used instead.
3 A: Was it John who offered to lend us money towards
why clause + is/was + to + infinitive our holiday? (Pete)
Why I’m phoning you is to say congratulations. 4 A: The motorway was closed because of roadworks,
The reason why I’m phoning you is to say congratulations. wasn’t it? (a serious accident)
• why clause + is/was + because clause
The reason why she trains every day is because she’s running
a marathon next month.

168 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

 Only if you practise regularly will your piano playing improve.
3 Rewrite these sentences beginning with the word or (Your piano playing will improve only if you practise regularly.)
phrase in brackets.
The negative words or phrases in the examples below are
1 I suggested he should ask for advice if he isn’t sure what
underlined and the inverted subject and verb are in bold type.
to do next. (All)
2 You need to remember that most people have hidden • Inversion after words or phrases with a negative meaning
talents. (The only) Never have I been so bored by new a James Bond film.
3 You shouldn’t apologise for something you haven’t done. No sooner had we taken off than our plane was struck by
(The last thing) lightning.
4 You could try to make up your differences with your No way am I going to say I’m sorry.
brother. (One) Not once did I dream we’d ever meet again.
5 I really wish I could forget what happened at the Not only did James lose his job, but his girlfriend left him.
weekend. (What)
Not since last year, have I been swimming in the sea.
6 It’s just occurred to me that we haven’t organised our
Under no circumstances should you open that email.
holiday this year. (Something)
At no time did it occur to me that we might be in danger.
FRONTING • Inversion after words or phrases with a limiting meaning
UNIT 10 INVERSION FOR EMPHASIS Little did I know what they were plotting.
Not until I checked my diary did I remember we had a
Fronting meeting this afternoon.
Another way to add emphasis to a sentence is fronting. Only when we arrived did we realise we were a day early.
This means starting a sentence with information you wish Only by training regularly will you get fit.
to emphasise. Some of these structures may involve the Rarely have I been so disappointed by a film.
inversion of subject and verb. Here are some common
examples. (Where appropriate, more ‘normal’ word order Practice
versions are given in brackets below.)
• Starting with an adverbial phrase of time or place 1 Rewrite these sentences starting with the underlined
word or phrase. The subject and verb may need to be
Next to me sat an elderly man reading a newspaper. OR
inverted. There may be more than one answer.
Next to me an elderly man sat reading a newspaper.
1 They were so excited about meeting the stars that they
(An elderly man reading a newspaper sat next to me.)
left their tickets behind.
An hour later came the news that the shop was closing. OR
2 She has not once forgotten my birthday.
An hour later the news came that the shop was closing. 3 I’ve not only spent all my cash, but I’ve used half my
(The news that the shop was closing came an hour later.) savings.
• Starting with a comparative structure 4 The white-water rafting day was scariest for me.
More important than anything else is the need to look after 5 I’ve rarely seen such a stunning landscape.
the children. 6 The news that the president had lost the election came
(The need to look after the children is more important than just after midnight.
anything else.)
Faster than all the other runners was my brother, who won 2 Correct any mistakes in these sentences. One sentence
is correct.
the race in 10.5 seconds.
1 Never before I have witnessed such reckless driving.
(My brother was faster than all the other runners and won
2 Only when I got home I realised that I’d lost my phone.
the race in 10.5 seconds.)
3 Most disturbing the suspicion that one of our group had
• Starting with So + adjective
talked to the press was.
So preoccupied was he that he forgot to leave the motorway 4 Best all was the wonderful view.
soon enough. 5 So disillusioned he was by the company’s policies that he
(He was so preoccupied that he forgot to leave the resigned.
motorway soon enough.) 6 Under no circumstances should you drive without
• Starting with a superlative adjective wearing a seat belt.
Best of all was the sweet, creamy dessert.
(The sweet creamy, dessert was best of all.) 3 Complete this story using the structures in brackets.
Most challenging of all was the last 10 km of the race. 1 (place phrase) was a motorbike and a huge lorry.
2 (superlative adj) was the fact that it was raining heavily.
(The last 10 km of the race was the most challenging of all.)
3 (negative word or phrase) had I driven in such dangerous
Inversion conditions.
This refers to a sentence structure in which the normal 4 (so + adj) was I that I stopped at the next service station.
word order of subject and verb is reversed. This is done to 5 (comparative structure) I stayed in the car and slept for
emphasise a point by making it sound more important or over an hour.
dramatic. It may be used in more formal speech or writing.
Here are two examples of inverted word order, followed by the
same idea in a sentence with normal order:
Not once during the interview did I feel nervous.
(I didn’t feel nervous once during the interview.)

