SKILL DZIRE DATA SCIENCE

INTERNSHIP
An Internship Report Submitted at the end of seventh semester

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Submitted By

VISWANADHA NIKHIL

(21981A05I5)

Under the esteemed guidance of

SKILL DZIRE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, NewDelhi, Accredited by NBA(CIV, ECE,MECH, CSE),
NAAC with ‘A+’ grade & Permanently Affiliated to JNTU-GV, Vizianagaram)
www.raghuenggcollege.com
2024-2025
 RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA(CIV,ECE,MECH, CSE),

NAAC with ‘A+’ grade & Permanently Affiliated to JNTU-GV, Vizianagaram)
www.raghuenggcollege.com

2024-2025

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled “DATA SCIENCE” done by “VISWANADHA NIKHIL
(21981A05I5)” is a student of B.Tech in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu
Engineering College, during the period 2021-2025, in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Computer Science and Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Gurajada
Vizianagaram is a record of bonafide work carried out under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in
this internship report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any Degree.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

A. Atchyutha Rao Dr.R.Sivaranjani
Asst. Professor, Professor,
Dept. of CSE, Dept. of CSE,
Raghu Engineering College Raghu Engineering College
Dakamarri (V), Dakamarri (V),
Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam.

EXTERNALEXAMINER

1
 DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that the dissertation titled
E-COMMERCE SALES USING EDA
BY
VISWANDHA NIKHIL (21981A05I5)

Is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Technology

PROJECT GUIDE
(Assistant Professor)

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

HOD

(Professor)

Date:

2
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that this internship titled “DATA SCIENCE” is bonafide work done by
me, impartial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree B.Tech and submitted
to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Engineering College,
Dakamarri.

I also declare that this internship is a result of my own effort and that has not been
copied from any one and I have taken only citations from the sources which are mentioned in
the references.

This work was not submitted earlier at any other University or Institute for the reward of
any degree.

Date:
Place:

VISWANADHA NIKHIL
(21981A05I5)

3
CERTIFICATE

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express sincere gratitude to my esteemed Institute “Raghu Engineering College”, which

has provided us an opportunity to fulfill the most cherished desire to reach my goal. I take this
opportunity with great pleasure to put on record our ineffable personal indebtedness to
Mr. Raghu Kalidindi, Chairman of Raghu Engineering College for providing necessary
departmental facilities.

I would like to thank the Principal Dr. Ch. Srinivasu of “Raghu Engineering College”,
for providing the requisite facilities to carry out projects on campus. Your expertises in the
subject matter and dedication towards our project have been a source of inspiration for all of us.

I sincerely express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr.R.Sivaranjani, Professor, Head of

Department, Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Engineering College, for her
perspicacity, wisdom and sagacity coupled with compassion and patience. It is my great pleasure
to submit this work under her wing. I thank her for guiding us for the successful completion of
this project work.

I would like to thank Skill Dzire Professionals for providing the technical guidance to
carry out the module assigned. Your expertises in the subject matter and dedication towards our
project have been a source of inspiration for all of us.

I extend my deep hearted thanks to all faculty members of the Computer Science
department for their value based imparting of theory and practical subjects, which were used in
the project.

I thank the non-teaching staff of the Department of Computer Science and

Engineering, Raghu Engineering College, for their in expressible support.

Regards

VISWANADHA NIKHIL
(21981A05I5)

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 1: Python
1.1. Introduction to Python 8
1.2. Basic Syntax and Data Types 9-10
1.3. Control Statements 10-11
1.4. Data Structures 11-13
1.5. Object Oriented Programming 13-16

Section 2: DBMS & SQL

2.1. Introduction of DBMS 17
2.2. Overview of DBMS 18-20
2.3. Introduction of SQL 20-21
2.4. Overview of SQL 21-22

Section 3: Data Science

3.1. Introduction to Data Science 23
3.2. Statistics of Data Science 23-24
3.3. Python Libraries for Data Science 24-25
3.4. Machine Learning Concepts 25-28

Section 4: Implementation
4.1. Problem Statement 29
4.2. Objective 29
4.3. Data Analysis 30-48

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 PYTHON

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON:

Python is a versatile and widely used programming language, created by Guido van
Rossum in 1991. Known for its simple, English-like syntax, Python allows developers to
write programs efficiently with fewer lines of code. It supports multiple programming
paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. Python is
highly flexible and can be used for a wide range of applications, such as web
development, software automation, data analysis, and mathematical computations. Its
platform independence (running on Windows, Mac, Linux, etc.) and rapid prototyping
capabilities make it a popular choice for both beginners and professionals.

