Performing a Conditional Search

Database Fundamentals

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Welcome to Performing a Conditional Search.

 What you will learn

At the core of the lesson

You will learn how to do the following: Key terms:
• Search by using one or more conditions. • WHERE clause
• Search for a range of values and NULL values. • Comparison operator
• Search data based on string patterns. • Arithmetic operator
• Logical operator
• Wildcard
• Column alias
• NULL value

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In this module, you will learn how to do the following:

• Search using one or more conditions.
• Search for a range of values and NULL values.
• Search data based on string patterns.
Simple search conditions

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You’ll begin with some simple search conditions.

 Overview of search conditions
• Use SELECT statements to retrieve data from • The WHERE clause applies a search condition to
database tables. each row of the SELECT statement.

• Adding a WHERE clause to a SELECT statement • The search condition uses operators to specify the
limits the data that is retrieved from a table. data that the query includes.

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The SELECT statement has five main clauses:

• FROM clause (required)
• WHERE clause
• GROUP BY clause
• HAVING clause
• ORDER BY clause

The WHERE clause is used to filter the data that the query returns.

The WHERE clause sets up a search condition that uses a logical test to decide
whether a row should be included in a query.

Search conditions compare two values by using an operator to test whether the
search condition is met.

If the search condition is met, the query returns the data items from the table.
 Search condition in a WHERE clause
Criteria to search for selected values in the table

country Query
SELECT continent, surfacearea,
Column Type population, gnp
Code Character FROM country
Name Character
WHERE name = 'Ireland’;

Continent Character
Region Character
Column name Value
SurfaceArea Float
IndepYear Integer
Population Integer
Output
LifeExpectancy Float continent surfacearea population gnp
GNP Float --------- ----------- ---------- -----
Europe 70273 3775100 75921
GNPOId Float
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This query introduces the country table, which contains data about countries from
around the world.

The example shows a conditional search that uses the WHERE clause with the equal
to (=) comparison operator.

Specifically, this query returns the continent, surface area, population, and gross
national product (GNP) data for the country named Ireland.
Operators

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Next, look at the operators that you can use with your searches.
 Types of operators
Three types of operators are used in search These operators can be used in SELECT, INSERT,
conditions: UPDATE, and DELETE statements.
• Arithmetic operators perform mathematical
operations.
• Comparison operators compare values between
data items.
• Logical operators are used to build compound
conditions.

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The following slides contain examples of each of these operator types.

Arithmetic operators and comparison operators

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The following slides contain examples of arithmetic operators and comparison

operators.
 Arithmetic operators

SQL operation SQL operator

Addition +

Subtraction –

Multiplication *

Division /

Modulus (remainder) %

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The SQL arithmetic operators are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
modulus (remainder after division).
 Comparison operators
SQL operation Operation Description

= Equals Compares two data items to see whether they are equal

!=, <>
Not equal Compares two data items to see whether they are not equal

Compares two data items to see whether the value of the data item on
< Less than
the left is less than the value on the right

Compares two data items to see whether the value of the data item on
<= Greater than
the left is less than or equal to the value on the right

Greater than Compares two data items to see whether the value of the data item on
>
the left is greater than the value on the right

Greater than or equal Compares two data items to see whether the value of the data item on
>=
the left is greater than or equal to the value on the right

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The not-equal-to operator has two options: != and <>. Which operator you use
might be your personal preference, or it might be formally defined according to a
company’s established coding standards and practices.
 Addition arithmetic operator
Arithmetic operator

Query

SELECT name, lifeexpectancy, lifeexpectancy+5.5

FROM country Adds 5.5 years to each
WHERE gnp > 1300000; lifeexpectancy value that is
displayed in the output

Comparison operator

Output name lifeexpectancy lifeexpectancy+5.5

--------------- -------------- -------------------
Germany 77.4 82.9
France 78.8 84.3
United Kingdom 77.7 83.2
Japan 80.7 86.2
United States 77.1 82.6
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Suppose research shows that the average life expectancy is expected to increase by
5.5 years for countries whose GNP is greater than $1.3 trillion.

This query calculates the new life expectancy for these countries. It adds 5.5 to the
current value for life expectancy and then displays that calculated value in the query
result.
 Subtraction arithmetic operator
The arithmetic operator subtracts 350,000
from the population value and displays the
Query result in the output.