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 169

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
PASSIVES REVIEW / CAUSATIVE get + object + past participle
UNIT 11 VERBS When this refers to the intentional causing of an action, it is
more informal than have something done.
Passives review You really must get your eyes tested.
be + past participle of the main verb
• Present continuous get + someone + to infinitive
They are diverting traffic because of an accident. • In this structure get is similar in meaning to ask or
➜ Traffic is being diverted because of an accident. persuade. The emphasis here is on the person who does
• Present perfect simple the action that you arranged.
The high winds have damaged our house. We’re getting a friend to do our shopping for us this week.
➜ Our house has been damaged by the high winds.
have + someone + infinitive without to
• Future simple: will
This has the same meaning as get someone to do something
They’ll activate my phone tomorrow.
but is more formal.
➜ My phone will be activated tomorrow.
I’ll have someone send you an application form.
Note: The following continuous passive forms are possible
but sound awkward and so are rarely used: present perfect Practice
continuous, past perfect continuous and future continuous,
e.g. Candidates will be being interviewed all next week. ✗ 1 Rewrite these sentences using passive verb forms.
Include the agent if you think it is necessary. Your
get + past participle of the main verb answers may sometimes include two passive verbs.
• This can be used as an informal alternative passive.
1 I sensed that people were watching me wherever I went.
My computer got stolen from my case on the bus.
2 I have no idea why the governors chose me for the job.
3 We will sell everything by the end of the month.
Including the agent or not?
4 Thieves broke into a city-centre gallery last night and
The agent may be omitted from passive sentences if …
stole paintings worth over 10 million dollars.
• The agent is understood or obvious.
5 I insisted they told me what people were saying about
The burglar was arrested as he left the house. (We could add me behind my back.
by the police but this is obvious.) 6 I’m quite happy for you to give me advice.
• The agent is unknown.
My house has been broken into. (We could add by someone 2 What advice would you give to these people?
or by an unknown person, but this would add little.) Complete the answers with a causative verb structure
• The agent is a secret for some reason. and the words provided. Sometimes more than one
answer is possible.
The President has been accused of lying. (The speaker
doesn’t want to mention the accuser’s name.) 1 I can’t read messages on my phone because the screen is
cracked.
Other forms of the passive – You should
• to + infinitive (replace / screen)
Sue wasn’t expecting to be promoted this year. 2 I’d really like to reduce my electricity bills.
• with a gerund – You could
(fit / solar panels / roof)
Just imagine being attacked by a bear!
3 My ring is too small. I can’t get it on.
• to be + past participle after adjectives
– Why don’t you
I’m happy to be corrected if I’m wrong. (jeweller / make / bigger)
• being + past participle after verbs + prepositions 4 I want to send a large parcel to an address in Madrid.
I insist on being told the moment they arrive. – You could
(courier service / pick up / your house)
Causative verbs
have + object + past participle 3 Correct any mistakes in these sentences.
• The subject of this structure is not the doer of an action but 1 I’ve had sent flowers to the hospital.
the person who intentionally causes or arranges the action. 2 The city council is planning to have all the diseased trees
He had his car repaired last week. in the park to be cut down.
This also has a non-causative meaning when used to refer 3 I’ve been ill, so I’ve been getting my friends bring me
to actions which are done to someone with a bad result. homework from school.
Simon had his wallet stolen on the Paris Metro. 4 Can you imagine to be woken up in the middle of the
night by the fire alarm?
5 I don’t expect to being disturbed while I’m working.