FEATURES OF PYTHON:

1.Simple and Easy to Learn

2. Interpreted Language
3. Dynamically Typed
4. Object-Oriented
5. Extensive Standard Library
6. Cross-Platform
7. Supports Multiple Programming Paradigms
8. Open Source
9. Scalability
10. GUI Programming Support

APPLICATIONS OF PYTHON:

1.Web Development
2. Data Science and Analytics
3. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
4. Scientific Computing
5. Automation and Scripting
6. Game Development
7. Desktop Applications
8. Network Programming
9. Embedded Systems
10. Cybersecurity
11. Internet of Things (IoT)
12. Finance and Trading
13. Cloud Computing
14. Education
15. Content Management Systems (CMS)

8
1.2. BASIC SYNTAX:

1. Comments
 Single-line comments: Use the # symbol.
For Example:
print("Hello, World!") # This prints a message

 Multi-line comments: Use triple quotes (''' or """).

For Example:
"""
This is a multi-line comment.
It can span multiple lines.
"""
print("Hello again!")

2. Variables and Assignment

 Variable naming conventions: Use descriptive names, start with a letter or
underscore.
For Example:
my_variable = 10
_another_variable = "Python"
3. Indentation
 Importance of indentation in Python: Indentation defines the block of code.
For Example:
if my_variable> 5:
print("Variable is greater than 5")
4. Operators
 Arithmetic operators:
a = 10
b=5
print(a + b) # Output: 15
print(a * b) # Output: 50
 Comparison operators:
print(a > b) # Output: True
print(a == b) # Output: False
 Logical operators:
print(a > 5 and b < 10) # Output: True

9
DATA TYPES:
Python Data types are the classification or categorization of data items. It represents the kind
of value that tells what operations can be performed on a particular data. Since everything is
an object in Python programming, Python data types are classes and variables are instances
(objects) of these classes. The followin
following are the standard or built-in
in data types in Python:
 Numeric
 Sequence Type
 Boolean
 Set
 Dictionary
 Binary Types

1.3. CONTROL STATEMENTS:

Control statements allow you to control the flow of execution in your program. Python
provides several control statements, including conditional statements, loops, and loop control
statements.
1. Conditional Statements
Conditional statements execute a block of code based on whether a condition is True or False.
Python uses if, elif, and else for conditional executi
execution.
 if Statement: Executes a block of code if the condition is True.
Example:
x = 10
if x > 5:

10
 print("x is greater than 5") # Output: x is greater than 5
 elif Statement: Allows multiple conditions. If the first condition is False, the elif
statement is checked..
Example:
x = 10
if x > 15:
print("x is greater than 15")
elif x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5 but less than or equal to 15")
 else Statement: Executes a block of code if none of the conditions are True.
Example:
x=3
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
else:
print("x is less than or equal to 5") # Output: x is less than or equal to 5

1.4. DATA STRUCTURES:

Python offers a variety of built-in data structures that help organize and manage data
effectively. These data structures are flexible and easy to use, enabling developers to handle
different types of data efficiently. Below is an overview of the most important data structures
in Python:
1. Lists
 Definition: Lists are ordered, mutable collections of elements that can store mixed
data types such as integers, strings, and floats.
 Syntax: Use square brackets [].
 Example:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", 5, 8.2]
print(fruits[1]) # Access second element
fruits.append("orange") # Add an element
fruits.pop(0) # Remove the first element