SELECT name, continent, population, population-350000

FROM country
WHERE name='United States';

Comparison operator

Output
name continent population population-350000
------------- ------------- ---------- ------------------
United States North America 278357000 278007000

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Suppose research shows that the United States population is expected to decline by
350,000 people due to lower birth rates and emigration to other countries.

This query calculates that the new population of the United States will be
278,007,000 people following that decline. It displays that calculated value in the
query result.
 Multiplication arithmetic operator
The arithmetic operator increases the population by 15
percent and displays the result in the output.
Query

SELECT name, continent, population, population*1.15

FROM country
WHERE name = 'Malta';

Comparison operator

Output

name continent population population*1.15

------ --------- ---------- ---------------
Malta Europe 380200 437230

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Suppose research shows that Malta expects a 15 percent increase in population as

people from around the world move there to live following their retirement.

This query calculates the new population for Malta by multiplying the current value
for population by 1.15. It then displays that calculated value in the query result.
 Division arithmetic operator
The arithmetic operator divides the population by the surfacearea to display the
population density in the output.
Query

SELECT name, region, population, surfacearea, population/surfacearea

FROM country
WHERE population/surfacearea > 3000;

The population density calculation is also

used as a search condition.

Output
name region population surfacearea population/surfacearea
--------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------
Gibraltar Southern Europe 25000 6 4166.666667
Hong Kong Eastern Asia 6782000 1075 6308.837209
Macao Eastern Asia 473000 18 26277.777778

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Suppose you want to find the countries whose population density is more than 3,000
people per square kilometer.

This query divides the total population by the country size (surface area in square
kilometers) to calculate the population density.

The WHERE clause uses the same calculation to limit the query results to only those
countries whose population density is greater than 3,000 people per square
kilometer.
 Modulus arithmetic operator
The modulus operator calculates the remainder of the population divided by
the surfacearea and displays that remainder in the output.
Query

SELECT name, population, surfacearea, population/ surfacearea, population%surfacearea

FROM country
WHERE name = 'San Marino';

Output

name population surfacearea population/surfacearea population%surfacearea

---------- ---------- ----------- ---------------------- ----------------------
San Marino 27000 61 442.6230 38.00

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This query shows an example of using the modulus function. It calculates the
remainder of 38 square kilometers after dividing the population of San Marino by its
surface area.
Logical operators

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The following slides contain examples of logical operators.

 Logical operators explained
Common SQL logical operators

SQL operator Description

Joins two or more conditions in a WHERE clause. All conditions must be true for data items
AND
to be affected by the SQL statement.
Joins two or more conditions in a WHERE clause. At least one of the conditions must be true
OR
for data items to be affected by the SQL statement.
Used for matching on multiple data items in a single WHERE clause by using a list of
IN
conditional values.
Used for matching on multiple data items in a single WHERE clause by using partially
LIKE
matching conditional values referred to as wildcards (denoted by _ or %).
Used for matching on multiple data items in a single WHERE clause by specifying a range on
BETWEEN
matching conditional values.

NOT Is used to reverse the effect of IN, LIKE, and BETWEEN operators.

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This table explains some commonly used SQL logical operators.

 AND logical operator
Query
Logical operator
city
SELECT name, district, population
FROM city
ID Integer WHERE countrycode = 'IND'
AND district = 'Delhi';
Name Character
All WHERE clause conditions must be true for an AND
operator to affect a SQL statement.
CountryCode Character

Output
District Integer
name district population
--------------- -------------- ----------
Population Integer
Delhi Delhi 7206704
New Delhi Delhi 301297
Delhi Cantonment Delhi 94326

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This query introduces the city table, which contains data about cities from all around
the world.

This query uses the AND operator to return data items for cities in India (IND) whose
district is called Delhi.

A city must meet both of these conditions to be included in the query result set.
 OR logical operator
Query
Logical operator

SELECT name, district, population

FROM city At least one WHERE clause condition
WHERE district = 'Delhi' must be true for an OR operator to
OR district = 'Punjab'; affect a SQL statement.

Output
name district population
--------------------- -------------- ----------
Delhi Delhi 7206704
Ludhiana Punjab 1042740
Amritsar Punjab 708835
Jalandhar (Jullundur) Punjab 509510
...
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The query uses the OR operator to return data items for cities with districts called
Delhi or Punjab.

