N TION

NAT NAAL
CA
CADDEETT
COR
CO RP
PS S
HEA
AD QUAR
Q RTERSS DG NCC
National Cadet Corps

Edition 2017, HQ DG NCC, India

Copies:

This book or part there of may not be reproduced by

any person or agency in any manner.

Published By: The Director General, National Cadets Corps

Delhi-110030

Design, Layout: NCC OTA, Kamptee

Printed By: Shri Sai Enterprises

RZ-147, Street-3, Dabri Indl. Area,
New Delhi-110045
Ph. : 011-52381787, 9810274844
 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PREAMBLE
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, Having Solemnly Resolved To Constitute India Into A
1[SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST

SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] And To Secure To All Its Citizens :

JUSTICE, Social, Economic And Political;
LIBERTY Of Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith And Worship;
EQUALITY Of Status And Of Opportunity; And To Promote Among Them All
FRATERNITY Assuring The Dignity Of The Individual And The2 [Unity And Integrity Of The Nation];

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY This Twenty-Sixth Day OfNovember, 1949, Do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT
AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

1Subs,By The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act.1976, Sec.2, For "Sovereign

Democratic Republic” (W.E.F. 3.1.1977)
2Subs, By The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act. 1976, Sec. 2, For "Unity Of The Nation”

(W.E.F. 3.1.1977)

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Chapter IV A

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
ARTICLE 51A
Fundamental Duties - It Shall Be The Duty Of Every Citizen Of India-
To Abide By The Constitution And Respect Its Ideals And Institutions,
The National Flag And The National Anthem;
To Cherish And Follow The Noble Ideals Which Inspired Our National Struggle
For Freedom;
To Uphold And Protect The Sovereignty, Unity And Integrity Of India;
To Defend The Country And Render National Service When Called Upon To Do So;
To Promote Harmony And The Spirit Of Common Brotherhood Amongst All The People
Of India Transcending Religious, Linguistic And Regional Or Sectional Diversities;
To Renounce Practices Derogatory To The Dignity Of Women;
To Value And Preserve The Rich Heritage Of Our Composite Culture;
To Protect And Improve The Natural Environment Including Forests, Lakes, Rivers,
Wild Life And To Have Compassion For Living Creatures;
To Develop The Scientific Temper, Humanism And The Spirit Of Inquiry And Reform;
To Safeguard Public Property And To Abjure Violence;
To Strive Towards Excellence In All Spheres Of Individual And Collective Activity
So That The Nation Constantly Rises To Higher Levels Of Endeavour And Achievement;
1(K) Who Is A Parent Or Guardian To Provide Opportunities For Education To His/Her

Child Or, As The Case May Be, Ward Between Age Of Six And Forteen Years.
1 Ins. By The Constitution (Eighty - Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 S.4 (W.E.F. 12.12.2002)
 NATIONAL ANTHEM

Jana Gana Mana Adhinaayak Jaya Hey,

Bhaarat Bhaagya Vidhaataa
Panjaab Sindhu Gujrat Maraatha
Draavid Utkal Banga
Vindhya Himaachal
Yamuna Ganga,
Uchchhal Jaladhi Taranga
Tav Shubh Naamey Jaagey
Tav Shubh Aashish Mange
Gaayy Tav Jaya gaathaa
Jana Gana Mangal Daayak
Jaya Hey Bhaarat
Bhagya Vidhaataa
Jaya Hey, Jaya Hey,
Jaya Hey, Jaya Jaya Jaya, Jaya Hey.
 Preface
1. National Cadet Corps (NCC) came into existence on 15 July 1948 under an Act of
Parliament. Over the years, NCC has spread its activities and values across the length and
breadth of the country; in schools and colleges in almost all the districts of India. It has attracted
millions of young boys and girls to the very ethos espoused by its motto “unity and discipline” and
molded them into disciplined and responsible citizens of the country. NCC has attained an
enviable brand value for itself in the Young India’s mind space.

2. National Cadet Corps (NCC) aims at character building and leadership in all walks of life
and promotes the spirit of patriotism and National Integration among the youth of the country.
Towards this end, it runs a multifaceted training; varied in content, style and processes with added
emphasis on practical training, outdoor training and training as a community.

3. With the dawn of Third Millennia, there have been rapid strides in technology,
information, social and economic fields bringing in a paradigm shift in learning field too; NCC
being no exception. A need was felt to change with times. NCC has introduced its New Training
Philosophy, catering to all the new changes and developments taking place in Indian Society. It has
streamlined and completely overhauled its training objectives, syllabus, methodology etc thus
making it in sync with times. Subjects like National Integration, Personality Development and Life
skills, Social Awareness etc have alsobeen given prominent thrust.

4. The new syllabus has been in force for the last five years. The feedback, suggestions and
various limitations have been brought out by different stake holders. This new edition being the
outcome of these suggestions.

5. For the ease of both Trainers and Trainees alike, a summary and a list of various types of
questions concerning the unit have been added at the end of each unit. The syllabus has been
revised to make it cadet friendly, colourful with large number of photographs, charts, pictures etc
and visually appealing. It is hoped that this will facilitate better assimilation and increased
interest among the cadets.

6. The book has been the outcome of sincere devotion and relentless effort of the team
Officers Training Academy, Kamptee duly steered by the Commandant. Our sincere gratitude and
compliments to them. Any suggestions are welcome for its improvement in the future editions.

7. Contents of this hard work must form the basis of Institutional Training with explicit
commitment.

Vinod Vashisht
Lieutenant General
Director General
National Cadet Corps
 Acknowledgement
ADVISORY PANEL

Lieutenant General Vinod Vashisht, AVSM, VSM**, ADC DG NCC

Major General N S Rao, Commandant, NCC OTA, Kamptee

MONITORING ANDEDITING BOARD

Brigadier SB Singh, Deputy Commandant and Chief Instructor, NCC OTA, Kamptee
Colonel Babu Francis, Colonel General Staff , NCC OTA, Kamptee
Colonel Manish Sinha, VSM, Director Training (A), Head Quarters, DG NCC
Colonel CPS Negi, Instructor Class A, NCC OTA , Kamptee
Lieutenant Colonel Joby Joseph, Instructor Class A, NCC OTA , Kamptee
Lieutenant Colonel Sanjeev Thakur, Instructor Class A, NCC OTA, Kamptee

MATERIALS PRODUCTION
Major M Ningthem
Major SS Bhandari
Major Manoj Uniyal
Major PS Chundawat, SC
Major Vikram Meena
Major Geetesh Gunjan
Major US Rana
Major S Samarkant
Trainee ANOs From All Directorates
Havildar Sukhchain Singh, 2 Punjab Battalion NCC, Jalandhar

COVER PAGE

Mr. Niraj C Parate

 SPECIAL SUBJECTS : SENIOR DIVISION/WING

INDEX

Ser No Lesson Subject Page Number

Code From To

1. AF Armed Forces 01 45

2. MR Map Reading 50 84

3. FC & BC Filed Craft and Battle Craft 88 123

4. INF Introduction to Infantry weapons and 129 143

equipments
5. MH Military History 149 171

6. Comn Communication 176 195

 1

UNIT 1: ARMED FORCES

INDEX

Ser No Lesson Subject Page Number

Code
From To

1. AF-1 Basic organisation of Armed 03 06

Forces

2. AF-2 Organisation of Army 07 11

3. AF-3 Badges and Ranks 12 16

4. AF-4 Task and Role of Fighting Arms 17 21

5. AF-5 Task and Role of Supporting 22 26

Arms and Services
6. AF-6 Modes of Entry to Army 27 41

7. AF-7 Honors and Awards 42 45

 2

UNIT 1: ARMED FORCES

Knowledge Understanding Application Skill Evaluation

Basic The cadet will understand the The cadet will be aware of the Work sheets and
Organisation basic structure of the three three services and develop sense assignment
of Armed services of Armed Forces. of pride in Armed Forces.
Forces
Organisation The cadet will understand the The cadet will have an insight of Work sheets
of Army basic outline organisation of various arms and services of
Indian Army. Army and get motivated to join
one of them.

Badges and The cadet will understand the The cadet will be able to Work sheets and
Ranks rank structure of the three recognise and compare the rank assignment
services of Armed Forces. structure of the three services.

Task and Role of The cadet will understand the The cadet will be able to Work sheets
Fighting Arms task and role of Fighting Arms. understand the capabilities of
fighting Arms.

Task and Role of The cadet will understand the The cadet will be able to Work sheets
Supporting Arms task and role of Supporting understand the employment of
and Services Arms and Services. Supporting Arms and Services.

Modes of The cadet will understand the The cadet will be able to equip Work sheets and
entry to Modes of Entry into Armed him/herself for entry into Armed assignment
Armed Forces Forces. Forces.

Honours and The cadet will understand the The cadet will be able to Assignments
Awards Honours and Awards. understand different Awards,
Honours and decorations in the
Armed Forces.
 3

ARMED FORCES : AF-1

BASIC ORGANISATION OF ARMED FORCES

Period - One

Type - Lecture

Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction. - 05 Min

(b) Command and control - 10 Min

(c) Headquarters and formation headquarters - 10 Min

(d) Navy and Air Force - 10 Min

(e) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. As a Cadet of NCC, it is very important to understand the basic organisation of our Armed
Forces. An overview of the command and control structure shows how finely it has been tuned
to meet India’s security requirements, based on the major wars that it has fought and the present
day relations between India and its neighbours.

AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets about basic organization of Armed Forces.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Army

(b) Part II - Navy
(c) Part III - Air force
PART I – ARMY
6. The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the
largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The
President of India serves as the Supreme Commander
of the Indian Army, and it is commanded by Chief of
Army staff(COAS),who is a four star general.. The Chief
of Army Staff is the head of the Indian Army and is
 4

responsible for all army activities. Officers who assist him are:-

(a) Vice Chief of Army Staff.

(b) Two Deputy Chiefs of Army Staff.
(c) Principle Staff Officers (PSOs).
(d) Heads of Arms and Services.
(e) Field Army (Commands).
Command Headquarters

7. Command Headquarters is commanded by an officer of the rank of Lieutenant General who is

called Army Commander or GOC – in - C. The whole country is divided into Seven theatre
Commands who have subordinate formations under them. These are:-

Command Insignia Command Name Headquarters

Headquarters, Indian Army New Delhi

Central Command Lucknow

Eastern Command Kolkata

Northern Command Udhampur

Southern Command Pune

South Western Command Jaipur

Western Command Chandimandir

Army Training Command Shimla

PART II – NAVY

8. Our country is covered almost from three sides with water with
a coastline of approximately over 6000 Kms. The sea around India
has impact/effect on India’s freedom, trade, commerce, and culture.
The Indian Navy (Bharatiya Nau Sena) is the naval branch of
the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India serves as
Supreme Commander of the Indian Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff,
usually a four-star officer in the rank of Admiral, commands the
navy. The Indian Navy is the fifth largest in the world. The primary
 5

objective of the navy is to secure the nation's maritime borders.

Constituents of the Navy

9. As of 2017, the Indian Navy has a strength of 67,109 personnel and a large operational fleet
consisting of one aircraft carrier, one amphibious transport dock, eight landing ship tanks, 11 destroyers,
14 frigates, one nuclear-powered attack submarine, one ballistic missile submarine, 13 conventionally-
powered attack submarines, 23 corvettes, six mine countermeasure vessels, 29 patrol vessels, four fleet
tankers and various other auxiliary vessels.

Organisation and Administration

10. Chief of Naval Staff commands Indian Navy. Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence
(Navy) is located in New Delhi. The Navy is divided into three commands: -

Commands Headquarters

Western Naval Command Mumbai

Eastern Naval Command Vishakhapatnam

Southern Naval Command Kochi

PART III – AIR FORCE

11. Indian Air Force is the youngest of the three Services.It is the air
arm of the Indian armed forces. It is the world's fourth largest air force in
terms of both personnel and aircraft Its primary responsibility is to secure
Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during a conflict It came
into existence in the year 1932. Indian Air Force comprises of fighter
aircrafts, transporter aircrafts, bombers and helicopters. The President of
India serves as Supreme Commander of the IAF. The Chief of Air Staff,
an air chief marshal, is a four-star officer and commands the Air Force

Air Headquarters

12. Indian Air Force is commanded by Chief of the Air Staff. The staff of Air
Headquarters consists of three branches:-

(a) Air Staff branch.

(b) Administrative branch.
(c) Maintenance branch.

Commands

13. The Air Force is organized into seven commands which are controlled by Air HQ. Each Command
is placed under the command of an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief. The Commands are: -
 6

Commands Headquarters

Operational commands
Central Air Command (CAC) Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

Eastern Air Command (EAC) Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

Southern Air Command (SAC) Shillong, Meghalaya

South Western Air Command (SWAC) Gandhinagar, Gujarat

Western Air Command (WAC) New Delhi

Functional Commands

Training Command (TC) Bangalore, Karnataka

Maintenance Command (MC) Nagpur, Maharashtra

CONCLUSION

14. The organisation of the Armed Forces is structured in a manner to facilitate coordination of the
functioning of all the three services with the nucleus being the Service Headquarters and various
Formations down the Chain of Command.
 7

ARMED FORCES: AF-2

ORGANISATION OF ARMY
Period - Two
Type - Lecture
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Command and control - 10 Min
(c) Fighting Arms - 20 Min
(d) Supporting Arms - 15 Min
(e) Supporting Services - 20 Min
(f) Conclusion - 10 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The primary mission of the Indian Army is to ensure national security and unity, defending the
nation from external aggression and internal threats, and maintaining peace and security within its
borders. It conducts humanitarian rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances,
and also be requisitioned by the government to cope with internal threats. The present day Indian Army
is one of the foremost fighting armies of the world. It is a thoroughly professional force that has vast
combat experience. The organisation draws its customs, traditions, ethos and basic character from the
erstwhile British Indian Army. At the time of independence in 1947, due to partition of India, the old
Indian Army was also divided. Since then, the Army has been constantly re-organised and modernised
to suit the peculiar varied geographical and geo-political situation of the nation.The Army since
independence has taken part in the following major operations:-

(a) Kashmir Operations against Pakistan 1947-48.

(b) Sino-Indian Operations in NEFA (Arunachal) and Ladakh 1962.
(c) Indo-Pak war 1965.
(d) Indo-Pak war 1971.
(e) Sri Lanka 1987-1990 ( Operation Pawan)
(f) Kargil conflict 1999 ( Operation Vijay)

AIM

4. To acquaint cadets about the basic organization of the Army.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts: -

(a) Part I - Command and control

(b) Part II - Fighting Arms

 8

(c) Part III - Supporting Arms

(d) Part IV - Supporting Services

PART I- COMMAND AND CONTROL

6. The Army HQ functions under the ministry of Defence and is located at New Delhi. Command
HQs have field formations and static formations under them.

Field Formations

7. These are the field forces for the battle. They are grouped into three
categories. Which are as follows:-

(a) Corps. Commanded by an officer of the rank of Lieutenant General. It has 3-4
Divisions under its command. The Corps are of two types depending on their role:-

(i) “Holding” (Defensive) Corps.

(ii) “Strike” (Offensive) Corps.

(b) Divisions. Commanded by an officer of the rank of Major General. It has 3-4
Brigades under its command.

(c) Brigades. Commanded by an officer of the rank of Brigadier. It has 3-4 Battalions
under its command. Each Battalion has six coys commanded by a Company Commander.

Static Formations

8. Area Headquarters and Sub Area Headquarters are commanded by an

officer of the rank of Lieutenant General, and Major General respectively. These formations are
extended all over the country and look after the infrastructural assets, lines of communication logistics,
administration and all matters of civil-military liaison etc.

PART II- FIGHTING ARMS

Armour Corps

9. The Armoured Corps is one of the combat arms of

the Indian Army. Formed in 1947, it has battle tanks which
provide the mobility ad fire power. It currently consists of
63 armoured regiments; including the president's
bodyguardsthe basic role of amour is to destroy the enemy
by relentless, mobile offensive action, both in offensive and
defensive operations. Armour is best suited for present day
battle field environment because of its mobility, fire power
protection and shock action. An Armoured Regiment has 45 tanks. In India we have Tank T-72,
Tank T-90 and MBT Arjun tanks.

Infantry

10. Infantry is the main combat arm, best arm suited for
close battle. Its role is to close in with the enemy and destroy him
or capture his territory. In Defence, they hold the ground against
all types of attack. They also take part in counter insurgency and
 9

counter terrorist operations. Infantry also provides assistance in aid to civil authorities when called for.

Mechanised Infantry

11. It is infantry with more mobility and fire power. Mechanized

Infantry moves in armoured personnel carrier (APC) which has
enough protection against small arms fire. They operate along with
Armour in battle field. Equipments used are BMP- I and II.

PART III- SUPPORTING ARMS

12. The Supporting Arms which help the Fighting Arms consist of the following Arms. The
Supporting Arms will be covered in Detail in AF-3:-

(a) Artillery(Long range weapon Guns, Howitzers

and Mortars)

(b) Engineers (Bridges, construction and demolition)

(c) Army Air Defence (Anti-aircraft

weapons)

(d) Army Aviation Corps (Helicopters)

 10

(e
e) Signals ( Communiccation Wing)

PART IV - SUPPORTIN
S NG SERVICE
ES

13. T supportin
The ng services provide
p administrative cover to the fig
ghting
and sup
pporting armss to carry ou
ut their task. The servicess and their functions
f will be covered in Detail in
AF-7.

(a) Army Servvice Corps

(Rattions, Fuel and Transportt)

(b) Army Med dical Corps

(Hosspitals, Field Ambulancess, Medical Aid
A Posts)

(c) Army Ordnance Corpss (Ammunitio

on & Clothing
g)

(d) Corps of Electrical and

a Mechanical Engineerrs (Repair an
nd
Reccovery)

(e) Remount and Veterina

ary Corps (A
Animal Transport, Mules and
a
Arm
my Dog units))
 11

(f) Army Edu

ucation Corpss (Human Re
esource Dev
velopment

(g) The Intelligence Corp

ps (Field Inte
elligence)

(h) The Corps of

o Military Police ( Discipline & Protoc
col)

(i) ge Advocate
Judg e General Bra
anch (Army Lawyers)
L

(j) Arm
my Physical Training
T ps (PT Instructors, Coach
Corp hes
Sports & Ga
ames)

(k) ence Securitty Corps ( Se

Defe ecurity of imp
portant area)

CONCLUSION
N

14. At the time of independ dence in 194 47, due to partition

p of In
ndia, the old
d Indian Armmy was also
divided. Since then the Army ha as been consstantly re-org
ganised and modernized to suit the modern
m day
warfare. In the armyy every operaational task is performed with the help of all compponents of th
he Army i.e.
combat arms, comba at support arrms and servvices.
 12

ARMED FORCES : AF-3

BADGES OF RANKS

Period - One
Type - Lecture
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction. - 05 Min

(b) Badges of rank-Army - 10 Min
(c) Badges of rank –Navy - 10 Min
(d) Badges of rank-Air force - 10 Min
(e) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The Indian Armed Forces consists of three professional uniformed services: the Indian Army,
Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force. All the three services have distinct Badges of ranks which help in
identifying soldiers and their commanders. The ranks of Badges are given as per professional
competence and length of service in Armed Forces.

AIM

4. To acquaint cadets about the different Badges of Ranks of Armed

Forces in India.

Common Military Ranks

Navy Army Air Force

Commissioned

Admiral of the fleet Marshal or Field marshal Marshal of the air force

Admiral General Air chief marshal

Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal

Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal

Commodore Brigadier Air commodore

 13

Captain Colonel Group captain

Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander

Lieutenant commander Major Squadron leader

Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant

Sub-lieutenant Lieutenant Flying officer

PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts: -

(a) Part I - Badges of Rank-Army

(b) Part II - Badges of Rank –Navy

(c) Part III - Badges of Rank-Air force

PART I - BADGES OF RANK-ARMY

Commissioned Officers Army

6. Commissioned Officers of Indian Army are those who command their troops from Platoon or
equivalent up to Corps and higher and hold Presidents commission. Field Marshal is an honorary
rank and is given to a General for his valuable services. K.M Cariappa was awarded the rank of Field
Marshal in the year 1986 for his valuable services to Indian Army.S.H.F.J Manekshaw were Army
Chief in 1971 war against Pakistan which liberated Bangladesh. He was awarded the Rank of Field
Marshal for his exemplary leadership during the war. A Field Marshal is a Five Star Rank. The
badges of rank worn by commissioned officers are as given under:
 14

Junior Commissiioned Office er (JCO) Arm my

7. The seconnd set of offficers in the Army is Jun
nior Commisssioned Officcers. The so
oldiers who
becom
me JCOs join n the Army as
a sepoys an nd come up through the NCO ranks. The ranks ofo Subedar
Major,, Subedar annd Naib Sub bedar are used in the Inffantry and otther Arms an
nd Services.. While the
ranks of Risaldar Major,
M Risald
dar and Naib Risaldar aree used in the
e Armed Corpps. The badg
ges of rank
worn by
b the JCOs are :-

Non Commission
C ned Officer (NCO)
( Army
y

8. s of officerrs is the Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs). Th

The third set hese ranks are given to
jawans according to their meritt and senioritty. The badg
ges of ranks for
f NCOs are
e :-

PART II - BADGES
B OF
F RANK- NA
AVY

ommissione
Co ed Officers Navy
N

9. o the Fleet is an honora

Admiral of ary rank giveen to an Adm miral for his invaluable service and
ontinue to serve the rest of his term with
will co w the hono orary rank. This
T rank has not been used
u in the
Indiann Navy. The badges
b of rank worn by Naval
N Officerrs are:-
 15

Ju
unior Comm
missioned Offficers (JCO
Os) Navy

10. The badge orn by these Officers are:-

es of rank wo

Non Commission
C ned Officers
s (NCOs) Arm
my

11. The badgess of rank worn by the NCO

Os are:-

PART III - BADGES

B OF RANK- AIR
R FORCE

missioned Officers
Comm O Airfo
orce

12. Marshall of
o the Air Forrce is an honnorary rank given
g to an Air
A Chief Marrshall for his invaluable
service. In recognnition of his services
s the Governmen nt of India gaave the rankk of Marshalll of the Air
Force to Arjan Sin ngh in Janua ary 2002 making him the e first and the only “Five Star” rank officer
o with
the Ind
dian Air Forcce. The badgges of rank worn
w by office
ers are:-
 16

Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) Airforce

13. The badges of rank worn by these Officers are:-

Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) Airforce

14. The badges of rank worn by these NCOs are:-

CONCLUSION

15. The officers, Junior Commissioned Officers and Non Commissioned Officers of all the three
services have different badges of Rank. The badges of ranks facilitate easy recognition of rank of
Officers, JCOs and NCOs.
 17

ARMED FORCES : AF-4

TASK AND ROLE OF FIGHTING ARMS

Period - Two
Type - Lecture
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction. - 05 Min

(b) Infantry - 25 Min
(c) Armour - 25 Min
(d) Mechanised Infantry - 20 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. A well trained and motivated Army can defeat enemy by relentless and
offensive action of its Armour coupled with Mechanised Infantry, however the overrun enemy can be
said to be actually defeated only when his territory is physically captured and is completely destroyed

AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets about the role of Fighting Arms.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture shall be covered in following Parts:-

(a) Part-I - Infantry

(b) Part-II - Armour
(b) Part-III - Mechanised Infantry

PART I : INFANTRY

6. Defeat of the enemy implies the destruction of his fighting forces and his war waging potential. It
is infantry that captures and occupies the ground.
 18

Role of Infantry

7. Infantry is essential arm of close combat. Its role in attack is to close in with the enemy and
destroy or captures him; in defence it is to hold ground against all forms of attacks by the enemy.

Characteristics of Infantry

8. Self-Reliance. This is the basic and most important characteristic of the infantry. The Infantry
may have to close in with the enemy many times, with or without support of other Arms and Services.

9. Ability to Hold Ground. Infantry is the arm best suited for this task.

10. Adaptability. Infantry is highly adaptable and can operate over any type of ground, by day or by
night and under almost any climatic conditions.

11. Mobility. Unlike other arms, it has a degree of mobility over almost any kind of terrain with or
without transport.

12. Vulnerability. Infantry is vulnerable against:-

(a) Ground Action

(b) Air Attack

(c) Anti-Personnel Mines

Employment and Tactics

13. Employment. Infantry can be employed in any operation of war. However, the basic role
remains same i.e, close in with the enemy to destroy or capture them and to hold the ground.

14. Tactics. Fire and movement is the basis of all infantry tactics. It means while one part moves
the other gives fire support.
 19

15. Infantry Weapons. The basic infantry weapons are the rifle and bayonet, the light machine
gun and grenades. In addition certain personnel are armed with carbine and pistol.

16. Training. The training of Infantry include skill at Arms, endurance, initiative, adaptability,
and skillful use of ground.

PART II - ARMOUR

Role of Armour

17. To destroy the enemy by relentless mobile and offensive action in both offensive as well as
defensive operations.

Principles of Employment

18. Offensive Action. The tasks given to Armour should be offensive in nature and concept.
Armour must be employed as aggressively as possible.

19. Concentration. Armour is concentrated to produce decisive results. For maximum shock effect
it should be used in mass in depth.

20. Surprise.Armour achieves surprise mainly by weight, violence, and direction of its attack
combined with the speed with which the operation is executed. This is achieved by skilful use of ground
and overcoming of obstacles.

21. Flexibility.Sound organization, good physical mobility and excellent means of command and
control allow a high degree of flexibility.

22. Cooperation.The full potential of armour can only be developed when it is organised into
 20

combined battle groups which should include tanks, mechanised infantry, self-propelled artillery, assault
engineers, attack helicopters and is provided with close air support.

23. Speed.In mobile warfare speed is of great importance. It involves the following: -
(a) Speed in decision.
(b) Speed in issue of orders.
(c) Speed in execution.

PART III - THE MECHANISED INFANTRY

24. The concept of mechanised infantry is based on the need to provide protection with added
mobility, radio communications and firepower to enable the infantry to operate effectively in mobile
operations with armour.

Role of the Mechanized Infantry

25. Primary Role.The primary role of the mechanised infantry is to close with the enemy in
coordination with armour and destroy or capture the enemy.

26. Secondary Role.

(a) Destroy the enemy over run by armour.

(b) Hold ground temporarily.
(c) Reconnaissance.

(e) For counter infiltration and against parachute and heliborne

landings.

Characteristics of Mechanized Infantry

27. Mobility. It has the capability to move cross country and because of the amphibious capability
(capable of operating on both land and water) help infantry to move across the water obstacle.
28. Protection. The light armour of the armoured personnel carrier provides protection against
small arms fire and shell splinters.

29. Fire Power. Mechanized infantry is able to bring together considerable firepower due to the
machine guns mounted on the armoured personnel carriers. Though mechanized infantry will normally
operate with armour, they have been provided with their own organic anti-tank weapons to make them
self-reliant.
 21

30. Communication.Radio is the primary means of communication in a mechanized infantry unit.

Radio communication facilitates receiving and passing orders quickly while on the move and for close
and intimate cooperation with Armour.

31. Flexibility. Mechanized Infantry units and subunits can quickly form composite groups with
Armour for a variety of missions and can be rapidly switched over from one mission to another.

32. Shock Action.Mechanised infantry can produce shock effect much greater than an equivalent
or even a larger quantity of infantry attacking on foot.

CONCLUSION

33. Army is the organisation which is mainly divided into two categories the Arms & the Services.
The Artillery, Engineers, Signals, Air Defence Corps, and Aviation Corps are called Supporting Arms, as
they support the Fighting Arms in the battle field.
 22

ARMED FORCES : AF-5

TASK AND ROLE OF SUPPORTING ARMS

AND SERVICES

Period - One
Type - Lecture/Video
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Supporting Arms - 15 Min
(c) Supporting Services - 15 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. Army is mainly divided into two categories the Arms & the Services. Arms can be further classified
into Armoured Corps, Infantry, Artillery, Engineers, Signals, Air Defence Corps and Aviation Corps. The
Armoured Corps and Infantry are called Fighting Arms. The Artillery, Engineers, Signals, Air Defence
Corps, and Aviation Corps are called Supporting Arms, as they support the Fighting Arms in the battle
field. Army Service Corps (ASC), Army Ordnance Corps (AOC), Corps of Electrical and Mechanical
Engineers (EME) and Army Medical Corps (AMC) are called Services as they provide logistical support
to Fighting Arms.
AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets about task and role of Supporting Arms and Services.
PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Supporting Arms.

(b) Part II - Supporting Services.

PART I : SUPPORTING ARMS

6. Supporting Arms are those arms who give support to Fighting Arms from behind to enable them
to accomplish the assigned task effectively. Armour, Infantry and Mechanised Infantry are known as
“Fighting Arms”. The supporting arms which help the Fighting Arms to accomplish the task are :-

Artillery
7. The role of Artillery is to provide such fire power in the battle
area that enemy neither interferes with our operations, nor
develops his own effectively. It comprises of light, medium and field
guns, howitzers, mortars, multi barrel rocket launchers and
missiles.
 23

8. Tasks.The tasks of Arty are as follows:-

(a) To provide heavy volume of fire at long ranges.

(b) To provide fire power to advancing Infantry in offensive
operations and defensive support to keep enemy head down with
shocking firepower.
(c) To provide fire power to fighting arms.
(d) Surveillance and Target Acquisition.

Arty Gun Firing UAV- HERON

155mm Field Howitzer

Corps of Army Air Defence

9. Army Air Defence is equipped with air defence guns and Short
and Medium range surface to air missile systems. Along with Air force
it provides air defence to mobile forces, Vulnerable Areas and
VulnerablePoints.

10. Tasks.The tasks of Air Defence are :-

(a) To safeguard against hostile aircrafts, helicopters and

drones attacking high values targets including Fighting Arms.

(b) To ensure early detection and destruction of enemy aircrafts.

Army Aviation Corps

11. The role of Army Aviation corps is to carry out recce and
observation and also to provide commanders and staff, rapid means
of communication for liaison visits and reconnaissance. It is ideally
suited for evacuation of battle casualties.

Corps of Engineers
12. It is one of the oldest supporting arms of the Indian army.
The role of Engineers in War is to provide support for offensive and
defensive operations in mine warfare, bridging, demolition,
constructions of field fortifications and operational roads/tracks.
13. Tasks.The task of Engineers are as follows :-

(a) To provide mobility to own forces by constructing bridges, tracks and helipads; on the
other hand the Corps denies the same to the enemy by creating obstacles such as laying mine-
fields and demolition of bridges.
(b) To lay mine fields during War and also removing the mines and maintenance of records
thereof.
(c) To create water sources during operations.
(d) To help in transportation of explosives and undertake bomb disposal activities during
peace and war.
 24

Corps of
o Signals

14. They are th

he communicators of In ndian Army and provide e Radio,
Radio Relay,
R data and line communication blish Signal Centres
n and estab
during war onitors enemy’s communication syste
w and peacce. It also mo ems.

Intellige
ence Corps

15. ask of Intellig

The main ta gence Corpss is to gathe
er intelligence of the
enemy and
a prevent the
t leakage of own inform mation to the
e enemy.

PART II : SUPPORTIN
S NG SERVICE
ES

16. The following Arms are called

c Servicces as they provide
p logisttical
support to fighting Arms:-
Corps of
o Electrical and Mechanical Engine
eering

17. The major role of EME E is repair, recovery and maintena

ance of all
vehicless, arms, electtrical, electro
onic and mecchanical equiipment.

Army Se
ervice Corp
ps

18. ASC is respo

onsible for: -

(a) The supply

s and provision
p of ration
r to the Army during
g peace and
war.

(b) To prrovide fuel oiil and lubrica

ants to the
entire Army.

(c) To prrovide transp

port for conve
eyance of tro
oops during movement.
m

(d) Transsportation off heavy equip

pment and machineries
m including ammunition
during war.

Army Medical
M Corp
ps

19. It provides medical faciilities during war as we

ell as in pea
ace stations to
troops and
a their families.

s
Army Dental Corps
20. This Corps provides
p den
ntal hygiene and
a treatmen
nt to the sold
diers.

Military Nursing Se
ervice
21. They provide
e nursing and care to the
e sick and wo
ounded armyy personnel.
 25

Army Ordinance
O Co
orps
22. It is responssible to provvide equipme ent support to the Armyy during war &
peace which
w C, AMC and that of ENGINEERS.
are nott the responssibility of ASC

nt and Veterrinary Corps

Remoun s

23. It deals with caring and training

t of an
nimals.

Military Farms
24. They provid
de the Indian Army with
h dairy prod
ducts and fo
odder for the
e
animals maintained by the Army.

Army Ed
ducation Co
orps

25. AEC is respponsible for imparting Military

M & Civ
vil education
n to troops
which helps
h them in passing promotion
p exxams require
ed in their career
c and
professio
on. They imp
part higher education
e to JCOs
J and NC
COs.

Corps of
o Military Po
olice
26. Its role is to
o provide se
ecurity to Arm
my personneel and their families andd
maintain
n law and order
o in the Army area. It also help
ps in movem ment of men n,
material and vehicles during peaace or war.

Judge Advocate
A Ge
eneral Branch
27. egal matters relating to all
Deals with le a branches of
o the Armed
d Forces.