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2. Tuples
 Definition: Tuples are ordered, immutable collections of elements, making them
useful when you want to ensure data remains unchanged.
 Syntax: Use parentheses ().
 Example:
coordinates = (10.5, 20.3, "N")
print(coordinates[2]) # Access the third element

3. Dictionaries
 Definition: Dictionaries store data as key-value pairs, where each key is unique.
They are unordered and mutable, ideal for fast lookups.
 Syntax: Use curly braces {}.
 Example:
student = {"name": "Nikhil", "grade": "A", "age": 20}
print(student["name"]) # Access value by key
student["age"] = 21 # Modify the value

4. Sets
 Definition: Sets are unordered collections of unique elements. They are mutable
but do not allow duplicates, making them useful for membership tests and
removing duplicates.
 Syntax: Use curly braces {} or the set() function.
 Example:
colors = {"red", "blue", "green", "red"} # Duplicate "red" is removed
print(colors) # Output: {'red', 'blue', 'green'}
colors.add("yellow") # Add an element
colors.discard("blue") # Remove an element

5. Strings
 Definition: Strings are ordered, immutable sequences of characters, commonly
used to store and manipulate text.
 Syntax: Use single or double quotes (' ', " ").

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  Example:
greeting = "Hello, Python!"
print(greeting[7]) # Access a specific character
print(greeting.upper()) # Convert to uppercase

1.5. OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING:

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes code into
objects, enabling more modular, reusable, and organized code. Python supports OOP and
provides several built-in features to implement OOP concepts. Below are the key OOP
concepts in Python:
1. Class and Object
 Class: A blueprint for creating objects, defining the properties (attributes) and
behaviors (methods) that the objects of the class will have.
 Object: An instance of a class, containing specific data and able to use class-defined
methods.
Example:
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model):
self.brand = brand
self.model = model

def start(self):
print(f"{self.brand} {self.model} is starting...")

my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")

my_car.start() # Output: Toyota Corolla is starting...

2. Encapsulation
 Encapsulation is the bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) into a single
unit, or class. It also controls access to the internal state of an object, typically using
private or protected members.
 Access Modifiers:

13
 o Private: Prefix the attribute with __ (double underscores), restricting access
outside the class.
o Protected: Prefix with _ (single underscore), indicating that it should not be
accessed directly outside of the class.
Example:
class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, salary):
self.name = name # Public attribute
self.__salary = salary # Private attribute

def get_salary(self):
return self.__salary # Access private attribute via method

emp = Employee("John", 5000)

print(emp.name) # Public access
print(emp.get_salary()) # Accessing private attribute via method

3. Inheritance
 Inheritance allows one class (child class) to inherit the properties and methods of
another class (parent class), enabling code reuse and hierarchical relationships.
Example:
class Animal:
def sound(self):
print("Animal makes a sound")

class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Dog barks")

my_dog = Dog()
my_dog.sound() # Output: Dog barks

14
4. Polymorphism
 Polymorphism allows different objects to respond to the same method or function in a
way that is specific to their class. This can happen through method overriding or
operator overloading.
Example:
class Cat:
def sound(self):
print("Cat meows")

class Dog:
def sound(self):
print("Dog barks")

# Function showing polymorphism

def make_sound(animal):
animal.sound()

make_sound(Cat()) # Output: Cat meows

make_sound(Dog()) # Output: Dog barks

5. Abstraction
 Abstraction hides the complex implementation details and only exposes the necessary
functionality. In Python, abstraction is implemented using abstract base classes (ABC)
from the abc module.
Example:
from abc import ABC, abstract method

class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass

15
 class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius

def area(self):
return 3.14 * self.radius * self.radius

circle = Circle(5)
print(circle.area()) # Output: 78.5

6. Constructor and Destructor

 Constructor: The __init__ method initializes the object’s state when an object is
created.
 Destructor: The __del__ method is called when an object is about to be destroyed.
Example:
class Book:
def __init__(self, title):
self.title = title
print(f"Book '{self.title}' created.")

def __del__(self):
print(f"Book '{self.title}' deleted.")

my_book = Book("Python Programming")

del my_book # Output: Book 'Python Programming' deleted.