A city must meet one or the other of these district conditions to be included in the
query result set.
 IN logical operator

Query SELECT name, district, population

FROM city The IN operator returns
WHERE district IN ('Delhi','Punjab','Kerala'); the rows that match the
listed values.

name district population

Output ------------------------------ -------- ----------
Delhi Delhi 7206704
Ludhiana Punjab 1042740
Amritsar Punjab 708835
Cochin (Kochi) Kerala 564589
Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) Kerala 524006
Jalandhar (Jullundur) Punjab 509510
Lahore Punjab 5063499
...

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The query uses the IN operator to return data items for cities with districts called
Delhi, Punjab, and Kerala.

The query result set will include any city with a name that matches one of the district
names in this list.
 LIKE logical operator using the % wildcard

Query
SELECT name, district, population The wildcard character % is used
FROM city with the LIKE logical operator to
WHERE district LIKE 'West%'; substitute for one or more characters in a
string.

name district population

Output --------------- --------------- ----------
Perth West Australia 1096829
Brugge West Flanderi 116246
Cape Town Western Cape 2352121
Paarl Western Cape 105768
George Western Cape 93818
Zamboanga Western Mindanao 601794
Bacolod Western Visayas 429076
...
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The query uses the LIKE operator with a wildcard to return data items for cities whose
district names start with the name West.

The rest of the name can consist of any number and type of characters.
 LIKE logical operator using the _ wildcard

Query SELECT countrycode, name

FROM city The wildcard character _ is used
WHERE countrycode LIKE '_B_'; with the LIKE logical operator to
substitute for a single character in a
string.

countrycode name
----------- ----------
Output ABW Oranjestad
GBR London
GBR Birmingham
...(more GBR entries)...
LBN Beirut
LBY Tripoli
LBR Monrovia
...(more LBY entries)...

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The query uses the LIKE operator with a wildcard. It returns data items for cities
whose country code has the letter B as second character of the three-character code.

The first and third characters can be any value.

 BETWEEN logical operator

Query
SELECT countrycode, name, district,
population The range for a BETWEEN operator
FROM city also includes both specified values.
WHERE population BETWEEN 500000 AND 505000;

Range of values
Output
countrycode name district population
----------- ----------- -------------------- ----------
IND Chandigarh Chandigarh 504094
YEM Sanaa Sanaa 503600
COG Pointe-Noire Kouilou 500000
MAR Salé Rabat-Salé-Zammour-Z 504420
RUS Tjumen Tjumen 503400

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The query uses the BETWEEN operator to return data items for cities whose
populations are between 500,000 and 505,000 people.

The first and last value for a BETWEEN clause are included in the range.

Therefore, the query result set will also include any city whose population is exactly
500,000 or 505,000.
 NOT logical operator

Query
SELECT name, district, population
FROM city
WHERE countrycode = 'CAN'
AND district NOT IN ('Ontario','Alberta')
The NOT keyword can be used
with IN, LIKE, and BETWEEN
operators.
Output

name district population

--------- ---------------- ----------
Montréal Québec 1016376
Winnipeg Manitoba 618477
Vancouver British Colombia 514008
...

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The query uses the NOT operator to return data items for cities in Canada, except for
cities in Ontario and Alberta.

The query result set will omit any city with a name that matches one of the names in
this list.

The NOT operator can be used to modify other SQL operators. For example, you can
use the following:
• NOT IN
• NOT BETWEEN
• NOT LIKE
 Operators can be used in flexible ways

Query 1 Query 2

SELECT name, district, population SELECT name, district, population

FROM city FROM city
WHERE countrycode = 'CAN' WHERE countrycode = 'CAN'
AND district NOT IN ('Ontario','Alberta') AND district <> 'Ontario'
AND district <> 'Alberta';

Output
These SQL statements use name district population
different operators but return --------- ---------------- ----------
the same data items. Montréal Québec 1016376
Winnipeg Manitoba 618477
Vancouver British Colombia 514008
...

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Depending on which SQL operators you use, it is possible to achieve the same results
by using different SQL statements.

Neither option is correct or incorrect. Which operators you use can be driven by your
personal preferences or might be formally defined according to a company’s
established coding standards and practices.
Operator precedence

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The next slides discuss operator precedence.

 Operator precedence explained
SQL operators are evaluated in a defined order in a SQL statement.

Operators enclosed in parentheses

Evaluated first
Operators for multiplication or division

Operators for addition or subtraction

Comparison operators

NOT operators used with IN, BETWEEN, and LIKE

AND operators

Evaluated last OR, BETWEEN, IN, and LIKE operators

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By default, SQL operators are evaluated in a defined order in a SQL statement.