Military Engineering Services

28. They are re esponsible for

f the desig gn, construc
ction and ma aintenance of all works
s, buildings,
airfields,, dock installations and also
a with acce
essory servic
ces for the Army.
A

Border Roads Orga

anisation

29. T
Their main purpose
p is to
o create nattional highwa
ays, airfieldss, buildings
and bridges.
 26

Army Pioneer Corps

30. Civilian labour is either not available or it is not required for security reasons. The Pioneer Corps
provides disciplined and well trained manpower for load carriage. They are mostly committed in
operational areas during war.

CONCLUSION

31. Army is the organisation which is mainly divided into two categories the
Arms & the Services. The Artillery, Engineers, Signals, Air Defence Corps, and Aviation Corps are
called Supporting Arms, as they support the Fighting Arms in the battle field.
 27

ARMED FORCES : AF-6

MODES OF ENTRY TO ARMY

Period - Two
Type - Lecture
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction. - 05 Min

(b) Part I-Types of Commission - 20 Min
(c) Part II-Entry Scheme Officers (Men/Women) - 25 Min
(d) Part III-JCOs and Other Ranks - 25 Min
(e) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. After gaining education, all of us look for a huge pay package to fulfil our dreams. But beyond this,
Army is the only profession which gives you a life full of opportunities to learn. It provides you attributes
that go into making an excellent career, which are:-

(a) Professional Advancement

(b) Job Satisfaction
(c) Job Security
(d) Economic Stability
(e) Social Status
(f) Quality of Life
(g) Variety and Adventure

4. The Indian Army is the land based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. Its
primary mission is to ensure the national security and defence of the Republic of India from external attack
and threats, and maintaining peace and security within its borders. It also provides aid to civil
authorities in disaster management and maintaining essential services and conduct rescue operations
during Natural calamities (earthquake, flood, drought etc) and other disturbances such as communal riots.

AIM

5. Aim of the lecture is to introduce cadets with the type of entries, procedures and other Qualitative
Requirement of the entry into Indian Army.

PREVIEW

6. The lecture shall be covered in following Parts:-

(a) Part-I - Types of Commission

(b) Part-II - Entry scheme (men and women)

(c) Part-III - JCOs and Other Ranks

 28

PART I – TYPES OF COMMISSION

7. There are a number of ways in which one could get commission in the Army. You can join right
after school or after graduation. The Army offers both Permanent and Short Service Commission.
Permanent Commission (PC) is granted through the Indian Military Academy (IMA) Dehradun and Short
Service Commission (SSC) is granted through Officers Training Academies (OTA) Chennai and Gaya.

(a) Permanent Commission

(i) NDA - after 10+2(Through UPSC).

(ii) Direct Entry (Through UPSC).
(iii) Engineering Graduates – TGC.
(iv) University Entry Scheme.
(v) Technical Entry Scheme 10 +2.

(b) Short Service Commission

(i) Non-Tech (Both Men & Women)

(ii) Tech (Both Men & Women)
(iii) NCC Special Entry (Both Men & Women)
(iv) Law Graduates(Both Men & Women)

Note.Details of eligibility criteria, duration and venue of training and other information is freely
available through newspapers or may be obtained from www.joinindianarmy.nic.in.

Permanent Commission

7. A permanent commission means a career in the Army till you retire. For a permanent commission
you have to join the National Defence academy Khadakwasla or the Indian Military Academy
Dehradun.

NDA, PUNE

The National Defence Academy, Pune

9. You can appear in NDA entrance exam right after class XII. After completion of three years in
NDA, you will be awarded a degree and eligible to join IMA. For more details about NDA Khadakwasla
visit website www.nda.nic.in
 29

India
an Military Academy,
A D
Dehradun

10. Indian Millitary Academ

my is anothe er cradle of leadership. The
T IMA train ns you to lea
ad from the front.
f
You are trained d in all aspeect of comb bat and tacttics using computers
c and other modern tools and
technologies. Th he IMA has excellent
e faciilities for all round
r develo
opment. You u can go for adventure sp ports
like river rafting, para jump ping, rock climbing, trac cking and mountaineerin
m ng. From th he IMA, you u are
commissioned ass a “Lieutena ant” and in th
he Indian Arm my. There arre four main e
entries to ge
et into IMA.

IMA, DE
EHRADUN

) (a) Com mbined Defence Service e Examinatioon (CDSE). In final yea

ar of Graduation, you neeed to
pass the Combined
C Deefence Service Exams beeing conductted by UPSC
C, clear the SSB
S interview
w, be
medically fit and join n IMA as a Direct En ntry if you are in meriit list. For details of exam
e
dates/notiffication visit UPSC website upsc.nic.iin.

(b) 10+
+2 Tech Enttry. You can
c apply aftter your 12thh Exams. Miinimum aggrregate of 70
0% is
mandatorry in Physiccs, Chemistrry and Math
hematics. Elligible candidates are detailed
d for SSB
interview based on th
he cut off perrcentage as decided by Recruiting D
Directorate. Total
T training is of
five yearss. (one year at OTA Gaya
a and four ye
ears at Cade
ets Training W
Wings) .

O
OTA, GAYA
A

ersity Entry
(c) Unive y Scheme (P Pre Final Yeaar Students Only). Thiss entry is for those
t candid
dates
who wish
h to apply for army in Pre-Final year of
o engineering.

(d) Tech hnical Graduate Course. Those who w are stud

dying in final year/ have completed BE/B
B
Tech in notified
n streaams can also join IMA through Techhnical Gradu uate Course.. The duratio
on of
training iss 1 year through Techniccal Gradate Course.
C
 30

Short Service Commission

11. You also have the option of joining the Army and serve as a Commissioned Officer for 10 years and
extendable up to 14 years. At the end of this period you have two options. Either elect for a permanent
Commission or opt out. Those not selected for Permanent Commission have the option of a 4 year
extension. Those who want to opt out of Army, can resign at any time from the Army and have the
opportunities to side step to an alternate career.

Officers Training Academy, Chennai

OTA, CHENNAI

12. Once selected for Short Service Commission, you go to the officers Training Academy at Chennai.
The selection process is written exam followed by the SSB interview and Medical Examination Board. For
Technical (Engineering) graduates and law graduates it is direct SSB interview and Medical Examination
Board. If you have obtained NCC “C” certificate with minimum “B” grade, you can apply through your NCC
Unit/Gp HQ/Dte for direct SSB interview. SSB qualified candidates undergo a medical examination. The
duration of training is 49 weeks.(www.joinindianarmy.nic.in)

Lady Commissioned Officers, OTA, Chennai

Short Service Commission for Women (Officers)

13. An important landmark in the history of Army was the induction of women into the officer cadre in
1992, and the difficult task of training them was undertaken by Officers Training Academy, Chennai. So
far, more than 1200 Lady Cadets have already been commissioned into the various Arms and Services of
the Indian Army.
 31

Revised Terms and Conditions of Service for SSCOs (Women) both Technical and Non-Technical
14. Prominent features of the revised policy are:-
(a) Extension of Tenure. Tenure of Short Service Commission (SSC) for Women in the
Regular Army will be for 14 years i.e. for an initial period of 10 years, extendable by four more
years. Duration of training is 49 weeks.

(b) Substantive Promotion. On completion of 2 years reckonable commissioned service

one is promoted to the rank of Captain, after 6 years reckonable commissioned service to the rank
of Major and after completion of 13 years reckonable commissioned service to the rank of
Lieutenant Colonel.

PART-II ENTRY SCHEMES OFFICERS (MEN AND WOMEN)

15. Eligibility Criteria and Conditions are given below:-

10+2 Technical Entry Scheme (10+2 TES)

85
Tentative Vacancies per
course
Employment News and leading Daily News Papers.
Notified by ADG Rtg, AG’s Branch, IHQ of MOD
Notification.
(Army) in Apr & Sep.

Eligibility Criteria

16 &1/2 to 19 & 1/2 years as on first day of the month in which course is
Age between
due to commence

12th Class of 10+2 System of Education /Equivalent with a minimum

Qualification
aggregate of 70% in Physics, Chemistry & Maths (PCM)

Marital Status Unmarried

ADG Recruiting, TES Section, AG Branch IHQ of MOD (Army)

Application to be West Block III
addressed to RK Puram
New Delhi-110066

Training Academy OTA Gaya

01 Year Pre-Commission Training at OTA Gaya &

03 Years at CME Pune/MCTE Mhow /MCEME Secunderabad
Duration of Training
01 Year Post Commission Training at CME Pune/ MCTE Mhow/MCEME,
Secunderabad
 32

National Defence Academy (NDA)

Tentative Vacancies per

course
300 (Army–195, Air Force–66 & Navy-39) Twice a year.
Notification.
Employment News and leading Daily News Papers in
Jun and Dec as notified by UPSC. Or as notified from time to time.

Eligibility Criteria

16 & 1/2 to 19 & 1/2 years as on first day of the month in which course
Age between
is due to commence
12th Class of 10+2 System of Education/ Equivalent for Army and with
Qualification
Physics and Maths for AF/Navy

Marital Status Unmarried

Application to be Received
As per UPSC notification
by

Likely SSB date Sep to Oct and Jan to Apr

Date Commencement of
Jan and Jul
training

Training Academy NDA, Khadakwasla, Pune

3 Years at NDA and 1 Year at IMA (For Army cadets)

3 Years at NDA and 1 Year at Naval Academy, Ezhimala (For Naval

Duration of Training
cadets)

3 Years at NDA and 1 & ½ Years at AFA Hyderabad (For AF cadets)

NCC (SPL) Entry (Men)

Tentative Vacancies per

50 (Twice a year)
course
In Employment News and leading Daily News Papers Notified by
Notification. ADG Recruiting / AG Branch in Jun & Dec

Eligibility Criteria
19 and 25 Years as 01 Jan of the year in which course is due to
Age between commence for Oct Course. 01 Jul of the year in which course is due
to commence for Apr Course.
Final Year appearing/Graduate with 50% Aggregate marks, 2 year
Qualification
service in NCC Senior Div(Army) with minimum B Grade in C
 33

Certificate Exam.

Marital Status Unmarried / Married

Apply online through joinindianarmy.nic.in

Application to be Received
Hard copy to be submitted to respective Directorates by Oct/Nov and
by
Apr/May
Likely SSB Date Dec/Jan and Jul/ Jun

Date Commencement of
Apr and Oct
Training
Training Academy OTA, Chennai

Duration of Training 49 Weeks

Indian Military Academy: Direct Entry (Non Technical Men)

Vacancies per course 250 (Twice a year)

In Employment News and leading Daily News Papers. Notified by

Notification.
UPSC under the aegis of CDSE in May/ Jun and Nov/Dec

Eligibility Criteria

19 and 24 years as on first day of month in which course is due to

Age between
commence

Qualification Graduation from recognised University

Marital Status Unmarried

Likely SSB Date Jul/ Aug and Mar/Apr

Date of Commencement of
Jan and Jul
Training
Training Academy IMA Dehradun

Duration of Training 18 Months

Officer Training Academy Chennai (Non Technical) (Men)

Vacancies per course 175 (Twice a year)

In Employment News and leading Daily News Papers. Notified by

Notification.
UPSC under the aegis of CDSE in May/ Jun and Nov/Dec

Eligibility Criteria
 34

19 and 24 years as on first day of month in which course is due to

Age
commence

Qualification Graduation from recognised University

Marital Status Unmarried /Married

Likely SSB Date Nov/Dec and May/Jun

Date of Commencement of
Apr and Oct
Training

Training Academy OTA, Chennai

Duration of Training 49 Weeks

Technical Graduate Course (Engineers)

Vacancies per course As Notified ( Twice a Year )

In Employment News and leading Daily News Papers. Notified by

Notification.
ADG Rtg / AG Branch in Apr and Oct

Eligibility Criteria

Age 20 to 27 years

2ndJan to 1stJan for Jan Course.

Born Between
2ndJul to 1stJul for Jul Course.

Qualification BE/ B Tech in notified streams of Engineers

Marital Status Unmarried /Married

Application to be received by Apr/ May and Oct/ Nov

Likely SSB Date Mar/Apr and Sep/Oct

Date of Commencement of
Jan and Jul
Training

Training Academy IMA

Duration of Training One Year

University Entry Scheme

Vacancies per course 60

 35

In Employment News and leading Daily News Papers. Notified by

ADG Recruiting / AG Branch in May. Application to be forwarded
Notification.
to respective Command HQ as per the areas indicated in the
notification
Eligibility Criteria

Age 19 to 25 years for Final Year, 18 to 24 year for Pre Final Year

Born Between 2ndJul to 1stJul for Jul Course.

Qualification Final and Pre Final year student of Engineering Degree Course

Marital Status Unmarried

Application to be Received by 31 Jul or as specified in the notification.

Likely SSB Date Jan to Mar for final year Aug to Oct for pre final year

Date of Commencement of
Jul at IMA Dehradun
Training

Short Service Commission (Technical) (Men)

Vacancies per course As Notified ( Twice a Year )

In Employment News and leading Daily News Papers. Notified

Notification.
by ADG Rtg / AG Branch in Dec/Jan and Jun/Jul

Eligibility Criteria

20 to 27 years as on first day of the month in which course is

Age Between
due to commence

Qualification Engineering Degree in notified discipline

Marital Status Unmarried / Married

To Apply online & application to be forwarded as given in

Application to be received by
advertisement

Likely SSB Date Nov to Jan for Apr Course and May to July for Oct Course

Date of Commencement of
Oct and Apr
Training

Training Academy OTA Chennai

During of Training 49 Weeks

 36

Judge Advocate General Branch (Men)

Vacancies Per Course As Notified

Notification. Employment News and leading Daily News Papers

Eligibility Criteria

21 and 27 years as on 01 Jul of the year in which course is due

Age between to commence for Oct course and 01 Jan of the year in which
course is due to commence for Apr course
Graduate with LLB / LLM with 55% marks. Registered with Bar
Qualification
Council of India / State

Marital Status Unmarried / Married

Application to be received by Oct / Nov and Apr / May

Likely SSB Date Dec / Jan and Jul / Aug

Date Commencement of
Apr and Oct
Training

Training Academy OTA Chennai

Duration of Training 49 Weeks

Technical Graduate Course Education (AEC)

Vacancies per course As Notified ( Twice a Year )

In Employment News and leading Daily News Papers Notified

Notification.
by ADG Rtg / AG Branch in May/Jun and Nov/Dec

Eligibility Criteria

Age 23 to 28years

2ndJan to 1stJan for Jan Course.

Born Between
2ndJul to 1stJul for Jul Course.
MS/MSc in 1st or 2nd division in notified subject from recognized
Qualification
university
Marital Status Unmarried

Application to be Received by Jun/Jul and Dec/Jan

Likely SSB Date Sept/Oct and Apr/May

Training Academy IMA

During of Training One Year

 37

NCC (SPL) Entry (Women)

Vacancies Per Course As notified

In Employment News and leading Daily news Papers. Notified

Notification.
by ADG Rtg / AG Branch in Jun / Dec

Eligibility Criteria

19 and 25 years as on 01 Jan of the year in which course is

Age between due to commence for Apr course and 01 Jul of the year in
which course is due to commence for Oct course
Final Year appearing/Graduate in any discipline with 50%
Qualification aggregate marks, 2 years’ service in NCC Senior Wing, Army
with minimum 'B' Grade in 'C' Certificate Exam.

Marital Status Unmarried

Apply online through joinindianarmy.nic.in

Application to be received by Hard copy to be submitted to respective Directorates by
Oct/Nov and Apr/May
Likely SSB Date Nov to Jan for Apr Course and May to July for Oct Course
Date of Commencement of
Apr and Oct
Training

Training Academy OTA, Chennai

Short Service Commission (Non-Technical) (Women)

Vacancies Per Course As Notified (Twice a year)

In Employment News and leading Daily news Paper. Notified by

Notification.
ADG Rtg / AG Branch in Dec/Jan and Jun / Jul

Eligibility Criteria

19 and 25 years as on 01 Jan of the year in which course is due to

Age between commence for Apr course and 01 Jul of the year in which course is
due to commence for Oct course

Qualification Graduation / Post Graduation from Recognized University.

Marital Status Unmarried

Application to be Applications to be forwarded to UPSC as per notification published in

Received by Apr/ Sep every year

Likely SSB Date May/Jun and Nov/Dec

 38

Date Commencement of
Apr and Oct
Training

Training Academy OTA Chennai

Duration of Training 49 Weeks

Short Service Commission (Technical) (Women)

Vacancies Per Course As Notified (Twice a year)

In Employment News and leading Daily news Paper. Notified by ADG

Notification.
Rtg / AG Branch in Dec/Jan and Jun / Jul

Eligibility Criteria

20 and 27 years as on first day of the month in which course is due to

Age between
commence

Qualification Engineering Degree in notified discipline

Marital Status Unmarried

Application to be received
Feb / Mar and Jul / Aug
by

Likely SSB Date Nov to Jan for Apr Course and May to July for Oct Course

Date of Commencement
Oct and Apr
of Training

Training Academy OTA Chennai

Duration of Training 49 Weeks

Judge Advocate General (Women)

Vacancies Per Course As Notified

In Employment News and leading Daily news Papers. Notified by

Notification.
ADG Rtg / AG Branch

Eligibility Criteria

21 and 27 years as on 01 Jan of the year in which course is due to

Age between commence for Apr course and 01 Jul of the year in which course is
due to commence for Oct course
Graduate with LLB / LLM with 55% marks. Registered with Bar
Qualification
Council of India / State

Marital Status Unmarried

Application to be received
Oct / Nov and Apr / May
by
 39

Likely SSB Date Dec / Jan and Jul / Aug

Date of
Commencement of Apr and Oct
Training

Training Academy OTA Chennai

Duration of Training 49 Weeks

Entry in Air Force

CDSE Entry: Again an exclusive entry for men, after graduation and meant only for flying branch. CDSE
(Combined Defence Service Examination) is an exam conducted by UPSC, twice every year. The training
is conducted in Air Force Academy, and then the candidate is moved to the specialized flying training
establishment.

Exam type
Written exam followed by SSB for successful candidates.

Graduate (Three Year Course) in any discipline from a recognized

Educational Qualification
University (with Physics and Mathematics at 10+2 level) / BE / B
Tech (Four Year Course). Final year students eligible.
Age
20 to 24 years (at the time of commencement of course)

Notification date
June and October (Approx.)

Examination Date February and September (Approx)

Commission Type Permanent Commission

NCC Special Entry: Once again an exclusive entry for men aiming for the flying branch. Training
procedure almost same as CDSE. As an Air Wing Senior Division ’C’ Certificate holder of the National
Cadet Corps, you can apply to the Flying Branch of the Indian Air Force.

Direct SSB call for Air Wing Senior Division ’C’ Certificate holder of
Exam type
the National Cadet Corps.

Graduate (Three Year Course) in any discipline from a recognized

University with minimum 60% marks in aggregate in all papers put
together and have passed Physics and Mathematics at 10+2 level or
BE / B Tech (Four Year Course) from a recognized University with
minimum 60% marks in aggregate in all papers put together. Final
Educational Qualification Year/semester students are also eligible to apply, provided they do
not have any present backlogs at the time of SSB Testing and
produce Degree certificate issued by the University as per the date
stipulated in the advertisement.
NCC Air Wing Senior Division ’C’ certificate with ‘A’ or ‘B’ grading.

Age 20 to 24 years (at the time of commencement of course)

 40

NCC Cadets are to apply through respective NCC Air Squadrons/DG

Notification date
NCC

Commission Type Permanent commission

For more details visit www.indianairforce.nic.in

Entry in Indain Navy

NDA Through UPSC 16½ – 19

10+2 or equivalent with Physics and Maths

Cadet Entry (10+2)

(Executive) Naval
16½ – 19 10+2 or equivalent with Physics and Maths
Academy, Goa
(Through UPSC)
Graduate Special
Entry, Naval
19 – 22 B Sc (Physics & Maths) or BE
Academy,
Goa (Through UPSC)

NCC Special Entry, B Sc (Physics & Maths) or BE with Naval

19 – 24
Naval Academy, Goa Wing Senior Div NCC ‘C’ Certificate
Direct Entry Naval
Degree in Electronics/Elec/Mech Engg or
Armament Inspection 19½ – 25
Post Graduate Degree in Electronics or Physi
Cadre

For more details visit www.indiannavy.nic.in

JCOs & Other Ranks

16. Minimum educational qualification, and age criteria and other eligibility criteria for recruitment of
JCOs and Other Ranks are given in the table below:-

S No Category Education Age

Soldier SSLC/Metric with 45% marks in aggregate and 33% in each

17 ½ -
(a) (General Duty) subject. No percentage considered in case candidate has
21 years
(All Arms) passed higher qualification i.e. 10+2 and above

Solder
10+2/ Intermediate Exam pass in Science with Physics,
(Technical Arms 17 ½ - 23
(b) Chemistry, Maths and English with 50% marks in aggregate
Artillery, Army Air Years
and 40% in each subject
Defence)
 41

10+2/Intermediate Exam pass any stream ( Arts, Commerce,

Science ) with 50% marks in aggregate and minimum 40 % in
Soldiers each subject. Should have studied and passed English and
Clerk/Store Maths/Accts/Book Keeping in CI X or CI XII with 40% marks in
17 ½ - 23
(c) Keeper each subject. In case of graduate with English as subject in
Years
Technical B.sc. the stipulation of 40% in CI X or CI XII is waived off. In
(All Arms) case of graduate without English and Maths/Accts/Book
Keeping he should have scored more than 40% in English and
Maths/Accts/Book Keeping at least once in CI X or CI XII.

10+2/Intermediate exam pass in Science with Physics,

Chemistry, Biology and English with Min 50% marks in
Soldier Nursing
aggregate and min 40% in each subject. In case the candidate
Assistant 17 ½ - 23
(d) has a BSc Degree with (Botany/Zoology/Bio-Science) and
(Army Medical Corps Years
English, the stipulation of 50% percentage in CI-XII is waived
)
off. However, the candidate should have studied all the four
specified subjects in CI XII also.

th
Soldier Tradesmen 10 ( except for Mess Keeper and House Keeper who may be 17 ½ - 23
(e) th
(All Arms ) 8 pass ) Years

th
Surveyor Auto Carto BA/BSc with Maths. Must have also passed 12 class (10+2) or 20 - 25
(f)
(Engineers) equivalent with Maths and Science as main subject. Years

Junior Commissioned
Officer Religious Graduate in any discipline. In addition requisite qualification in 27-34
(g)
Teacher his own religious denomination. Years
(All Arms)

10+2 of equivalent exam and Diploma /Certificate Course of

Junior Commissioned
duration of one year or more in Cookery/Hotel Management and
(h) Officer Catering
Catering Tech from a recognized University/Food Craft Institute.
(Army Service Corps)
AICTE recognition is not mandatory.

Havildar
20 - 25
(j) Education(Army MA/MSc/MCA or BA/BSc/BCA/BSc(IT) with B.Ed.
Years
Education Corps)

CONCLUSION

17. Here it would be apt to reiterate, that all professions serve our motherland, but none of them is in the
same league as the Army, for this is the only profession which offers you opportunity to live up to these
stirring lines.

“To every man upon this earth,

Earth comes sooner or later
And how can a man die better
Facing fearful odds
For the ashes of his father
And the temple of his Gods” - Lord Macauley
 42

ARMED FORCES : AF-7

HONOURS AND AWARDS

Period - One

Type - Lecture

Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction. - 05 Min

(b) Gallantry Awards - 15 Min
(c) Non gallantry awards - 15 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The Armed Forces of India are awarded many military decorations, honours and awards. The
awards and honours are awarded for extraordinary bravery and courage, as well as for distinguished
service during times of war and peace. For the purpose of classification, Indian Armed Forces honours
and awards can be divided into two categories:

(a) Gallantry Awards

(b) Non-Gallantry awards / Distinguished Service Awards

AIM

4. To acquaint the Cadets about the various awards in the Armed Forces.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts: -

(a) Part I - Gallantry Awards

(b) Part II - Non Gallantry Awards / Distinguished Services Awards

 43

PART II - GALLANTR
RY AWARDS
S

6. Gallantry awardss are dividedd into two cattegories:

(a) Galllantry in the
e Face of En
nemy (War Time).
T

S. No Name of th
he Award Image

(i) Param Vir Chakra

(ii) Maha Vir Chakra

C

(iii) Vir Chakra

a

(iv) Sena Meda

al

(v) Nao Sena Medal

 44

(vi) Vayu Sena

a Medal

(vii) Mention in Despatchess

(viii) Chiefs of Staff

S Comme
endation Card
d

(b) Gallantry Other

O than in
n the Face off Enemy (Pe
eace Time).

S. No Name of th
he Award Image

(i) Ashoka Ch
hakra

(ii) Kirti Chakrra

(iii) Shaurya Chakra

C
 45

PART III –NON-GAL

LLANTRY /D
DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD
DS

S. No Name of the Aw
ward Im
mage

(a) Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal

M

(b) Param Vish

hisht Seva Medal
M

(c) Uttam Yudh Seva Meda

al

(d) Ati Vishishtt Seva Meda

al

(e) Yuddh Sevva Medal

(f) Vishisht Se
eva Medal

NOTTE:- Awaard like Sena Medal is given

g for all three catag
gories i.e. du
uring War,Peace and
also
o as a Distin
nguished Awward.

CONCLUSION

7. Honours and d Awards aree ultimate reccognition by the nation fo or unmatched d act of brav
very and
selfless service, ded
dication and supreme
s saccrifice by sold
diers /civilian
n /or any othe
er profession
nal.
 46

Summary

¾ The Army is divided into seven Commands i.e. Northern, Western, Central, Southern, South
Western, Eastern and Training Command.

¾ The Navy is divided into three Commands i.e. Western Naval Command, Eastern Naval
Command and Southern Naval Command.

¾ The Air Force is organized into seven commands i.e. Western Air Command, Central Air
Command, Eastern Air Command, South Western Air Command, Southern Air Command, Training
Command and Maintenance Command.

¾ The Combat Commands are grouped as Corps, Divisions and Brigades. These are commanded
by an Officer of the rank of Lieutenant General, Major General and Brigadier respectively.

¾ There are three major arms in army:-

¾ Fighting arms – Armour, Infantry and Mechanised Infantry.

¾ Supporting Arms – Artillery, Engineers, Army Air Defence, Army Aviation Corps and
Signals.

¾ Supporting Services – Army Service Corps, Army Medical Corps, Army Ordnance Corps,
Corps of Electronic and Mechanical Engineers.

¾ Field Marshal is an honorary rank given to a General for his invaluable service and will continue
to serve the rest of his term with the honorary rank.

¾ Admiral of the Fleet is an honorary rank given to an admiral for his invaluable service and will
continue to serve the rest of his term with the honorary rank.

¾ Marshal of the Air Force is an honorary rank given to an Air Chief Marshal for his invaluable
service.

¾ Indian Armed Forces honours and awards can be divided into two categories; Gallantry Awards &
Non-Gallantry awards / Distinguished Service Awards.

¾ Permanent Commission (PC) is granted through the Indian

Military Academy (IMA) Dehradun and OTA Gaya Short Service Commission (SSC) is granted through
Officers Training Academy OTA Chennai.

¾ Permanent Commission:

¾ Combined Defence Service Examination ( CDSE )

¾ 10+2 Tech Entry
¾ University Entry Scheme ( Pre Final Year Students Only)
¾ Technical Graduate Course.

¾ NCC special entry is part of OTA,Chennai.

 47

Comprehension Questions:

Q1. Answer the following in about 50 words:

(a) Write a short note on Chief of Army Staff.

(b) What are Static Formations in Army?

(c) What do you understand by Air Headquarter?

(d) Which all are the fighting arms of Indan army?

Q2. Answer the following in about 75 words:

(a) Write a short note on types of Command Headquarters in Army.

(b) Write short note on Naval Headquarter and its Commands.

(c) Write a short note on Air Force Command Headquarters.

(d) Explain role and task of following:-

(i) Infantry

(ii) Artillery
(iii) Engineers

Q3. Answer the following in about 150 words:

(a) What do you understand by Field Formation?

(b) Give modes of entry in IMA.

Q4. Answer the following in about 250 words:

(a) Give the rank structure of Officers of Army, Navy and Air Force.

(b) What are Supporting Arms?

(c) Which all are Gallantry awards?

 48

UNIT 2 : MAP READING

INDEX

Ser No Lesson Subject Page Number

Code From To

1. MR-1 Introduction to Maps and 50 55

conventional Signs

2. MR-2 Scale and grid systems 56 59

3. MR-3 Topographical forms and technical 60 63

terms

4. MR-4 Relief, Contours and gradients 64 66

5. MR-5 Cardinal points and types of North 67 68

6. MR-6 Types of bearing and use of service 69 71

protector

7. MR-7 Prismatic Compass and its use and 72 74

GPS

8. MR-8 Setting of a Map, Finding North and 75 77

own position

9. MR-9 Map to ground, Ground to Map 78 79

10. MR-10 Point to Point March 80 83

 49

UNIT 2 : MAP READING

Knowledge Understanding Application Skill Evaluation

Introduction to Maps and the Ability to read the Map using Activities, work
types of Maps and Conventional signs to be Conventional signs. sheets, assignments,
Conventional Signs used. and mock exercises

Scales and Grid Use of Scale and the Ability to read the map and Activities, work
System importance of Grid relate it to ground. sheets, assignments,
system in map marking. and mock exercises
Topographical Definitions used for Ability to grasp Map Reading Activities, work
Forms and geographical features. classes and lessons faster. sheets and
Technical Terms assignments,
Relief, Contours and Height, shape and slope The cadets can relate the Activities, work
Gradients of the ground. ground to the Map. sheets, assignments,
and mock exercises
Cardinal Points and Directions, Degrees and The cadets can indicate Activities, work
Types of North the types of North. places and objects using sheets, assignments,
Direction and Degrees. and mock exercises
Types of Bearing Use of Bearing and Ability to locate places and Activities, work
and use of Service Service Protractor to objects on ground. sheets, assignments,
Protractor locate places on map. and mock exercises
Prismatic Compass Use of Compass and Ability to navigate to the Activities, work
and its use and GPS GPS to locate places on given location on ground sheets, assignments,
ground. using Compass and GPS. and mock exercises

Use of Map for finding Activities, work

Ability of finding objects from
Map to Ground, Location on Ground and sheets, assignments,
Map to Ground and Ground
Ground to Map corelate map with and mock exercises
to Map
Ground
 50

LESSON PLAN: MR 1

INTRODUCTION TO MAPS AND CONVENTIONAL SIGNS

Period - Two

Type - Lecture

Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Map Sheets, Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 05 Min

(b) Definition and type of Map - 35 Min

(c) Conventional Signs - 35 Min

(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

AIM

3. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the NCC Cadets to the basics of Map reading

PREVIEW

(a) Part I - Definition and Types of Map.

(b) Part II - Conventional Signs.

PART I : DEFINITION AND TYPES OF MAP

Definition of Map

4. A map represents selected natural and manmade features of the whole or part of the earth's
surface on a sheet of paper. It has a definite scale and correct relative geographical positions and
elevations. Symbols, colour differences and contours on map help to show the physical features i.e.
mountains, valleys and plains.Maps show important natural and cultural features such as relief,
vegetation, water bodies, cultivated land, settlements, and transportation networks, etc. These maps are
prepared and published by the National Mapping Organisation of each country. The science of making
maps is called as Cartography. For example, the Survey of India prepares the topographical maps in
India for the entire country. A map, however, has the following limitations:-

(a) It is seldom, if ever, up to date.

(b) It cannot show everything that exists on the ground.

Types of Maps

5. There are different types of maps depending on their scale and their use. Important types of
maps are as under:-
 51

S
Types Off Maps Maps
No
(a) Atlas Maaps: Thesse are small scale
maps showing w
whole cou
untry’s
continentts, oceans or
o even world on
one sheeet.

(b) Topogra aphical Map ps: These

e are
maps witth which we e are concerned in
map read ding. Surveyy of India maps are
all topogrraphical map
ps.

(c) Relief Maps:

M Thesse are solid maps
built as an
a actual mod
del of the gro
ound.

(d) Rail/Roaad Maps: These

T are inttended
only for use
u in conne
ection with ra
ail/road
movements.
 52

(e) Other Maps:

(i) Geographical Maps showing the

structure of the rock formation below
the top soil.

(ii) Statistical Maps showing

information of such things as
population, industries, mineral ores,
crops etc.

(iv) Meteorological Maps showing

information regarding winds,
atmospheric pressures and so on.

PART II : CONVENTIONAL SIGNS

6. Conventional signs are symbols used to represent certain artificial or natural features/objects on
the map. Some common types of conventional signs are listed as follows in Figure - 1

(a) Roads-metalledwith Km-stone.

(b) Roads-unmetalledwith Km-stone.

(c) Cart track, camel track, mule path.

(d) Footpath, roadin bedofstream,

 53

Level crosssing.

(e) Brid
dges with pie
er sand witho
out,
Causeway, Ford

(f) Stre
eam-Approx water
w course
e, canal

(g) Riverbanks,she elving,

steep 10to 20 feet,, ove
er 20

(h) Rive
er beds-dry, with
w stream,
W island an
With nd rocks

(j) al river-shoal-submergedrocks
Tida

(k) Wells-lined and unlined, spring,

T
Tanks - peren
nnial and dryy

(l) eaz - in, flow and dry,

Kae
swamp,Ree
eds.