16
 DBMS & SQL
2.1. INTRODUCTION OF DBMS:
A database is an organized collection of interrelated data that facilitates the efficient retrieval,
insertion, and deletion of information. It stores data in structured forms such as tables, views,
and schemas, enabling better management and organization. For example, a university
database manages information about students, faculty, and administrative staff, helping in
efficient operations andnd data handling. A Database Management System (DBMS) is
specialized software that manages these databases, allowing users to create, modify, and
query data while ensuring data security, integrity, and controlled access, making data storage
and retrieval more efficient.

FEATURES OF DBMS:
 Data Abstraction
 Data Independence
 Data Security
 Data Integrity
 Efficient Query Processing
 Multi-User Access
 Backup and Recovery
 Data Redundancy Control
 Concurrency Control
 Support for Data Relationships and Constraints

APPLICATIONS OF DBMS:

17
2.2. OVERVIEW OF DBMS:
Types of DBMS:
1. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS): Data is organized into tables
(relations) with rows and columns, and the relationships between the data are
managed through primary and foreign keys. SQL (Structured Query Language) is
used to query and manipulate the data.
2. NoSQL DBMS: Designed for high-performance scenarios and large-scale data,
NoSQL databases store data in various non-relational formats such as key-value pairs,
documents, graphs, or columns.
3. Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS): Stores data as objects, similar to those used in
object-oriented programming, allowing for complex data representations and
relationships

Database Languages:
1.Data Definition Language (DDL):
DDL is the short name for Data Definition Language, which deals with database schemas
and descriptions, of how the data should reside in the database.
 CREATE: to create a database and its objects like (table, index, views, store
procedure, function, and triggers)
 ALTER: alters the structure of the existing database
 DROP: delete objects from the database
 TRUNCATE: remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for
the records are removed
 COMMENT: add comments to the data dictionary
 RENAME: rename an object

2.Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DML is the short name for Data Manipulation Language which deals with data manipulation
and includes most common SQL statements such SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
etc., and it is used to store, modify, retrieve, delete and update data in a database. Data query
language(DQL) is the subset of “Data Manipulation Language”. The most common command
of DQL is SELECT statement. SELECT statement help on retrieving the data from the table
without changing anything in the table.
 SELECT: retrieve data from a database
 INSERT: insert data into a table
 UPDATE: updates existing data within a table

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  DELETE: Delete all records from a database table
 MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
 CALL: call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
 EXPLAIN PLAN: interpretation of the data access path
 LOCK TABLE: concurrency Control

3.Data Control Language (DCL)

DCL is short for Data Control Language which acts as an access specifier to the
database.(basically to grant and revoke permissions to users in the database
 GRANT: grant permissions to the user for running DML(SELECT, INSERT,
DELETE,…) commands on the table
 REVOKE: revoke permissions to the user for running DML(SELECT, INSERT,
DELETE,…) command on the specified table

4.Transactional Control Language (TCL):

TCL is short for Transactional Control Language which acts as an manager for all types of
transactional data and all transactions. Some of the command of TCL are
 Roll Back: Used to cancel or Undo changes made in the database
 Commit: It is used to apply or save changes in the database
 Save Point: It is used to save the data on the temporary basis in the database

5.Data Query Language (DQL):

Data query language(DQL) is the subset of “Data Manipulation Language”. The most
common command of DQL is 1the SELECT statement. SELECT statement helps us in
retrieving the data from the table without changing anything or modifying the table. DQL is
very important for retrieval of essential data from a database.

ADVANTAGES OF DBMS:
 Data Abstraction
 Data Integrity and Security
 Data Redundancy Reduction
 Consistent Data Management
 Multi-user Environment

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  Backup and Recovery
 Efficient Query Processing
 Concurrency Control

DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS:
 Complexity
 Cost of Hardware and Software
 Large Storage Requirements
 Performance Overhead
 Frequent Updates and Maintenance
 Training and Technical Expertise

2.3. INTRODUCTION OF SQL:

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is a computer language used to interact
with relational database systems. SQL is a tool for organizing, managing, and retrieving
archived data from a computer database.
When data needs to be retrieved from a database, SQL is used to make the request. The
DBMS processes the SQL query retrieves the requested data and returns it to us. Rather, SQL
statements describe how a collection of data should be organized or what data should be
extracted or added to the database.