170 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

 2 The pool ought to be cleaned / ought to have been
UNIT 12 MODAL PASSIVES cleaned before we swim in it again.
3 I feel very lucky. I must have been made / could have been
We form the passive of modal verbs by using an infinitive made redundant along with 40% of the staff.
followed by the past participle of the main verb. 4 If we hadn’t complained, we could not have been given /
Present or future modal passives: modal verb + be + might not have been given a full explanation.
5 The company’s computer system may not have been
past participle
hacked / must not have been hacked by a competitor.
• can, can’t / could, couldn’t (possibility)
6 Exam question papers may not be opened / might not be
Oysters can be eaten raw or cooked. opened until five minutes before the start of the exam.
This old office block could be converted into luxury flats.
• should, shouldn’t / ought to, ought not to (obligation / 2 Complete the sentences with a modal verb from
advice) the box and the correct passive form of the verb in
Snake bites should be treated / ought to be treated as soon brackets. Two sentences are negative. More than one
as possible. (advice) answer is sometimes possible.
Litter shouldn’t be thrown / ought not to be thrown out of can could might must should
car windows. (obligation)
• must, mustn’t / have to, don’t have to (obligation / 1 Seat belts (wear) for landing.
necessity) 2 Because of the epidemic the competition
(hold) this year. We need to wait and see.
All fines must be paid / have to be paid within 28 days.
3 I’m furious. We (tell) there was going
Students’ dissertations must not be submitted later than the
to be a power cut this evening.
end of the week. (obligation)
4 You’re not to blame. The accident
Students’ dissertations do not have to be submitted until (avoid).
next week. (no necessity) 5 In hospitals these days some parts of operations
• might / might not (possibility) (do) by robots.
The town might be flooded again if there’s more rain. 6 Police officers were waiting at the airport to arrest the
She might not be interviewed for the job until next week. thieves. They (warn) in advance.
• may / may not (possibility / permission / prohibition) 7 If we had been given this information earlier, all these
Applications may be sent by post or email. (possibility / problems (solve).
permission)
Phones may not be used inside the hospital. (prohibition)
3 Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1 This product must be ate before the date on the lid.
Past modal passives: modal verb + have been + 2 We should been told that our train was going to be
past participle delayed.
• can / could 3 Tickets can be purchase online a week before the event.
4 I don’t understand. This window can have been broken
They could have been warned in advance. (possibility)
from the outside. No way!
They can’t / couldn’t have been warned in advance. It came 5 In my opinion children should not given homework until
as a real surprise to them. (near certainty / possibility) the age of ten.
Note We cannot use the affirmative form can have been +
past participle.
• should / ought to UNIT 13 REPORTING STRUCTURES
People should have been told / ought to have been told
what to expect. (regret / criticism) Structures used with reporting verbs
Cars shouldn’t have been directed / ought not to have been Tense changes
directed through the city centre. (criticism) The tense of the verb in reported speech is usually further
• must in the past than in the spoken words. Compare the
Those trees must have been blown over in last night’s gales. examples of direct speech with the reported speech below.
(deduction: near certainty) After some reporting verbs such as said and stated we can,
Your passport photo must not have been taken more than but don’t have to, include the word that.
six months ago. (obligation: law / rule) ‘We’re experiencing problems.’ (Mike)
• might (possibility) ➜ Mike said (that) they were experiencing problems.
The wiring might not have been checked for many years. ‘The temperature has fallen overnight.’ (Jon)
➜ Jon said (that) the temperature had fallen overnight.
• may (possibility)
‘I travelled by taxi.’ (Sarah)
This painting may / may not have been done by Miro.
➜ Sarah said (that) she had travelled by taxi.
Practice ‘We will help if we can.’ (They)
➜ They said they would help if they could.
1 Choose the correct modal verb.
1 Nearly all the students got 100% in the test. They must
have been shown / should have been shown the answers
in advance.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 171

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
Past perfect tenses and would, could and should cannot ‘We think / believe / know that some students are doing extra
move further into the past so they do not change. part-time work.’
‘I’d never seen that film before.’ (Sue) ➜ Some students are thought / believed / known to be
➜ Sue said she’d never seen that film before. doing extra part-time work.
‘I wouldn’t do that if I were you.’ (Jeff) ➜ It is thought / believed / known that some students are
➜ Jeff said he wouldn’t do that if he were me. doing extra part-time work.