(m) Emb bankments, road

r or rail,
tank cutting
g tunnel.

(n) Brokkenground, campinggrou

c und,
Vineontrellis.

(o) Railways,broadg gauge, Doub ble,

S
Single (Station), under con
nstruction.

(p) Railwaysother Gauges,

G doubble,
Single (milesto
one)and underConstructio
on

(q) Lighht railwayor trramway,

T e
Telegraphline

(r) Circcuithouse,Dak, Travellers,

Bungalow,RRestHouse.

(s) Insp
pectionbunga
alow,Police station,
s
B
BuddhistKyauung

(t) Postoffice, telegraph office,

Combined office.

(u) est-reserved,stateandpro
Fore otected
 54

(v) Spacednames, Administrative,

Locality,tribal.

(w) Villages :open, walled,ruined,

desertedantiquities.

(x) Huts,permanent andtemporary,

Fort,Towerchhatvi.

(y) Church, Mosque, Temple,

Pagoda, Idgah, tomb.

(z) Dams, masonary and

Earthwork-ware (anicut in madras).

(aa) Lighthouse-Lightship-Buoys.

(ab) Grass high and low cane,

Bamboo plantation.

(ac) Palms, Areca, palmyra,

Other conifer, other trees, scrub.

(ad) Contours, Formlines, Rocky slopes.

(ae) Cliffs-sand features

(af) Moraine, Glacier, Screen

(ag) Boundary demarcated;

International.

(ah) Boundary demarcated;

Province or state

(aj) Boundary undermarcated;

International, province or state.

(ak) Boundary; district or Tribal

 55

(al) Boundary; Sub Divisional,

tehsil taluka or township forest

(am) Boundary pillars,

surveyed, not found

(an) Graves oil wells,

Mine-Battle field with year

(ao) Heights triangulated, - 200, BM200

Bench Mark

Figure 1

CONCLUSION

7. A thorough knowledge of the map and conventional signs is very important to know about the
area not seen before and to relate the objects seen on ground and their conventional signs on map.
Conventional symbols are used to maintain the clarity of the map. Most of conventional symbols
correspond to the general layout of the object and are seldom confused with others. It is very important
for all to know and identify these symbols on the map to make map reading easier.
 56

LESSON PLAN: MR 2

SCALES AND GRID SYSTEMS

Period - Two

Type - Lecture

Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Map Sheets, Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 05 Min

(b) Definition, Methods of expressing a scale - 35 Min

(c) Definition and methods of Grid Reference - 35 Min

(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

AIM

3. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the JD/JW Cadets to the

method of using scales and method of finding Grid Reference.

PREVIEW

4. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Definition and methods of expressing a scale.

(b) Part II - Definition and Methods of finding Grid
Reference.

PART I: SCALES AND GRID SYSTEMS

Scale

5. Scales help us work out distance to our destination and therefore how long it will take us to
get there. The smaller the area a map covers, the larger the scale will be. So if you have a map on a
square meter of paper and the scale of the map is 1:50,000 and another map on the same size paper
with a scale of 1:25,000, the area covered by the first map will be 4 times the area covered by the
second map. Every map will carry a scale, not just the value of say 1:50,000, but also a depiction of that
scale.

Definition of Scale

6. Scale is the proportion which the distances between the two points on the map that relates to the
distance between two points on the ground. Everything on the map must be reduced and the extent to
which the size is reduced makes the scale of the map.
 57

F
Figure 2
Methods of Expressing a Scale
e

7. There are tw
wo methods of
o expressing
g a scale:-

(a) In Words.
W 1 inch to 1 mile, it mean
ns that 1 incch on the ma
ap representts 1 mile on
the ground.

(b) As a Representtative Fractiion (RF). This is the scale expre

essed in thee form of a
fraction. If the
t scale off a map is given as 1//100000 thiss means tha at one unit of
o the map
represents 100000
1 of th
he same unit on the gro
ound. It could
d mean thatt one centim
metre on the
map represe ents 100000 cm on the ground.

Scale Line

8. Below the scale is the scale

s line by means of which
w distancce on the maap can be measured.
m In
this scalle 2 cm on map
m is equal to 1 km on ground. An example of the t scale line for a scale
e “2 cm to 1
km” is att Fig-3 below
w:-

Figure-3

PART
T II : DEFINIT
TION OF GR
RID AND GR
RID LINES

9. THHE GRID is a systematicc pattern on Earth

E by laying a vertical and horizon
ntal grid overr the Earth's
layout. The
T vertical lines are ca ngitude and the horizonttal lines are known as the
alled the lon t latitude.
Combina ations of these lines are known as Grrid Lines.

F
Figure 4
 58

Purpose

10. The purpose of Grid Lines is to make possible giving and reading Grid References and to
facilitate measurement of bearings.

Method of Grid Reference

11. In giving a Grid Reference following rules should be remembered:-

(a) A reference must always contain an even number of figures, normally it contains six
figures.

(b) EASTING lines are the black colour vertical lines.

(c) NORTHING lines are the black colour horizontal lines.

(d) Always count along the EASTING lines first from the WEST to
EAST and then NORTHING from SOUTH to NORTH.

(e) Grid References are of different types viz. Four Figure, Six Figure, Eight Figure and Ten
Figur.

(f) Mostly Six Figure Grid Reference is used.

(g) For six figure Grid Reference the third and the Sixth figure represent the divisions of
1000 meters square to the nearest 10th part, so they have to be estimated and for these figures
a slight latitude is allowed.

(h) If a general Grid Reference is to be given or there is only one such object in one square
e.g. bridge, temple, road junction then its identity and four figure grid reference would suffice.

Example

As we already said when giving a four figured grid reference, always give the eastings number first and
the northings number second.

In the diagram below, the number 4 is in square 28 across (on the horizontal) and square 54 up (on the
vertical) and therefore, the four-figure grid reference is ‘2854’.

The other number in the square above would get the following grid:-

1. 2755
2. 2855
3. 2754
4. 2854

Figure 5a
 59

In order to be little more precise with your grid references, you can give a 6 figure grid reference as
shown in diagram 5b.

Here, we have taken the lower right square

from the previous diagram and divided it by 10
in each direction. The pink circle is in the four-
figure grid reference square ‘2552’, but more
accurately it is 2 tenth across and 7 tenths up
with in that enlarged grid square, therefore the
six-figure map reference is ‘252527’. The red
circle has 6 figure grid references of 257522.

Figure 5b

CONCLUSION

12. For effective and correct map reading, it is essential that cadets should be able to differentiate
between Maps of different scales and find out the correct Grid Reference of the object. The cadets
should also be able to relate the scale on map to the actual distance of object on ground.
 60

LESSON PLAN: MR 3

TOPOGRAPHICAL FORMS AND TECHNICAL TERMS

Period - Two/One

Type - Lecture

Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Topographical terms - 35 Min

(c) Technical terms - 35 Min

(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. Commonly used technical terms and topographical forms is a name used to describe
geographical features which occur on the ground.

AIM

4. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the JD/JW NCC Cadets to the
various topographical forms and technical terms in map reading.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Topographical terms

(b) Part II - Technical terms

PART: I- TOPOGRAPHICAL FORMS AND TECHNICAL TERMS

6. Topographical forms are names used to describe geographical features which occur on the
ground. The following are more commonly used:-

S. No Topographical Forms Samples

(a)
Basin: An area of fairly level ground surrounded by hills
or the area drained by a river or its distributaries.
 61

(b)
Col or sad ddle: A narro
ow ridge of high
h land join
ning up to
higher hills.

(c)
Crest: A highest part of
o hill or mou
untain range.. It is that
line on the
e range of hills or mounntains from which
w the
ground sloppes down in opposite dire
ection.

(d)
Dead Grou und: Ground d which is be
ecause of un
ndulations
or hills is no
ot visible to the
t observerr.

(e)
Knoll: A sm
mall isolated hill.

(f)
Plateau: A table land, an elevated e re
egion of
considerab
ble extent gen
nerally of sam
me level.

(g)
Ridge: A line along a hill or range of hills or mountains
m
from which water flows in opposite directions.

(h)
Spur: A pieece of high ground
g jutting out of rang
ge of hills
into lower ground.
g

(i) Watershed d: The line seeparating the

e water flowing in two
different rivvers systemss, the edge of a river basiin.

(j) Defile: Any feature whether

w natural or artific
cial which
could causse a body of troops to contract its front. An DEFIL
LE
example of o a natural defile is mountain
m paass while
bridge is an
n example off an artificial defile.

(k) Escarpment: The stee ep hill side formed by a sudden ESCARPM

MENT
drop in the general grou
und level usu
ually from a plateau.
p
 62

(l) Bearing: The angle formed by a line joining two points

and the North and South line. Bearings are always
measured clockwise.

(m) Bench Mark: A permanent mark usually cut into a wall

recording exact height for future reference. It is marked
as BM with height on Ordnance Survey Maps.

(n) Gradient: The slope of a hill expressed as a fraction.

(o) Spot Height: A point on a map whose height has been

determined by Survey methods. These are usually
shown as block dot with a number giving exact height
above sea level in meters.

(p) Trigonometric Point: A point fixed during the

triangulation at the beginning of a survey, marked on
Ordnance Survey Maps by a small triangle with the
height.

(q) Contours: A line drawn on the map joining up all points

of equal height above sea level
 63

(r) Grid Lines s: Lines runn ning parallel to and at rig

ght angle
to a North and
a south orr East and West,
W Grid Noorth is the
direction off the North South grid line
es on a map.

(s) Magnetic Variation: The differe

ence betwe
een True
North and Magnetic
M No
orth

(t) Horizontall Equivalentt: The distan

nce measure ed on the
map betwe een adjacent contour line
es. It varies according
a
to the naturre of the relie
ef.

CONCLUSION

7. To be profiicient in Ma ap Reading and unders stand it bettter, it is veery importannt for all to
understand the various topographiccal forms and technical terms used d in Map Re eading. One
should be ab aphical form in map and co-relate
ble to identifyy the topogra c it w
with the groun
nd.
 64

LESSON PLAN : MR 4

RELIEF, CONTOURS AND GRADIENTS

Period - Two
Type - Lecture/Practice
Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Map Sheets, Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Relief, slopes - 15 Min
(c) Contours and Gradients - 15 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min
(e) Practice - 40Min
AIM

3. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the Cadets to Relief, slopes Contours and gradients in
map reading.

PREVIEW

4. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Relief and Slopes

(b) Part II - Contours and Gradients

PART I: RELIEF AND SLOPES

5. Relief and Slopes.

(a) RELIEF means the shape of the ground in a vertical plane.

Representation of a relief on a map means showing of
heights and shape of the ground above or below or datum
which is normally sea level. Thus it shows the broad
features and relative heights of highlands and low lands
which are portrayed on the map. Relief is shown with
means of hachure, shading, form lines, layer tints,
contours, spot heights, trig heights, bench marks and
relative heights.

(b) SLOPE means a surface of which one end or side is at a higher level than another.
Contour lines represent to slope that is, closer the contour lines are, the steeper is the slope of
the hill. If representation of slopes the contour lines are far apart, the slope down is gradual.

Figure 6
 65

(c) Types of Slope The slopes are of two types, convex and concave. A convex slope is
the one which bulges outwards and concave slope is the one which curves inwards.

Figure 7

PART II: CONTOURS AND GRADIENTS

6. CONTOUR is an imaginary line drawn on map showing same height from mean sea level. If you
walk along a contour line you neither gain nor loose elevation.

Figure 8
7. Characteristics of Contours.

(a) Contours accurately show height, shape and

slope of the ground.

(b) Contours are shown generally in brown.

(c) Height is marked on every fifth contour.

(d) Contour lines vary in appearance.

(e) These lines never touch or cross each other.

Figure 9

8. Vertical Interval (VI). The rise between successive contour lines is known as the vertical
interval (VI). On map scale 1 inch to 1 mile, the VI of each contour line is 50 feet while on the 1/4 inch to
a mile it is 250 feet.

Figure
 66

9. Horizontal Equivalent (HE). The distance measured flat on the map

between adjacent contour lines is horizontal equivalent (HE).

Figure 11

10. Gradient. The slope of the ground may be expressed as the angle the
ground makes with the horizontal but more commonly it is expressed as a
gradient – 1 in 15 or 1 in 20, which may be written as 1/15 or 1/20. A gradient of 1 in 15 means that in a
horizontal distance of 15 m the ground rises or falls 1 meter so the gradient of the slope is the relation
that its rise or fall bears to its length measured on the ground or in other words it is the ratio of the
vertical interval to horizontal equivalent. It is independent of any unit of measurement. Simple Formula is
VI/HE = Gradient.

11. The horizontal equivalent is obtained by measuring on the map and

vertical interval by subtracting the contour heights.

12. You may often need to know just how steep a piece of ground is, whether a road is too steep for
a certain type of vehicle to negotiate. The gradient can be worked out quickly from a contoured map.

13. Measuring Gradient. The rise or fall of a slope can be expressed in

following two ways:-

(a) In an Angle or Degree of Slope.

(b) The tangent of the Angle or Gradient.

CONCLUSION

14. Contour reading is very important as it shows the height, shape and
slope of the ground. For correct map reading, one should be able to read the
contour lines and select the correct route for the navigation.
 67

LESS
SON PLAN
N: MR 5

CARDIINAL POIN
NTS AND TYPES OF
F NORTH
Period - One
e

Type - Lecture/Practic
ce

Year - SD/S
SW

Training
g Aids

1. Computer Slides,
S Pointe
er, Charts, Black
B board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Intro
oduction - 05 Min
(b) Card
dinal Points and Types of
o North - 10 Min
(c) Type
es of north and
a angles be
etween north
h points - 10 Min
(d) Mag
gnetic Variatiion and Grid Convergenc
ce - 10 Min
(c) Con
nclusion - 05 Min
AIM

3. The aim of this lecture iss to introduce

e the Cadets about Cardiinal
Points and
a Types of North.

PREVIEW
W

4. The lecture will

w be condu
ucted in the following
f parrts:-

(a) Partt I - Cardinal Points

(b) Partt II - Types of No

orth and theirr variations

(c) Partt III - Magnetic Va

ariation and Grid
G Converg
gence

PART I: CARDINAL
C P
POINTS AND TYPES OF
F NORTH

5. Cardinal Po oints. North,, South, Easst and West are known as the cardinal points. If the North
point is taken
t as zerro degrees, East
E 9 0, South will be 1800, and
will be 90 a the Westt point forms an angle of
0
270 . In addition to four
f Cardinal Points and four
f intermed
diate four ma ns, there are eight minor
ajor direction
direction
ns. The name es and degre
ees are as unnder:-

(a) Norrth North Easst - 22 & ½ Degre

2 ees
(b) Easst North Eastt - 6 & ½ Degre
67 ees
(c) Easst South Eastt - 112 & ½ Degrees
(d) Souuth South East - 157 & ½ Degrees
(e) Souuth South We est - 2 & ½ Degrees
202
(f) Wesst South Wesst - 2 & ½ Degrees
247
(g) Wesst North Wesst - 2 & ½ Degrees
292
(h) Norrth North Wesst - 3 & ½ Degrees
337

CARDIN
NAL POINNTS
Fig
gure 12
 68

PART
T II : TYPES OF NORTH AND ANGL
LES BETWE
EEN NORTH POINTS

Types of
o North

6. Th
here are three types of No
orth :-
(a) True No orth. The dirrection of North Pole fro
om
the obseerver.
(b) Grid Norrth. North as per the Griid on map.
(c)) Magnetic North. It I is the point to whichh a
magnetic needle points, when freeely suspendded.

P
PART III :MA
AGNETIC VA
ARIATION AND
A GRID CONVERGEN
C NCE

Magnetic Variation
7. Tru ue North is Constant.
C Maggnetic North isi the point to
o which the
compasss needle points. The nee edle does nott point directtly to True Noorth, but a
little West or East off True North. The point to
owards which h the needle swings is
known asa Magnetic North
N and the difference between Tru ue North and d Magnetic
North is called Magn netic Variatio
on. The amou unt of the Maagnetic Varia ation
dependss upon two fa actors, time and
a place ass at Fig below w.

Figure 14
Magnetic Variation
8. Time. The Variation
V is not constant but
b is, gradually changing g and even tthe change each
e year is
not consstant but the difference being
b negligib
ble it is taken
n to be consttant. On the ttop margin of o a map will
be foundd a statemen nt giving the Magnetic Va ariation. To bring
b this up-tto-date, the yyear of issue
e of the map
must bee noted and for
f every yea ar that has passed since then the app plicable chan nge annuallyy subtracted
or addedd from the fig
gure given ass applicable.

9. Place. The amount of the Magneticc Variation also

a changess in differentt parts of the
e world and
indeed in different pa
arts of the co
ountry.

Grid Co
onvergence
10. The angularr difference between
b Grid
d and True North
N is calle e of Convergence or the
ed the Angle
Grid Con
nvergence

CONCLUSION

11. Knowledge about Cardiinal points and a types of North is th he first step
p towards lea arning map
reading. This knowle edge is nece essary not only
o with res
spect to main ntaining direction during navigation;
but alsoo comes han ndy in our other
o daily activities. A good
g navigator has the ability to qu uickly orient
himself as
a per the ca
ardinal directtions almost naturally; thiis helps in ge
etting a sensse of direction and helps
to find out our own position
p subssequently.
 69

LESSON PLAN: MR 6

TYPES OF BEARING AND USE OF SERVICE PROTRACTOR

Period - Two

Type - Lecture/Practice

Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Service Protractor, Compass, Computer slides, Pointer, Charts,

Blackboard & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 05 Min

(b) Bearing, conversion of bearing - 35 Min
(c) Service Protractor and its uses - 35 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min
(e) Practice - 40Min

AIM

3. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the Cadets to the process of

understanding how to take bearing, methods of conversion of bearing and
service protractor and its uses.

PREVIEW

4. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Bearing and its conversion methods

(b) Part II - Service protractor and its uses

PART I: BEARING AND ITS CONVERSION AND SERVICE PROTRACTOR

5. Types of Bearing. The clock wise angle formed by a straight line

joining two points and direction of NORTH, is called the bearing between the
two points. A bearing is always measured clockwise. They are three types as
given below:-

(a) Grid Bearing. Measured on the map from the Grid North by the help of a protractor.

(b) Magnetic Bearing. Measured from Magnetic North by the compass.

 70
(c) True Bearing. Calculated by finding out the relation of True NORTH and Grid NORTH
or Magnetic NORTH.

Figure 15
6. To Convert a Magnetic Bearing to a Grid Bearing. Suppose the bearing of a certain point P is
measured with a compass and is found to be 1600. To convert this Magnetic Bearing to a True Bearing,
follow under mentioned steps:-

(a) First find out the Magnetic Variation of the Area. Magnetic Variation is given on the Top
Right corner of each Map.

(b) Suppose 50 is the Magnetic Variation of the area. Now subtract

this Magnetic Variation to the Magnetic Bearing.

(c) The resultant is the Grid Bearing i.e. 1550.

7. To Convert Grid Bearing to Magnetic Bearing.

(a) Measure the Grid Bearing of an object on the map with help of the service protractor from
your own position.
(b) Suppose the Grid Bearing of the object is 1500.
(c) Now, find out the Magnetic Variation of the area with the help of Map (Magnetic Variation
is given on the Top right corner of the map). Suppose Magnetic Variation of the area is 60.

(d) Now, add this Magnetic Variation to the Grid Bearing.

(e) The resultant will be the Magnetic Bearing of the object i.e. 1560.
8. Back Bearing. It is bearing taken opposite of original
position of object. The rule is that if the bearing is less than
1800 add 1800 and if bearing is more than 1800 then subtract
1800. For example:-
(a) If forward bearing of an object is 700 then its back
bearing will be 1800 + 700 = 2500.
(b) If forward bearing of an object is 240 then its back
bearing will be 2400-1800= 600.

Figure 16
PART II: SERVICE PROTRACTOR

9. The service protractor "A" Mark IV is an instrument used for plotting and measuring bearing on
the map. It is an essential link between the compass and the map. With the help of the protractor the
magnetic bearings have been converted to grid bearing and transferred to the map.
 71
Description

10. The protractor is made of cardboard or ivories (flexible material) and it measures 6 inches long
and 2 inches wide.

Figure 17
Scale of Protractors

11. The main purpose of the protractor is to measure angles and bearings as described in the
preceding paragraphs. The protractor also shows on both its faces a number of the more common map
scales. The respective scale lines are drawn out and divided into primary and secondary divisions in
exactly the same way as at the bottom of the map.

Measuring a Bearing
12. The angle can be measured by drawing a line from the graduation to the point zero on the
protractor. The required angle will be the gap between this line and the line joining the zero.

Figure 18
Uses of Protractor
13. The service protractor is an essential item of Map Reading. With its help one can:-

(a) Plot and measure bearing on paper or on a map. For bearing between 0 and 180
degrees their Zero edge must be on the LEFT and for 180 degrees -360 degrees it must be on
the RIGHT.

(b) Measure distance in inches / cm correct up to l/100th

(c) Measure distance in yards, meters or miles on a map by using the appropriate scale

(d) For using the diagonal scale one must use an intermediate agent. Mark off the distance
to be measured on the straight edge of a paper or by means of a divider and then put the paper
or divider on the diagonal scale and measure
CONCLUSION

14. Taking out correct magnetic bearing of an object is very important. Converting Magnetic bearing
into Grid bearing and vice versa should be known to identify object on map and ground. Use service
protractor to find out the distance and grid bearing of one object to another on the map should be known
for accurate navigation.
 72

LESSON PLAN: MR 7

PRISMATIC COMPASS & ITS USE AND GPS

Period - Two

Type - Lecture/Practice

Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Compass Prismatic, GPS, Computer slides, Pointer, Charts,

Blackboard & Chalk.

Time Plan

(a) Introduction 05 Min

(b) Types of compass, How to take a bearing 35 Min

(c) Compass errors and GPS 35 Min

(d) Conclusion 05 Min

(e) Practice 40 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The magnetic compass an instrument containing a magnetized pointer

which shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it. The magnetic compass is used
extensively in ships, aircraft and the various branches of the army to find and maintain direction. The
Prismatic Compass is an accurate and reliable instrument of great value except during a "magnetic storm"
or when subject to strong local magnetic field e.g. in polar regions. With the prismatic compass one can
measure magnetic bearing on the ground.

AIM

4. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the cadets to the basics of

Compass Bearing, understanding compass errors and use of GPS.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Type of Compasses and acquiring a bearing

(b) Part II - Compass errors and Introduction to GPS

PART I: TYPES OF COMPASS AND TAKING BEARING

6. Types of Compass and Taking Bearing. There are two types of prismatic compass, the dry and
liquid filled. Liquid type is easier to use though it is less sensitive.

7. Description. Various parts are shown below:-

 73

Figure 19
8. How to Take a Bearing

(a) Open the lid of compass.

(b) Turn the prism casing over.
(c) Put your thumb through the ring.
(d) Put your forefinger underneath the compass &
hold it to horizontal level.
(e) Bring the prism up to the eye.
(f) See through the prism via hairline to object.
(g) Read the bearing.

PART II : NAVIGATION BY COMPASS, COMPASS ERRORS AND GPS

9. Navigation By Compass. Sometimes it may be necessary to march by night or in thick jungle area
in the direction of a certain point; since the point may not be visible in darkness or thick vegetation. In such
a situation follow the steps mentioned below

(a) Calculate the bearing from the Map i.e Grid Bearing

(b) Convert it to the magnetic bearing and cater for the compass error to arrive at a figure (say
250 degree), the compass must now be set to this figure to march on it.

(c) Unscrew the clamping screw

(d) Rotate the milled vane to 25 till it comes exactly on the “lubber line”

(e) Tighten the clamping screw

(f) Compass is now set for 250 degree

(g) To obtain the direction of march, open the lid fully and keep the compass on the palm.

(h) Now turn left or right till arrow head comes under the direction mark

(j) Direction of march is given by the direction in which tongue is pointing

10. Compass Error. Sometimes due to the presence of impurities in the material of which a compass
is made or other reasons, the magnetic needle may not point toward the magnetic NORTH but a little to the
EAST or WEST of it. This deviation of the magnetic needle in the compass from the magnetic NORTH is
termed compass error.

11. Global Positioning System. Global Positioning System (GPS) refers to a system of satellites and
 74

receivers that allows people and devices to pin point their precise location on the earth. The first GPS
satellite was launched in 1974. GPS is funded and controlled by the United States, Department of Defence.
Present technology provides very handy and accurate navigation. GPS is used by:-

(a) Commonly used in day to day life by general public like for

(b) Commonly used in day to day life by general public like for travelling purposes

(c) Fishermen and hikers to navigate.

(d) Armed Forces, inbuilt its equipments and in uses in battlefields.

CONCLUSION

12. It is very important for a soldier to understand the prismatic compass and be proficient in using the
same. An individual should know how to take the bearing set the compass and then march on the bearing
set on the compass. The compass should be checked for correctness and errors if any be noted on the
inside of the lid. While using the compass ensure that there is no iron objects nearby.
 75

LESSON PLAN: MR 8

SETTING OF A MAP, FINDING NORTH AND OWN POSITION

Period - Four

Type - Lecture/Practice

Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Map sheets, Compass, Service Protractor, Pointer, Charts, Black

board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 5 Min

(b) Setting of Map and methods - 35 Min
(c) Finding North and finding own position on map - 35 Min

(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

(e) Practice - 1h 20 Min

AIM

3. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the JD/JW NCC Cadets to the method of setting of maps, and
finding own position on map.

PREVIEW

4. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Map setting by various methods

(b) Part II - Finding North and own position on map

PART I: METHODS OF SETTING MAP

Setting of Map

5. A map is said to be set or oriented when it is placed such that it corresponds directly with the
ground i.e. when true NORTH on the map points to true NORTH on the ground.

Methods of Setting a Map

6. There are two methods of setting a map - by compass and by objects on the ground.

Setting by Compass

7. Draw a line showing magnetic NORTH from a point on a grid line. Open the compass and lay it flat
on the map over the above drawn diagram, which will show the magnetic variation so that the hair line on
the window lies along the magnetic NORTH line on the diagram. Then turn both the map and the compass
till the needle points along the hair line. The map is now set, since the magnetic NORTH line on the map is
pointing in the direction of magnetic NORTH as indicated by the compass needle.
 76

PART II: FINDING NORTH AND OWN POSITION

Finding North

8. Without Compass. The position of NORTH can be discovered by one of the following methods :-

(a) Equal Altitude Method.

(i) Take a fairly large piece of paper or

card board and spread it flat on the ground. In the
centre fix a pencil or piece of wood perpendicular
to the ground. It can be done with the help of a
coin fixed at the base of pencil or wood with
sealing wax or by directly pushing it in the
ground.

(ii) Wait till after mid-day until the sun has

moved around sufficiently to throw another
shadow as indicated by the dotted line AD i.e. of
the same

Figure 20
(b) By Stars. In the Northern hemisphere, the
Pole star indicates the position of True North to
within 2 degree. It is a bright star and it can be
found by protruding a line from Great Bear. The
pole star will be found slightly off this line on the
side remote from the remaining stars of the
Great Bear.

Finding Own Position on Map

9. Methods of Finding Own Position on Map

Figure 21
(a) By resection method or Compass method

(b) By Inspection method.

10. Resection with Compass Method.

(a) Recognise three prominent features (A, B, C) on map and on the ground as well. These
three prominent features must not be more than 180 or less than 30 apart. They should be as far as
possible and clearly visible. The bearing of these points be taken and converted into Grid bearings.

(b) Then, on the map the back bearings from these points must be plotted, and the point of
intersection will be the required position.

(c) In order to do an accurate resection, three or more objects are necessary. But in that case
if the three rays do not intersect at the same point, a triangle of error is obtained. The centre of
triangle is the point of your own position.

Figure 22
 77

11. By Inspection Method. By inspections is meant a careful and detailed study of the ground and
features both on the map and the ground and features on the map and on the ground. The method consists
of :-

(a) Setting the map.

(b) Recognition of general area of own position on the map.

(c) A close study of the ground details

CONCLUSION

12. Setting of map and finding own position is the essence of the map reading training. One should be
able to set the map with the help of compass and without it in minimum possible time. After setting of map,
find out the two or three objects present on the ground and map be selected and resection method or
compass method be used to find out the own position. Finding correct and accurate own position is very
important for the navigation.
 78

LESSON PLAN: MR-9

MAP TO GROUNG, GROUND TO MAP

Period - Six
Type - Lecture/Practice
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Map Sheets, Compass, Service protractor, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Map to Ground - 35 Min

(c) Ground to Map - 35 Min

(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

(e) Practice - 40 Min

AIM

3. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the Cadets to the basics of finding objects from Map to ground
and ground to map.

PREVIEW

4. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Map to ground

(b) Part II - Ground to map

PART I - MAP TO GROUND

5. To find out the details of map on ground is known as map to ground. Following methods are used to
identify objects from map to ground:-

(a) Bearing and Distance Method. With the help of bearing and distance, find out own
position. Find out the distance of the object to be identified on ground with the help of a scale on the
map. Using service protractor, find out the bearing of the object and convert it into magnetic
bearing. Set the magnetic bearing on compass and look for the object in the given bearing.
Estimating the distance on ground the object will be identified.

(b) Direction and Distance Method. Draw a line on the map between own position and
object to be identified. Calculate its distance and using any of the following methods find the
direction of the object:-
(i) With the help of a sight rule find the ground direction of the object.

(ii) With the help of two points on the map estimate the ground direction.

(iii) Place a foot ruler /pencil at own position and align it with line of the map.

(iv) Place a pin each at own position and at the object on the map. Align both pins and
find general direction.
 79

(c) By Estimation Method. In this method measuring bearing, distance and direction, object is
identified with the help of other details in the proximity of the object.

PART II - GROUND TO MAP

6. To find out an object indicated on ground on the map is called ground to map.

CONCLUSION

7. For correct map reading it is essential to locate the exact position of objects on ground and on map.
Therefore, it is important for the cadets to understand the methods and the procedure to find objects from
map to ground and from ground to map.
 80

LESSON PLAN : MR 10

POINT TO POINT MARCH

Period - Five
Type - Lecture/Practice
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids
1. Compass, Binocular, Service protractor, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Navigation during day - 35 Min
(c) Navigation during night and night march chart - 35 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min
(e) Practice - 1h 20Min

AIM

3. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the Cadets to the basics of Navigation during day and night
and preparation of night march chart

PREVIEW

4. The lecture/practice will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Navigation during day.

(b) Part II - Night navigation and preparation of Night march Chart.

PART I - NAVIGATION DURING DAY

Methods Used During Day March

5. The methods used for navigation during day are :-

(a) With Map Only. In this method set the map and find your own position. Then, find out the
position of the object. Note important landmarks in the vicinity of the object. Also find out the distance
of the object. Finally find out the best route to reach the object. While marching, keep comparing the
major landmarks en route. Distance can be measured with the help of steps. 100 metre corresponds
to 120 steps approximately. On reaching the object, confirm its correctness with help of other details
in the proximity.

(b) Marching without Map. There are two methods of marching without map:-

(i) With Compass. In order to use compass for marching point to point, there is a
necessity to set the bearing on the compass.

(aa) First Method. If you know the bearing and distance of the object look
through the eyehole and turn the compass until the hair line cuts the selected
landmarks in the direction of march. Set the graduated circle to the appropriate
bearing at the line of travel and turn the whole compass until the north end of the
compass needle coincides with the letter N. Here hold the compass in front of you
and march in the direction of the line of travel arrow. So long as the needle and the
north arrow coincide the direction of travel arrow will remain on the required
 81

bearing. If there is difficulty in selecting landmarks at a large distance due to forest

cover or undulating land, then closer landmarks can be selected. This could be
repeated till you reach the object. If there is a major obstacle like river or nala
which require deviation from the given bearing, one must come to the same line
after crossing the obstacle and move on initial bearing.

(ab) Second Method. This method is used when bearing and distance of
important landmarks en route are given. Set the bearing of the first landmark from
start point and repeat this after reaching every intermediate landmark till you
reach the object. In this method one is more confident while marching.

(ii) Without Compass. In this method you are required to march based on your
memory power. Points to be kept in mind are:-

(aa) Before marching, recognize the object carefully and take note of other
landmarks in the proximity.
(ab) Choose best route to the object and convert distance into steps/paces.

(ac) Take note of all the intermediate landmarks and their distances.
(ad) En route, ensure you are marching correctly.
(ae) Be careful while measuring distance in steps.
(af) If you deviate while crossing an obstacle, choose a mark across the
obstacle. After crossing the obstacle come in line of the mark and recommence
marching.
(ag) If you reach a wrong place, come back to the start point.

PART II - NAVIGATION DURING NIGHT

AND NIGHT MARCH CHART

6. When a navigation party moves at night with the help of compass and night march chart, this is
called night march.

(a) During Moonlit Night. If you have a compass, you can select two important land marks
on the given bearing in a line and March on the same bearing and line. Repeat this, till you reach
the object.

(b) Starlit Night. Select a prominent star at 30 degree on me horizon on the given bearing.
Select a landmark in line of the star. March in line of the star and the land mark for approximately
15 minutes. Then select another star in the same bearing and repeat till you reach the object.