COMPONENTS OF SQL:
1. Databases: Databases are structured collections of data organized into tables, rows,
and columns. They serve as repositories for efficiently storing information, allowing
users to manage and access data seamlessly.
2. Tables: Tables are fundamental building blocks of a database, consisting of rows
(records) and columns (attributes or fields). They define the structure and
relationships of the stored information, ensuring data integrity and consistency.
3. Queries: Queries are SQL commands used to interact with databases. They enable
users to retrieve, update, insert, or delete data from tables, allowing for efficient data
manipulation and retrieval.
4. Constraints: Constraints are rules applied to tables to maintain data integrity. They
define conditions that data must meet to be stored in the database, ensuring accuracy
and consistency.

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 5. Stored Procedures: Stored procedures are pre-compiled SQL statements stored in the
database. They can accept parameters, execute complex operations, and return results,
enhancing efficiency, reusability, and security in database management.
6. Transactions: Transactions are groups of SQL statements executed as a single unit of
work. They ensure data consistency and integrity by allowing for the rollback of
changes if any part of the transaction fails.

2.4. OVERVIEW OF SQL:

JOINS:
SQL joins are essential for combining records from two or more tables in a database based on
related columns. Here are the main types of SQL joins:
1. INNER JOIN: This type retrieves only the rows that have matching values in both
tables. If there is no match, the row will not appear in the result set. It is the most
commonly used type of join.
Syntax:
SELECTtable1.column1,table1.column2,table2.column1,....
FROMtable1
INNER JOINtable2
ONtable1.matching_column = table2.matching_column;

2. LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN): This join returns all rows from the left table
and the matched rows from the right table. If there is no match, NULL values are
returned for columns from the right table.

Syntax:
SELECT table1.column1,table1.column2,table2.column1,....
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.matching_column = table2.matching_column;

3. RIGHT JOIN (or RIGHT OUTER JOIN): This join is the opposite of the LEFT
JOIN. It returns all rows from the right table and the matched rows from the left table.
If there is no match, NULL values are returned for columns from the left table.

Syntax:
SELECTtable1.column1,table1.column2,table2.column1,....
FROMtable1
RIGHT JOINtable2
ONtable1.matching_column = table2.matching_column;

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4. FULL JOIN (or FULL OUTER JOIN): JOIN): This join returns all rows when there is a
match in either the left or right table records. Rows that do not have matches in one of
the tables will have NULL values for the columns of that table.

Syntax:
SELECTtable1.column1,table1.column2,table2.column1,....
FROMtable1
FULL JOIN table2
ONtable1.matching_column = table2.matching_column;
table2.matching_column

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 DATA SCIENCE

3.1. INTRODUCTION TO DATA SCIENCE:

Data science is a multidisciplinary field that uses statistical and computational methods to
extract insights and knowledge from data. It involves a combination of skills and knowledge
from various fields such as statistics, computer science, mathematics, and domain expertise.
Data Science is kind of blended with various tools, algorithms, and machine learning
principles. Most simply, it involves obtaining meaningful information or insights from
structured or unstructured data through a process of analyzing
analyzing,, programming, and business
skills. It is a field containing many elements like mathematics, statistics, computer science,
etc. Those who are good at these respective fields with enough knowledge of the domain in
which you are willing to work can call themselves
themselves as Data Scientist. It’s not an easy thing to
do but not impossible too. You need to start from data, it’s visualization, programming,
formulation, development, and deployment of your model. In the future, there will be great
hype for data scientist jobs.

3.2. STATICTICS OF DATA SCIENCE:

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that is responsible for collecting, analyzing, interpreting,
and presenting numerical data. It encompasses a wide array of methods and techniques used
to summarize and make sense of complex datasets.
Key concepts in statistics include descriptive statistics, which involve summarizing and
presenting data in a meaningful way, and inferential statistics, which allow us to make
predictions or inferences about a population based on on a sample of data. Probability theory,
hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and Bayesian methods are among the many branches
of statistics that find applications in data science.

