UNIT 1: Review of Basic

Inorganic Chemistry Concepts

Rhedz-wei Hadjula, RPh
Atoms
The basic building blocks of matter
The Atomic Theory
• Democritus

o Matter consists of very small,

indivisible particles

o Named such particle as “atomos” a

Greek term which means uncuttable
or indivisible.
The Atomic Theory
• John Dalton
o Billiard ball model
▪ Atom is a tiny indivisible spherical
object that cannot be divided any
further

▪ “Dalton envisioned atoms as solid,

hard spheres, like billiard balls, and
used wooden balls to model them”
The Atomic Theory
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Has tenets that can be summarized as follows:
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size,
mass, and chemical properties. Atom of one element is different
from the atoms of all other elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element.
In any compound, the ratio of atoms of any two elements present is
either an integer or a simple fraction.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or
reaarangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or
destruction.
Proust’s Law of Definite Proportions
• States that different samples of the same compound, no matter
the source, always contain its constituent elements in the same
proportion by mass.
What happens if such ratio changed?
• A new compound is formed.
Law of Multiple Proportions
• Two elements may combine to form more than one compound.
However, each compound differs in the number of atoms of each
elements that combine.
Vasodilator Poison

Anesthetic
Law of Conservation of Mass
• Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
• Recall that atom is indestructible
• Following chemical reactions, there is no detectable change in
mass in an ordinary chemical reaction.
 Try to think
• Does it mean there are finite number of atoms in the universe?
The Atomic Theory
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Has tenets that can be summarized as follows:
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size,
mass, and chemical properties. Atom of one element is different
from the atoms of all other elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element.
In any compound, the ratio of atoms of any two elements present is
either an integer or a simple fraction.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or
reaarangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or
destruction.
The Structure of the Atom and
Atomic Models
• Series of investigations that began in the 1850s and extended into
the twentieth century clearly demonstrated that atoms actually
possess internal structure– the SUBATOMIC PARTICLES:

• Electrons
• Protons
• Neutrons
The Electron
• Discovery is credited to J.J. Thomson
• Plum Pudding or Raisin Bread Model
Cathode Ray Experiment
Cathode Ray Experiment
Robert Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
• Paved the way to discovery of electron’s mass
and charge
• Charge of Electron: -1.6022 x 1019C
• Mass of Electron: 9.10 x 10-28g
The Proton
• Positively charged particles in the nucleus
• Discovery is credited to Ernest Rutherford
The Gold Foil Experiment
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model
• Based on his experiment,
Rutherford concluded that all of
the positive charge and most of the
mass of the atom must be
concentrated in a very small space
in the atom’s interior which he
called the nucleus.
The Neutron
• Electrically neutral particles having a
mass slightly greater than protons
• Discovery is credited to James Chadwick
Assignment:
• Explain the experiment by Chadwick involving the discovery of
neutrons. Wait for the attachment
Bohr Model
• Proposed by Niels Bohr
• often referred to as a Planetary Model
The Planetary Model
• Postulates that electrons orbit the nucleus at
fixed energy levels– the further it is from the
nucleus, the higher the energy levels.
• An electron can move from a lower energy level,
much stable state to a higher energy level,
excited state. The movement emits energy in the
form of light.
Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model
• Proposed by Erwin Schrödinger
• Estimates the probability of finding an
electron in a certain position (electron
cloud)
Mass Number and Atomic Number
• All atoms can be identified by the number of protons and
neutrons they contain.

• Atomic Number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of

each atom of an element

• Mass Number (A) is the total number of neutrons and protons

present in the nucleus of an atom of an element
Try it out
Classifications of Nuclei
Isotopes
• Atoms of the same elements but different mass numbers.

Isobars
• Atoms of different elements with the same mass number

Isotones
• Atoms of different elements with the same number of neutrons
 Similarities Difference

Same number of Different number of

Isotopes
protons neutrons

Same number of Different number of

Isotones
neutrons protons

Different number of
Isobars Same mass number protons and
neutrons
Isotopes
Example: Isotopes of hydrogen – 11H, 12H, 13H

Number Number
Mass
of of
Isotopes number
Protons neutrons
(A)
(Z) (A – Z)
1
1
H 1 1 0
2
1
H 2 1 1
3
1
H 3 1 2
TRY TO ANSWER

Number of
Mass Number of
Isotopes neutrons
number (A) Protons (Z)
(A – Z)

12
6
C
13
6
C
14
6
C
Isobars
Example: 1840Ar, 1940K, 1840Ca

Mass Number of Number of

Isobars number Protons neutrons
(A) (Z) (A – Z)
40
18
Ar 40 18 22
40
19
K 40 19 21
40
20
Ca 40 20 20
TRY TO ANSWER

Number of
Mass Number of
Isobars neutrons
number (A) Protons (Z)
(A – Z)

24
11
Na
24
12
C
Isotones
Isotones Examples: 614C, 715N, 916O

Number of
Mass Number of
Isotones neutrons
number (A) Protons (Z)
(A – Z)
14
6
C 14 6 8
15
7
N 15 7 8
16
8
O 16 8 8
TRY TO ANSWER
Number of
Mass Number of
Isotones neutrons
number (A) Protons (Z)
(A – Z)

37
17
Cl
38
18
Ar
39
19
K
40
20
Ca
Ions
• An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or
negative charge.

A. Cation
an ion with a net positive charge
B. Anion
an ion whose net charge is negative
Radioactivity
• Wilhelm Röntgen
• Discovered X-rays

• Henri Becquerel
• Discovered radioactivity
• It was his student, Marie Curie, who suggested the term to describe the
spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation
Radioactive Emissions
Flame Test
• Recall that electrons may jump from ground state to higher energy
state. As described by Bohr, it emits energy– in the form of specific
wavelengths of light.
Determine the number of protons, neutrons,
and electrons of the following
• 1. Na+1 A= 23 Z=11
• a. Proton-
• b. Neutron-
• c. Electron-
2. K A= 39 Z=19
• a. Proton-

• b. Neutron-

• c. Electron-
3. Mg+2 A=24 Z=12
• a. Proton-

• b. Neutron-

• c. Electron-
• 4. Cl-1 A= 35 Z=17
• a. Proton-
• b. Neutron-
• c. Electron-
• 5. F A= 19 Z= 9
• a. Proton-
• b. Neutron-
• c. Electron-
• 6. N A= 14 Z= 7
• a. Proton-
• b. Neutron-
• c. Electron-