(c) Cloudy Night. Make a person march on the given bearing to a distance where he can be
seen. Then the person holding compass marches, measuring the distance. First person is made to
march again in the given bearing and the process is repeated till he reaches the object.
 82

Items Required By Navigation Party

(a) Set compass as per bounds.

(b) Luminous stick.
(c) White cloth.
(d) Marching chart.
(e) White Iime/ chalk.
(f) Stone pebbles for measuring steps.
(g) Frosted torch.
8. Composition of Navigation Party

(a) Guide. He carries a luminous stick and a compass set to a given bearing.
(b) Assistant Guide. He has a white piece of cloth at his back for Identification and a
stick to measure depth of nala / pits.
(c) Recorder. He carries additional compass already set on given bearing, night march
chart and stone pebbles. He measures the distance.
(d) Scouts. Number of scouts could be from 2 to 4 depending upon the route and
tasks.

9. Night March Party

(a) Assistant Guide. He moves in front between left and right scouts. He walks for 20
steps and stops. Guide moves up to him and then indicates him to march ahead. Following actions
will be taken while crossing an obstacle.
(i) Assistant guide and scouts will negotiate the obstacle from left / right. Guide and
balance party will keep waiting. After crossing the obstacle assistant guide and scouts will
come in the line of march.
(ii) Then guide and balance party will cross the obstacle and move behind assistant
guide.
(b) Guide. Guide marches behind assistant guide so that required instructions can be given
to him. He also carries a compass with set bearing so that he can correct the line of march of
assistant guide.

(c) Recorder. Recorder marches behind the guide and measures the distance by steps /
measuring tape.

10. Points to be kept in-Mind

(a) While marching, do not cough, talk or make any noise.

(b) While marching keep inter person distance in mind.
(c) Party must ensure safety and security.
(d) Smoking / using any kind of light is strictly prohibited.
(e) To read night march chart use frosted torch.
 83

11. Night March Chart

Figure. 23

12. Navigation With the Help of Stars

(a) With Help of Great Bear (c) With Help of Great Bear and Cassiopeia

(b) With Help of Cassiopeia (d) With Help of Orion (The Hunter)
 84

SUMMARY
¾ Map is the geographical representation of land on a paper.

¾ Scale is a proportion of two points on map and two points on the ground.

¾ Relief is applied to the shape of the ground in a vertical plane.

¾ Contour is an imaginary line following surface of the ground at a certain level.

¾ Gradient is the slope of the ground expressed as the angle the ground makes with the
horizontal.

¾ Cardinal Points are the four major directions North, South, East and West.

¾ There are three types of North: True North is the direction of North pole, Magnetic North is the point
which a magnetic needle points, Grid North is the direction of the North South grid lines on a map-point.

¾ Magnetic Variation the difference between True North and Magnetic North. It depends on time and
place.

¾ Grid Convergence is the angular difference between Grid and True North.

¾ Bearing: The clock wise angle formed by a straight line joining two points and direction of North.

¾ The service protractor "A" Mark IV is an instrument used for plotting and measuring bearing on the
map.

¾ Setting of Map: A map is said to be set or oriented when it is placed such that it corresponds
directly with the ground. There are two methods of setting a map - by compass and by objects on the
ground.

¾ Methods to find own position on map are:

¾ By resection or compass method
¾ By inspection method.

¾ Types of navigation:
¾ Navigation during day
¾ Night navigation and preparation of Night march chart

¾ Methods are used to identify objects from map to ground.

¾ Bearing and Distance Method.

¾ Direction and Distance Method.

¾ By Estimation Method.

¾ To find out an object indicated on ground on the map is called ground to map.
 85

Comprehension Questions

Q1. Answer the following in about 15 words:

(a) What is spot height?
(b) What are Grid Lines and its purpose?
(c) How many types of Slopes are there?
(d) How many types of North are there?

Q2. Answer the following in about 50 words:

(a) What are Conventional Signs? Draw conventional signs for Temple, Railway line and Post
office.
(b) Define Bearing?
(c) What is relief and contour?
(d) Define Grid Convergence?

Q3. Answer the following in about 75 words:

(a) What is magnetic variation?
(b) Differentiate between these:
(i) Relief and Slope.
(ii) Contour and gradient.
(iii) Horizontal Equivalent and vertical Interval.
(c) When a map is said to be set. How can a map be set?

Q4. Answer the following in about 150 words:

(a) Define Map. Briefly explain all types of maps.
(b) What is the method or rules of calculating a Grid Reference?
(c) Write a note on Service Protractor.

Q5. Answer the following in about 250 words:

(a) Explain cardinal points?
(b) Define bearing and write the types of bearing?
(c) Explain back bearing and give out the method for the
conversion of bearing?
(d) Explain the various methods of finding own position.

Q6. Answer the following in about 300 words:

(a) How do you march without a map?
(b) Draw the diagram of a night march chart?
 86

UNIT 3 : FIELD CRAFT /BATTLE CRAFT

INDEX
Ser Lesson Subject Page Number
Code
No
From To

1. FC/BC-1 Introduction to Field Craft and Battle 88 89

Craft

2. FC/BC-2 Judging distance 90 93

3. FC/BC-3 Description of Ground 94 96

4. FC/BC-4 Recognition description, Indication of 97 98

land mark and target

5. FC/BC-5 Observation, Camouflage and 99 101

concealment

6. FC/BC-6 Field Signals 102 107

7. FC/BC-7 Sec formations 108 111

8. FC/BC-8 Fire Control Orders 112 115

9. FC/BC-9 Fire and Movement 116 120

10. FC/BC-10 Knots and lashings 121 123

 87

UNIT 3: FIELD CRAFT/BATTLE CRAFT

Knowledge Understanding Application Skill Evaluation

Introduction to The cadet will The cadet will Activities, work
Field Craft and understand the various understand the use of sheets,
Battle Craft ingredients of Field ground and the assignments,
Craft and Battle Craft. weapon available to and mock
him to the best of one’s exercises
own advantage.
Judging Distance The cadet will The cadet will be able Activities, work
understand the various to engage a target by sheets,
methods to judge correct judging of assignments,
distance in different distance. and mock
conditions. exercises
Description of The cadet will The cadet will be able Activities, work
Ground understand the various to grasp a quick, sheets and
types of ground and accurate and standard assignments,
the procedure to procedure to describe
describe them. an area to his men to
understand it correctly.
Recognition, The cadet will The cadet will be able Activities, work
description and understand the to identify, describe sheets,
indication of methods of indicating and indicate the target assignments,
landmarks and the targets. accurately. and mock
targets exercises
Observation, The cadets will The cadets will be able Activities, work
Camouflage and understand the to observe the sheets, practical
Concealment importance of surroundings in a assignments.
observation, better way.
camouflage &
concealment
Field Signals The cadet will The cadet will be able to Activities, work
understand various apply these signals in sheets,
signals to convey their day to day assignments,
messages in the army functioning. and mock
exercises.
Section The cadet will The cadet will be able to Activities, work
Formations understand the various apply the section sheets,
section formations formations in their assignments,
exercises and practice and mock
exercises.
Fire Control Orders The cadet will The cadet will be able Activities, work
understand importance to apply Fire control sheets,
of fire discipline and Order during their assignments,
giving of fire control practice and mock
orders. exercises
Fire and Movement The cadet will The cadet will able to Activities, work
understand basic apply knowledge sheets,
infantry fire & during survival assignments,
movement tactics. technique and mock
exercises
Knots and lashings To understand various To apply knowledge Activities, mock
knots and lashings during survival exercises,
used in soldiering. techniques. practice.
 88

LESSON PLAN : FC & BC 1

INTRODUCTION TO FIELD CRAFT AND BATTLE CRAFT

Period - One

Type - Lecture

Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 05 Min

(b) Field Craft - 15 Min
(c) Battle Craft - 15 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. Field Craft is an important aspect of military training. It is the art of using the ground and the
weapon to the best of one’s own advantage.

AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets in the art of Field craft and Battle Craft.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture shall be conducted in the following parts: -

(a) Part- I - Field Craft

(b) Part -II - Battle Craft

PART I- FIELD CRAFT

6. Field Craft includes the following subjects:-

(a) Visual Training.

(b) Recognition and description of targets.
(c) Personal camouflage and concealment.
(d) Judging distance.
(e) Movement with and without arms.
(f) Fire discipline and control.
PART II- BATTLE CRAFT

7. Battle craft is nothing but set of drills which are essential for conduct of successful operations in the
battle field. These battle drills are very useful in tackling minor tactical problems. They save time, ensure
 89

rapid action and avoid confusion. Knowledge of field signals and section and platoon formations, however,
is essential in the execution of various battle drills. Battle Craft includes the following subjects:-
(a) Field Signals.

(b) Section Formations.

(c) Fire control orders.

(d) Fire and move.

(e) Section battle drills.

CONCLUSION

8. It is important for NCC cadets to know about the basics of battle craft. The art of using the ground
and the weapon, not only is as essential skill for a trained soldier, it also helps an individual to perform
better in various life situations.
 90

LESSON PLAN :FC & BC 2

JUDGING DISTANCE

Period - One

Type - Lecture/Practice

Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim – 05 Min

(b) Methods of Judging Distance - 15 Min

(c) How to use the methods - 15 Min

(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. An individual should be able to judge distance accurately with his

eyes so that the individual can decide on the following:-
(a) Know when to open fire.
(b) Know which weapon to be used.
(c) Can indicate targets to other men in his section
(d) Pass back accurate information when acting
as an observer.
AIM

4. To teach the methods of Judging Distance.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture shall be conducted in the following parts: -

(a) Part- I - Methods of Judging Distance.

(b) Part -II - How to use the methods.
PART I - METHODS OF JUDGING DISTANCE

6. Methods of Judging Distance. There are six methods of Judging Distance. These are as under:-
(a) Unit of measure.
(b) Appearance method.
(c) Section average.
(d) Key range.
(e) Halving.
(f) Bracketing.
 91

Unit of Measure

7. This method is also termed as the 100 yards method. The unit of measure chosen is normally 100
yards and therefore one should form a good idea of 100 yards distance on the ground. The length of a
hockey field is the best yard stick for this purpose. The distance of a given object will be a multiple of the
imaginary unit of 100 yards, as placed between the observer and the object.

Appearance Method

8. The distance can be judged by noting the detailed appearance of man at various ranges.

Section Average
9. Each man in the section is asked to judge the distance of a given object. The average of the
answers given by the whole section is then accepted as the distance.

Key Range
10. If the range of the certain object is known, distance to other objects can be found in relation to the
known range. This method is called “Key Range” method
 92

Halving
11. An object is selected half way between the observer and the target, the distance to the selected
object is judged and doubled to get the distance to the target.

Bracketing

12. The observer works out the maximum and the minimum possible distances of the object and then
accepts the mean as the distance.

Practical Hints

13. During Night. Judging distance at night will depend upon the visibility. The only suitable method is
the “Key Range”. Therefore mark prominent objects and work out their distances while there is still day light.
 93

During Day

14. Conditions which mislead the observer when judging distances are as follows:-

(a) Distances are overestimated when:-

(i) Light is bad.
(ii) The sun is in the observer’s eye.
(iii) The object is small in relation to its surroundings.
(iv) Looking through a valley of narrow lane e.g. street.
(v) Lying down.

(b) Distances are underestimated when:-

(i) The light is bright or the sun is shining from behind the observer.
(ii) The object is large in relation to its surrounding.
(iii) There is some dead ground between observer and the object.
(iv) Looking uphill.
CONCLUSION

15. Judging distance is very important to know how to indicate the landmarks in minimum time frame.It
is also necessary to bring down effective fire on enemy by indicating the target using the techniques of
judging distance. Hence all cadets should be able to know all methods of judging distance accurately.
 94

LESSON PLAN:FC & BC 3

DESCRIPTION OF GROUND
Period - One
Type - Lecture/Practice
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 03 Min

(b) Types of ground - 10 Min
(c) Procedure of description - 10 Min
(d) Indication of landmarks using GLD & boundaries - 15 Min
(e) Conclusion - 02 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. A quick, accurate and standard procedure is necessary to enable a commander to describe an area
to his men and the men to understand it correctly.
AIM

4. The aim of this lecture is to enable cadets to study the ground, understand various types of ground
and understand the method of scanning and describing ground.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be divided into the following parts :-

(a) Part I – Types of Ground.

(b) Part II – Procedure of description.

(c) Part III – Indication of landmarks using General Line

Of Direction (GLD) & boundaries.

PART I – TYPES OF GROUND

Ser
Types of Ground Samples
No
(a)
Broken Ground It is uneven and is
generally scattered with nullahs, bump sand
fields in the ground. It is suitable for move of
infantry.

(b)
Flat and Open Ground It is even ground
with little cover e.g. bushes, hedges and
other foilage. It is not suitable for move of
Infantry by day.
 95

(c) High Ground Ground far above the general

level of the area e.g. hill. It facilitates control
of area around it by observation or fire.

(d)
Dead Ground Ground that is hidden from
an observer’s view. It cannot be covered by
flat path weapons.

(a) Though an open ground is easy to travel, it is dangerous to do so in the locality of the enemy.
Whether moving or taking fire position in an open area one is exposed to enemy from view and fire.

(b) Broken ground when correctly used affords protection from flat path weapons. It does not afford
cover from air or protection from high path weapons.

(c) Dead ground does not afford cover from high path weapons.

PART II – PROCEDURE OF DESCRIPTION

6. The normal method of scanning and describing ground is by dividing it as follows:-

(a) Fore Ground up to 300 yards
(b) Middle Distance from 300 yards to 500 yards
(c) Distance beyond 500 yards

PART III
INDICATION OF LANDMARKS USING GENERAL LINE OF DIRECTION AND BOUNDARIES
General Line of Direction

7. Start by giving the general line of direction by pointing out a centrally located, if possible, prominent
land mark, e.g. No 1 section 500, RED HOUSE, class Red House and line beyond General Line of Direction
(GLD).
 96

Boundaries

8. After giving general line of direction give LEFT and RIGHT boundaries of your area. Divide the
ground into foreground, middle and distance. Having done so start from LEFT to RIGHT systematically in a
clockwise direction and describe the ground.

Sequence of description

9. While describing the ground bounded by particular arc after giving the boundaries start from LEFT
to RIGHT. If the ground all around is to be
described, start after general line of direction to the right and finish at general line of direction by completing
the indication all around.

CONCLUSION

10. Studying and appreciating the ground is an important factor for getting success in operations. A
cadet should have an eye for the ground. He should keep on observing and judging the ground even while
advancing and section commander should keep on explaining continuously while on move.
 97

LESSON PLAN : FC & BC 4

RECOGNITION, DESCRIPTION & INDICATION OF LANDMARKS AND TARGETS

Period - Two
Type - Lecture/Practice
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 05 Min

(b) Methods of indication of easy targets - 35 Min
(c) Methods of indication of difficult targets - 35 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

2. Landmarks and other objects on the ground or a battle field may be either unclear due to climatic
conditions or other reasons. Every effort should, therefore be made to indicate their location and size
carefully and accurately. To ensure quick and accurate indication by commanders and recognition by
individual soldiers a standard procedure has been laid down in the Army.

AIM

3. To acquaint the cadets regarding recognition, description and indication of targets.

PREVIEW

4. The lecture shall be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Definitions.

(b) Part II - Methods of indication of easy targets.

(c) Part III - Methods of indication of difficult targets.

PART I - DEFINITIONS
Landmarks

5. An object, which is important on the ground and which is used in verbal orders to explain the
ground in front.

Target
6. It is an object having a technical significance which is indicated with a view to bring down fire on it.
Reference Point
7. An important and unmistakable object, with the help of which you can indicate other land marks or
targets. A reference point should be specific.
 98

PART II - METHODS OF INDICATION OF EASY TARGETS

Easy Targets
8. Can be indicated by the following methods:-
(a) Indication by Description. A noticeable target can often be described directly. For
example “No. 1 Section BRIDGE”. Here BRIDGE is so noticeable that nobody can make a mistake
in recognizing it.

(b) Indication by Direction or Range or Both. Inslightly less obvious cases other aids
should be used e.g. direction or range or both.
An example of each is given below:-
(i) Indication by Direction :No 1 Section BAEN BAGHICHA.
(ii) Indication by Range :No 1 Section 600 BAGHICHA.
(iii) Direction and Range :When indicating a landmark, indicate direction first and
then range e.g. BAEN-600, BAGHICHA.

PART III -METHODS OF INDICATION OF DIFFICULT TARGETS

9. The targets which cannot be indicated by the methods given above are termed difficult targets. The
methods to indicate these are explained below:

The Direction Method

11. This is used to indicate the following:-

(a) The general line of direction
(b) A known reference point
(c) Another landmark

12. Unless otherwise stated all directions are taken to be with reference to the general line of direction. The
following direction will be used:-

Direction Measuring
Slight Left/Right Approximately 10 degrees
Quarter Left/Right Approximately 22 ½ degrees
Half Left/Right Approximately 45 degrees
Three Quarter Left/Right Approximately 67 ½degrees
Full Left/Right Approximately 90 degrees

CONCLUSION

13. To achieve success in war it is very important that the target is understood and recognized by the
troops. By using the methods of indicating the target the cadets can easily indicate and identify the target.
 99

LESSON PLAN :FC & BC 5

OBSERVATION, CAMOUFLAGE ANDCONCEALMENT

Period - Two
Type - Lecture/Practice
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan
2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 03 Min
(b) Why things are seen - 05 Min
(c) Demo of personal camouflage - 35 Min
(d) Types of cover and correct use of cover - 35 Min
(e) Conclusion - 02 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. To observe is to penetrate the concealment done by the

enemy. The term camouflage comes from French word
“Camoufler” meaning “to blind or veil”. It means to disguise an
object in plain sight in order to conceal it from something or
someone. The object loses its three dimensional qualities and
appears flat. Camouflage is defined as action of misleading
enemy by concealing or misrepresenting the identity of own
troops, equipment, installations and activities.

CAMOUFLAGE AIM CONCEALMENT

4. The aim of this lecture is to teach :-

(a) The principles as to why things are seen.
(b) The importance of ground observation.
(c) Personal camouflage.
(d) Concealment, types of cover and correct use of cover.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture shall be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Why things are seen.

(b) Part II - Personal camouflage.
(c) Part III - Concealment.
 100

PART I – WHY THINGS ARE SEEN

6. Various factors responsible for things to be seen are as

follows:-

(a) Shape
(b) Shine
(c) Shadow
(d) Surface
(e) Spacing
(f) Smoke
(g) Sound
(h) Movement

7. You have seen as to why things are visible during day or in clear moonlit night. Now let us see why
things are visible at night. There are two factors which are given below:-

(a) Sound
(b) Light
PART II - PERSONAL CAMOUFLAGE

8. Camouflage means to disguise an object in plain sight in order to conceal it

from something or someone.

9. We will now see how personal camouflage is done which includes

camouflage of equipment worn or carried by a soldier.

(a) Use of Disruptive Pattern

Clothing and Local Vegetation

(b) Camouflage of Face

(c) Camouflage of Equipment:

Equipment is camouflaged as follows:-

(i) Helmet
• Use of Hessian Cloth
• Use of Camouflage Net

(ii) Camouflage of Back Packs. Packs have square outline

which is broken by tying thin ropes on the packs and branches of
local vegetation are stuck in the ropes.

(iii) Camouflage of Rifle. Metal parts of rifles are phosphated

and hence shine is reduced. Garnish of suitable colour should be
wrapped over wooden parts/ plastic parts to contrast with
surroundings.
 101

(iv) Camouflage of LMG. Wooden/plastic parts of the LMG

should be covered by garnish. LMG trench is camouflaged by
use of a net.

(v) Camouflage of Equipment.

Equipment like binocular, map case, Radio Set should also be
camouflaged by breaking its outline and preventing shine.

PART III –CONCEALMENT

10. If the enemy can see you, he can hit you with his fire. So you must be concealed from enemy
observation and have cover from enemy fire. When the terrain does not provide natural cover and
concealment, you must prepare your cover and use natural and man-made materials to camouflage/
conceal yourself, your equipment, and your position.

TYPES OF COVER AND CORRECT USE OF COVER

11. There are two types of cover. They are:-

(a) Cover from view.
(b) Cover from fire.

12. Cover from View. A person is concealed only from view and not from
fire.

13. Cover from Fire. This means that the concealed person is protected
both from view and fire of weapon

14. Look Through or Around Cover. Whenever possible look through or

around the cover but not over it

15. Avoid Breaking a Straight Line. Skyline/light coloured background is

the worst background as the object against it will be found out because of
contrasting background and shape.

16. Isolated Cover is Dangerous. Eye catches isolated cover easily

especially if there is any movement near it.

CONCLUSION

17. To conclude, the importance of camouflage and concealment can be

realized from the following:-

(a) In earlier days it was said "If it can be seen, it can be hit, if it can be hit it can be killed”.

(a) But now in the modern warfare "If it can be seen it will be killed".

(b) Therefore, camouflage needs greater emphasis and the art of camouflage and concealment
reduces the different varieties of soldiers into two main categories viz, "The good and the dead."
Concealment is an aid to tactical deception and misinforms the enemy as to our intentions and
strengths
 102

LESSON PLAN :FC & BC 6

FIELD SIGNALS
Period - Two
Type - Lecture/Practice
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 05 Min

(b) Demo and Practice - 70 Min

(i) Signals with hand & weapons.

(ii) Field Signals as means of giving orders.
(iii) Methods to attract attention of troops.
(iv) Other methods of inter communication.
(v) Field signals by day.
(vi) Field signals by night.
(c) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. Whenever someone wants to convey his message one

has to raise his voice. In olden days smoke, sound of drum was
the mode to convey messages from one village to another. In
Army, different methods are used to convey messages. Today,
you will learn one of these methods called Field Signals.

AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets with the Field Signals used in the Army.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts.

(a) Part I - Signals with hand & weapons.

(b) Part II - Field Signals as means of giving orders.

(c) Part III - Methods to attract attention of troops.

(d) Part IV - Other methods of inter communication.

(e) Part V - Field signals by day.

(f) Part VI - Field signals by night.

 103

PART I - SIGNALS WITH HAND & WEAPONS

Signals with Hand

Ser Name Of Illustrations

Signals With Hand
No Signal

Right arm fully extended above head and waved from

(a) Deploy side to side, palm open.

Right arm swung from rear to front in “under arm

(b) Advance
blowing” fashion.

(c) Halt Right arm raised to full extent above head.

(d)
Turn About Right arm raised and bent above head.

Change Right arm raised to front in line with shoulder.

(e)
Direction Body then turned in required direction.
 104

Right hand place on top of head, elbow to the

(f) Close
right.

Right arm swung from rear to front above the

(g) Follow me
shoulder in “over arm bowling” fashion.

Enemy Both hands open, palm inwards at waist level,

(h)
Approaching with inwards scooping motion.

Enemy LMG
(i) Right hand thumb down signal.
firing

Punching motion with Right or Left hand

(j) Attack
according to direction of attack.

Closed to Close sign followed by both hands clasped in

(k)
Rendezvous front of body at waist level.
 105

Infantry Both hands crossed in front of body at the waist,

(l)
obstacle ahead palm open downwards.

Signals with Weapons

Illustrations
Ser No Name Of Signal Signals with Weapons

Rifle held above the head parallel to the small

(a) Enemy in Sight
number muzzle in the direction of the enemy.

Enemy in Sight As per (a) above, but arm moved up and several
(b) in large number times.

(c) Advance Both arms raised to form the letter U

 106

Signals with Whistle

Ser
Name Of
Signals With Hand
Signal
(a) Cautionary A short blast to draw attention to a signal or order about to be
Blast given.
(b) The Alarm
Blast A succession of alternate long and short whistle blasts.

(c) Enemy Aircraft

A succession of short blasts.

(d) Enemy Aircraft

departed Two long blasts repeated at interval of five seconds.

PART II-FIELD SIGNALS AS MEANS OF GIVING ORDERS

6. Field signals are alternate means of giving orders and to control troops when voice control is not
possible. Control over troops deployed can be done better by field signals than by voice control. There are
various occasions when voice control is not possible. They are:-

(a) Battle noises.

(b) Need for silence.
(c) Intervening distances are too large.

Battle Noises

7. In war, due to firing and vehicle movement very high noise will be produced, so it may not be
possible for a Commander to give voice message.

Need for Silence

8. There are certain operations which, by design are carried out in utmost silence, eg:-

(a) Ambush
(b) Patrolling
(c) Raid
(d) Cordon
Intervening Distances are Too Large

9. When Infantry takes the battle field they come across many obstacles in ground such as the ditch,
rivers, mountains. Under such circumstances we will have the only choice left with us is field signals for
communication.
PART III-METHODS TO ATTRACT ATTENTION OF TROOPS

10. Before any field signal is executed, the commander has to attract the attention of troops. Methods
to attract attention of troops are :-
(a) A Short Blast of Whistle
(b) A Bird Call
(c) Whistle by Mouth
(d) Clicks(By using tongue)
(e) Clicks by Fingers
 107

PART IV -OTHER METHODS OF COMMUNICATION

11. Besides field signals there are various other means of communication in the Army which are as
follows:-

(a) Dispatch Runners

(b) Dispatch Rider

(c) Radio Sets

PART V- FIELD SIGNALS BY DAY

12. Some of the visual signals used during the day are flags and mercury coated mirrors. Flags are
very effectively used by Navy on board a ship.

(a) Flags: (Red, Green and White flags)

(b) Mercury coated mirrors
(c) Smoke
(d) Miscellaneous: Various signals can be improvised and
pre-arranged as under:-

(i) Clothes superficially hung out to dry.

(ii) Hurricane lamp, kept in the window.
(iii) Flashing of torch is used as Morse Code.
(iv) Applying various colours/signs on
forehead and arms.

PART VI- FIELD SIGNALS BY NIGHT

13. Some of the field signals that can be used at night are:-
(a) Pre decided signals on a walkie talkie.
(b) Click by fingers.
(c) Clicks by using tongue.
(d) Whistle by the mouth.
(e) Use of rope.
(f) Use of colour light.
(g) Use of blacked out torch.
(h) Firing of weapon.
Note: Remember to use the simplest method that will achieve
your aim.
CONCLUSION

14. The fighting efficiency of a unit/sub unit depends on sound

communication system which helps commanders at all levels to
exercise command and control effectively. Every commander must
influence the battle by his personal touch which is achieved by good
signal communications. Field signals become a part of movement of
a good section/platoon commander. At section/platoon level, the
commander directly influences the battle by the use of field signals.
Victory in battle will come to that section/platoon whose men are familiar in the use of field signals.
 108

LESSON PLAN:FC & BC 7

SECTION FORMATIONS

Period - Two
Type - Lecture/Practice
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 05 Min

(b) Section formations - 35 Min
(c) Practice - 35 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION
3. Various formations are used when troops come in contact with the enemy and the type of formation
adopted is entirely dependent on the following four basic factors:-

(a) Degree of control required to be exercised by the Section Commander

(b) Type of ground.
(c) Necessity of bringing down maximum fire with minimum delay.
(d) Task.
AIM

4. The aim of this lecture is to acquaint cadets with the section formations.

PREVIEW

5. This lecture will be conducted in the following parts: -

(a) Part I - Section Formations.

(b) Part II - Scout.

 109

PART I- SECTION FORMATION

6. A Section is the smallest sub unit of an Infantry Battalion and is capable of undertaking independent
task. It consists of ten persons who are organized in Rifle group and Support Group. Different types of
formations adopted by a section are as under:

Single File Formation

File Formation

Arrow Head Formation

 110

Spear Head Formation

Diamond Formation

Extended Line Formation

PART II- SCOUT

7. Now you have seen section formation, a word about the scouts. Scouts are the eyes and ears of
the section. Scouts always work in pairs. They work ahead of the leading section and advance from bound
to bound. As scouts, one must always be alert.
 111

CONCLUSION

8. You have so far learnt the organisation of a section and the various formations adopted by a
section in battle. Remember, a section is organised into the Rifle Group and Fire Support Group to
facilitate fire and move, the basic of all tactics.As for the section formations, each formation has its
peculiar advantages and disadvantages. Remember, need for command and control and the necessity of
developing the maximum fire quickly, will determine the formation you as a section commander must
adopt.
 112

LESSON PLAN: FC& BC 8

FIRE CONTROL ORDERS
Period - Two
Type - Lecture/Practice
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer Slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan
2. (a) Introduction - 05 M
(b) Importance of fire discipline and fire control orders - 20 M
(c) Important Terms, Points for section commander
& Method of Giving the Fire Control Orders. - 20 M
(d) Sequence of fire control orders - 20 M
(e) Types of fire control orders - 10 M
(f) Conclusion - 05 M

INTRODUCTION
3. By opening of fire indiscriminately, too early or at too
great a range, the defender’s position will be disclosed
prematurely which will mean wasting of ammunition without
advantage. This means Section Commander should be able to
control the fire of his section by exercising good fire discipline.

4. It is the duty of the commander to ensure that the

enemy is engaged effectively by bringing down the correct
volume of fire at the most effective range by using the most
appropriate weapon(s). Also in the battle, all personnel of a
section/platoon may not be able to observe the enemy and
even if they can, they may either not open fire thinking that
others would do so or all of them may open fire resulting in
wastage of ammunition.
5. It is also the duty of a commander to assess the effect
of fire on the en and then either stop the fire, or re-adjust it or
add the fire of additional weapons to make it effective.
Therefore the commander ensures effective of fire and
expenditure of ammunition.

AIM

6. The aim of this lecture is to teach the importance of fire discipline and fire control orders

PREVIEW

7. This lecture will be conducted in the following parts: -

(a) Part I: Importance of Fire Discipline and Fire Control Orders.

(b) Part II: Important Terms, Points for section commander and Method of Giving the Fire
Control Orders.

(c) Part III: Sequence of Fire Control Orders.

(d) Part IV: Types of Fire Control Orders.

 113

PART I:

IMPORTANCE OF FIRE DISCIPLINE AND FIRE CONTROL ORDERS

8. Fire discipline is a battle winning factor which will stand you in good stead, especially in situations
where surprise is of paramount importance. Indisciplined firing starts with an individual and spreads like wild
fire. Should the troops have confidence of correct, accurate and effective fire orders, they may not indulge
in opening of premature/indiscriminate firing, thereby giving away position or wasting ammunition. Fire
discipline and fire control orders are very important in all operations of war.

9. Defence. In defence, if fire is opened up prematurely, it will give away the defender's location
allowing the enemy to change his plan and surprise the defender subsequently. Moreover, fire opened up at
long ranges, is rarely effective and results in leaving the defender with less ammunition for the eventual
attack by the enemy. Therefore good fire discipline and correct fire orders, assumes added significance in
the following cases:-

(a) During hours of poor visibility/darkness when men are jittery and tend to fire at imaginary
targets.

(b) When enemy patrols try to draw fire from the defender in order to find his disposition.

PART II
IMPORTANT TERMS, POINTS TO REMEMBER &METHOD OF GIVING THE ORDERS
Important Terms

10. Certain terms connected with fire control orders are:-

(a) Fire Unit. Any number of men firing under a commander, usually a section. The personal
responsibility for giving them the executive order to fire is the fire unit commander.

(b) Fire Direction Orders. These are the orders which the fire unit commander receives from
his superior, telling him when, at what target, and with what intensity to open fire. A section
commander will receive fire direction orders from his Platoon commander. They may include key
ranges and any specific direction about withholding of fire.

(c) Fire Control Orders. These are the orders given by the fire unit commander to direct and
cont the fire of his fire unit. Emphasis should be on control and surprise. These orders are the final
and complete instructions after all factors have been considered and before fire is actually opened.

(d) Arc of Fire. This denotes the area of ground for which the fire unit is responsible and
within which it will engage targets. An arc of fire must not be confused with a field of fire, which is
the area over which it can fire effectively.

Points for Section Commander

11. There are certain factors which must be remembered before giving fire control orders.

(a) Indication. No fire order can be effective unless the target is clearly indicated and can be
easily recognised by the men of the fire unit.

(b) Range. Do the range, visibility and vulnerability of the target justify fire at all? Would it be
better to wait and get a more vulnerable target or achieve more/complete surprise?

(c) Best Weapons to Use.What is the best weapon or weapons to use? Although the LMG is
the main weapon of the section, the target may be more suitable for rifle fire only or possibly for a
combination of weapons, eg a LMG and rifle grenade.

(d) Rate of Fire. Should the fire be in single round or in bursts? Should it be rapid or at the
normal rate? Rapid rate is justified only on a few occasions, when it allows the max effect to be
 114

gained from surprise and volume of fire or when an especially vulnerable target presents itself or to
cover move of troops in the final stages of an assault.
Method of Giving the Orders
12. Having decided to open fire, there is then the need to give orders.

The four main rules which must be adhered to are: -

(a) The orders should be given clearly, calmly and concisely.
(b) It should be given loudly so as to be heard above the noises of the battle.
(c) It must be given as an order, to be obeyed as such.
(d) It should be given with adequate pauses, so that those being addressed may have the time
to take the correct action. For example there must be time for sight adjustment after the range is
given.
PART III
SEQUENCE OF FIRE CONTROL ORDERS
Sequence of Fire Control Orders
13. Fire control orders must be given in the laid down sequence so as to avoid confusion and
misunderstanding. For ease of remembering the sequence for giving fire control orders, remember the
catch word `GRIT'.