23
TYPES OF STATISTICS:
1. Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics are tools used to summarize and organize
large sets of data, making complex information more comprehensible. They involve the
calculation of measures such as:
 Measures of Central Tendency:
o Mean: The average of a data set.
o Median: The middle value when data is arranged in order.
o Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
 Measures of Dispersion:
o Variance: The measure of how much the data varies from the mean.
o Standard Deviation: The square root of variance, indicating the spread of
data points.
 Graphical Representations: Tools like histograms, bar charts, and box plots help
visualize data trends and distributions.
These statistics help present data in a clear and concise manner, allowing for easier
interpretation of trends and patterns within the data.

2.Inferential Statistics: Inferential statistics involve techniques that enable us to make

generalizations and predictions about a population based on a sample of data. This branch of
statistics uses methods such as:
 Hypothesis Testing: A process used to determine the validity of a claim or hypothesis
based on sample data.
 Confidence Intervals: A range of values used to estimate the true population
parameter, providing a measure of uncertainty.
 Regression Analysis: A statistical method for examining the relationships between
variables and making predictions.
Inferential statistics are crucial for making decisions based on data analysis, as they help
assess the reliability and significance of the findings.

3.3. PYTHON LIBRARIES OF DATA SCIENCE:

1. NumPy: This foundational library provides support for numerical computing and is
particularly known for its powerful array objects. NumPy allows for efficient storage and
manipulation of large multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a collection of
mathematical functions to operate on these arrays.

24
 2. Pandas: Built on top of NumPy, Pandas offers data structures like Series and
DataFrames, which simplify data manipulation and analysis. It provides tools for data
cleaning, filtering, merging, and reshaping, making it a staple for data wrangling tasks.
3. Matplotlib: This widely-used library is essential for data visualization. Matplotlib
provides a flexible interface for creating static, animated, and interactive plots in Python.
It enables users to create a variety of visualizations, such as line plots, bar charts, and
histograms.
4. Seaborn: Built on Matplotlib, Seaborn provides a high-level interface for creating
informative and attractive statistical graphics. It simplifies complex visualizations and
supports beautiful default styles and color palettes.
5. SciPy: This library builds on NumPy and provides additional functionality for scientific and
technical computing. It includes modules for optimization, integration, interpolation, eigenvalue
problems, and more, making it useful for complex mathematical calculations.

6. Scikit-learn: A key library for machine learning in Python, Scikit-learn provides

simple and efficient tools for data mining and data analysis. It includes algorithms for
classification, regression, clustering, and dimensionality reduction, along with utilities for
model evaluation and selection.
7.TensorFlow: An open-source library developed by Google, TensorFlow is widely used
for deep learning applications. It provides a flexible architecture for building and training
neural networks, along with tools for deploying machine learning models in production
environments.
8.Keras: A high-level neural networks API that runs on top of TensorFlow, Keras allows
for easy and fast prototyping of deep learning models. It simplifies the process of building
and training neural networks with a user-friendly interface.
9.Statsmodels: This library provides classes and functions for estimating and testing
statistical models. Statsmodels is particularly useful for performing statistical tests,
exploring data, and visualizing statistical results.
10.PyTorch: Developed by Facebook, PyTorch is another powerful library for deep
learning, known for its dynamic computation graph and ease of use. It supports a wide
range of applications, including computer vision and natural language processing.