You might need to have your search criteria evaluated in a different order. You can
use parentheses in the WHERE clause to force your criteria to be evaluated in a
different order.
 Using parentheses to enforce operator precedence: Part 1
SELECT name, district, population SELECT name, district, population
FROM city FROM city
WHERE countrycode = 'PAK' WHERE countrycode = 'PAK'
AND district = 'Punjab' AND district = 'Punjab'
OR district = 'Sindh'; OR district = 'Sindh'
AND population > 1500000

The query returns data items with countrycode PAK An attempt is made to revise the query to exclude cities
and district of Punjab or district of Sindh. with populations less than 1.5 million people.

name district population name district population

---------- -------- ---------- ---------- -------- ----------
Karachi Sindh 9269265 Karachi Sindh 9269265
Lahore Punjab 5063499 Lahore Punjab 5063499
Faisalabad Punjab 1977246 Faisalabad Punjab 1977246
Rawalpindi Punjab 1406214 Rawalpindi Punjab 1406214
Multan Punjab 1182441 Multan Punjab 1182441
Hyderabad Sindh 1151274 ...
...
Why does the query result still include cities
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of less than 1.5 million people?

The first query lists all the data items with countrycode PAK and a district of either
Punjab or Sindh.

The second query adds an additional search condition. The second search condition
was intended to limit the result set to only those cities with populations of more than
1.5 million people.

However, adding this additional condition to the WHERE clause did not produce the
desired result.

This unexpected result happens because, by default, AND conditions are applied to
the query before OR conditions.

Therefore, the second query still returns rows for Rawalpindi and Multan, both of
which have populations smaller than 1.5 million people.

The next slide shows how to fix this issue by using parentheses.
 Using parentheses to enforce operator precedence: Part 2
SELECT name, district, population SELECT name, district, population
FROM city FROM city
WHERE countrycode = 'PAK' WHERE countrycode = 'PAK'
AND district = 'Punjab' AND (district = 'Punjab'
OR district = 'Sindh' OR district = 'Sindh')
AND population > 1500000; AND population > 1500000;

Why does the query result still include cities of Adding parentheses provides the desired query
less than 1.5 million people? results.

name district population name district population

---------- -------- ---------- ---------- -------- ----------
Karachi Sindh 9269265 Karachi Sindh 9269265
Lahore Punjab 5063499 Lahore Punjab 5063499
Faisalabad Punjab 1977246 Faisalabad Punjab 1977246
Rawalpindi Punjab 1406214
Multan Punjab 1182441
...

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Note that the query on the left is repeated output from the previous slide for
reference.

The goal of the query on the left is to limit the result set to cities with populations of
more than 1.5 million people.

However, adding this to the WHERE clause as an additional search condition did not
produce the desired result. The query still returns rows for Rawalpindi and Multan,
both of which have populations smaller than 1.5 million. This result occurs because
SQL processes AND operators before OR operators.

Therefore, the following is the search condition in this query:

• List data items for cities with a district of Punjab. The population size condition is
never applied to cities with a district of Punjab. Therefore, you see cities with
populations less than 1.5 million in the query result set.
• List data items for cities with a district of Sindh that are also larger than 1.5 million.

The query on the right shows that adding parentheses to the query can cause the
population size condition to be applied after the district name condition.

Enclosing that portion of the query in parentheses causes the OR condition to be

evaluated first, followed by the population condition. This adjustment provides the
desired query results.
 Using parentheses to enforce operator precedence: Part 3
SELECT name, district, population SELECT name, district, population
FROM city FROM city
WHERE countrycode = 'PAK' WHERE countrycode = 'PAK'
AND district = 'Punjab' AND (district = 'Punjab'
OR district = 'Sindh' OR district = 'Sindh')
AND population > 1500000; AND population > 1500000;

Punjab Sindh
Punjab Sindh 1500000
1500000

Included in
query results
Included in
query results

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This visual presentation shows how the use of parentheses around the OR operator in
the previous slide helped to achieve the desired query results.

In the first query, all of the data items for Punjab are included in the query results.
This result occurs because the population size condition is never applied to cities with
a district of Punjab.

In the second query, the query results include all of the data items for Punjab that
have more than 1.5 million people. The results also include the data items for Singh
that have more than 1.5 million people.
Activity: Using Operators In this activity:
(1 of 2) • Consider the following table structure that is used to store data
about customer purchases for an online retailer.