(a) G -The Group of the section which is addressed, i.e the LMG group, the rifle group or the
whole section. An order starting 'No 1 Section indicates that the whole section will fire, `LMG Group'
or 'Rifle Group' means that group only is to fire.

(b) R -The range to the target should be given next. It is to ensure accuracy of fire and to draw
attention on a limited area of ground (Instructor to explain why range has to be given before
indicating the target).

(c) I - The indication of the target by the simplest form of indication.

(d) T - The type of fire to be emp. i.e open fire at once, or on further orders, or when the
opportunity arises.

PART IV – TYPES OF FIRE CONTROL ORDERS

Types of Fire Control Orders

14. There are four types of fire control orders as under :-

(a) Delayed Fire Control Orders. These orders are given as an early warning when enemy is
seen approaching at a longer range so that necessary preparations are made by the troops to open
fire, as soon as the enemy appears within the effective range of weapons. Delayed fire control
orders are executed in two manners:-
(i) When the initiative to open fire is left to the man eg:-
 115

"No 1 Sec - 800 - JUNGLE se dushman ka ek sec adv kar raha hai. Jab mar ke ilake men
aye to FIRE".
(ii) When initiative to open fire is with fire unit commander. Eg

“No 1 Sec - 800 - JUNGLE se dushman ka ek sec adv kar raha hai– mere agale hukam ka
intizar karo".
(b) Full Fire Control Orders. As the name suggests these are orders complete in all respects.
These fire control orders are given when fire is to be brought down immediately on a target within
the effective range of weapons. There are two types of full fire control orders.

(i) Distributed Area Target. This is when the enemy presents itself over an area. e.g.
“No 1 Sec - 200 - JHARI - DAINE tin baje DARKHT –tak dushman ki position. LMG Group
char burst, rifle group tin tin round FIRE”.

(ii) Pin Point Target. This is when enemy presents itself atone
place only. e.g.
“Rif Gp 300 AkelaDarkhat, Darkhat ke niche dushman ka sniper, Rfn No 1 - tin round „FIRE”.
(c) Opportunity Fire Control Orders. These orders are given when the target is not
continuously seen by everyone in the section or when the enemy has taken cover, eg:-
“No 1 Sec 400 tuti futi zamin me dusman chhupa hua hai, nazar ane per FIRE”.
(d) Brief Fire Control Orders. These are given when time is not available to give out a full fire
order. In this only essential details are given. This type of order is normally given when enemy
appears at close range and surprises us. eg
"LMG group sights down enemy running left to right - FIRE (Instructor to explain
significance of the phrase sights down”.

CONCLUSION
15. Fire Control Orders are necessary to achieve the following:-

(a) Maintain fire discipline

(b) Conserve and expend ammunition and use it judiciously and effectively.
(c) Not to disclose own position prematurely at long ranges, as chances of enemy escaping
are more and they would have taken away information of your dispositions, which is not desirable.
(d) Engage targets with speed.
(e) Maintain surprise.

16. The correct sequence of Fire Control Orders must always be followed to avoid confusion. A soldier
must exercise Fire discipline through fire control orders; however it does not imply that a soldier should
never fire without orders. There will be many an occasions when the soldier must use his initiative and fire
on the enemy. This applies in defence once the main attack has developed and need for concealing the
position no longer exists. An enterprising rifleman can influence the course of the battle by picking on and
killing enemy commanders and other key personnel such as radio operators.
 116

LESSON PLAN: FC & BC 9

FIRE AND MOVEMENT

Period - One

Type - Lecture/Practice

Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computer Slides, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) When to use Fire & Movement tactics. - 5 Min

(b) Basic consideration for Fire & Movement. - 5 Min
(c) Ground Appreciation & Cover - 15 Min
(d) Selection of fire position & Fire Control - 10 Min
(e) Movement. - 2 Min
(f) Conclusion - 3 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The primary aim of infantry is to close in with the enemy & destroy him. The aim of getting close is
achieved by making skilful use of ground. A clever enemy will however, deny you the use of such ground
which you may need. When such a cover is denied by the enemy, we may have to movement in open.

4. Once we are forced to movement in open, a part of our force will have to fire on en position & force
him to keep his head down. This would render the en incapable of bringing down aimed fire at us while we
are on the movement. This process of keeping one element on the ground to give covering fire, while the
other element is on movement, is called fire & movement. This is the basic tactics of all infantry and
mechanised ops.

AIM

5. The aim of this lecture is to teach basic infantry fire & movement tactics.

PREVIEW

6. This lecture will be conducted in following eleven parts: -

(a) Part I - When to use Fire & Movement tactics.

(b) Part II - Basic consideration for Fire & Movement.

(c) Part III - Ground Appreciation & Cover

(d) Part IV - Selection of fire position & Fire Control

(e) Part V - Movement

 117

PART I: WHEN TO USE FIRE AND MOVEMENT TACTICS

7. Fire & movement tactics may be used in following circumstances: -

(a) The enemy has opened SA fire which is effective.

(b) When own troops have seen the en first - within 400 to 700 meters.

(c) When the en is known or suspected to be in a certain area, then

fire& movement tactics may be adopted when the troops reach within the effective range of en
weapons/observation. (Instructor to explain as to what could be the effective range of enemies
personal weapon)

(d) To cross obstacles by day or by night, e.g. nullahs/rivers.

PART II: BASIC CONSIDERATIONS

8. There are five basic considerations for fire & movement. These are as under:-

(a) No movement on exposed ground without covering fire. The

Advantages of covering fire are obvious, but this does not mean that fire will be brought down
continuously when you are moving. Whenever you have ground providing you cover, you must
use it. Whenever you have to move in open, fire must be brought down on the en in small bursts
to keep his head down.

(b) Control by the Commander. The sec can remain a viable force only when it is under the
control of its commander. Otherwise, it is likely that the required fire support will not be brought
down at the required place & time. In a section, control is ex by voice command & hand signals. As
a rule, sec commander must keep his section within range of voice or visible control.

(c) The angle of covering fire from direct firing weapons should be as wide as possible w/o loss
of control or time. It is to ensure that own troops are not coming under effective fire of own fire sp. It
also ensures that the fire support is provided till as late as possible so that assault troops are able
to close in with the en.

(d) Full use of Available Cover. Full use should be made of cover provided by the ground.
Various types of cover have already been taught to the cadets.

(e) Optimum use of all Available Weapons. All available weapons shouldbe used for
producing covering fire.
 118

PART III: APPRECIATION OF GROUND AND COVER

9. In battle, fire & movement is applied according to the type of ground over which we are operating.
In open country, the problem is to find cover; in close country, there is difficulty in finding positions with
good observation & field of fire. Skillful use of ground can help achieve surprise & save lives. It is therefore
required to develop an eye for ground. Ground should be considered from the enemies’ point of view & it
should be appreciated for the following:-

(a) Fire positions.

(b) Observation positions.

(c) Cover from fire.

(d) Cover from view.

(e) Obstacles.

(Instructor to explain that while movement, sec commander & every member of the sec is
responsible to continuously look for nearest cover which he may have to take once en opens
effective fire. He is also responsible to appreciate various fire positions & types of cover being
provided by that particular cover)

Types of Cover

10. Cover from view is often not cover from fire, especially if the movement has been seen by the
enemy. Concealment from enemy air and ground observation is the chief means of gaining surprise. Some
of the main types of cover are:-

(a) Undulating ground which is the least obvious form of cover; when skillfully used, it
protects from direct fire and gives no ranging marks to the enemy.

(b) Sunken roads, beds of streams and ditches which give good cover from view and often
from fire as well. However, the reis always a danger that the enemy may pay special attention to
them; they may be mined or booby-trapped and precautions
Again stem bush must be taken. If the roads or ditches are straight, the enemy will be able to fire
down the min enfilade.

(c) Hedges and bushes give cover from view but not from fire. In open country they may
make Standing crops give cover from view but movement through them can generally be detected.

(d) Woods which give cover to men and vehicles from enemy air and ground observation.
They give some protection from small arm fire but HE bombs and shells will explode in the
branches of trees and will cause heavy casualties unless troops are dug in and have overhead
protection.
 119

(e) Buildings and walls afford concealment and protection from small arms. Fire and shell
splinters. When isolated they make good ranging marks for the enemy.

Dead Ground

11. Ground which a soldier cannot see from his position is called dead ground. Platoon and section
commanders should be able to recognize ground which is likely to be dead to the enemy. Ground can only
be described as dead in relation to the position of an observer. Troops under cover or in dead ground are
safe from enemy observed fire but not from indirect fire. These areas are always likely to be selected by the
enemy as defensive fire tasks for his artillery and mortars. Dead ground is also safe from detection by
battle field surveillance radars, by battle field surveillance radars, as these have line of sight limitations.

Common Mistakes

12. The wrong use of ground may lead to casualties and loss of surprise; some common mistakes are:-

(a) Carelessness by troops while making a reconnaissance, such as unfolding a map in the
open or not using a covered approach to an Observation Post.

(b) Unnecessary movement in a position overlooked by the enemy.

(c) Using conspicuous landmarks such as isolated trees, bushes or cottages.

(d) Halting troops near road or track junctions or other mapped features which are always
registered as targets by the enemy.

(e) Bad track discipline.

(f) Failure to guard against enemy air observation.

Maps and Air Photographs

13. Maps and air photographs should be used together to obtain the best picture of the ground. The
two aids are complementary as is shown by listing the advantages and limitation of air photographs :-

(a) Advantage.

(i) Are more up-to-date.

(ii) Gives more detail.
(iii) Show the size and shape of features accurately.
(iv) Allow gradient to be seen in relief with a stereoscope.

(b) Limitations

(i) Complete geographical cover almost impossible.

(ii) Expensive to produce.
(iii) Scales vary.
(iv) Details of heights not given.

14. Only the topographical information given by air photographs needs to be understood. The
interpretation of the details of enemy defences is the task of the experts. Very little time need be spent in
mastering the theoretical knowledge of map reading but a great deal of practice is required. The use of the
prismatic compass and the protractor must also be mastered by sub-unit commanders. Navigation is
a science and never a guess. An officer must have complete trust in his compass; this only comes with
practice.

PART IV : SELECTION OF FIRE POSITIONS AND FIRE CONTROL

15. The ideal fire position should:-

(a) Provide cover from fire.

(b) Provide cover from view.
(c) Afford a good view of the ground to be watched or target to be engaged.
 120

(d) Provide room in which to use the weapon freely.

(e) Have a covered approach.
(f) Be easy to advance from.

16. The selection of fire positions require knowledge both of the characteristics of weapons and of the
use of ground. A direct firing weapon must be sited with an eye at the level from which it is to fire. A target
which is clear to a man standing may be invisible to one lying down.

17. Sometimes it may be necessary to site fire positions on trees, rooftops, haystacks or walls to
produce fire effect. This may result in plunging fire, but this must be overcome by accurate shooting.
Cunning concealed fire positions will puzzle the enemy, protect the troops from observed fire and safeguard
them against air attack.

Fire Control

18. There is a big distinction between fire control in attack and in defence. In attack men should be
allowed a great deal of latitude in opening fire. Speed and immediate fire effect is what is required. With a
well concealed enemy it will often be necessary to “neutralise” an area by fire since few definite targets will
be visible. In defence, the vital factor in fire control is that early opening of fire may give away positions to
the enemy and jeopardize concealment. Normally, a section commander will lay down a line in front of his
section post beyond which fire will not be opened without his orders. This is particularly important where a
long field of fire is available. In any case fire will normally be opened on the orders of the section
commander.

PART V: MOVEMENT

19. Movement in the face of the enemy should be covered by fire. This does not mean that it is
impossible to move unless a heavy weight of fire is brought down on the enemy. An important part of an
attack is the movement towards the objective, supporting fire is one of the aids to that movement. A
knowledge of how to move and how to use ground for movement is essential to enable troops to close with
the enemy with minimum casualties, undetected in the zone of arc of battle field surveillance radars.

20. Usually, troops advancing by day in action will move at a brisk walking pace until they make
contact; in the final stages of the assault, they will double. They may have to double or crawl at other times;
for example if attacking troops move into enemy defensive fire, it is usually best to double forward and
through it; to lie down is often dangerous as well as useless. Doubling and crawling are both tiring however,
and should only be used in short spells in critical situations particularly for crossing open ground in full view
of the enemy. The commander must himself decide on his pace from his personal knowledge of the state of
fitness of his men. In general the aim must always be to keep movement determinedly towards the enemy
at the best possible speed.
CONCLUSION
21. Fire & Move is the basic skill of an Infantry soldier. Its training provided to all the officers and
jawans of the Army even if they are not in the Infantry. The basic aim is to enable one detachment of
soldiers to move while the enemy is pinned down by the effective fire of the other temporarily static body of
soldiers. It is the most effective and safest method to move during operations or when in contact with the
enemy.
 121

LESSON PLAN: FC& BC 10

KNOTS AND LASHINGS

Period - Two

Type - Lecture/Practice

Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Ropes, Ballies, Pointer, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

(a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Tying of knots - 35Min

(c) Lashing - 35 Min

(d) Conclusion. - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The ability to join two pieces of natural material together, and so increase their length, gives man
the ability to make full use of many natural materials found locally. Knot tying is a useful exercise to
obtain better coordination between eyes and fingers.

AIM

4. Aim of this lecture is to acquaint cadets with knots and lashings commonly used.

PREVIEW

4. The lecture will be conducted in the following parts:-

(a) Part I - Tying of knots

(b) Part II - Lashings

PART I- TYING OF KNOTS

6. A brief description of the use to which the knot may be put is given in this lesson. The diagrams
will explain how the knot is tied. The letter "F" means the free or untied end of the rope, and the letter "S"
means the standing or secured end.
 122

KNOTS FOR ROPE ENDS OR FOR GRIPS ON THIN ROPE

Ser
Type of Knot Sample
No
(a)
Thumb Knot. To make a stop on a rope end, to prevent the end
from fraying or to stop the rope slipping through a sheave, etc.

(b)
Overhand Knot. Over hand knot may be put to the same use as
the thumb knot. It makes a better grip knot, and is easy to undo.

(c)
Figure Eight. This knot is used as the thumb knot. It is easy to
undo, and more ornamental.

KNOTS FOR JOINING ROPES

Ser
Type of Knot Sample
No
(a) Reef Knot. To securely jointwo ropes of equal thickness together.
Notice the difference in position of the free and standing ends
between this and the thief knot.

(b) Thief Knot To tie two ropes of equal thickness together so that
they will appear to be tied with a reef knot, and will be retied with a
true reef knot. This knot was often used by sailors to tie their sea
chests, hence the name.

(c) Fisherman’s Knot. For joining two springy materials together;

suitable for wire, fishing gut or vines. Two thumb knots(one on each
rope)pulled tight. The knots lock together.

Knots to Make Loops in Rope

Ser
Type of Knot Sample
No
(a) Bowline. To form a loop that will not slip on a rope end.
 123

Knotts for Fasten

ning Ropes

Ser
Type of
o Knot Sam
mple
No.
(a) Clove Hitcch. For secuuring a rope to as par. This hitch, if pulled
p taut,
will not slip up or dow
wn on a sm mooth surface. A usefu ul start for
lashings.

P
PART II- LAS
SHINGS

7. The methods employed to tie with ro

opes, poles or
o any rope to
t a stationarry object to securely
s hold
d it
in place is known as lashing.
(a) Squ
uare Lashing
g. To join polles at right angles.
(b) Frap
pping Turns s. These are
e turns that go
g round the
lashing and pull it tight.

CONCLUS
SION

8. Knots and lashings are very useful and become very hand dy for cadetss during cam mps. They ca an
make usse of knots fo or joining or tying
t 2 to 3 different
d rope
es together and make use e of it during rope climbinng,
rappellin
ng, slithering and other such
s adventu ure activities. Similarly, la
ashings can be used forr joining 2 orr 3
things to
ogether to make
m a structture that cann useful in camps. There ery important for cadets to
efore, it is ve
learn the
e various types of knots anda lashings so as to imp plement them m during camp ps and in day y to day life.
 124

Summary

¾ Field Craft is an aspect of military training which relates to the conduct of a soldier in face of the
enemy. It’s an art of using the ground and the weapon available to the best of one’s own advantages.

¾ Methods of Judging Distance

¾ Unit of Measure
¾ Appearance Method
¾ Section Average
¾ Key Range
¾ Halving
¾ Bracketing

¾ Types of Ground

¾ Broken Ground
¾ Flat and Open Ground
¾ High Ground
¾ Dead Ground

¾ Landmarks.An object, which is prominent on the ground and which is used in verbal orders to
explain the ground in front.

¾ Target. It is an object having a tactical significance which is indicated with a view to bring down
fire on it.

¾ Reference Point.A prominent and unmistakable object, with the help of which you can indicate
other land marks or targets. A reference point should be specific.
¾ Things are seen due to
¾ Shape
¾ Shine
¾ Shadow
¾ Spacing
¾ Smoke
¾ Sound
¾ Movement

¾ Camouflage measures include

¾ Use of Disruptive Pattern Clothing and Local Vegetation.
¾ Camouflage of Face.
¾ Camouflage of Equipment.
¾ Helmet.
¾ Use of Hessian Cloth.
¾ Use of Camouflage Net.
¾ Camouflage of Packs.
¾ Camouflage of LMG
¾ Camouflage of Rifle.

¾ There are two types of cover. They are :-

¾ Cover from Fire. This implies that the concealed person is

protected both from view and fire of weapon.

¾ Cover from View. In this type of cover, a person is concealed only from view or from
being seen not from fire.
¾ Field Signals is one of the ways of passing of message with the help of Predetermined codes and
signals.
 125

¾ Signals with hand.

¾ Signals with Weapons.
¾ Signals with Whistle.
¾ Field signals are alternate means of giving orders and control troops when voice control is not
possible like.
¾ Battle Noises.
¾ Need for silence.
¾ Intervening distances are too large.
¾ The Field signals used during day are different form ones used at Night.
¾ Other Methods of Communication.
¾ Radio
¾ Dispatch Rider
¾ Runners
¾ Basic Considerations for Fire and Movement
¾ No movement on exposed ground without covering fire.
¾ Control by the commander.
¾ The angle of covering fire from direct firing weapons should
be as wide as possible w/o loss of control or time
¾ Full use of available cover
¾ Optimum use of all available weapons.
¾ The ideal fire position should:-
¾ Provide cover from fire.
¾ Provide cover from view.
¾ Afford a good view of the ground to be watched or target to
be engaged.
¾ Provide room in which to use the weapon freely.
¾ Have a covered approach.
¾ Be easy to advance from.

¾ The various section formations are :-

¾ Single file.
¾ File.
¾ Arrow Head.
¾ Diamond.
¾ Spear Head.
¾ Extended Line

¾ Knots: Ability to join two pieces of material/rope together. Important types of Knots are:-
¾ Thumb Knot.
¾ Overhand Knot.
¾ Figure Eight Knot.
¾ Thief Knot

¾ Lashing : the method employed to tie with ropes , poles,or any rope toa stationary object to
securily hold it in place is known as lashing
¾ Square Lashing and Frapping Turns.
 126

Comprehension Questions
Q1. Answer the following in about 15 words:

(a) What are the methods of Judging distance?

(b) Name the different types of Ground.
(c) Write methods of indication of easy targets?
(d) Define camouflage.
(e) What are the two types of cover?
(f) Give out three methods of giving out field signals.
(g) What are the different methods of communication?
(h) Name the different types of Section Formation.
(j) Define Knots.
(k) Define Lashing.
Q.2. Answer the following in about 50 words:
(a) What is Key Range method of Judging distance?
(b) Explain the different types of Ground?
(c) What do you understand by Reference Point?
(d) Why are things seen?
(e) What are the field signals by Night?
(f) List the different types of Section Formations.
(g) What are the different kinds of knots to make a loop in Rope?
Q.3. Answer the following in about 100 words:
(a) Define Section Average method of Judging distance?
(b) What is the sequence of describing a Ground?
(c) What is the method for indicating difficult targets?
(d) Write various forms of personal camouflage.
(e) What do you mean by Square lashing?
(f) What is the need of Field Signals?
(g) Explain 3 Field Signals with the help of weapons.
(h) Compare Single file, File and Spear File Formations.
(j) What do you mean Fire Control Orders?
Q.4. Answer the following in about 150 words:

(a) Define Appearance method of Judging distance?

(b) What is the method of indicating easy targets ?
(c) Explain 5 Field signals given out with the help of hands.
(d) What do you understand by Cover from View and Cover from Fire?
(e) Discuss guidelines for correct use to Cover.
(f) When do you use fire and movement tactics ?
(g) Explain Diamond Formation.
Q.5. Answer the following in about 250 words:
(a) Define Unit of Measure method of Judging distance?
(b) What are the various factors responsible for things to be seen?
(c) Explain various field signals used by day and by night.
(d) Explain various section formations with an illustration.
(e) What do you mean by Knots and Lashing .Explain lashing in detail?
 127

UNIT 4 : INTRODUCTION TO INFANTRY WEAPONS

AND EQUIPMENT

INDEX

Ser No Lesson Subject Page number

code From To
1. INF- 1 Characteristics of 5.56 INSAS rifle, Ammunition, 129 133
Firepower, Stripping, Assembling and Cleaning
2. INF-2 Organisation of Infantry Battalion 134 136

3. INF-3 Characteristics of Company Support Weapons 137 140

4. INF-4 Characteristics of Infantry Battalion Support 141 143
Weapons
 128

UNIT 4 : INTRODUCTION TO INFANTRY WEAPONS

AND EQUIPMENTS

Knowledge Understanding Application Skill Evaluation

Characteristics of 5.56 The cadet will understand The cadet will be able Activities
INSAS rifle, the length, weight, rate of to take care, clean and assignments, work
Ammunition, fire and types of keep this weapon in sheets and handling
Firepower, Stripping, ammunition how to strip this serviceable condition practice.
Assembling and Rifle assemble it and items and use it when
Cleaning of 5.56mm and oil required cleaning required.
INSAS rifle the weapon.
Organisation of The cadet will understand The cadet will be Activities, discussions,
Infantry Battalion the basic organisation of an aware of the basic worksheets,
Infantry battalion. organisation of an assignments,
Infantry Battalion of mock exercises.
Indian Army.
Characteristics of The cadet will understand The cadet will be Activities, work sheets,
Company Support the characteristics of familiar with these assignments, and mock
Weapons 7.62mm Dragunov Sniper weapons. exercises
Rifle, 7.62mm Medium
Machine Gun, 30 mm
Automatic Grenade
Launcher and 84 mm
Rocket Launcher.
Characteristics of The cadet will understand The cadet will be Activities, work sheets,
Infantry Battalion about 81mm Mortar and familiar with these assignments, and mock
Support Weapons Anti Tank Guided Missiles weapons. exercises
and will get practical
experience of observing the
weapons at hand.
 129

LES
SSON PLA
AN: INF-1
CH
HARACTE
ERISTICS OF
O 5.56MM
M INSAS RIFLE,
R AM
MMUNITIO
ON, FIREPOWER,
ST
TRIPPING, ASSEMB
BLING AN ND CLEAN
NING

Period - Three

Type - Lecture / Practice

P

Term - SD/SW

Training
g Aids

1. 5.5 56mm INSAS S rifle with magazines-10

0, targets-10,ground shee
ets-10, black board, ease
el, pointer sta
aff,
charts off 5.56mm INSAS, drill caartridges.

Time Plan

2. (a) Intro
oduction - 05
5 Min

(b) Cha o 5.56 mm INSAS Rifle,

aracteristics of - 20
0 Min
ammunition and fire pow
wer

(c) Strip
pping including practice - 20
0Min

(d) Assembling including pra

actice - 20
0 Min

(e) Clea
aning - 10
0 Min

(f) Con
nclusion - 05
5 Min

(g) Pracctice - 40
0 Min

INTRODUC
CTION

3. The 5.56mmmINSAS Rifle e

is produced by the In ndian
Ordinance Factory Board
B and is
being ussed by the Inndian army.
It is the personal serrvice
weapon of a soldier.. It is lighter
than the e AK47 and easy
e to
handle.

5.56 mm INSAS RIFLE

AIM

4. To acq
quaint the ca
adets about the
t basic kno
owledge of 5.56mm
5 INSA
AS Rifle.

PREVIE
EW

5. The class will

w be conduccted in the fo
ollowing parts
s:

(a) Partt I - Characteristtics, ammunition and fire

e power of 5.56 mm INSA
AS Rifle

(b) Partt II - Stripping of 5.56 mm INSAS Rifle.

 130

(c) Partt III - Asse

embling of 5.56 mm INSA
AS Rifle.

(d) Partt IV - aning of 5.56 mm INSAS Rifle.

Clea

PART I-CHA
ARACTERIS
STICS, AMM
MUNITION AN
ND FIRE PO
OWER

6. Calibre - 5.56 mm

7. Length of Rifle without bayonet

b - 96
60 mm

8. Length of Rifle with bayo

onet - 1110 mm

9. Length of ba
arrel - 46
64 mm

10. Weight

(a) Fixed butt

b with emp
pty magazine
e - 3.6 kg

(b) Fixed butt

b with loaded magazine
e - 3.69 kg

(c) Full ma
agazine - 90
0 gm

(d) Bayone
et - 30
05 gm

11. Effective ran

nge - 40
00 m

12. Sight Radiuss - 470 mm

13. Principle of Operation - G Operated

Gas d

14. Penetration - 3 mm at 700m

m

15. Mode of fire - Single Shot and Three Ro

S ound
B
Burst
16. Rate of Fire

(a) Normal - 60
0 rounds/min
n
 131

(b) TRB (Three Round Burst) - 90 rounds/min

(c) Intense - 150 rounds/min

(d) Cyclic - 600 to 650 rounds/min

17. Type of Ammunition.

(a) Ball Round.

(b) Tracer Round.

(c) Blank Round.

(d) High Density (HD) Cartridge.

PART II- STRIPPING

18. 5.56mm INSAS rifle is the personnel weapon of a soldier. It is responsibility of the soldier to take
care of his weapon. Stripping, assembling and cleaning of this weapon is very easy. If a soldier maintains
the weapon properly, it will produce good result.

Removing Magazine

19. Hold the magazine with left hand and press them magazine catch to the front with thumb and then
remove them again.

Stripping Assembly Cover

20. Cock the rifle and keep the change lever on ‘S’. Press lever locking retainer with left hand and
press the retainer to the front with right hand thumb. When retainer moves to the front, it is free from
locking retainer. Now lift the assembly opening cover and move to the front.

Stripping of Piston Extension Assembly

21. While pressing retainer make the recoil spring assembly free from the guide and move it out.

Stripping of Piston Extension Assembly

22. Hold rear portion of piston extension and while pressing it down ward, remove it from the rifle.

Stripping of Breech Block

23. Hold piston extension switch left hand, turning it upside down and with the right hand slide out the
breech block from the recess.

Stripping of Firing Pin

24. Remove locking pin with the help of drift. Firing pin will come out.

Stripping of Extractor
25. Drift tool is used for stripping of the extractor. Press the extract or with the left hand thumb. Then press
access pin with pointed portion of the drift. Access pin will come out. Now remove the extractor and spring
from its recess.

Stripping of Gas Plug and Projector Sight

26. With the help of drift, remove the pin fixing gas plug and while pressing gas plug remove the gas
block. Now the projector sight will also get removed.

Stripping of Hand Guard

27. The front edge of hand guard is in the cup near the gas block. Straighten the pin locking and remove
it with the help of drift. Shifting the cup towards gas block, remove the hand guard.
 132

Stripping of Magazine

28. While pressing retainer dimple remove bottom plate. Remove retainer spring and the platform.

PART III - ASSEMBLING

29. Assembling of the rifle is carried out in reverse sequence of stripping as under:-
(a) Assembling of magazine.
(b) Assembling of extractor and firing pin.
(c) Assembling of hand guard.
(d) Assembling of piston extension and breech block.
(e) To insert piston extension assembly in gas cylinder and bracket.
(f) To insert recoil spring assembly in piston extension.
(g) To insert piston extension assembly and recoil spring in body housing.
(h) To close cover assembly and loading of retainer
(i) Fix magazine.

30. Inspection after Assembling of Rifle:-

(a) Remove magazine.
(b) Move change lever to ‘R’.
(c) Cock the rifle.
(d) Ensure piston extension has completely moved forward.
(e) Move change lever to ‘S’.
(f) Try to press trigger, it will not get pressed.

Parts of 5.56 mm INSAS Rifle

 133

PART IV-CLEANING

31. Items required for cleaning are as under :-

(a) Brush cleaning bore.

(b) Pull through.
(c) Road cleaning barrel.
(d) Tool adjusting sight/rear sight.
(e) Tool removing repair case.
(f) Chindi.
(g) Drift.

32. Rifle parts to be oiled are as under:-

(a) Complete breach box less its face.
(b) Magazine Catch.
(c) Trigger mechanism.
(d) Rifle spring Assembly.

33. Rifle parts not to be oiled are as under:-

(a) Barrel.
(b) Cylinder.
(c) Gas plug.
(d) Piston extension assembly
(e) Magazine platform site.

34. Strip the rifle and clean its parts. Clean bore with pull through and chindi. Oil the bore and clean the
cylinder gas. Clean cylinder with pull through and chindi. Gas affected parts like breech block, piston,
extension and firing pin to be cleaned carefully so that gas fouling is completely removed. After cleaning,
the parts should be oiled with a piece of cloth. Do not rub hard outer surface of the rifle with soaked oil.

CONCLUSION
35. The lesson about 5.56mm INSAS Rifle helps a cadet to understand the characteristics of the rifle. The
knowledge of length, weight, types of ammunition used, the process of stripping, assembling and cleaning
the rifle helps him if he joins the army in future.
 134

LESSON PLAN: INF-2

ORGANISATIONOF INFANTRY BATTALION

Period - Two

Type - Lecture

Term - SD/SW

TrainingAids

1. Charts and slides.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Outline organisation of Infantry battalion - 20 Min
(c) Capabilities - 25 Min
(d) Employability - 25 Min
(e) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The infantry battalion is the most important organisation of the army. It is trained and equipped
to face any adverse situation. It can fight an enemy independently or as part of a larger force.
It has the sustenance power and motivation to fight till the end.

AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets with the outline organisation of infantry battalion and its important
features.

PREVIEW

5. This lesson will be conducted in three parts:-

(a) Part I - Outline Organisation of Infantry Battalion
(b) Part II - Capabilities.
(c) Part III - Employability.
 135

PART I – OUTLINE ORGANISATIONOF INFANTRY BATTALION

6. Standard Infantry Battallion

Strength

(a) Infantry Battalion 21-41-794

(b) Rifle Company 02-05-119

(c) Rifle Platoon 00-01-32

PART II - CAPABILITIES

6. The capabilities of Infantry Battalion are as under:-

(a) Self Reliance. The Infantry is equipped, trained and organized to fight with the
enemy without any outside support. It can fight itself for a long time.

(b) Ability to Hold Ground. The Infantry Battalion can hold ground effectively with or
without outside support.

(c) Adaptability. An infantry battalion is highly adaptable and can

operate over any type of ground, by day or by night and under any difficult climatic conditions.
The infantry battalion can be readily shifted by land, sea or air to the battle field.
 136

(d) Mobility. Infantry battalion has

a high degree of mobility. It can go
through almost all kinds of obstacles.

(e) Vulnerability. In battle, an

infantry battalion becomes weak in front
of tanks, artillery, small arms, air attack
and anti-personnel mines. The infantry
battalion over comes this weakness by
careful sighting, hiding, spreading out,
digging, skillful use of ground, making
itself invisible by smoke, utilizing times
of poor visibility and darkness and by
neutralizing fire including smoke. An infantry battalion is capable of defending itself against
tanks with its anti-tank weapons.

Anti-Personnel Mines used against Infantry

PART III – EMPLOYABILITY

7. The basic role of infantry battalion is to close in with and destroy or capture the enemy and to hold
ground. Fire and movement is the basis of infantry tactics. Infantry battalion from section up wards is
based on this principle. Infantry battalion and its sub-units are trained to operate in the face of the
enemy opposition without entirely depending on support from other arms, by skillful use of ground,
weapons, and above all the infantrymen with their sheer courage, determination and valor. The basic
personnel weapons in infantry battalion are pistols, carbines, rifles and bayonets. The fire power
isgreatly increased by supporting weapons. These are anti-tank guided missiles, 81mm mortars, light
machine guns, medium machine guns, automatic grenade launchers, flame throwers, sniper rifles
etc.