3.4. MACHINE LEARNING CONCEPTS:

1. SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION:
Simple Linear Regression is a fundamental regression technique that illustrates the
relationship between a dependent variable and a single independent variable, with this
relationship being represented as a straight line.
 Dependent Variable (Target): The output value you're trying to predict, denoted as y.
 Independent Variable (Predictor): The input feature used for prediction, represented
by x.
The model follows the linear equation:

25
 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝜖
Where:
 a0 is the intercept, representing the value of y when x = 0.
 a1 is the slope, showing how much y changes with a change in x.
 ε represents the error term, which accounts for the discrepancies between the
predicted and actual values.
2. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
Multiple Linear Regression is an extension of simple linear regression that models the
relationship between one dependent variable and two or more independent variables.
The general form of the equation is:
𝑦 = 𝛽 + 𝛽 𝑥 + 𝛽 𝑥 + …+ 𝛽 𝑥 + 𝜖
Where:
 y is the predicted value (dependent variable).
 x1, x2, ..., xn are independent variables (predictors).
 β0, β1, ..., βn are the coefficients representing the contribution of each
independent variable.

3. POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
Polynomial Regression generalizes the concept of linear regression to model more
complex, non-linear relationships between the independent variable and the dependent
variable using higher-order polynomial terms.
The general equation for polynomial regression:
𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + …+ 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝜖
This allows for curves that better fit non-linear data patterns.

4. EXPONENTIAL REGRESSION
Exponential Regression is useful for modeling data where the dependent variable
exhibits exponential growth or decay in relation to the independent variable.
The general form is:

𝑦 = 𝑎 . 𝑒{ }

Where the dependent variable either grows or decays at a rate proportional to its
current value.

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5. LOGISTIC REGRESSION
Logistic Regression is a classification algorithm that models the probability of a
binary outcome (two possible classes: 0 or 1). Instead of a linear relationship, logistic
regression uses the logit function to predict the probability.
The equation for logistic regression is:

𝑝 = { ( )}

Where p is the predicted probability of the positive class.

6. HYPOTHESIS TESTING: T-TEST

A T-test evaluates whether there is a significant difference between the means of two
groups, determining whether this difference is likely due to random chance or if it's
statistically significant.
Types of T-tests:
 One-Sample T-Test: Compares the mean of a single group to a known population
mean.
 Independent Two-Sample T-Test: Compares the means of two independent
groups.
 Paired T-Test: Compares means within the same group at different points in time
(e.g., pre- and post-treatment).
The general null hypothesis (H0) assumes no difference between the group means.

7. EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS (EDA)

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) helps understand the data structure, discover
patterns, and identify anomalies using summary statistics and visual techniques.
Key aspects of EDA:
 Data Types Identification: Categorizing data into numerical, categorical, or
ordinal types.
 Summary Statistics: Analyzing mean, median, and standard deviation.
 Data Visualization: Using plots (histograms, scatter plots, etc.) to visualize
distributions and relationships.
 Handling Missing Data: Addressing missing values through removal or
imputation.
 Outlier Detection: Identifying extreme values that could distort analysis.

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 Feature Engineering: Creating or transforming features for better model
performance.
 Dimensionality Reduction: Reducing the number of features while retaining key
information (e.g., using PCA).

8. CONFUSION MATRIX & ROC CURVE

 Confusion Matrix: A matrix that evaluates the performance of classification
models, detailing correct and incorrect predictions.
o True Positive (TP): Model correctly predicts the positive class.
o True Negative (TN): Model correctly predicts the negative class.
o False Positive (FP): Model incorrectly predicts the positive class (Type I
error).
o False Negative (FN): Model incorrectly predicts the negative class (Type
II error).
 ROC Curve: A graphical representation showing the performance of a classifier
at various thresholds, plotting the True Positive Rate (Recall) against the False
Positive Rate.

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 IMPLEMENTATION
4.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT:
E-commerce businesses face significant challenges in analyzing large volumes of sales data,
making it difficult to identify trends and customer preferences. Poor data insights can lead to
ineffective marketing strategies, lower customer satisfaction, and lost revenue opportunities.
Additionally, the dynamic nature of online shopping requires businesses to continuously
adapt their strategies based on real-time data, which can overwhelm teams lacking the
necessary analytical tools. Consequently, organizations may struggle to maintain
competitiveness in an increasingly crowded marketplace.