Without tense changes Impersonal sentence structures with there is / there are +
The tense of the verb in reported speech does not always passive verb + to be / to have been + noun phrase
change, for example if we want to show that what the There is understood to be widespread disquiet in the city.
speaker said is still true now … There were said to have been seven people involved.
‘I enjoy playing football.’ (Jan) There were rumoured to be more than a hundred applicants.
➜ Jan said she enjoys playing football.
There are reported to be disagreements among the staff.
… or if the reporting verb is in the present.
‘I’m looking forward to starting my new job.’ (Ed) Alternative reporting verbs
➜ Ed says he’s looking forward to starting his new job. Although the most common reporting verb is says / said,
there are many alternatives. The verbs we choose relate to
Pronoun and possessive adjective changes the communicative purpose of the original direct speech.
We often have to change these words, especially when the Different reporting verbs require different structures.
reporter is not the original speaker. • Verb + infinitive: agree, promise, refuse, threaten
‘I’ll forward the email to you.’ (Dan) ‘I won’t drive you to work.’ (Maria)
➜ Dan said he’d forward the email to me.
➜ Maria refused to drive me to work.
‘The green pen is mine. Yours is red. (Ed)
‘Return the money or I’ll phone the police.’ (Fay)
➜ Ed said the green pen was his. Mine was the red.
➜ Fay threatened to phone the police if I didn’t return the
• Time and place adverbs
money.
These change if the time or place is no longer the same.
• Verb + object + to infinitive: advise, beg, encourage, invite,
‘I’ll call you tomorrow.’ (Hannah) tell, persuade, remind, urge, warn
➜ Hannah said she’d call me the following/next day.
‘You should make a recording of your music.’ (Sam)
‘I’ve lived around here for two years.’ (Max)
➜ Sam encouraged me to make a recording of my music.
➜ Max said he’d lived around there for two years.
• Verb + object + preposition + -ing: accuse + of / blame +
• More time reference changes
for / congratulate + on / warn + against
(ten minutes) ago ➜ (ten minutes) before/earlier
‘The press misreported my words.’ (The mayor)
last week/month/year ➜ the previous week/month/year
➜ The mayor accused the press of misreporting his words.
➜ the week/month/year before
‘It’s obvious that you caused the accident!’ (Mark)
now ➜ at that time / immediately / then
➜ Mark blamed me for causing the accident.
this week ➜ last/that week
‘You’ve passed your exam. Congratulations!’ (My teacher)
today ➜ that day / yesterday / on … day
➜ My teacher congratulated me on passing my exam.
tomorrow ➜ the next/following day / the day
• Verb + -ing: admit / confess to / deny / recommend
after
‘It wasn’t me who damaged your car.’ (Julia)
yesterday ➜ the previous day / the day before
➜ Julia denied damaging my car.
Impersonal reporting structures
To report speech without naming the original speaker or Practice
the reporter, we can use passive verb structures. Examples:
‘The old house on the corner is haunted.’
1 Rewrite this direct speech as impersonal reporting
statements. Write two different answers, both using
➜ The old house on the corner is said to be haunted. passive constructions. Use the reporting verb given.
➜ It is said that the old house on the corner is haunted. 1 ‘Doctors say the injured man will make a full recovery.’
‘The price of petrol will rise sharply.’ (expect)
➜ The price of petrol is predicted to rise sharply. 2 ‘Only ten people were aboard the ferry when the storm
➜ It is predicted that the price of petrol will rise sharply. hit.’ (say)
‘The suspect is in hiding in New York.’ 3 ‘People should take regular exercise.’ (recommend)
➜ The suspect is alleged to be in hiding in New York. 4 ‘The head teacher is planning to retire.’ (think)
➜ It is alleged that the suspect is in hiding in New York. 5 ‘Climate change is accelerating faster than ever.’ (believe)
‘We expect the economy will improve during the next year.’
➜ The economy is expected to improve during the next year.
➜ It is expected that the economy will improve during the
next year.