CONCLUSION

8. Infantry battalion is the basic and the most important organisation of the army. It is equipped,
trained and motivated to fight a decisive battle. The importance of an infantry battalion can be judged
by the fact that no military operation can start or finish without the participation of infantry.
 137

LESSO
ON PLAN: INF-3
CHARACTERIS
STICS OF
F COMPAN
NY SUPPO
ORT WEAP
PONS

Period - Two
Type - Lecture//Practical
Term - SD/SW

g Aids
Training

1. C
Charts and Slides
S
Time Pla
an
2. (
(a) Intro
oduction - 05 Min
(
(b) Type
es of Infantryy Company Support
S Wea
apons - 35 Min
(
(c) Charracteristics - 35 Min
(
(d) Concclusion - 05 Min

IN
NTRODUCTIO
ON
3. The compan
T ny support weeapons are 7.62mm
7 Dragunov Snipe
er Rifle, 7.62mm Medium m Machine
G
Gun, 30 mmm Medium Grrenade Launcher and 84 mm Rockett Launcher. T They are use
ed both in
d
defensive an
nd offensive operations.
o
AIM
4. T acquaint the cadets about
To a the bassic knowledge of Compan
ny Support W
Weapons.
PREVIEW

5. T class will be conductted in the following parts:-

The
(
(a) Part I - T
Types of Infa
antry Compa
any Support Weapons.
W
(
(b) Part II - C
Characteristi
ics.

PART-I: TYPES
S OF INFANTRY COMPA
ANY SUPPO
ORT WEAPO
ONS

6. T
Types pany Support Weapons
of Inffantry Comp s.
(
(a) 7.62 mm Dragun
nov Sniper Rifle.
(
(b) 7.62mm Medium
m Machine Gu
un.
(
(c) 30 mm
m Automatic Grenade Launcher.
L
(
(d) 84 mm
m Rocket Launcher.

PART II- CHARACTE

ERISTICS

7. 7
7.62 mm Dra
agunov Snip
per Rifle

(
(a) Calib
ber - 7.62mm
m

(
(b) Rang
ge - 800 Mttr
 138

(
(c) Rang
ge with telesscope sight - 1300 Mtr
M

(
(d) Weig
ght - 4.3 Kg

(
(e) Magazine capacity - 10 Rou
unds

(f) Amm
munition fired
d
(i) Armor Piercing.
(ii) Sniper Balls.
B
(iii) Steel Co
ore.
(iv) Tracer
(v) ary
Incendia

8. 7
7.62 mm Med
dium Machin
ne Gun.

(
(a) Weig
ght

(i) Gun - 14..2 Kg

(ii) Tripod - 10..2Kg

(
(b) Effecctive Battle Range
R - 180
00m

(
(c) Travverse - 360 degree

(
(d) No. of
o rounds in belt - 235 Rou
unds

(
(e) Rate
e of Fire.

(i) Normal - 100 roun

nds per min

(ii) Rapid - 200 roun

nds per min

(iii) Cyclic - 500-1000 rounds perr min

(Adjustable by
b setting of gas
regulator)

(
(f) Leng
gth of Service
e Burst - 20 round
ds

(
(g) Susttained Fire - Being air-cooled can n maintain
normal rate
r of fire ind
definitely.
However barrel shou uld be changed
after firin
ng four belts..

(
(h) Beatten Zone.

Range Beaten Zone

Z

(i) 560m - 110m x 1m

(ii) 600m - 100m x 1m

(iii) 1200m - 65m x 3m

m

(iv) 1800m - 50m x 4m

m
 139

(
(j) Traje
ectory - When
W the sigght is fixed u
up to
600m
6 bulletss do not rise above 1.2m (4 ft).
(
(k) Nigh
ht Firing - e to fire the gun at
It is possible
night using passive
p nightt sight.

9. 3
30mm Autom
matic Grena
ade Launche
er

(
(a) Weig
ght

(i) Launche
er - 18 kg
(ii) Mount - 12 kg
(iii) Sight - 1 kg (withoutt case); 3.5 kkg (with case
e)
(iv) Gun Boxx - 14.5 kg (with
h 29 grenade
es in one beltt)
(v) Sight witth case - 3.5
3 kg

GL Grenade
AG 30 mm Automatic
A G
Grenade Lau
uncher
(
(b) Range - 8 to1700 m (With and without sight)
800

(
(c) Rate
e of Fire

(i) Normal - 50grenades/Min

(ii) Rapid - 100grenades/Min

(iii) Cyclic - 350 to 400grenades

4 s/Min

((d) Flexxibility. I can be mounted on a vehicle

It v or helicopter. It ca
an
f in low an
fire ngle as well asa in high anggle. It has crrest clearancce
c
capability. Flexibility is mainly due to:-

(i) Controlle
ed Elevation - 67
6 degrees

(ii) Controlle
ed Depressio
on - 14 degrees

(iii) Free Tra

averse - 260
2 degreess

(
(e) Effect of Fire. It fires a frag
gmentation type
t of grena
ade which ca an be fired in
n a single
shot or burst mo
ode. The killiing area of a grenade iss 7 m all aro
ound from the e point of
burst.

(
(f) Limiitations. It has the following limitatio
ons:-

(i) Due to sustained fire

e small parts get damaged.
 140

(ii) Barrel needs to be cooled after firing 80 to 90 grenades.

(iii) It gives out flash and blast on firing.

10. 84 mm Rocket Launcher.

(a) Caliber– 84 mm

(b) Weight– 16 kg with mount and telescopic sight

(c) Length – 1065 mm

(d) Traverse– No traverse of its own

(e) Range

(i) HEAT - 400m (moving targets) 500 m (stationery targets)

(ii) HE - 1000m (killing area 10 m)

(iii) Smoke - 1300 m (width 15 m)

(iv) Illumination – 2100 m (area of 400- 500 m diameter for 30 seconds)

(f) Rate of fire – Maximum sustained 06 rounds per minute.

(g) Types of ammunition – Heat, HE, Smoke, Illumination

(h) Armor Penetration – 400 mm (Heat)

(j) Back Blast Area - 15 m

CONCLUSION

11. The rifleman of an infantry rifle company is capable of closing with the enemy and neutralise him
with his personnel weapon. However with the presence of company support weapons his punch
increases. The company support weapons give additional effective strength to the Infantry Rifle Company
both in defensive well as offensive operations.
 141

LESSON PLAN: INF-4

CHARECTERISTICS OF INFANTRY BATTALION SUPPORT WEAPONS

Period - Three
Type - Lecture/Visit
Term - SD

Training Aids

1. Charts and Slides.

Time plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) 81mm Mortars - 20 Min
(c) Anti-Tank Guided Missile - 20 Min
(d) Visit to an Infantry Battalion - 70 Min
(e) Conclusion. - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The Infantry Battalion is a balanced force which can withstand any difficult situation both in
offensive, defensive, as well as in special operations against the enemy. The support weapons
available with the Battalion can contain the plan of the enemy by causing maximum damage
both in fortified fire positions and Armoured protected tanks/personal carriers.. Infantry
battalion has inherent fire power capability at long ranges in terms of battalion support
weapons. The two important infantry battalion support weapons are 81mm Mortor and Anti
Tank guided missile.

AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets about the characteristics of the Infantry Battalion Support Weapons.

PREVIEW

5. This lecture will be conducted in three parts: -

(a) Part I – 81mm Mortars

(b) Part II – Anti-Tank Guided Missile

(c) Part III – Visit to a Infantry Battalion

 142

PART I–81MM MORTARS

81mm Mortar 81mm Mortar firing in progress

6. Characteristics of 81mm Mortars.

(a) Caliber - 81 mm

(b) Weight - 40.6 kg (without sight) 4.7 kg (sight without case)

(c) Range

(i) Minimum – 68mts (from safety point of view 90 m )

(ii) Maximum – 5200 m

(d) Rate of Fire (per minute)

(i) Slow – 6-8 rounds

(ii) Normal – 9-11 rounds

(iii) Rapid – 12- 20 rounds

(e) Muzzle Velocity – 305 m/sec (maximum)

(f) Elevation Limit –45 degrees to 85 degrees (g)

(g) Safety Distance – Flanking 200 m, Overhead 250 m

7. Anti Tank Guided Missile (ATGM)

(a) Minimum Range - 75m

(b) Maximum Range - 2500m

(c) Rate of Fire - 03 missiles per minute

(d) Hit Probability - 90% to 96%

(e) Accuracy - 60 cm around point of aim, at maximum range

(f) Generation - Second

 143

(g) Laun
ncher Mount

(i) e
Traverse - 360 degrees

(ii) Elevation
n - 8degree
es + 20 degre
ees

(iii) Magnificcation - 10 timess

(h) Guida
ance - Semi automatic optic
cally
tracked W
Wire guided

(j) Penettration - egrees angle of

At 90 de
impact 4
460mm At 60 0 degrees
angle o of impact 230mm

Anti-T
Tank Guiided Miss
sile
Launccher

SIT TO INFANTRY BATT

ART III - VIS
PA TALION

9. Ca adets will be taken on a visit

v to any nearest
n ntry Battalion to show the
Infan e support weeapons on
ground where everr possible. In n the absen deo can be screened
nce of Infanttry Battalion a short vid
g the Infantryy Battalion an
showing nd company support wea apons for bettter understa
anding of the cadets.

C
CONCLUSIO
ON

10. The fire pow

wer with the Infantry Batttalion as its support
s weapons in the fform of 81 mmm mortar
and antti tank missile makes its formidable e force to de eal with. The rifle comppanies of the e Infantry
Battalio
on are able to
t fight their battle in efffective and efficient
e mannner with thee availability
y of these
Battalio
on support weeapons. It prrovides the fire
f support as a well as metal
m supportt to the troop
ps fighting
on grouund.
 144

SUMMARY

¾ 5.56 INSAS Rifle is the personal weapon of Indian Army. INSAS Rifle is 25% lighter and
has 70% less recoil as compared to 7.62mm SLR. INSAS Rifle is lighter, compact and easy to
fire. (INSAS-Indian Small Arms System).

¾ Types of ammunition used:-

¾ Ball round.
¾ Tracer round.
¾ Blank round.
¾ High Density cartridge.
¾ Infantry Battalion is basic fighting unit of Indian Army. It can fight an opponent
independently or as part of a larger force. The strength of an Infantry Battalion is 20 officers, 42 JCOs,
794 other ranks.

¾ Section is the smallest fighting unit of a Battalion.

¾ Capabilities are:-
¾ Self-reliance.
¾ Ability to hold ground
¾ Adaptability.
¾ Mobility

¾ Characteristics of company support weapons:-

¾ 7.62 mm Dragunov Sniper Rifle.
¾ 7.62 mm Medium Machine Gun.
¾ 30 mm Medium Grenade Launcher.
¾ 84 mm Rocket Launcher.
¾ Characteristics of infantry battalion support weapons.

¾ The infantry battalion support weapons causes’ maximum casualty to the enemy.

¾ Used both in offensive, defensive and special operations against the enemy.

¾ Types of infantry battalion support weapons – 81 mm mortar and Anti-tank guided

missile.

¾ Characteristics of 81 mm mortar and anti-tank guided missiles – weight, range, rate of fire,
muzzle velocity, elevation etc.
 145

Comprehension Questions:

Q1. Answer the following in about 15 words:

(a) What stands for INSAS?

(b) What is the calibre of INSAS rifle?
(c) What is the total weight of INSAS rifle with magazine?
(d) What is the basic fighting unit of an Infantry Battalion?
(e) What is the total strength of an Infantry Battalion?
(f) Name four types of company support weapons.
(g) What are the types of ammunition fired from7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle?
(h) What do you mean by flexibility of 30 mm Automatic Grenade Launcher?
(i) What type of ammunition is used in 81mm Mortar?
(j) Mention two Infantry Battalion Support weapons.
(k) What is the rate of fire per minute from a 81 mm Mortar?
(l) What is the maximum elevation limit of a 81 mm Mortar?
(m) What safety distance should be maintained while firing from a 81 mm Mortar?
(n) What is the guidance of ATGM?

(o) What is the hit probability when fired from Anti-Tank Guided Missile?

Q4. Answer the following in about 50 words:

(a) What is the calibre and effective range of 5.56 mm INSAS Rifle?
(b) What are the rates of fire for 5.56 mm INSAS Rifle?
(c) What all kinds of ammunition are fired from INSAS rifle?
(d) What do you understand by Three Round Burst?
(e) Why 5.56mm is preferred over 7.62mm?
(f) What all parts of 5.56 INSAS rifle are affected by gas and why they should be cleaned
properly?
(g) What is the organisation of an Infantry company?
(h) What is the organisation of an Infantry support company?
(i) What is the basic role of an Infantry Battalion?
Q.5. Answer the following in about 75 words:

(a) What is the cleaning process of a rifle after firing?

(b) What all parts of a rifle is to be oiled and why?
(c) What is the inspection procedure after assembling?
(d) What is the employability of an Infantry Battalion?
(e) What is the detailed organisation of Head Quarter Company of an Infantry Battalion?
(f) Mention the rates of fire from 7.62 mm Medium Machine Gun and 30 mm Automatic
Grenade Launcher.
 146

(g) Mention the range of 7.62 mm Medium Machine Gun.

(h) What do you mean by sustained fire?
(i) Why 30 mm Automatic Grenade Launcher is a flexible weapon?
(j) What are the limitations of 30 mm Automatic Grenade Launcher?
Q6. Answer the following in about 150 words:

(a) Describe method for ‘preparation of a rifle’.

(b) Describe measures to check chamber of a rifle.

(c) What is Arctic trigger?

(d) What all items are required for cleaning of a rifle?

(e) What are the capabilities of an Infantry Battalion?

Q7. Answer the following in about 250 words:

(a) Explain the method of stripping of 5.56 mm INSAS Rifle.

(b) Explain the method of assembling of 5.56 mm INSAS Rifle
(c) What are the characteristics of 81 mm Mortar?

(d) What are types of Infantry Company support weapons? Write short note on 84 mm Rocket
Launcher.

(e) Give out the detailed organisation of an Infantry Battalion.

 147

UNIT 5 : MILITARY HISTORY

INDEX

Ser Lesson Subject

No Code Page No
From To

1. MH-1 Biographies of renowned Generals 149 154

2. MH-2 Indian Army War Heroes : PVC 155 163

3. MH-3 Study of Battles of Indo-Pak Wars 1965, 164 170

1971 &Kargil
4. MH-4 War Movies 171 171
 148

UNIT 5 :MILITARY HISTORY

Knowledge Understanding Application Skill Evaluation

Biographies of The student will The student will be Activities, work

Renowned Generals understand the life, able to apply lessons sheets,
history and leadership learnt of past in future. assignments.
qualities of great
Generals.
Indian Army war The student will know The student will be Activities, work
Heroes-PVCs the accomplishments of able to use these facts sheets,
leaders in various kinds to get motivated and assignments.
of battlesituations which emulate them in
led to great victories. future.
Study of Battles of Indo- To make students The students will Activities, work
Pak War1965, 1971 & understand how wars imbibe patriotism spirit sheets and
Kargil were fought and won by and volunteer for assignments,
army. armed forces. mock exercises

War Movies To make students The students will be Multimedia

understand how wars motivated to join Presentation
were fought and its armed forces. Assignments
intricacies.
 149

LESSON PLAN : MH-1

BIOGRAPHIES OF RENOWNED GENERALS

Period - Two
Type - Lecture
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Mins

(b) Importance / Necessity of the Study of - 10 Mins

Military History

(c) Biography of Field Marshal KM Cariappa, OBE. - 25Mins

(d) Biography of Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw,MC - 35Mins

(e) Conclusion - 05 Mins

INTRODUCTION
3. Military History is a humanities discipline, within the scope of general historical recording of armed
conflicts in the history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, their cultures, economies and changing
national and international relationships. The essential subjects of military history study are the causes of war,
the social and cultural foundations, military doctrine on each side, the logistics, leadership, technology,
strategy, and tactics used, and how these changed over time. Thus it is a dynamic discipline.

AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets about the necessity of studying Military History and the biographies of
renowned generals.

PREVIEW

5. The class will be conducted in following parts :-

(a) Part I - Importance/ Necessity of Studying Military History.

(b) Part II - Biography of Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa, OBE.

(c) Part III - Biography of Field Marshal Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, MC.
 150

PART- I: IMPORTANCE / NECESSITY OF STUDYING

MILITARY HISTORY

History of the World is Largely a History of Warfare

6. Military history is a valuable field of study to both professional soldiers and civilians. As historian John
Keegan said, “The written history of the world is largely a history of warfare.”

7. Yet one may argue if someone is not preparing for war, what is the point of studying the military past?
War is such a dominant feature of human history that most modern nation-states and the nation-state system
itself came into existence either through or because of war.

All Civilisations have Wars in their Culture

8. All civilizations have war in their cultures and "the states within which we live today came into
existence largely through conquest, civil strife or struggles for independence." Consider the United States, a
nation forged by the Revolutionary War, re-forged by the Civil War, and expanded through wars with Native
Americans, Mexico and Spain.

9. The study of history, politics and culture over the last millennia of human history would be impossible
without a study of military history. Without military history, placing these massive changes in their proper
context would be impossible.

From War Arise Greatest Leaders in History

10. Maximum leaders in history have arisen from this conflict / strive. To name a few – Abraham Lincoln
of USA, Winston Churchill of Great Britain and Mrs. Indira Gandhi of India, are best remembered for their
contribution in wars. These figures in history "understood the use of violence and did not hesitate to use it for
their ends."

Study of Military History Affects the Future of Civilisations

11. More importantly, most voters lack any military experience, yet elect leaders-with predominately the
same lack of experience--to control the most powerful armies in the world. These leaders will determine if and
how their countries will wage wars. These decisions will affect the future of civilizations. Military history fills in
the gap where personal experience is sorely lacking. As warfare continues to influence our world today, we
who study military history must continue to learn, and to teach, the lessons demonstrated in history.

Study of Military History Developes Leadership Qualities

12. Study of Military History we come across many leaders with above mention leadership qualities, study
of military history helps us to know and develop the leadership qualities and learn about leadership traits.
These include Alertness, Courage, Dependability, Endurance, Initiative, Integrity, Judgement, Justice,
Knowledge, Loyalty, Sense of Humour, Truthfulness, Espirit-de-Corps, Maturity, Humility and Patience

Study of Military History is a Must for Political and Military Commanders

13. Applying Past Lessons help us to plan for the future. History can also show how certain plans/moves
led to victory or defeat. Military and Civil leaders can strategize based on the history to develop more concrete
techniques to win the battles in future. In addition, history has also taught us that it is important to have the
support of our home front prior to sending our soldiers to war, especially for extended periods.

14. We must also understand the ideology of our enemy. Taking the time to learn the mind set and
thought process of an enemy does provide us with the adequate tools to properly prepare ourselves for
current and future wars. Soldiers can learn strategy, operational art, tactics, techniques, battle
procedures/drills, logistic and management aspects, leadership qualities and styles from military history.
 151

PART II - BIOGRAPHY OF FIELD MARSHAL KODANDERA MADAPPA CARIAPPA, OBE

15. Field Marshal Kodandera “Kipper" Madappa Cariappa, OBE (28

January 1899 – 15th May 1993) was the first Indian Chief of Army Staff of the
Indian Army and led the Indian forces on the Western Front during the Indo-
Pakistan War of 1947-48. He is among only two Indian Army officers to hold
the highest rank of Field Marshal (the other being Field Marshal Sam
Bahadur Manekshaw). His distinguished military career spanned almost
three decades, at the highest point of which, he was appointed as the
Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Military in 1949.

Early Life and Military Career

16. Cariappa was born at Shanivarsante in Kodagu

Field Marshal K.M.Cariappa, the first
(Coorg) which is currently in Karnataka. In 1919, he joined
the first batch of KCIOs (King's Commissioned Indian
Officers) at The Daly College at Indore and was
commissioned into the Carnatic Infantry at Bombay as a
Temporary Second Lieutenant. In 1927, Cariappa was
promoted to Captain. He saw active service with the 37
(Prince of Wales) Dogra in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq)
and was later posted to the 2nd Queen Victoria's Own
Rajput Light Infantry, which became his permanent
regimental home. He was the first Indian officer to undergo
the course at Staff College, Quetta in 1933. He was
promoted to the rank of Major in 1938.

17. Cariappa served in Iraq, Syria and Iran from 1941–

1942 and then in Burma in 1943-1944. He spent many of his
soldiering years in Waziristan. He earned his 'Mentioned in
Despatches' as DAA and QMG of General (later Field
Marshal) Slim's 10th Division. He was the first Indian Officer
to be given command of a unit in 1942. By 1944, Cariappa
was a Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel. After command, he
volunteered to serve in 26 Division engaged in clearing the
Japanese from Burma, where he was decorated with an
“Officer of the Order of the British Empire.” In 1946, he was
promoted as the Brigadier of the Frontier Brigade Group.
Post-Independence, Cariappa was appointed as the
DeputyChief of the General Staff with the rank of Major
General. On promotion as Lieutenant General, he became
the Eastern Army Commander.

18. On outbreak of war with Pakistan in 1947, he was

moved as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western
Command and directed operations for the recapture of Zojila,
Drass and Kargil and re-established a linkup with Leh. In all
this, he showed tremendous energy in moving troops, against
considerable odds and finally ensuring success. On 15
January 1949 Cariappa was appointed as the first Indian
Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army. Cariappa was then
instrumental in turning an Imperial Army into a National Army.
 152

Higher Commands and Offices

19. After his retirement from Indian Army in 1953, he served as the high commissioner to Australiaand
New Zealand till 1956. He was conferred with 'order of the Chief Commander of the Legion Of Merit' by US
President, Harry S. Truman. As a token of gratitude of the nation for the exemplary service rendered by him,
the Government Of India conferred Cariappa with the rank of Field Marshal on 14th January 1986 at the age
of 87.

PART II - BIOGRAPHY OF FIELD MARSHAL

SAM MANEKSHAW, MC

20. Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji

Manekshaw, MC (3 April 1914 – 27 June 2008), popularly known
as Sam Bahadur ("Sam the Brave"), was an Indian military
leader. He was the first Indian Army officer to be promoted to
the five-star rank of Field Marshal.
21. Though Manekshaw initially thought of pursuing his
career as a doctor, he later joined the first batch of the Indian
Military Academy (IMA) when it was established in 1932. Right
from his days at IMA, he proved to be witty and humorous in
nature. He was first attached to the 2nd Battalion of Royal Scots,
and then later posted to the 4th Battalion of 12th Frontier Force
Regiment, commonly known as the 54th Sikhs. Following
partition, he later reassigned to the 16th Punjab Regiment, before
being posted to the 3rd Battalion, 5th Gorkha Rifles, for a brief
period later he adopted 8th Gorkha Rifles. His distinguished
military career spanned four decades and five wars, beginning
with service in the British Indian Army in World War II. During action in World War II, he was awarded the
Military Cross for gallantry.

22. Manekshaw rose to become the 8th Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army in 1969 and under his
command, Indian forces conducted victorious campaign against Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of
1971 that led to the liberation of Bangladesh in December 1971. Later, he was awarded the Padma
Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan for his services to the Indian nation.

Early Life and Education

23. Manekshaw was born on 3 April 1914 in Amritsar, Punjab to Parsi parents, Hormusji Manekshaw, a
doctor, and his wife Hilla, who moved to Punjab from the city of Valsad on the coastal Gujarat. Sam's father
served in the British Indian Army as a Captain in the medical services and also participated in World War
I. Hormusji and Hilla had six children of which Sam was the fifth one. Fali, Cilla, Jan and Sehroo preceded
Sam and Sam was followed Jemi, who later joined the air force as a doctor and was the first Indian to be
awarded the air surgeon's wings from Pensacola, United States. After completing his schooling
in Punjab and Sherwood College, Nainital, and achieving a distinction in the School Certificate of the
Cambridge Board at the age of 15, he asked his father to send him to London to become a gynaecologist. But
his father refused to send him to London stating that he was not old enough.

The cadets of the first course of the Indian Military Academy (IMA) with
 153

24. In an act of rebellion against his father's refusal, Manekshaw took the entrance examination for
enrollment into the Indian Military Academy and was one of the fifteen cadets to be selected through open
competition. He stood sixth in the order of merit. Just before taking over as the Chief of the Army Staff, at a
function on 5 June 1969 to mark the centenary of Sherwood College, Manekshaw recalled that his years at
the college had prepared him for war as they had taught him to live alone and independently, to fight without
relent, tolerate hunger for long periods and to hate his enemy.

Military Career

25. Manekshaw's military career spanned four decades, from the British era and World War II, to the
three wars against Pakistan and China after India's independence in 1947. He held several regimental, staff
and command assignments. Manekshaw went on to become the 8th chief of the army staff, led the Indian
Army successfully in a war with Pakistan and became India's first field marshal after independence. On
commissioning, as per the practices of that time, Manekshaw was first attached to the 2nd Battalion,
The Royal Scots, a British battalion, and was later posted to the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment,
commonly known as the 54th Sikhs. Manekshaw was later reassigned to the 16th Punjab Regiment, before
being posted to the 3rd Battalion, 5th Gorkha Rifles, and then adopted 8th Gorkha Rifle after partition and
went on to become the Colonel of the Regiment of 8th Gorkha Rifle.

World War II
26. During World War II, the then-Captain Manekshaw saw action in Burma in the
1942 campaign on the Sittang River with the 4th Battalion, 12 Frontier
ForceRegiment, and had the rare distinction of being honoured for his bravery on the
battlefield. During the fighting around Pagoda Hill, a key position on the left of the
Sittang bridgehead, he led his company in a counter-attack against the
invading Japanese Army and despite suffering 50% casualties the company managed to
achieve its objective. After capturing the hill, Manekshaw was hit by a burst of Light
Machine Gun fire and was severely wounded in the stomach. Observing the battle,
Major General David Cowan, the then commander of the 17th Infantry Division, spotted

Manekshaw holding on to life and, having witnessed his valour in the face of stiff
resistance, rushed over to him. Fearing that Manekshaw would die, the general pinned
his own Military Cross ribbon to Manekshaw saying, "A dead person cannot be awarded
a Military Cross." The official recommendation for the MC states that the success of the
attack was largely due to the excellent leadership and bearing of Captain Manekshaw.
This award was made official with the publication of the notification in a supplement to
the London Gazette on 21 April 1942 (dated 23 April 1942).

Chief of the Army Staff

27. Then Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) General P P Kumar amangalam was due to retire in June
1969. Though Manekshaw was the senior-most commander in army, then Defence Minister Sardar Swaran
Singh was in favour of Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh, who had played a key role as the GOC-in-C of Western
Command during the1965 Indo-Pak war. Putting the rumours of Harbaksh Singh taking charge as the COAS
to an end, Manekshaw was appointed as the 8th Chief of the Army Staff on 8 June 1969. As the Chief of the
Army Staff, he developed the Indian Army into an efficient instrument of war. During his tenure as COAS, he
was instrumental in stopping the implementation of reservations for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in
the army.

Indo-Pakistan War of 1971

28. Towards the end of April 1971, Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, during a cabinet meeting,
asked Manekshaw if he was prepared to go to war with Pakistan. In response, Manekshaw told her that his
single armoured division and two infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, that only 13 of his 189 tanks
were fit to fight, and that they would be competing for rail carriage with the grain harvest at that point of time.
He also pointed out that the Himalayan passes would soon open up, with the forthcoming monsoon in East
Pakistan, which would result in heavy flooding. When Indira Gandhi asked the cabinet to leave the room and
the chief to stay, he offered to resign. She declined to accept it, but sought his advice. He then said he could
guarantee victory if she would allow him to prepare for the conflict on his terms, and set a date for it. These
were acceded to by the Prime Minister.
 154

29. Under Manekshaw's direction, the army launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan
including training and equipping the Mukti Bahini (a local group of freedom fighters), and about three brigades
from the regular Bangladesh troops were trained. As an additional measure, 75,000 guerrillas were trained
and equipped with arms and ammunition. These forces were used to harass the Pakistani army stationed in
East Pakistan sporadically in the lead up to the war.
30. The war started on 3 December 1971, when Pakistani aircraft bombed Indian Air Force bases in the
western sector. Manekshaw instructed Lt Gen J F R Jacob, Chief of Staff Eastern Command, to inform the
Indian prime minister that orders were being issued for the movement of troops from Eastern Command. The
following day, the navy and the air force also initiated full-scale operations on both eastern and western
fronts. The veto used by the Russians against the United States' proposal to implement a cease-fire in
the United Nations proved decisive in securing India's victory. Manekshaw addressed the Pakistani troops
three times via radio messages on the subject of surrender, assuring them that they would receive
honourable treatment from the Indian troops. The messages were broadcast on the 9th, 11th and 15
December. The last two messages were delivered as replies to the messages from Maj Gen Rao Farman
Ali and Lt Gen Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi. These messages from the Pakistani commanders to their troops
were to have a devastating effect on their side, subsequently leading to their defeat.
31. Though on 11 December, Ali messaged the United Nations requesting for a cease-fire, it was not
authorized by the President Yahya Khan and the fighting continued. Following several discussions and
consultations, and subsequent attacks by the Indian forces, Yahya decided to stop the war in order to save
the lives of the Pakistani soldiers. The actual decision to surrender was taken by Niazi on 15 December and
was conveyed to Manekshaw through the United States Consul General in Dhaka (then Dacca) via
Washington. But Manekshaw replied that he would stop the war only if the Pakistani troops surrendered to
their Indian counterparts by 9:00 a.m. on 16 December. Later the deadline was extended to 3:00 p.m. of the
same day on Niazi's request. The Instrument of Surrender was formally signed on 16 December 1971.

Promotion to Field Marshal

32. After the end of the war, Indira Gandhi decided to promote Manekshaw to the rank of Field Marshal
and subsequently appoint him as the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS). However, after several objections from
the bureaucracy and the commanders of the navy and the air force, the latter was dropped. Though
Manekshaw was to retire in June 1972, his term was extended by a period of six months. On 3 December
1973, Manekshaw was conferred with the rank of Field Marshal at a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.

CONCLUSION

33. Today the Indian Military is the third largest in the world. As India is planning to emerge as a regional
super power, it is mandatory for its civilian and military leaders to learn from military history to be ready to
meet future challenges. We can learn a lot from the biographies of Field Marshals Cariappa and Sam
Manekshaw. Therefore, it is important for all cadets to study the biographies of Field Marshal Cariappa and
Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw. The Leadership qualities displayed by them worth emulating in every walks
of life.

The Instrument of Surrender being signed on 16 December 1971

 155

LESSON PLAN : MH-2

INDIAN ARMY WAR HEROES PVC
Period - Three
Type - Lecture
Term - SD/SW
Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Mins

(b) Param Vir Chakra and its Recipients - 20 Mins

(c) Heroics ofCHM Piru Singh , PVC - 30Mins

(d) Heroics of Maj Shaitan Singh,PVC - 30Mins

(e) Heroics of Captain Vikram Batra, PVC - 30Mins

(f) Conclusion - 05 Mins

INTRODUCTION

3. Our Army has been involved in five major wars with our neighbouring countries. We have fought four
wars with Pakistan and one with China. Other major operations undertaken by the army include Operation
Meghdoot and Operation Cactus, Operation Pawan and Operation Rakshak. Apart from above mentioned
operations, the army has also been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. The Indian
Army has shown thorough professionalism, dedication and devotion while participating in all these wars and
operations. And for the same many gallantry awards have been awarded to Indian Army for displaying
courage, bravery and selfless dedication beyond the call of duty.
AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets about the award of ParamVir Chakra and War Heroes decorated with
ParamVir Chakra, (PVC).

PREVIEW

5. The class will be conducted in following parts :-

(a) Part I -ParamVir Chakra and war heroes decorated with PVC
(b) Part II -Heroics of CHM Peeru Singh, PVC
(c) Part III-Heroics of Maj Shaitan Singh, PVC
(d) Part IV-Heroics of Captain Vikram Batra, PVC

PART I – PARAM VIR CHAKRA AND

WAR HEROES DECORATED WITH PVCs

Param Vir Chakra

6. The ParamVir Chakra (PVC) is India’s highest Military decoration awarded for highest degree of
valour or self-sacrifice in the presence of enemy. The medal has been awarded 21 times 14 of which were
posthumous awards. Literally meaning “Wheels (or cross) of the ultimate brave’’ it is similar to Medal of Honor
in the United States and the Victoria Cross in the United Kingdom. The PVC was established on 26 January
1950 by the President of India, with effect from 15 August 1947. It can be awarded to Officers or enlisted
personnel from all branches of the Indian military. It isthe highest gallantry award of the Government of India.
 156

The Design
7. The medal wass designed by b Savitri Khanolkar
K whho was
married to an
a Indian Arrmy Officer, Vikram Kha anolkar of thhe Sikh
Regiment. This
T was don
ne following a request fro
om the first Adjutant
A
General, Maajor General HiraLal who in turn had been
b entrustted with
the responssibility of com
ming up witth an Indian n equivalent of the
Victoria Cross by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.The medal is a circular
bronze disc 1.375 inches (3.49cms) in diameter.. The state emblem
e
appears in the Centre, on a raise ed circle surrrounding thiis, four
replicas of Vajra, the all-powerful mythic wea apon of Ind dra the
ancient Veddic king of Gods.
G The motif
m symbolizzes the sacrrifice of
Rishi Dadhichi, who ha ad donated his
h bones to o Gods for making
Vajra

Recipients of the Param

mVir Chakra
as.