4.2. OBJECTIVE:
This project aims to perform exploratory data analysis (EDA) to reveal critical insights from
sales data. The analysis will help businesses understand sales performance, customer
behavior, and market trends, enabling data-driven decision-making to enhance sales strategies
and optimize overall business performance. Additionally, the findings will assist in
identifying key performance indicators (KPIs) and areas for growth, allowing businesses to
tailor their offerings to meet customer demands effectively. Ultimately, the goal is to foster a
culture of continuous improvement and adaptability within the organization.
Data set:
A data set is chosen from the Kaggle This project aims to perform exploratory data analysis
(EDA) to reveal critical insights from sales data. The analysis will help businesses understand
sales performance, customer behaviour, and market trends, enabling data-driven decision-
making to enhance sales strategies and optimize overall business performance. Additionally,
the findings will assist in identifying key performance indicators (KPIs) and areas for growth,
allowing businesses to tailor their offerings to meet customer demands effectively.
Ultimately, the goal is to foster a culture of continuous improvement and adaptability within
the organization. The data set includes of the following:
 Amazon Sale Report
 Cloud Warehouse
 Expense IIGF
 International sale Report
 May-2022
 PL March 2021
 Sale Report

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4.3. Importing Libraries and Exploring Input Data:
Data

Importing Visualization Libraries and Handling Warnings

Warnings:

Loading Data from CSV Files:

AMAZON SALES REPORT:

Analyze sales trends for products sold on Amazon and compare
ompare sales performance
before and after major holidays or sales events:
events

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Visualizing Amazon sales report Trends:

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CLOUD WAREHOUSE COMPARISION:
Compare inventory levels and sales data across different cloud warehouses and Identify
the most efficient warehouse in terms of sales turnover and inventory management:
management

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EXPENSE IIGF:
Analyze monthly expenses related to inventory, infrastructure, and general facilities and
create
reate visualizations to identify trends and suggest areas for cost reduction:
reduction

INTERNATIONAL SALE REPORT:

Compare international sales data across different regions and Identify the top-
top
performing countries in terms of sales volume and revenue:
revenue

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MAY-2022:
Perform a detailed analysis of sales transactions for May 2022 and Compare with data
from other months to identify seasonal trends or anomalies:
anomalies

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PL MARCH 2021:
Conduct a profit and loss analysis for March 2021 and Correlate the profit margins
with specific sales campaigns or product launches during that period:

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SALE REPORT:
Conduct an overall sales report analysis and Segment sales by product categories and
analyze the sales performance of each category:
category

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 CONCLUSION

The Data Science Course provides an in-depth exploration of how data analysis techniques
and machine learning models can be applied to solve real-world problems. Utilizing powerful
libraries such as Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib, we facilitated effective data manipulation
and visualization, allowing complex datasets to become more comprehensible and actionable.
This foundational understanding is crucial for extracting meaningful insights and driving
informed decision-making in various domains.
Exploratory data analysis (EDA) emerged as a key component of the course, highlighting its
importance in uncovering hidden insights within data. By employing statistical methods,
including hypothesis testing and regression analysis, we were able to establish a strong basis
for making data-driven decisions. This analytical approach not only bolstered the reliability
of our findings but also provided a clear roadmap for future investigations into data patterns
and trends.
In addition to traditional statistical methods, the course extensively covered the application of
various machine learning algorithms, such as simple and multiple linear regression,
polynomial regression, and logistic regression. These techniques enable us to create
predictive models that effectively analyze trends and identify underlying patterns in the data.
Evaluating model performance through metrics like confusion matrices and ROC curves
ensures that we can accurately assess the effectiveness of our models and refine them as
necessary.
Thorough validation and rigorous testing of our methodologies confirmed that our
approaches adhere to best practices in the field of data science. This commitment to
excellence not only enhances the credibility of our results but also reveals opportunities for
further improvement and innovation. By adopting a meticulous testing process, we ensure
that our analyses and models remain robust and reliable.
Overall, the Data Science Course highlights the transformative potential of data science
techniques in fostering innovation and informed decision-making across diverse industries.
By combining statistical analysis, machine learning models, and effective data visualization,
we have built a solid foundation for future advancements in data-driven applications. This
empowers us to tackle more complex challenges and leverage the full potential of data
science to drive positive outcomes.

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