Name Type
CustomerID Integer
FirstName Character
LastName Character
StreetAddress Character
City Character
StateProvince Character
PostalCode Integer
CountryCode Character
EmailAddress Character
LastPurchaseYear Integer
TotalNumberPurchases Integer
TotalCostOfPurchases Integer

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Consider the following table structure that is used to store data about customer
purchases for an online retailer.

Which SQL statements for the queries can you use?

Activity: Using Operators • Using this table, formulate SQL statements for the queries
that the instructor describes.
(2 of 2)
Name Type
CustomerID Integer
FirstName Character
LastName Character
StreetAddress Character
City Character
StateProvince Character
PostalCode Integer
CountryCode Character
EmailAddress Character
LastPurchaseYear Integer
TotalNumberPurchases Integer
TotalCostOfPurchases Integer

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Develop a query that would return the first name, last name, and email address of
customers who answer the following questions:

1. Which customers live in a country designated by the country code GDR?

WHERE CountryCode='GDR';

2. Which customers live in the city of Chicago in the state of Illinois?

WHERE city = 'Chicago'
AND state = 'Illinois'

3. Which customers use a Yahoo email address?

WHERE EmailAddress like '%@yahoo.com'

4. Which customers do not use a Yahoo email address?

WHERE EmailAddress not like '%@yahoo.com'
AND EmailAddress is not null

5. What are the medium-sized customers, defined as those whose total purchases
are more than $5,000 but less than $10,000?
WHERE TotalCostOfPurchases between 5000 and 10000

alternatively:
 WHERE TotalCostOfPurchases > 4999
AND TotalCostOfPurchases < 10001

6. Which customers have a country code of BRA, made more than 100 purchases
last year or spent more than $20,000 last year, and have a last name of
Rodriguez?
WHERE CountryCode='BRA'
AND (TotalNumberPurchases > 100 OR TotalCostOfPurchases > 20000)
AND LastName = 'Rodriguez'
Aliases

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In previous examples, the returned results sets used column names that matched the
column name or field name in the database. In this section, you use aliases to return
query results.
 Overview of an alias

An alias is used to assign a temporary name to a table or column within a SQL query.
• The alias exists only while the SQL statement is running.
• Aliases are useful for assigning names to obscurely named tables and columns.
• Aliases are also used to assign meaningful names to query output that uses arithmetic SQL
operators.
• Aliases can be specified in a SQL statement by using the optional AS keyword.
• If spaces are desired in an alias name, the alias should be defined in quotation marks.

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You can use aliases to include a column header of your choosing in a query result set.

In some situations, aliases can make your SQL statements simpler to write and easier
to read.

You can use the AS keyword after the column name to create a new column name.
 An alias applied to arithmetic operator

SELECT name, lifeexpectancy, lifeexpectancy+5.5 AS newlifeexpectancy

FROM country Alias is applied
WHERE gnp > 1300000; here.

name lifeexpectancy newlifeexpectancy

--------------- -------------- -----------------
Germany 77.4 82.9
France 78.8 84.3
United Kingdom 77.7 83.2
Japan 80.7 86.2
United States 77.1 82.6

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Suppose research shows that average life expectancy is expected to increase by 5.5
years for countries whose GNP is greater than $1.3 trillion.

The query lists the new life expectancy for these countries, with the alias
newlifeexpectancy used for the column name in the query output.

Without this alias, the column in the query output would use the default column
name of lifeexpectancy+5.5.
 Including spaces in an alias

Query
SELECT name, lifeexpectancy, lifeexpectancy+5.5 AS 'new life expectancy'
FROM country Alias
WHERE gnp > 1300000;

Output
name lifeexpectancy new life expectancy
--------------- -------------- -------------------
Germany 77.4 82.9
France 78.8 84.3
United Kingdom 77.7 83.2
Japan 80.7 86.2
United States 77.1 82.6

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Suppose research shows that average life expectancy is expected to increase by 5.5
years for countries whose GNP is greater than $1.3 trillion.

The query lists the new life expectancy for these countries, with the resulting alias
new life expectancy (with spaces) used for the column name in the query output.

Without this alias, the column in the query output would use the default column
name of lifeexpectancy+5.5.
NULL values

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You’ll now look at NULL values.

 Overview of NULL values

Databases use NULL to represent the absence of value for a data item.