8.
157
 158

PART II-CHM PIRU SINGH,PVC

Piru Singh Shekhawat, PVC

Born 20 May 1918

Beri, Rajasthan, India (then Rajputana)

Died 18 July 1948 (aged 30)

Killed in action at Tithwal, Kashmir

Allegiance British Indian Empire

India

Service/branch British Indian Army

Indian Army

Years of 1936–1948
service

Rank Company Havildar Major

Unit 6th Battalion, Rajputna Rifles

Battles/wars Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

Awards Param Vir Chakra

9. Introduction Company Havildar MajorPiru Singh Shekhawat (20 May 1918 – 18 July 1948) was
an Indian Army soldier, awarded the Param Vir Chakra (PVC), India's highest military decoration.
Singh enrolled in the British Indian Army on 20 May 1936, and was assigned to the 1st Punjab Regiment.
Between 1940 and 1945, he served on the North-West Frontier and as an instructor, before deploying to
Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. After independence, he took part in the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1947, serving with the Indian Army's 6th Rajputana Rifles. During the battle, Singh was part
of the leading section of a company that was assigned to capture a Pakistani post at Tithwal, in Jammu and
Kashmir. Soon after their attack was launched, the company suffered heavy casualties. In time, Singh
successfully occupied a Pakistani medium machine-gun post. But, by that time, the entire company lay dead
or wounded. Singh was left alone to achieve the objective. He moved out and lobbed grenades at the next
enemy post. Before moving to another trench, he received a mortal bullet wound to the head.
 159

Early Life
10. Piru Singh was born on 20 May 1918, in village Beri, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan. He was the son of Lal
Singh. His family consisted of seven children—three brothers and four sisters—with Singh being the youngest
son. As a young boy, Singh always hated school, as he was unable to cope with the restricted environment.
One day, after being scolded by his class teacher for quarreling with one of his classmates, Singh ran away,
and never returned to school. After that, Singh continued to help his parents in their farm, and grew up to be
well-built and handsome youth. Shikar, a local Indian sport, was his favourite game.[3] Though Singh wanted
to join the army from his childhood, he was rejected twice, as he was too young, before he was accepted at
the age of eighteen.
War 1947

11. Following tensions between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan, war broke out over
control of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, shortly after Singh returned from Japan.
In July 1948, Pakistan launched offensive strikes in the Tithwal sector of Jammu and Kashmir, and captured
a ring contour on 8 July. This forced the Indian troops stationed in the forward positions across
river Kishanganga to retreat. In an attempt to reverse the situation, Singh's unit, the 6th Battalion of the
Rajputana Rifles, was moved from Uri to Tithwal, and was assigned to the 163rd Brigade. The troops took
position on the Tithwalbridge.
On 11 July, the Indian troops commenced their attack. These strikes continued for another four days. But
reports regarding the situation suggested that the Pakistanis were still in command of a strategically important
position and the Indian commanders decided that these had to be captured before the advance could
continue. Apart from this position, another position was also to be captured by the Indians. The task of
capturing these two positions was assigned to the 6th Rajputana Rifles. Two companies were assigned to the
operation, with the battalion's 'C' Company securing the second position after the first was captured by 'D'
Company.
On 18 July, the 'D' Company launched it first attack at 01:30. The path to the position held by the Pakistani
troops was just 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide, and deep ravines lay on either side. This narrow path was overlooked
by hidden Pakistani bunkers that allowed both observation and clear fields of fire for the defending troops. As
they advanced, the Indian company was subjected to heavy shelling from the Pakistanis, and within half an
hour the company had recorded fifty-one casualties.
During the battle, Singh's section, leading the company, was sheared down to half strength due to heavy
casualties. Singh rushed towards a Pakistani medium machine gun post, which was causing most of the
casualties, during which he suffered multiple shrapnel wounds across his body as the Pakistani defenders
began rolling grenades down from the heights. Undeterred, Singh continued to advance adopting the battle
cry, "Raja Ramchandra Ki Jai" (English: Hail Lord Rama). Soon he occupied the post killing the men on guard
with his bayonet and Sten gun
But by the time he captured the position, the rest of his company lay dead or wounded. Singh was left alone to
achieve the objective assigned. He advanced towards the second Pakistani medium machine gun post. At this
juncture, he was almost blinded by a grenade that blast at his face. His Sten gun ammunition had run out.
Singh moved out of the trench and lobbed grenades at the next Pakistani post. Meanwhile, he jumped into
another trench, and killed two Pakistani soldiers with his bayonet. Before he was able to move out of the
trench, he was hit by a bullet in his head. As he succumbed to his wounds, Singh hurled a grenade into a
nearby Pakistani trench
Citation
12. On 17 July 1948, Company Havildar Major Singh was posthumously was awarded the India's highest
military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra. The citation reads of follows:
13. South of Tithwal, 'D' Company, of which No 2831592 Piru Singh, was Havildar Major was detailed to
attack and capture an enemy occupied hill feature. The enemy had well dug in positions and had sited his
MMGs so as to cover all possible approaches. As the attack advanced, it was met with heavy MMG fire from
both flanks. Volleys of grenades were hurled down from enemy bunkers. Company Havildar Major Piru Singh
was then with the forward most Section of the company. Seeing more than half of the Section killed or
wounded, he did not lose courage. With battle cries he encouraged the remaining men and rushed forward
with great determination onto the nearest enemy MMG position. Grenade splinters ripping his clothes and
wounding him at several places, he continued to advance without the least regard for his safety. He was on
top of the MMG position wounding the gun crew with Sten gun fire. With complete disregard to his bleeding
 160

wounds he made
m a mad jump on the e MMG crew bayoneting them to death, thus silen ncing the gun
n. By then hee
suddenly realized that he
h was the sole survivoor of the secction, the rest of them eeither dead or wounded d.
Another grenade thrown n at him wou
unded him in the face. With
W blood dripping
d from
m his face wounds
w in hiss
eyes, he cra t trench, hurling grenad
awled out of the des at the ne
ext enemy po osition.
P
PART III –MA
AJ SHAITAN
N SINGH,PV
VC

Major Shaitan
S Singh Bhatti, PVC

Born De
ecember 1, 1924
1
Jo
odhpur, Rajasthan, British
h Raj

Died No
ovember 18, 1962 (aged 37)
Re
ezang La, Ja
ammu and Ka
ashmir, India
a

Allegianc
ce Republic of India

Service/b
branch Indian Arrmy

Years of service 19
949–1962

Rank

Major

Unit
13 KU
UMAON

Battles/w
wars Sino-Indian War
W

Awards Param Vir

V Chakra

14. oduction . Major

Intro M Shaitann Singh was born on Dec
cember 1, 19
924 at Jodhpur in Rajasth
han. His
father was Lt
L Col Hem Singh
S Bhati.
 161

Military Action

15. The 'C' Company of the battalion, led by Singh, held this crucial position at Rezang La, at a height of
5000 metres.The company area was defended by three platoon positions and the surrounding terrain isolated
it from the rest of the battalion. The expected Chinese attack on Rezang La came on November 18 in the
morning. It was the end of a very cold winter night, with light snow falling. The icy winds howling through
Rezang La were biting and benumbing. More than the thin air and cold, the location of Rezang La had a more
serious drawback. It was crested to Indian artillery because of an intervening feature, which meant that they
had to make without the protective comfort of the big guns. In the dim light of the morning, the Chinese were
seen advancing through nullahs to attack No.7 and No.8 Shaitan Singh 2 platoon positions. The Indian Army
troops fell on their prepared positions to face the Chinese offensive. At 0500 hours when the visibility
improved, both platoons opened up on the advancing Chinese with rifles, light machine guns, grenades and
mortars. Indian artillery could, however, not be used. The nullahs were littered with dead bodies. The
survivors took position behind boulders and the dead bodies. The Chinese, though they failed the first frontal
attack, were not discouraged. They subjected the Indian positions to intense artillery and mortar fire at about
0540 hours. Soon about 350 Chinese troops commenced advance through the nullahs. This time, No.9
Platoon, which held fire till the enemy was within 90 metres opened up with all weapons in their possession.
Within minutes, the nullahs were again full of dead bodies, mainly of the Chinese. l in frontal attack, the
enemy, approximately 400 strong, then attacked from the rear of the company position. They simultaneously
opened intense medium machine gun fire on No.8 Platoon. This attack was contained at the barbed wire
fencing of the post. The Chinese then resorted to heavy artillery and mortar shelling. An assault group of 120
Chinese also charged No.7 Platoon position from the rear. However, Indian Army 3-inch mortar killed many of
them. When 20 survivors charged the post, about a dozen Kumaonis rushed out of their trenches to engage
them in a hand-to-hand combat. Meanwhile, the Chinese brought up fresh reinforcements. The encirclement
of No.7 Platoon was now complete. The platoon, however, fought valiantly till there was no survivor. No.8
Platoon also fought bravely to the last round. Singh displayed exemplary leadership and courage in the battle
of Rezang La. By all accounts, he led his troops most admirably. Unmindful of his personal safety he moved
from one platoon post to another and encouraged his men to fight. While moving among the posts he was
seriously wounded, by a sniping Chinese MMG. But he continued to fight along with his men. While he was
being evacuated by two of his comrades, the Chinese brought heavy machine gun fire on them. Singh sensed
danger to their lives and ordered them to leave him. They placed him behind a boulder on the slopes of a hill,
where he died. The Chinese announced a unilateral ceasefire on November 21, 1962. In this action, 109
Kumaonis out of a total of 123 were killed. Of the 14 survivors, 9 were severely injured. The Chinese suffered
more than a thousand casualties.[2] After the war was over, the body of Singh was found at the same place,
dead from the bullet wound and the freezing cold. It was flown to Jodhpur and cremated with full military
honours. Singh was awarded ParamVir Chakra, the highest wartime gallantry medal, posthumously, for his
leadership and devotion to duty.

Citation

16. The citation for the ParamVir Chakra awarded to him reads: Major Shaitan Singh was commanding a
company of an infantry battalion deployed at Rezang La in the Chushul sector at a height of about 17,000
feet. The locality was isolated from the main defended sector and consisted of five platoon-defended
positions. On 18 November 1962, the Chinese forces subjected the company position to heavy artillery,
mortar and small arms fire and attacked it in overwhelming strength in several successive waves. Against
heavy odds, our troops beat back successive waves of enemy attack. During the action, Major Shaitan Singh
dominated the scene of operations and moved at great personal risk from one platoon post to another,
sustaining the morale of his hard-pressed platoon posts. While doing so he was seriously wounded but
continued to encourage and lead his men who, following his brave example, fought gallantly and inflicted
heavy casualties on the enemy. For every man lost to us, the enemy lost four or five. When Major Shaitan
Singh fell disabled by wounds in his arms and abdomen, his men tried to evacuate him but they came under
heavy machine-gun fire. Major Shaitan Singh then ordered his men to leave him to his fate in order to save
their lives.
 162

PAR
RT IV - CAPT
TAIN VIKRA
AM BATRA, PVC
P

17. Cap
ptain VikramB
Batra, PVC (9
9 Septembe er 1974 – 7 July 1999) was an offficer of the Indian Army,
posthumoussly awarded with the ParramVir Chakkra, India's highest
h and prestigious a
award for vaalour, for hiss
actions duriing the 199 ar in Kashmirr between India and Pakiistan. He le
99 Kargil Wa ed one of the
t toughestt
operations in mountain warfare in Indian historry. He was often called as ‘'Sher SShah'’ in the
e interceptedd
messages of
o the Pakista
an army.
Early Life and
a Career
18. Vikram Batra wa as born on 9 Septemberr 1974 in Ghuggar village e near Palammpur, Himachal Pradesh,
to G.L. Batra
a and Jai Ka
amal Batra. HeH got his prrimary educa ation from hiss mother, wh as a teacher.
ho herself wa
He receivedd his educatioon up to Mid ddle Standarrd at the D.AA.V. Public School
S in Paalampur and up to seniorr
secondary stage
s in Centtral School, Palampur.
P A
After passing his 10+2 in 1992 from C Central School Palampur,
he got admiitted in D.A.VV. College, Chandigarh
C in B.Sc wheere he was adjudged
a the
e best N.C.CC. Cadet (Airr
Wing) in twwo zones. La ater, he was selected to t join the Indian Military Academyy in Dehradun n in 1996 inn
Jessore commpany of Ma anekshaw Ba attalion, and was commis ssioned in th
he Indian Arm my as a Lieutenant of the
e
13 Jammu & Kashmir Rifles at Sopore, in Jammu u and Kashm mir. He rose tot the rank of Captain.
Kargil War
19. Duriing the Karg
gil invasion of
o 1999 by Pakistan,
Lt. Batra (at time), 13 JA
AK Rifles, annd his Delta Company
C
were ordere ed to recaptu
ure peak 514 40 on June 19, 1999
five weeeks aftter the war began.
Nicknamed SherShah ('L Lion King'') in Urdu for his
courage whiich also doub c sign,[1] he
bled as his call e decided
to approach the hill fromm the rear, aiming
a to surrprise the
Pakistani de efenders. He and his men n ascended thet sheer
ut as the grroup neared the top, the enemy
rock-cliff, bu
pinned them m on the facce of the ba are cliff with machine
gun fire. Ca aptain Batraa, along witth five of his h men,
climbed up regardless anda after rea aching the toop, hurled
 163

two grenades at the machine gun post. He single-handedly

killed three enemy soldiers in close combat. He was
seriously injured in the process, but insisted on regrouping
his men to continue with the mission. Inspired by the
courage displayed by Captain Batra, the soldiers of 13 JAK
Rifles charged the enemy position and captured Point 5140
at 3:30 a.m. on 20 June 1999. His company is credited with
killing at least eight Pakistani intruders and recovering a
heavy machine gun.

20. The capture of Point 5140 set in motion a string of

successes, such as Point 5100, Point 4700, Junction Peak
and Three Pimples. Along with fellow Captain Anuj Nayyar,
Batra led his men to victory with the recapture of Point 4750 and Point 4875. This led to the fall of Tiger Hill
and India’s eventual hold on the valley was strengthened.

21. Nine days later, Vikram Batra was assigned to

an urgent mission to recapture peak 4875. This was
one of the most difficult peaks to capture as the
Pakistani troops sat above the peak at 16,000 feet and
the climb gradient was 80 degrees. The fog made
matters worse for Batra and his team. In the early
morning hours of 7 July 1999, he commanded a
mission to rescue an injured officer during a
Pakistani counterattack against Point 4875. During the
rescue attempt, he pushed aside his Subedar,
saying "Tu baal-bacche dar hai, hat ja peeche."(You
have children, step aside) and was killed in action while clearing enemy positions. His last words were, "Jai
Mata Di.", which is a Punjabi creed referring to Durgadevi, the Hindu Goddess of Victory.

CONCLUSION

22. Soldiers face the dangers and vagaries of war and sacrifice their lives for their motherland. The
Indian Nation also honours its bravest of the brave soldiers by conferring on them the highest gallantry award
“Param Vir Chakra” as recognition of their bravery and sacrifice.
 164

LESSON PLAN : MH-3

STUDY OF BATTLES OF INDO-PAK WAR 1965,

1971 & KARGIL

Period - Two
Type - Lecture
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, pointer, screen, black board and chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Mins

(b) Indo – Pak war 1965 - 20 Mins

(c) Indo – Pak war 1971 - 30 Mins

(d) Indo – Pak Kargil conflict 1999 - 30 Mins

(e) Conclusion - 05 Mins

INTRODUCTION

3. The partition of the subcontinent c a m e into effect on15 August 1947,when India gained
independence. Pakistan declared independence a day earlier. At the time of independence the old Indian
Army stood divided between Pakistan and India. Instead of large scale celebrations, riots and mass killing
between Hindus and Muslims in Punjab and Bengal intensified. It also led to acute suffering and misery of the
displaced people, a part from colossal loss of precious human lives and destruction of property due to
communal riots and retribution.

4. Taking advantage of communal strife, in Oct 1947 Pakistani troops soon crossed over into Kashmir to
precipitate nun declared war with India. The tribal' volunteers' along with Pakistani regulars had by then
overrun large tracts of Jammu province and the Valley, which shared a porous border with Pakistan. It was
when they had reached Badgaon, on the suburbs of Srinagar that the Maharaja of J&K signed the Instrument
of Accession and put in a bid for India’s military assistance. Indian Army then swung into action to save J&K.

5. Despite the accession of the state, a part of Kashmir, known as Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, remains
under the illegal occupation of Pakistan, and this has remained a contentious issue between both nations.
Since 1947-1948 war India and Pakistan have fought the following wars:-

(a) 1965War.
(b) 1971 War.
(c) 1999Kargil War.
(d) Proxy war in J&K state since1988 till date.

AIM

6. To acquaint the cadets about the Indo – Pakistan battles of 1965, 1971 and Kargil conflict of 1999.
 165

PREVIEW

7. The class will be conducted in following parts :-

(a) Part I - Indo – Pak war 1965

(b) Part II - Indo – Pak war 1971

(c) Part III - Indo – Pak Kargil Conflict 1999

PART I - INDO-PAKISTANI WAR OF 1965

8. The Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965
and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan’s Operation
Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to participate in insurgency
against Indian rule.

9. In retaliation, India reacted swiftly and launched a counter attack and a second confrontation with
Pakistan took place in 1965, largely over Kashmir. Pakistani President Ayub Khan launched Operation
Gibraltar in August1 9 6 5 , during w h i c h se vera l Pakistani paramilitary troops infiltrated into Indian-
administered Kashmir and attempted to ignite an anti-India agitation in Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistani
leaders believed that India, which was still recovering from the disastrous Sino-Indian War, would be unable
to deal with a military thrust and a Kashmiri rebellion. Pakistan launched Operation Grand Slamon 1
September, in vading India’s Chamb- Jaurian sector.

Offensive on Pakista
10. Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable resistance
in the northern sector. After launching prolonged artillery barrages
against Pakistan, India was able to capture three important
mountain positions in Kashmir. By 9 September,the Indian Army
had made considerable in-roads into Pakistan. India had its largest
haul of Pakistani tanks when the offensive of Pakistan's
1stArmoured Division was blunted at the Battle of Asal Uttar, which
took place on 10 September near Khemkaran in Punjab. Another
tank battle of the war came in the form of the Battle of Chawinda,
the largest tank battle in history after World War II. Pakistan's
defeat at the Battle of Asal Uttar and Dograi hastened the end of
the conflict.
 166

Battle of Dograi
11. To relieve pressure at Chamb–Jaurian Sector in J&K, 15 Infantry Division launched offensive in
Lahore sector. 3 JAT of 54 Infantry Brigade crossed Ichogil canal and captured the town ship of Dograi and
was just 13 miles from Lahore on 23 September 1965. On23 September 1965 cease fire was announced. A
decision to return back to pre-war positions was taken following the Tashkent Declaration.

PART II - INDO-PAKISTAN WAR OF 1971

12. An independence movement broke out in East Pakistan which

was brutally crushed by Pakistani forces. Due to large-scale atrocities
against them, thousands of Bengalis took refuge in neighboring India
causinga major refugee crisis there. In early 1971, India declared its full-
support for the Bengali rebels, known as Mukti Bahini, and Indian agents
were extensively involved in covert operations to aid them. Wary of India's
growing involvement in the Bengali rebellion, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF)
launched a preemptive strike on 10 Indian air base sat Srinagar, Jammu,
Pathankot, Amritsar, Agra, Adampur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Uttarlai and
Sirsaat 1745 hourson 3 December.

13.This aerial offensive, however, failed to accomplish its stated objectives

and gave India its excuse to declare a full-scale war against Pakistan the
same day. By midnight, the Indian Army, accompanied by Indian Air Force,
launched a major three-pronged assault into East Pakistan. The Indian
Army won several battles on the eastern front including the decisive of
Battle of Hilli, which was the only front where the Pakistani Army was able
to build up considerable resistance. India's massive early gains was largely
attributed to the speed and flexibility with which Indian armoured divisions
moved across East Pakistan.

Battle of Longewala
14. Pakistan launched a counter-attack against India on the western
front. On 4 December 1971, the Acompany of the 23rd Battalion of India's
Punjab Regiment detected and intercepted the movement of the 51st
Infantry Brigade of the Pakistani Army near Ramgarh, Rajasthan. The battle
of Longewala ensured during which the A company, though being out
numbered, thwarted the Pakistani advance until the IndianAir Force directed
its fighters to engage the Pakistani tanks. By the time the battle had ended,
38 Pakistani tanks and 100 armoured vehicles were either destroyed or
abandoned.
 167

BATTLE OF LONGEWALA

15. About 200 Pakistani troops were killed in action during the battle while only 2 Indian soldiers lost their
lives. Pakistan suffered another major defeat on the western front during the Battle of Basantar which was
fought from 4 December to 16 December. By the end of the battle, about 66 Pakistani tanks were destroyed
and 40 more were captured. In return, Pakistani forces were able to destroy only 11 Indian tanks. By 16
December, Pakistan had lost size able territory on both eastern and western fronts.

Surrender o f Pakistan Army in Dhaka

16. Under t h e c o m m a n d o Lt. General J . S . Arora, the three corps of the Indian Army, which had
invaded East Pakistan, entered Dhaka and forced Pakistani forces to surrender on 16 Dec 1971, one day
after the Battle of Basantar. After Pakistan's Lt General A.A.K. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender, India
took more than 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of war.
 168

PART III – KARGIL CONFLICT- 1999

17. In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a few days later, Pakistan
responded by more nuclear tests giving both countries nuclear deterrence
capability, although India had exploded three hydrogen bombs which Pakistan
lacks. Diplomatic tension ceased after the Lahore Summit was held in
1999.The sense of optimism was short-lived, however, since mid-1999
Pakistani paramilitary forces and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but
strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil district of India. These had been
vacated by the Indian army during the onset of the in hospitable winter and
were supposed to reoccupy in spring. Once the scale of the Pakistani incursion
was realised, the Indian Army quickly mobilized about 200,000 troops and
Operation Vijay was launched.

18. However, since the heights were under

Pakistani control, India was in a clear strategic
disadvantage. From their observation posts, the
Pakistani forces had a clear line-of-sight to bring
down indirect artillery fire on NH 1A, inflicting
heavy casualties on the Indians. Thus, the Indian
Army's first priority was to recapture peaks that
were in the immediate vicinity of NH1A. This
resulted in Indian troops first targeting theTiger
Hill and Tololing complex in Dras.
 169

View Of Tololing

19. The Battle of Tololing, was one of the pivotal

battles in the kargil war between Indian Armed forces and
troops from Northern Light Infantry who were aided by
other Pakistan irregulars in 1999. The Tololing is a
dominate feature overlooking Srinagar-Leh (NH1D) and
was vital link. The terrain was such that frontal attacks
had to be launched which resulted in heavy causalities.
The three week assault finally culminated with India taking
control of the peak and changing the course of the war.
23 Indian soldiers were killed in the final assault, resulting
in one of the costliest battle of the entire war. Other
assaults, slowly tilted the combat in India's favour. Never
the less, some of the posts put up s t i ff resistance, including Tiger Hill (Point5140) that fell only later in the
war.

20. The Indian Army mounted some direct frontal ground assaults which were slow and took a heavy toll
given the steep ascent that had to be made on peaks as high as 18,000 feet (5,500m). Two months in to the
conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges they had lost; according to official count, an
estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control. On 4 July
1999, Pakistan’s Prime Minister Sharif agreed to with draw Pakistani troops under US pressure and the
fighting came to a gradual halt, but some Pakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side of the
LOC.

21. The Indian Army launched its final attacks in the last week of July; as soon as the Drass sub sector
had been cleared of Pakistani forces, the fighting ceased on 26 July. 26 July has since been marked as
‘Kargil Vijay Diwas’ (Kargil Victory Day) in India. By the end of the war,India had resumed control of all
territory south and least of the Line of Control, as was established in July 1972 as per the Shimla Accord.
 170

CONCLUSION

22. Wars with Pakistan has been a regular affair in the long history of both countries. This is a compulsive
and existential necessity for the Pakistani State controlled by their military. The sacrifices made by the Indian
Army to safeguard the sovereignty and integrity of the nation are great, for which the whole nation is proud of
its achievements.
 171

LESSON PLAN : MH-4

WAR MOVIES
Period - Three
Type - Video
Term - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. Computerslides, projector and screen.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Mins

(b) Documentary on Indo – Pak war 1965 - 35Mins
(c) Documentary on Indo – Pak war 1971 - 40 Mins
(d) documentary on Indo – Pak Kargil conflict 1999 - 35Mins
(e) Conclusion - 05 Mins
INTRODUCTION

3. Battles are fought in the wilderness and away from limelight. However ferocious and destructive they
may be. Historians have always tried to piece together those little but significant actions by individuals and
groups bringing out their valour and courage for the consumption of future generations. Here we will see three
visual documentaries on Indo – Pak wars of 1965, 1971 and 1999 to gain further insight on the subject.

AIM

4. To acquaint the cadets about the Indo – Pakistan Wars of 1965, 1971 and Kargil conflict of 1999
through movies.

PREVIEW

5. The class will be conducted in following parts :-

(a) Part I : Documentary on Indo – Pak War 1965.

(b) Part II : Documentary on Indo – Pak War 1971.

(c) Part III : Documentary on Kargil Conflict 1999.

PART I – DOCUMENTARY ON INDO – PAK WAR 1965

6. Screening of documentary on Indo – Pak war 1965.

PART II – DOCUMENTARY ON INDO – PAK WAR 1971

7. Screening of documentary on Indo – Pak war 1971.

PART III – DOCUMENTARY ON

KARGIL CONFLICT 1999

8. Screening of documentary on Indo – Pak Kargil Conflict, 1999.

CONCLUSION

9. The study of the Indo-Pak War brings out the sacrifices made by the Armed Forces of India. It is
heartening to see the role of Armed Forces in maintaining the sovereignty and integrity of our nation. One
must salute the war heroes and all those who have laid down their lives for the motherland.
 172

Summary

¾ Field Marshal KM Cariappa, OBE was the first native Indian Chief of Army Staff of the
Indian Army. He is among only two Indian Army officers to hold the highest rank of Field Marshal.
He was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Military in 1949, received the rank of
Field Marshal On 14th January 1986 at the age of 87.
¾ The Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India’s highest military decoration award for highest degree of
valor or self-sacrifice in the presence of enemy. The PVC was established on 26 January 1950 by
the President of India. The medal was designed by Mrs Savitri Khanolkar.

¾ CHM Piru Singh Shekhawat, PVC on 17 July 1948, Company Havildar Major Singh was
posthumously was awarded the India's highest military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra..

¾ Maj Shaitan Singh, PVC was awarded ParamVir Chakra, the highest
wartime gallantry medal, posthumously, for his leadership and devotion to duty.

¾ Captain Vikram Batra, PVC was posthumously awarded with

the ParamVir Chakra for his actions during the 1999 Kargil Conflict. He led one of the toughest
operations in mountain warfare in Indian history.

¾ India has fought four wars with Pakistan so far, 1947-48 War,1965 War,1971 War, Kargil
Conflict

¾ War of 1965

¾ Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar to support insurgency in J&K against Indian rule.

¾ In retaliation India launched Operation Grand Slam in western sector against Pakistan.

¾ The famous battles of 1965 war include Battle of Asal-Uttar, Battle of Dograi etc.

¾ Battle of Chawinda was the largest tank battle in the history after World War II.

¾ War of 1971

¾ Inearly1971,Indiadeclareditsfull-support forthe Bengalirebels,

Known as Mukti Bahini.

¾ Battle of Longewala was fought on 4 December 1971.

¾ On16 December 1971, more than 90000 Pakistani soldiers

surrendered at Dhaka.

¾ Kargil Conflict– 1999 was fought on the heights of Kargil and Drass in 1999. In mid-
1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but strategic,
Himalayan heights in the Kargil district of India. Indian forces pain staking recaptured all posts
one after another in a bloody conflict. Operation Vijay was declared success on 26 July1999.
 173

Comprehension Questions:
Q1. Answer the following in about 50 words:
(a) Write a short note on ParamVir Chakra.
(b) Write a note on Maj Shaitan singh, PVC.
(c) Write a note on Battle of Longewala.
(d) Write a note on Battle of Dograi.
(e) Write short note on the surrender of Pakistan Army in Dhaka.

Q2. Answer the following in about 75 words:

(a) Write a short note on CHM Piru Singh Shekhawat, PVC.
(b) Write short note on Recipients of the Param Vir Chakras.
(c) What is the importance of studying military history?

Q3. Answer the following in about 150 words:

(a) Discuss in detail about Indo – Pakistan War 1965.
(b) Discuss in detail about Indo – Pakistan War 1971.
(c) Discuss in detail about the Operation Vijay.
(d) Write a brief note on Captain Vikram Batra, PVC.

Q4. Answer the following in about 250 words:

(a) Give the biography of Field Marshal KM Cariappa, OBE.

(b) Give the biography of Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, MC.
(c) What are the leadership traits displayed by the Field Marshal in their Military career?
(d) Describe the events leading to Indo-Pak war of 1971.
 174

UNIT 6: COMMUNICATION

INDEX

Ser No Lesson Subject Page Number

Code

From To

1. C-1 Types of Communication 176 179

2. C-2 Characteristics of wireless technology 180 182

(Mobile, WI-FI etc)
3. C-3 Characteristics of Walkie/Talkie 183 185

4. C-4 Basic radio telephony (RT) Procedure 186 189

5. C-5 Latest trends and development in 190 195

communication
 175

UNIT 6 :COMMUNICATION
Knowledge Understanding Application Skills Evaluation

The cadet will be able to

The cadet will understand
effectively and
the various types of Activities, work
Types of economically utilize the
communication available to sheets,
Communications resources of
them and their use in assignments
communication available
different circumstances.
to them.
The cadet will be able to
The cadet will understand
use these as and when
Characteristics of the characteristics of Wi-Fi Activities, and
required without
Wireless system and their functioning assignments
compromising the
in day to day life.
security.

To learn and apply basic

Characteristics of To understand the basic
knowledge of Radio sets Activities
Walkie /Talkie functioning of Radio sets
and Radio Telephony.

To understand the basics of To learn and apply Activities,

Basic Radio Telephony Radio Telephony and how to knowledge of Radio exercises, work
Procedure communicate using RT Telephony during sheets, outdoor
procedures activities exercises

To learn and apply

Latest Trends and To understand the basic Activities,
knowledge of Multimedia,
Developments knowledge in recent trends exercises, work
video conferencing, IT
(Multimedia, video and developments in sheets, outdoor
etc. in day to day
conferencing, IT) Communication exercises
functioning
 176

LESSON PLAN: C-1

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Period - One
Type - Lecture/Practice
Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, Pointer, Screen, Charts, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Line communication - 10Min
(c) Radio communication - 20 Min
(d) Conclusion. - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. Communication is the easy transmission of thoughts and ideas from one individual to another
and vice-a-versa and reception and understanding of others ideas in the original form. Various forms
of communications are sign language, voice, written script, line transmission, radio wave, space wave
and highly complex digital communication. In modern battlefield, activities of the army have become
very complex and require frequent communication between commanders and troops to achieve the
desired results. Importance of communications is becoming a major ingredient of modern warfare.
AIM

4. The aim of this lecture is to teach the cadets the different types of communication that exist in
Armed Forces.
PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be covered as follows:

(a) Part-I - Line communication
(b) Part-II - Radio Communication
PART-I: LINE COMMUNICATION

Line Communication

6. The invention of telephone by Graham Bell revolutionized the world of communications as

individuals were able to speak directly to each other. This is the basic means of signal
communications for a force which is static. A telephone is by far the best means of signal
communication between individuals

Local loop

Trunk Trunk
•••

End Tandem
offices offices Regional offices
 177

7. A
Advantages.
(a
a) Reliable and pra
actically free from
f electrica
al interference
e.
(b
b) Rela
atively secure
e.
(cc) Num mber of circcuits and message carrrying capaciity is more but limited only by
avvailability of material and
d manpower.
8. D
Disadvantage
es.
(a
a) Vuln hysical interfference and enemy intercception along the entire length of
nerable to ph
th
he route.
(b
b) Take
es time to construct.
(cc) exible once it is laid.
Infle
(d
d) ensive in men and material
Expe
PART-III : RADIO CO
OMMUNICA
ATION

Radio Communicat
C tion

9. Radio is thee technologyy of using ra adio waves

to carry information such as so ound, by systematically
modulatting propertties of ele ectromagnetic energy
waves. The
T informattion in the waves
w can be
e extracted
when ra adio waves strike an ele ectrical condductor and
transform
med back into its original o form. Radio
commun nication requ uires the usse of both trransmitting
and rece eiving equipment. The trransmitting equipment,
e
which in ncludes a radio
r transm
mitter and trransmitting
antennaa, is installed at the pointt from which messages
are transmitted. The T receivin
ng equipme ent, which
includess a radio recceiver and receiving
r an
ntenna, is ins
stalled at th
he point at w
which messa
ages are
receivedd
10. Wave. A wave
w can be described as a disturbance that travvels through a medium from
f one
location to another lo es of waves can broadly be divided in
ocation. Type n two parts :--
(a
a) Mec chanical Wa aves. A mechanical
m wave
w is a wavve that is an oscillation of
o matter,
an
nd therefore transfers en
nergy through
h a medium.
(b
b) Elec
ctromagnetiic Waves. Electrom
magnetic wa
aves are wavves which can travel
th
hrough the va
acuum of outter space.