172 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

2 Report the following using each verb from the box Yes / No questions
once. You will sometimes have to change or add In Yes/No questions we add if or whether.
pronouns and time or place adverbs. ‘Do you speak Portuguese?’ (Juan)
admit agree congratulate ➜ Juan asked me if I spoke Portuguese.
recommend remind warn ‘Did you enjoy the film?’ (Ray)
➜ Ray asked me whether I had enjoyed the film.
1 ‘You should visit the Taj Mahal.’ (Javier)
2 ‘Don’t forget to post Jeremy’s birthday card.’ (Mike) Other ways of reporting questions
3 ‘Don’t drive when you are tired.’ (The police) ‘Where do you live?’ (They)
4 ‘OK – I’ll lend you the money.’ (Cara) ➜ They wanted to know where I lived.
5 ‘I cheated in the exam. I feel terrible.’ (Jackie) ‘Is Saturday’s match on? (People)
6 ‘I hear you’ve passed your driving test. Well done!’ (Jo) ➜ People enquired whether Saturday’s match was on.
‘Why are you standing here?’ (Pete)
3 Complete this paragraph using a passive form of the ➜ Pete wondered why I was standing there.
verbs in brackets.
‘What on earth am I doing here?’
➜ I asked myself what on earth I was doing there.
Until yesterday nothing 1 (know)
about the whereabouts of top racing driver Jordan Offers, requests and suggestions
Jones, who went missing after last weekend’s grand • ‘Would you like me to give you a lift to the station?’ (Rosie)
prix. Initially, 2 (assume) that he Rosie offered to give me a lift to the station.
was relaxing in a secret location to escape the press. • The verbs tell and ask are the most common verbs for
There 3 (understand) to have been reporting requests. The verb request is formal and rarely
several sightings in a popular tourist resort, but these used in everyday conversation.
4
(strenuously deny) by Jones’ agent. ‘Would you please forward the email to me?’ (Ivy)
As often happens in these cases, everyone came up with
Ivy told / asked me to forward the email to her.
possible theories. There 5 (rumour) to
Our manager requested that our next meeting be held on
be irregularities in Jones’ tax affairs and 6
either a Monday or a Friday.
(think) that other members of his family might be
• ‘Why don’t we cycle to college together?’ (Jo)
involved. 7 (even suggest) that Jones
➜ Jo suggested (that) we cycle to college together.
was considering retiring from the sport altogether. Then
yesterday evening 8 (reveal) in a press ‘What about meeting at 8 o’clock?’
conference that Jones had successfully negotiated a ➜ I suggested that we should meet at 8 o’clock.
contract with a new team. Unlike ask and tell, the verb suggest is not followed by to +
infinitive. If we want to say who a suggestion is made to, we
use to + a name or an object pronoun. We cannot omit the
preposition to.
UNIT 14 REPORTED QUESTIONS
Jo suggested to me that we cycle to college.
I suggested to Jo that we should meet at 8 o’clock.
Simple reported questions
Reported questions have the same word order as statements Practice
and do not include the auxiliary verbs do, does or did in the
past simple. The other changes to verb tenses, pronouns, 1 Change these direct questions into reported speech
place and time words are the same as for reported using the subject and verb in brackets.
statements. (See Unit 13.) 1 ‘Can you put us up next weekend?’ (Becky and Jo / ask)
The tense of the verb in reported questions does not change 2 ‘How many of you will be coming?’ (we / want to know)
if we want to show that the question is about something that 3 ‘Is there anything special you want to do while you’re
relates to now or if the reporting verb is in the present. with us?’ (I / enquire)
‘What are you wearing for the party tonight?’ (Miriam) 4 ‘You should make concrete plans.’ (we / suggest)
Miriam wants/wanted to know what I’m wearing for the party 5 ‘Do you have any recommendations?’ (Becky / wonder)
tonight. 6 ‘Do you have any idea what time you’ll arrive?’ (I / ask)

Wh- and How questions 2 Turn these sentences into reported speech using offer,
‘What are you planning to do at the weekend?’ (Jan) request or suggest.
➜ Jan asked me what I was planning to do at the weekend. 1 Shall I help you with your assignment? (Amy)
‘How are you feeling?’ (Jo) 2 Why don’t we take a picnic and go to the beach? (Matt)
➜ Jo asked me how I was feeling. 3 Could you bring an example of your work to the
‘How long have you been learning Spanish?’ (Helen) interview tomorrow? (The agency)
4 How about going for a walk later on? (William)
➜ Helen asked (me) how long I’d been learning Spanish.
5 Would you like me to cook lunch? (Zoë)