• Because they have no value, NULL values cannot be compared to each other by using
typical comparison operators.

• Because they have no value, NULL values are not equal to one another.

• Use IS NULL and IS NOT NULL when working with NULL values in a WHERE clause.

• Tables can be designed so that NULL values are not allowed.

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A NULL is the absence of any value. A zero is not a NULL value. A blank space created
by pressing the keyboard space bar is not a NULL value.

Primary key columns in tables cannot contain NULL values.

Non-primary key columns in tables can also be defined as NOT NULL if needed.
 Example of querying for NULL values

Query SELECT name, lifeexpectancy

FROM country
WHERE lifeexpectancy IS NULL
AND name NOT LIKE '%Island%';
IS NULL and IS NOT NULL
keywords are used when
name lifeexpectancy working with NULL values.
------------------------------ --------------
Output Antarctica NULL
French Southern territories NULL
British Indian Ocean Territory NULL
Niue NULL
Pitcairn NULL
Svalbard and Jan Mayen NULL
Tokelau NULL
Holy See (Vatican City State) NULL
Wallis and Futuna NULL
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Suppose you want to create some reports related to life expectancy for different
countries. You might want to begin by making certain that you have life expectancy
data for all the countries in the database.

Countries with no data for life expectancy will have NULL values for this column in the
table.

By using the IS NULL operator as a search condition, this query returns data items for
countries that do not have values for life expectancy.
 NULL values can affect query results

SELECT name, lifeexpectancy, lifeexpectancy+1

FROM country Adding + 1 to the lifeexpectancy
WHERE lifeexpectancy IS NULL column still returns a NULL.
AND name NOT LIKE '%Island%';

name lifeexpectancy lifeexpectancy+1

------------------------------ -------------- ----------------
Antarctica NULL NULL
French Southern territories NULL NULL
British Indian Ocean Territory NULL NULL
Niue NULL NULL
Pitcairn NULL NULL
Svalbard and Jan Mayen NULL NULL
Tokelau NULL NULL
Holy See (Vatican City State) NULL NULL
Wallis and Futuna NULL NULL

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Because NULL is the absence of a value, any mathematical or comparison operation

on NULL values will always return a NULL value.

This property can lead to unexpected query results.

In this query, the + 1 is being added to data items that have a NULL value for
lifeexpectancy.

The result of this calculation returns a NULL value for these items.
Discussion: NULL Values
1. What is the purpose of a NULL value?
2. Why is it important to search for a NULL value in a table?
3. How would you search a table for results that do not contain
NULL?

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1. What is the purpose of a NULL value?

NULL values indicate that no value has been provided for that data item.

2. Why is it important to search for a NULL value in a table?

It is important to search for NULL values in a table. NULL data items can be easily
left out of query results when queries on the columns containing NULL values are
part of the WHERE clause. This result can cause erroneous results, particularly
when arithmetic or comparison operators are applied.

3. How would you search a table for results that do not contain NULL?

To search a table for results that do not contain NULL, include an IS NOT NULL
operator in the WHERE clause of the query.
 Checkpoint questions

What is the purpose of a condition in a query?

Why should you use aliases in SQL?

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1. What is the purpose of a condition in a query?

You can use conditions in a query to filter your search results.

2. Why should you use aliases in SQL?

Aliases are often used to make column names more understandable.

 Key takeaways
• A search condition is a logical test that can be applied to a
row.
– The WHERE clause is used to define the search
condition.
– Arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators can be
used.
• Naming aliases provides the result set with a column
header of your choice.
– In some situations, the aliases make your SQL
statements simpler to write and easier to read.
• NULL values require special handling in SQL statements.
– NULL is the absence of value.
– Use IS NULL and IS NOT NULL in queries.

43 © 2022, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

This module includes the following key takeaways:

• A search condition is a logical test that can be applied to a row.
• The WHERE clause is used to define the search condition.
• Arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators can be used.
• Naming aliases provides the result set with a column header of your choice.
• In some situations, the aliases make your SQL statements simpler to
write and easier to read.
• NULL values require special handling in SQL statements.
• NULL is the absence of value.
• Use IS NULL and IS NOT NULL in queries.
Thank you

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Commercial copying, lending, or selling is prohibited. Corrections, feedback, or other questions? Contact us at https://support.aws.amazon.com/#/contacts/aws-training. All trademarks are the property of their
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Thank you for completing this module.