11. Propagation of Wave. The mode of propagattion of electtromagnetic waves (EM MW) from
transmittter to receive
er depends upon
u the freq
quency employed. These
e can be of fo
ollowing type
es :-

(a
a) Skyy Wave Prop pagation. The sky
s waves are
a the radioo-waves of frrequency
beetween 2 MH Hz to 30 MHz with a rang ge is 100 km
m to 1000 Km
ms. These ra
adio waves make
m use
off ionosphere
e layer existing to a heigght of 150 - 200 km fro ace of earth and are
om the surfa
re
eflected backk by the ionosphere of ea
arth’s atmospphere.
(b
b) Spaace Wave Propagation. The spa ace waves area the radioo waves of very
v high
fre
equency (i.e. between 30 0 MHz to 300 0 MHz or mo ore). The proopagation of VHF takes place
p in a
sttraight line. The space waves can travel through atmosph here from traansmitter anntenna to
re
eceiver anten nna either dirrectly or afte
er reflection from ground in the earth’ss tropospherre region.
Their range is i limited byy curvature of earth; th herefore, disstance betweeen two neighboring
sttations is app
prox 50 Km.
(cc) Groound Wave Propagation
P n. It is a method of radio
r frequency propagaation that
usses the area he surface of the earth and
a between th a the ionoosphere for transmission. Ground
 178

wave radio signal propagation is ideal for relatively short distance propagation on these
frequencies during the daytime with a limited range of approx 30 km.
(d) Tropospheric Scatter. (Also known as troposcatter) It is a method of
communicating with microwave radio signals over considerable distances – often up to 300 km
and further depending on terrain and climate factors. Radio signals are transmitted in a narrow
beam aimed just above the horizon in the direction of the receiver station. Communication
distances are limited by the visual horizon to around 30–40 miles (48–64 km). Tropospheric
scatter is a fairly secure method of propagation as dish alignment is critical, making it extremely
difficult to intercept the signals, especially if transmitted across open water, making them highly
attractive to military users.

12. Radio Communication involves Net Radio and Radio Relay.

Net Radio
13. Net radio is the basic means of signal communication for any mobile force. Efficiency of net
radio communication is appreciably affected by factors such as weather, terrain, power output of the
set, state of training of operators and equipment maintenance. It provides facilities for the following :-
(a) Radio Telephony – Simple one way voice communication, depending on the type
of equipment available.
(b) Radio telegraphy for transmission of message and key conversations.
(c) Tele printers over radio transmission.

14. Advantages.
(a) Vulnerable only at terminal and is therefore reasonably protected from enemy action
except by a direct hit.
(b) Flexible hence can be rapidly re-arranged in the event of regrouping.
(c) Rapid in establishing communication.
(d) Works on the move although range obtained will be much less than when stationary.
(e) Economical in personnel and equipment.

15. Disadvantages.
(a) Inherently insecure and susceptible to enemy interception which necessitates the use
of codes and ciphers with a consequent delay in clearing traffic and overall increase in
operating personnel.
(b) Net radio being inherently insecure demands a considerable degree of security
consciousness on the part of the users. This means adherence to standard procedure and
security codes.
Radio Relay
16. Radio relay implies that a series of radio transmitters and receivers normally spaced
between 20-35 Kms apart and are used to provide point signal communication.
17. Advantages.
(a) Replace line with considerable economy of manpower and stores.
(b) It can be operated over area where for reasons of ground or enemy activity use of
line may not be possible.
(c) Provides greater flexibility than line.
(d) Quick to set up and move except in mountainous country.
 179

(e) By its ability to employ multichannel equipment radio relay provides more tele-printer
circuits over one link than can normally be provided over the average field cable. Thus it has
much greater traffic handling capacity.
18. Disadvantages.
(a) Liable to interception and hence insecure. Has relatively greater security than net radio,
depending upon the sitting and direction of the beams.

(b) Liable to interference from enemy jamming although not as much as in the case of net
radio.

(c) Terrain between stations must be reasonably suitable to get a ‘quasi optical path’, this
presents difficulty in sitting.

(d) Location of terminal and intermediate stations may not suit tactical layout and may,
therefore, create additional protection requirements.

(e) It cannot work on the move.

(f) Slightly more expensive in men and material than in

the case of net radio.

(g) Needs critical sitting.

CONCLUSION

19. Communication has made a remarkable impact in our life and changed it many folds. Both
the line and the radio communication have provided us with several advantages to make our life more
comfortable. Telecommunications has greatly altered communication by providing new media for long
distance communication. Therefore, it is important for one to understand the nuances of the
communication set u
 180

LESSON PLAN : C-2

CHARACTERISTICS OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
(MOBILE, WI-FI ETC.)
Period - One
Type - Lecture
Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, Pointer, Screen, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan
2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 05 Min
(b) Features of Wi-Fi Tech - 15 Min
(c) Terminal Equipments &Limitations - 15 Min
(d) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The development on Wi-Fi technology began in 1997 when the Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) introduced the 802.11 technologies that carried higher capacities of data
across.

4. Wi-Fi provides its users with the liberty of connecting to the internet from any place such as their
home, office or a public place without hassles of plugging in the wires. It is quicker than the
conventional modem for accessing information over a large network. Wi-Fi use radio network to
transmit data between its nodes. Such networks are made up of cells that provide coverage across
the network. The more the number of cells, greater and stronger is the coverage on the radio
network.
AIM

5. The aim of this lecture is to acquaint the SD/SW NCC Cadets with the Characteristics of wireless
technology.
PREVIEW

6. The Lecture will be covered in the following parts:

(a) Part I - Features of Wi-Fi Technology

(b) Part II - Limitations

(c) Part III - Terminal Equipment in use for Wi Fi Tech

PART I: FEATURES OF Wi-Fi TECHNOLOGY

 181

Features of Wi-Fi

7. Wireless operations permit services, such as a long-range communications, which are

impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over
both short and long distances.

8. The following list summarizes some of the benefits of a Wi-Fi network

(a) Unmatched mobility and elasticity. Wi-Fi, is allowing the new intensity of
connectivity without giving up functions. Wi-Fi introduced various types of utilities such music
streamers that transmit your music to speakers without any wire you can also play music from
the remote computer or any other attached to the network. The most important now you can
play online radio. Wifi technology system is rather remarkable, you can download songs, send
an email and transfer files expediently at sky-scraping speed and you can move your computer
easily because your WiFi network has no cable to disrupt your work so we can say that it is
quite easy, helpful and most of all expedient.

(b) Fortress Technology Wi-Fi providing secure wireless solutions support the growth
and release of a prototype mobile ad hoc wireless network for use in the wireless strategic
skirmish.

(c) Support an Entire Age Bracket. Wi-Fi technology has several advantages, it
supports an entire age bracket and create a connection between components on the same
network and have the ability to transfer data between the devices and enable different kinds of
devices such as game, MP3 player, PDA’s and much more!

(d) Convenient and Available Everywhere. Wi-Fi is a convenient technology

and where the network range station exists you are online during travel; you can equip with a
Wi-Fi network and get connected. You will automatically connect to the internet if you are near
a hotspot. These days WiFi exist everywhere with all its wonders.

(e) Faster and Secure With Wi-Fi, you can get a high speed of internet because it is
very fast than DSL and Cable connection you can establish a Wi-Fi network in small space now
you don’t need any professional installation just connect to a power outlet with an Ethernet
cord, and start browsing. Wi-Fi security system for Threats makes it more renewable and its
tool protect your VPN and secure web page. You can easily configure the device to take better
performance. The standard devices, embedded systems, and network security make it more
powerful.

(f) Wi-Fi with no limitation You can use a “Wi-Fi” network with no limitation
because it can connect you worldwide. You can easily cater to your requirements with Wi-Fi
networking applications because the power consumption is not very high as compared to
another bandwidth networks. The future of wireless internet network communications is bright.

(g) Extension of Wi-Fi Technology It is because of this wireless technology that

so many other advancements could take place. Have you even thought of your TV to be
supported by WI-FI? Well if you didn’t, start thinking now. There are smart TV’s in a market that
connects to the internet. Having the internet on TV makes it possible to watch you tube videos,
Net Flix and so much more. Read more about Wi-Fi TV technology on World Wide Web for
more information

(h) Cost Reduction. As mentioned above, the absence of wires and cables brings
down cost.

(i) Flexibility. Extended access, cost reductions, and mobility create opportunities for
new applications as well as the possibility of creative new solutions for legacy applications.
 182

PART II :TERMINAL EQUIPMENT AND

LIMITATIONS OF WI-FI

Mobile Telephones

9. One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the

mobile phone, also known as a cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion
mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end of 2010.These
wireless phones use radio waves from signal-transmission towers to
enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide.

Wireless Data Communications

10. Wireless data communications are an essential component of

mobile computing. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and
performance, and in some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and
switch between them.

11. Wi-Fi technology is not perfect and has many flaws that limit its use as follows:

(a) Security. Because wireless transmissions can pass through walls, security is an
issue.

(b) Wireless Reception. Varies from area to area, even within your own apartment.
It's not always guaranteed that you'll have a connection to the Internet.

(c) Interference. Call quality is greatly influenced by the environment, is particularly

sensitive to electromagnetic radiation generated by other household appliances.

(d) Compatibility Issue. Despite the global standardization, many devices from
different manufacturers are not fully compatible, which in turn affects the speed of
communication

CONCLUSION

12. The environment is flooded with various Wi-Fi software tools. Each of these tools is
specifically designed for different types of networks, operating systems and usage types. It is
imperative for users to have a good detailed knowledge about this latest technology and pick out a
Wi-Fi software tool that is compatible with their computer and its dynamics. Through the Wi-Fi
hotspot, the users can even enhance their home business, as accessing information through Wi-Fi is
simple.
 183

LESS
SON PLAN
N : C-3
CHARA
ACTERIST
TICS OF WALKIE
W /T
TALKIE
Period - One
e
Type - Lecture/Practic
ce
Year - SD/S
SW

Training
g Aids

1. OHP, Com
mputer slides,, Pointer, Scrreen, Black board
b & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Intro
oduction andd Aim - 05 Min
(b) Facilities/Features - 20 Min
(c) Han ndling of Walkie/Talkie Se
ets - 10 Min
(d) Con nclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTIO
ON

3. A Walkie/Talkie
W e (formally known as a hand held transceiver) are e a hand-helld, portable, two-way
ansceiver. Itss development during the
radio tra e Second Wo orld War is credited
c to Doonald L. Hings, radio
engineer Alfred J.Grross, and engineering tea ams at Moto orola. Where a phone's e ear piece is only
o loud
enough to be heard by the user, a walkie-talkkie's built-in speaker cann be heard byy the user and those
in the usser’s immediate vicinity. Hand-held transceivers may be used d to communicate betwe een each
other, orr to vehicle-m
mounted or base
b station.

4. Radio set GP338

G Moto
orola. Deffence organizations use hand held ra
adios for a variety
v of
purpose
es. Radio Seet Gp338 Motorola
M can
n communica ate on a va ariety of ban
nds and mo odulation
schemes.

AIM

5. The aim of th
his lecture is to acquain
nt the SD/S
SW NCC Ca
adets with th
he Characteristics of
Walkie/ Talkie
PREVIEW

6. ered in the following parts

The Lecture will be cove s:-

(a) Partt I - Facilities/Fe

eatures

(b) Partt II - Handling of Walkie/Talkiie Sets

(c) Partt III - Practice

 184

PART I: FACILITIES/ FEATURES

7. FACILITIES.

(a) It is portable and light in weight.

(b) Can be operated easily.

(c) It can be operated in VHF/UHF and 2 way simplex mode.

(d) 128 channel of this radio set can be preset into 8 zone.

(e) Option of selective call facilities available.

(f) Call alert can be given to receiver station.

(g) Can select required zone.

(h) Start/stop facilities of scan operation available.

(i) Add/Delete from scan list facilities available.

8. Weight and Measure. Weight and measure of this radio set is as follows:

(a) Dimension with Nickel Metal-Hydride high capacity battery-137x57.5x37.5mm.

(b) Weight with Nickel Metal-Hydride high capacity battery-420gm.

9. Frequency Range. Frequency of this radio set is as under:-

(a) 136 MHz to 174 MHz on VHF mode.

(b) 403 MHz to 470 MHz on UHF mode.

10. Communication Range. Communication range of this radio set is 4 to 5 Km and 20 to 40

Km with repeater.

11. Power Supply. Power supply can be provided to this radio set by the high capacity 7.2 volt
batteries.

12. Battery Charging Time. 1 hour for high capacity 7.2 volt batteries.

(a) Power output (HF) 1 to 5W att.

(b) Power output (UHF) 1 to 4 Watt.

PART II: HANDLING OF WALKIE/TALKIE

13. Model (Shape). This radio set has been divided into four portions.
(a) Top Panel.
(b) Side Panel.
(c) Front Panel.
(d) Back Panel.
 185

14. Top Panel. Contains On/Off Volume Knob, Channel Selector Knob, Top Button and
Antenna

15. Side Button. Name and functions of the large control on side panel is Press to Talk Switch
and Right Side Accessory Mount.

16. Front Panel. There are a total of six buttons i.e. Exit Key, Up Key, and Menu Select Key.
Front Panel Key Pad. This is an alphanumeric keypad. There are 10 keys on this pad from 0 to 9.
One key star and one extract key. LCD Display. This is a 14-character LCD display window and 14
types of indicators are displayed.

17. Back Panel. The battery is fixed on this back panel of radio.

CONCLUSION

18. Walkie –Talkies were created for armed forces to operate in field areas and also for internal
security during peace time. However, seeing their effectiveness, utilization, user friendly features,
walkie-talkies have been spread to public and private sectors for public safety and also for
commercial and jobsite work. Therefore, it is very important for cadets to understand the essential
features, functioning and importance of this technology.
 186

LESSON PLAN : C-4

BASIC RADIO TELEPHONY (RT) PROCEDURE
Period - Two
Type - Lecture/Practice
Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, Pointer, Screen, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction - 05 Min

(b) Types of RT Communication - 10 Min
(c) Definitions - 20 Min
(d) RT Procedure - 20 Min
(e) Practice - 20 Min
(f) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. The procedure is laid out to communicate on the Radio so as to make the conversation
secure and successful, which is referred to as “Radio Telephony”. This procedure is very important to
avoid utter confusion over radio and is generally used by defence forces, air traffic controllers,
maritime operators and amateur radio operators. Various advantages/disadvantages of RT procedure
and radio communications are as under:-

(a) Advantages.

(i) Easy to establish

(ii) Flexible.

(iii) Transmissions to more than one station.

(b) Disadvantages.

(i) Easier to intercept.

(ii) Liable to atmospheric interference and interferencefrom other stations.

(iii) Liable to be jammed.

(iv) Skilled operators required.

4. Need for Standard Procedure. Standard procedure in RT needed to attain speed,

uniformity, security and prevents misunderstanding & confusion by use of code signs, link signs etc.
which hides identity of an operator and that of a unit.

5. Principles of Radio Telephony Procedure. BASS defines the Principles of RT

procedure.

(a) B – Brevity
(b) A – Accuracy
(c) S – Security
(d) S - Speed
 187

AIM

6. The aim of this lecture is to acquaint the SD/SW NCC Cadets with the Basic Radio
Telephony (RT) Procedure.

PREVIEW

7. The Lecture will be covered in the following parts:

(a) Part I - Types of RT Communication

(b) Part II - Definitions

(c) Part III - RT Procedure

(d) Part IV - Practice

PART I : TYPES OF RT COMMUNICATION

8. RT Conversation. This is normal conversation between radio operators, which is not

registered.

9. Unregistered (UR) Message. The only record taken will be in radio operator’s logs of the
sender and receiver.

10. Formal Message. It is written down and signed by the originator will be written on a message
form (IAFU-4009).

PART II - DEFINITIONS

11. Radio Net Stations working on same frequency in order to communicate with each other
comprise a Radio Net.

12. Control Station Station serving as the senior HQ in the Radio Net. It is responsible for
establishment of communications and maintains radio discipline on the net.

13. Link Sign. It is secret group of letters or combination of letters and figures, allotted to
a station on radio net, for concealing the identity of the communicating station. Link signs are
changed daily or even earlier if required.

14. Code Sign. It is three-letter group allotted to HQ/formation or unit to conceal their identity.
These are changed daily.

15. Long Message. Message that lasts for more than half a minute generally consists of more
than thirty groups.

16. Short Message. A short message lasts for half a minute or less.

17. Phonetic Alphabet. Alpha, Bravo, Charlie…

 188

18. Standard Phrases. U of standard procedure ensures th

Use hat exact me
eaning of a sender
s is
conveye
ed to the rece
eiver in minim
mum time.

19. Code Word d. A code word

w is a sin
ngle word us
sed to provide security co
over for referrence to
a classiffied matter.

20. Nicknames. A nick name consists of two separatewords that

t do not bbear any rela
ationship
to each other i.e. PAHAD BAND DAR. Nick names have e very little security
s valu
ue and are used
u for
convenie
ence.
PART IIII - RT PROCCEDURE
21. Standard Phrases. S
Standard phra
ases used in RT procedu
ure are as un
nder:-

(a) Overr. My transsmission hass ended and I expect to hear a further transmiss
sion from
o this subjecct. Other stations will nott transmit.
you on

(b) Out. My transsmission ha

as ended an nd I do not expect you
u to make a further
transsmission on the
t subject. Other
O station
ns may transmit.

(c) Wait Out. You have fiinished for the

t time being and will call you late
er. Other
statio
ons may tran
nsmit.

(d) Wait. Pause

e for a few se
econds follow
ws. Other sta
ations will nott transmit.

(e) Out tot You. I haveh finished

d with you an
nd am about to call
another station. No replyy is expectedd from you. Other
O stationss will not
transmit.

(f) Roge
er. Messag
ge received and
a understo
ood.

(g) Wilco
o. ge received, understood and will be complied
Messag c with
h.

22. Types of Ca
alls Calls ca
an be categorrised as under:-

(a) Singgle Call. A call wh

hen only one station on a net is addre
essed by anyone
station of the
e net.

(b) Multiple Calls. A call when two or o more but not all statiions on the net are
addressed. The
T pro word d “and” will be
b inserted between
b the last
l two call signs e.g. `A
A1 for A2
and A3'.

(c) Net Call. A call used to

t address all stations on
n a net e.g. “A
All stations Alpha”.
A
 189

(d) Net Call with Exceptions. A call used to address all stations on the net except
a few. Here a net call is made and stations not called are specified e.g. “all stations Alpha
except ABC 3”.

23. Establishment of Communication. Preliminary instructions are issued by Control. They

are not sent by radio unless in dire emergency. On establishment of communications, signal strength
will always be confirmed. Link signs will not be abbreviated in bad weather conditions. If a station has
not come up during establishment of communication but comes up little later, communication will be
again established. Signal communication will always be established in the following situations:-

(a) After change of frequency.

(b) Bad weather.
(c) After move.
(d) After lifting of radio silence.
(e) After change of link sign.
24. Documentation. Documentation forms a very important aspect of RT procedure. All
events need to be documented for future reference in case of a query.

25. Rules on Security. Security over radio is an important issue in defence forces hence there
is a need to adopt these procedures and follow certain golden rules.

(a) Think before you speak.

(b) Use correct procedure.

(c) Avoid use of jargon.

(d) Use official codes only.

(e) Substitute clear names by code signs.

(f) Be brief

PART IV: PRACTICE

26. The cadets will be given adequate practice on RT procedure.

CONCLUSION

27. Proper Radio Telephony procedure is essential to establish communication both during war n
peace time. There are certain advantages and disadvantages of RT procedure. The messages can be
intercepted by enemy and the complete information can be retrieved especially during field conditions.
Considering the same one must follow all the rules of security while communicating.
 190

LESSON PLAN: C-5

LATEST TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT IN COMMUNICATION

Period - Two
Type - Lecture
Year - SD/SW

Training Aids

1. OHP, Computer slides, Pointer, Screen, Black board & Chalk.

Time Plan

2. (a) Introduction and Aim - 05 Min

(b) Tropo Scatter, MODEM, FAX, TELEX - 20 Min
(c) Satellite - 10 Min
(d) Fibre Optic Communication - 25 Min
Computer System (Multimedia , Video conferencing)
(f) Information Technology - 15 Min
(g) Conclusion - 05 Min

INTRODUCTION

3. Control of the battle has always been the concern of the

commanders down the ages and whoever could exert better control
over his own forces and impress his will on the men won. When the
armies were small and the distances relatively shorter, messengers
on foot or on horseback were enough. However, when the
battlefields stretched out and the size of armies increased, such
means no longer sufficed. The coming of artillery also underscored
the importance of communications. Necessity being the mother of
invention, such changes in the battlefield drove the evolution and
adoption of modern technologies. The field of communication has seen rapid growth during the last
century. Various forms of communication media have been discovered. The medium of space has
acquired special importance and communications are being carried out using various layers of the
atmosphere.
AIM
4. The aim of this lecture is to acquaint the NCC Cadets with the latest trends and
Developments in communication.

PREVIEW

5. The lecture will be covered in the following parts:

(a) Part I - Tropo Scatter, MODEM, FAX, TELEX

(b) Part II - Satellite

(c) Part III - Fibre optic communication computer system

(d) Part IV - Information technology

 191

PART I - TROPO SC
CATTER, MO
ODEM, FAX
X, TELEX

Tropo scatter
s

6. The lower layer of the e atmospherre below 15 5 Km heigh ht is called tropospheric c region.
Communication carrried out in th his layer use the principle
e of troposcaatter. In this system micrro waves
are transsmitted in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) and Super
S High Frequency
F (S
SHF) band to
o achieve
Radio Communicatio
C on over the horizon
h covering a range between 70 Km to 1000 Km.

MODEM
M (Modular-D
Demodulato
or)

7. This device e is used to t convert computer

c ge enerated ouutput
(Digital signals)
s that can be transsmitted on a telephone liine. Modemss are
requiredd at both the sending andd receiving coomputers.

FAX

8. This is common short fo orm of FACS SIMILE whic

ch is one of the memoryy type electro
onic mail
and messsage systemms with the fo
ollowing advvantages:-

(a) Can
n transmit grraphics as weell as
Alpha numeric informatio nd numbers).
on (letters an

(b) Red
duce time an
nd eliminatess transmissio
on error.

(c) Usee any transm

mission mediium eg. Tele
ephone, line,, micro
radio wave.

TELEX

9. This is the abbreviated

a f
form of TELE
E PRINTER EXCHANGE E. As cable is used in thiis type of
commun ect two such instruments it restricts itss range of op
nication devicces to conne peration.
(a) Adv
vantage.
(i) R
Re-generative
e repeaters in a network
k can increa
ase range; h
however voic
ce signal
cannot be
b re-generaated.

(ii) C be used over a telep

Can phone network.

(iii) C receive messages

Can m w
when unattended.

(iv) M
Message is recorded in a printer form
m.

(b) advantages.
Disa

(i) The Equipment is costlier than a telephone set.

(ii) K in error due to the nee

Key ed for a hum eive message.
man operator to send-rece

(iii) L
Lack of privaccy since anyy one can rea
ad the printed
d output.
 192

PART
T II – SATEL
LLITE
10. An object which
w revolvves around another larrger object whose motiion is prima arily and
permane ently determined by the force
f action of the body is know
of attra wn as satellittes. Before th
he space
age, pla anets and moons were the t only kno own satellitess. On 4th October
O 1957 7 the first maan made
satellite called the SPUTNIK
S wa as launched by the ersttwhile USSR R. Since then n more complex and
versatilee satellites have brought about a revvolution in the field of communication ns. India launnched its
first Sattellite Aryabbhatta on 19th April 19 975 from Ka apustin Yar with the he elp of Sovie et Union.
Satellites are used forf many purrposes. Com mmon types include
i milita
ary and civilian Earth obs servation
satellitess, communiccations sa
atellites, navigation satellites, weaather satellites, annd space
telescop pes. Space stations
s and human spacecraft in orrbit are also o satellites. Satellite orbbits vary
greatly, depending on o the purposse of the satellite, and arre classified in a number of ways. We ell-known
(overlappping) classes include loww Earth orbit,, polar orbit, and geostatiionary orbit.

11. Types of S
Satellite.

(a) Weaather Satellite. The e weather saatellite is a type of sate ellite that is primarily
used to monnitor the weatther and clim
mate of the Earth.
E Satellite scan be po
olar orbiting, covering
the entire Earth asyn nchronously, or geostatio onary, hove ering over the same spot on
the equator.

GOES-8, a United States weather sattellite of

G
t Meteorological-satelllite service.
the

(b) entific Satellite.

Scie Scieentific rese
earch sateellites provvide meteoorological
information, land surve ey data (e.g
g. remote seensing), Am
mateur (HAMM) Radio, and other
different sccientific rese
earch appliccations such
h as earth science, mmarine scien
nce, and
atmosphericc research.

(c) mmunication
Com n Satellite.
A commun nication sa a artificial satellite thatt relays and amplifie
atellite is an es radio
telecommun
nications sign
nals via a tra
ansponder; it creates a coommunicatio
on channel be
etween a
 193

source transmitter and a receiver at different

locations on Earth. Communications satellites are
used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and
military applications. There are over 2,000
communications satellites in Earth’s orbit, used by
both private and government organizations
(d) Navigational Satellite A satellite
navigation or satnav system is a system that
uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial
positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to
determine their location (longitude, latitude,
and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few
metres) using time signals transmitted along a line of An Advanced Extremely High
sight by radio from satellites. A satellite navigation Frequency communications
system with global coverage may be termed a global satellite
navigation satellite system (GNSS).

(e) Military Satellite. A military satellite is

an artificial satellite used for a military purpose. The most
common missions are intelligence gathering, navigation and
military communications. The first military satellites were
photographic reconnaissance missions.

PART III – OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION

COMPUTER SYSTEM

12. Hollow tubes made of corning glass with an outer protective coating of rubber/plastic etc. are
what constitute optical fibers. These fibers are very delicate and small in diameter.

(a) Advantages.

(i) It has wide band width carrying different types of information from low speed
voice signal to high speed computer data.

(ii) Less power requirement.

(iii) Small cable size.

(iv) No electromagnetic interference.
(b) Disadvantages.

(i) Expensive in terms of equipment

and manufacturing.

(ii) Requirement of experts to run the

system

A model of a German SAR-

Lupe reconnaissance satellite
inside a Cosmos-3M rocket
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Computer System
13. Strictly speaking a computer is any calculating device. The name is derived from a Latin word
“Computer” meaning to reckon or compute. However, the term computer has come to mean a special
type of calculating machine having certain characteristics.

(a) Advantages.

(i) Speed of process and calculations.

(ii) Accuracy of process and calculation once the programme is proved.

(iii) Persistence - It will continue on the same job until the end, always working in
the same way, each and every day.

(iv) Mass storage of data.

(v) The ability to handle large volume of data.

(b) Disadvantages.

(i) Data loss if machine malfunctions.

(ii) Back up hard data still required to be maintained.

(iii) Constant power source is required.

Internet
14. Millions of computers all over the world are interlinked through telephone lines, satellites,
submarine cable and optical fiber network. This World Wide Web (www) is what is called the
“Internet”. It provides an instant, trouble free and cheap means of communications. Internet is
therefore a collection of individual data networks connected together in such a way that data can be
exchanged back and forth between networks widely separated.. Electronic Mail, Web- Browsing and
Voice Mail are the main facilities of internet.

Cell Phone
15. Cellular radio network was first introduced in 1980. It provides a mobile subscriber access to
the global telephone network. It is a rapidly expanding technology with high rates of obsolescence.

(a) Advantages.

(i) More subscriber and traffic capability.

(ii) No perceptible difference between mobile and fixed subscribers.

(iii) Better quality of service.

(iv) Higher speed of data exchange.

(v) Can be used in an integrated mode with computer network.

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(b) Disadvantages.

(i) Open source. It can be jammed if required.

(ii) Repeated charging of battery.
(iii) Security related issues.
(iv) Works on the capability and commercial interests of service provider.
(v) Health hazards due to excessive radiations.
Multimedia
16. It is a computer technology that displays information using a combination of full motion video
animation, sound graphics and text with high degree of user interaction.
Video-Conferencing Systems
17. These provide the full benefits of face to
face communication with sound, graphics and
simultaneous transmission of data. The system
enables people widely separated geographically
to inter- act without having to meet at one place.

Videophone
18. It is a system that enables us to transmit
an image via digital tele network, making visual
contact has been made possible over great distances, apart from transferring speech. Facilities
provided by videophone are:
(a) Can transmit speech as well as colour video.
(b) Conduct of video conferences.
(c) Called subscriber is seen on the monitor.
(d) High quality of voice.
(e) Speed of sending/ receiving can be adjusted by the
user.
(f) Map over-lays can be transmitted.

PART IV – INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

19. Information Technology or IT for short, refers to the creation, gathering, processing, storage,
presentation and dissemination of information, and also the processes and devices that enable all this
to be done. IT stands firmly on the hardware and software of a computer and the telecommunications
infrastructure. Computers, as we all know, have been in existence for over 50 years. For many of
these years, they had been primarily used for information processing. It is well known that year-by-
year, computers are becoming more and more powerful both in terms of their computational speeds
and also their capacities for storing of data. What has made the big difference in recent years is not
the fact that individual computers have dramatically improved in their capabilities, but that all those
information islands are being connected by digital highways made possible through the use of the
telecommunications infrastructure by the computers, which, largely explains why the internet and the
WWW have begun to play such a significant role in our use of computers.
CONCLUSION

20. Today the technology has advanced in all spheres of life. Even the defence forces are well
poised to exploit the state-of-art modern communication techniques for meeting the requirements of
the Indian Army in the 21st century. Some of the areas where the army is already in the process of
exploiting are the Cellular Radio (both GSM & CDMA), WLL, mobile trunked radio, mobile satellite
systems, OFC and so on. Therefore, it is very important to be well versed with the latest trends in
information technology to gain maximum advantage from the same
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Summary

¾ Line. This is the basic means of signal communications for a force which is static.

¾ Radio Communication. Radio communication involves Net Radio and Radio Relay. Net radio
is the basic means of signal communication for any mobile force.

¾ Radio Relay. Radio relay implies that a series of radio transmitters and receivers normally
spaced between 20-35 Kms apart and are used to provide point signal.

¾ Wireless. Wireless operations permit services, such as a long-range communications, that are
impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires.

¾ Mobile Telephones. These wireless phones use radio waves from signal-transmission towers to
enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide.

¾ Wireless Data Communications. Wireless data communications are an essential component

of mobile computing. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range
and performance.

¾ Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect
easily to the Internet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within
offices, and at public hotspots. Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles
from the nearest cell site.
¾ A walkie-talkie is a hand-held, portable, two-way radio transceiver.

¾ Radio Telephony. The procedure laid out to communicate on the Radio so as to make
the conversation secure and successful, which is referred to as “Radio Telephony”.

¾ Principles of Radio Telephony Procedure.

¾ B – Bravity
¾ A – Accuracy
¾ S – Security
¾ S – Speed

¾ Types of communication
¾ RT conversation
¾ Unregistered (UR) Message
¾ Formal Message

¾ Types of Calls.
¾ Single Call.
¾ Multiple Call
¾ Net Call.
¾ Net Call with Exceptions

¾ Troposcatter is a system in which micro waves are transmitted in

the UHF and SHF band to achieve radio communication over the horizon covering a range
between 70 Km to 1000 Km.

¾ Modem (modulator-demodulator) is a network hardware device that modulates one or

more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates
signals to decode the transmitted information.

¾ A satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. Such object
is sometimes called artificial satellite to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth’s
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Moon.

¾ Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types

include military and civilian earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation
satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites.

¾ Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content

forms such as text, audio, images, animation, video and interactive content. Multimedia
contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or
traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material.
¾ Video conferencing (VC) is the conduct of a video conference (also known as a
video conference or video teleconference) by a set of telecommunication technologies
which allow two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and
audio transmissions.

¾ Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and internet to store,

retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or information often in the context of a business
or other enterprise.
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COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
Q1. Answer the following in about 15 words:
(a) What is Radio Telephony?
(b) What is a Single Call?
(c) What is a Code Sign?
(d) What is a Radio Net?
(e) What is a Walkie Talkie?
(f) What is the use of Videophone?

Q2. Answer the following in about 50 words:

(a) What do you mean by Line communication?
(b) What do you mean by Radio Relay?
(c) What do you mean by Net Call with Exception?
(d) What is a Multiple Call?
(e) What do you understand by Information Technology?

Q3. Answer the following in about 75 words:

(a) What are the characteristics of wireless technology?
(b) What are the wireless data communications used in army?
(c) Discuss about Wi-Fi technology in modern communication system.
(d) What are the principles of Radio Telephony?
(e) What do you understand by Military Satellite?
Q4. Answer the following in about 150 words:
(a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Line
Communication?

(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Net Radio?

(c) What are the advantages of Optical Fibre Cable?
(d) What are aids to Security in Radio Telephony?
(e) What are the different kinds of calls?
(f) Name the number of buttons/keys on front panel programming button with functions
in RS GP338 MOTOROLA.
(g) Explain the concepts, latest trends and development in communication. List and brief
about any 4 communication devices.
Q5. Answer the following in about 250 words:
(a) Draw a diagram of wireless technology and explain the parts with example.

(b) Draw diagram the Wi-Fi technologies and explain with examples.

(c) Explain types of satellites.