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 173

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE
• one(s), some or any can replace nouns or noun phrases.
3 Turn this conversation into reported speech. Use each If you need a new printer, I’m sure you’ll find one on the
verb in the box at least once.
internet. (one = a new printer)
ask encourage reply say
We’ve got too many eggs. Would you like some?
want to know wonder
I thought we had plenty of coffee left, but we don’t have any.
1 Jason: What are you going to do after university? • this, that, these, those can replace nouns or noun phrases.
2 Hanna: I’d love to work as an interpreter. I love Stephenie Meyer’s books and those of Suzanne Collins.
3 Jason: There was a TV programme last night about a (those=the books)
United Nations interpreter. Did you see it? • (a) few, enough, both, either, neither, each, all
4 Hanna: No, I didn’t. Did you find it interesting? Hundreds of students apply for courses at Cambridge
5 Jason: Yes, I did. The interviewer asked her how she University, but only a few are given places.
became an interpreter.
Everyone would like a place at Oxford, but there aren’t
6 Hanna: What did she say?
enough to go round.
7 Jason: Apparently she’d done an interpreting course,
Federer and Nadal are in the final. Either could win.
worked for a foreign embassy for five years and
then moved to the United Nations. • Possessive pronouns can be used instead of noun phrases.
8 Hanna: That’s exactly what I’m hoping to do. My bicycle has a puncture. Is it OK if I borrow yours?
9 Jason: You should go for it. That’s not your coat. It’s mine.

Practice
UNIT 15 ELLIPSIS AND SUBSTITUTION
1 Delete any words that can be omitted from these
When we write and speak it is normal to avoid using sentences to avoid repetition. You may have to change
unnecessary words or phrases, provided that this does not or add words.
affect the meaning of what we want to say or write. Here are 1 She’s updated her CV and she’s applied for a new job.
two ways commonly used to do this. 2 Most of my friends have travelled abroad on their own,
but I haven’t travelled abroad on my own.
Omitting words (Ellipsis)
3 If you’ve lost your sunglasses, you can borrow my
• Omitting nouns and noun phrases
sunglasses. I won’t be needing my sunglasses today.
My sister read six books on holiday, but I only read one. 4 Look! There’s the car that was driving too fast down the
I can’t find my phone. Could I use yours, please? road and crashed into our wall.
If you enjoyed that crime novel, there are lots more by the
same author. 2 Replace the underlined parts of these sentences.
• Omitting verbs, verb phrases and auxiliary verbs 1 Hundreds of people want to travel to Mars but only a
Most people I know enjoy sunbathing, but I don’t. small number of these people will go.
I’ve never been to Australia, but my parents have. 2 We used to go to the cinema every weekend, but we
haven’t been to the cinema recently.
I know you’d dare to do a bungee jump, but I wouldn’t.
3 Most of the class are walking to college now. You should
A: Are you feeling OK?
walk to college.
B: Yes, thanks, I am.
4 Have you got cash on you? I haven’t got cash.
• Omitting pronouns, including relative pronouns 5 I don’t like green apples. Do you have any red apples?
This morning, we’ve cleaned and tidied the kitchen. 6 A: We only have vanilla or chocolate ice-cream left.
Did you see the person who brought this parcel and left it on B: That’s fine. Vanilla or chocolate ice-cream will be OK.
the doorstep?
• Omitting clauses 3 Make the conversation more natural by omitting or
replacing the words in red.
He said he was going on holiday but he didn’t say where (he
was going on holiday). Ben: Did you enjoy being a teenager?
Sam: No, I didn’t really enjoy being a teenager.
Using alternative words and phrases (Substitution) Ben: Why didn’t you enjoy being a teenager?
This is sometimes done to avoid repetition.
Sam: Lots of reasons! For one thing, my mum didn’t
• do, do so, do it, do the same, do that can replace verbs or approve of my choice of clothes – except the clothes
verb phrases. she bought for me.
I used to go for a run every morning, but I haven’t done so / Ben: That must have been really irritating.
done that for ages. (done so/that = been for a run)
Sam: It was really irritating.
I really tried to tell her the bad news, but I just couldn’t bring
Ben: What did she say if you argued with her?
myself to do it. (do it = tell her the bad news)
Sam: She wouldn’t listen if I argued with her.
Jacques tripped and a few minutes later, I did exactly
the same.

