 The solid lower mantle contributes to the

2 Traditional Views about the Universe overall convection and heat transfer within the
Earth's interior.
 Geocentric theory - earth-centered  The outer core is a liquid layer composed
 Heliocentric theory - sun-centered mainly of molten iron and nickel.
 The inner core is the solid, central part of the
 Solar system is located in the spiral arm of earth and composed of solid iron and nickel.
Milky way galaxy.
 Jovian planets or outer plantes are made of 2. Hydrosphere- liquid portion, solid (ice) and
gas, ice and dust. liquid states
 Terrestrila planets or inner planets are made of  Water moves through the hydrosphere in cycle
rocks. called hydrological cyle.
 Bsically, water evaporates back into the
FACTORS that make our planet Earth habitable: atmosphere from the oceans and other wate
bodies on earth to form vapor or gas.
 Right tempperature - earth is neither too  Moisture in the atmosphere condenses to form
close nor too far from the sun. clouds and droplets that fall to earth as rain,
 Presencce of an atmosphere - through the sleet or snow, this process called precipitation.
presence of gaseous components that make  Some of the precipitation are return to
life possibe. Also, the ozone layer protects atmosphere directlty through traspiration or
living things from the damaging ultraviolet rays evaporation from leaves; water, flowing over
of the sun. the earth as surface water through the soil as
- Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the ground water returns to the ocean via rivers;
atmosphere and cycle continues.
 Right amount of gravity -protection for
emergent life 3. Atmosphere -is a mixture of gases that
 Presence of oxygen -supports respiration surrounds the Earth.
 Presence of liquid water - medium of  It helps make life possible by providing us with
biochemical reaction for photosynthesis air to breathe, shielding us from harmful
 Generation of internal heat -responsible for ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the Sun,
the geological processes evident on the earth’s trapping heat to warm the planet, and
surface preventing extreme temperature difference
between day and night.
Earth’s Subsystem
Layers of Atmosphere
Troposphere
The Earth is a closed system where materials cycle  Weather occurs in the earth's troposphere and
between the litosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, most clouds are formed in this layer.
and biosphere.  the closest to the Earth's surface and is the
layer in which we live
Our planet is composed of four (4) interacting Stratosphere
subsystems, commonly referred to as spheres.  location of ozone layer which absorbs and
scatters the solar ultraviolate radiation
1. Geosphere- solid and largest portion of the `  this layer is characterized by jet streams
Earth because airplanes fly in this region due to its
stability
 The earth is divided into three main layers Mesosphere
namely the crust, the mantle and the core.  this region where meteors burn while entering
 The continental crust underlies the continents the earth atmosphere
which is most abundant composition is oxygen  coldest layer
and silicon. It is the thicker layer of the Earth's Thermoshere
crust that is found under the continents.  high-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the
 The oceanic crust underlies the ocean basin Sun are absorbed in the thermosphere
and the thinner layer of the Earth's crust that is  northern lights occur here
found under the ocean basins. Exosphere
 The upper mantle is relatively rigid and  outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere.
contains the asthenosphere, a semi-fluid layer  provides protection from harmful radiation from
that allows the movement of tectonic plates. the Sun and other sources. It is the region
where atoms and molecules escape into
space.
4. Biosphere- living sphere

 contains all the planet's living things.

 plays a vital role in the conservation of
ecosystem such as the life of species and their
reciprocal interactions.