174 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

 WISHES, REGRETS AND Should
UNIT 16 PREFERENCES • We use should / shouldn’t have + past participle to express
regret about a past situation.
Wish and If only
I shouldn’t have spent so much money on those trainers.
We use the verb wish to talk about present or future situations
we would like to be different or past situations which cannot
Practice
be changed. The tense of verbs which follow wish do not
always reflect the time we are referring to. 1 Rewrite these sentences using wish or if only.
• We use wish + past simple to express a wish about the 1 I really regret not having asked her for her phone
present or future. number. (wish)
I wish I was* more self-confident. (*In more formal English 2 I’d really like to be a fly on the wall at tomorrow’s
we can use were instead of was.) meeting. (if only)
I really wish you weren’t leaving so soon. 3 I’ve always wanted to be less suspicious of other
I wish I could explain what I mean. people’s motives. (wish)
• We use wish + past perfect to express a wish or regret 4 I’m really sorry I accused him of lying. (if only)
about a past situation. 5 I’m afraid I can’t forget what happened. (wish)
I wish I’d had time to see the Louvre while I was in Paris. 6 My brother keeps asking me to lend him money. (if only)
7 It’s been raining non-stop for three days now. I’m getting
I wish I hadn’t spent all my money in my first week at uni.
fed up with it. (wish)
• We use wish + would + infinitive to complain about a
8 I should have replied to her email as soon as it arrived.
current situation.
(if only)
I wish you wouldn’t keep interrupting me when I’m talking.
I wish the cat would stop begging for food. 2 Complete these conversations with hope.
Note: We do not say I wish I would do something. We would 1 A: I’ve just heard that my dad has lost his job.
normally say I wish I could instead. B: I / not too upset.
• If only expresses a stronger feeling than wish and can 2 A: I’m going on holiday with my friends next week.
replace wish in all the above examples. B: I / a good time.
3 A: I hear you’ve applied to go to university next year.
Hope B: Yes / study Anthropology.
Hope and wish have similar meanings. Hope usually refers to 4 A: I’ll be in your town next week. Are you around?
something that is possible or likely, whereas wish refers to B: Yes / time to meet up.
something unlikely or impossible. 5 A: My life is very different at university.
• We use hope + present simple, continuous or perfect to B: I / work hard and enjoy yourself.
refer to something in the present or future.
We hope you are enjoying your trip to California. 3 Correct any mistakes in these sentences. One is
correct.
I really hope we meet up again soon.
I hope she hasn’t forgotten we’re meeting for lunch today. 1 I wish we get to the theatre in time for the start of
the play.
• As an alternative, we can also use hope + will + infinitive
2 I’d rather you don’t repeat what I’ve just said.
when we are referring specifically to the future.
3 We hope go on a tour of European capitals next spring.
I hope we’ll have time for a longer chat next time we meet.
4 I don’t wish you’d talk while you’re eating.
Note To express a negative hope, we add not to the verb 5 I’m really tired, so I’d sooner stay in this evening.
following hope, NOT to the verb hope. 6 I wish I would play the guitar as well as you.
I hope you were not too disappointed by my reply. 7 I wish I’m ten years younger.
I hope we don’t have to wait too long at the airport. 8 Robbie hopes he hadn’t offended you in any way.
• We use hope + to + infinitive when the subject of hope is
the same as the subject of the infinitive.
I hope to visit my relatives when I go to Brazil next summer.
Jackie had hoped to be here, but she’s been held up.

Would rather / would sooner

• We use would rather / would sooner + infinitive without to
to refer to future preferences.
I’d rather work late this evening and have tomorrow off.
We’d rather not stay out too late tonight.
• We use would rather / sooner (that) + past simple when
referring to what we would prefer another person to
do. (We use the past simple to show the meaning is
hypothetical.)
Alison would rather you called her in the morning.
I’d sooner you didn’t say that in front of the children.
Note Would rather is more common in everyday speech
than would sooner.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 175

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