IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES BY

HOTEL MANAGERS IN THE WESTERN PROVINCE OF SRI LANKA

a Rohana Bandara Herath, b Jacquline Tham, c Ali Khatibi, d S.M. Ferdous Azam

ABSTRACT
Purpose: In recent decades, there has been a substantial increase in interest and awareness
regarding eco-friendly and sustainable activities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and
understand the factors influencing the implementation of green and sustainable practices by
hotel managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka focus on the role of experience in the hotel
industry, environmental concerns, regulatory requirements, and reporting frequency.

Methodology: The study employs a quantitative research method and analysis tools to
accomplish its objectives.

Results and Conclusions: The analysis of sustainable practices showcases promising

engagement, especially in areas such as water conservation, waste recycling, and eco-friendly
amenities. The subsequent correlation and regression analyses uncover intriguing insights,
including a perfect positive correlation between Carbon Offset and Environmental Concerns,
underlining the interconnectedness of environmental consciousness and carbon offset
activities. In addition, the research identifies a strong positive association between years of
experience in the hotel industry and the implementation rating, highlighting the value of
industry expertise in the successful adoption of sustainable practices.

Research Implications: The study sheds light on the role of environmental concerns and
regulatory requirements in shaping sustainable practices in the hotel industry. The Challenges
Rating suggests that there are significant hurdles to overcome, which may inform future policies
and strategies to support green initiatives in the tourism sector.

Originality/Value: The value of this study is in providing practical insights that can guide hotel
managers, regulatory bodies, and stakeholders in developing and implementing sustainable
practices, contributing to the broader movement of eco-friendly tourism.

Keywords: green and sustainability, green tourism, green hotel practices.

Received: 21/08/2023
Accepted: 20/11/2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i11.1753

a PhD Candidate, Management and Science University, Malaysia, E-mail: rohanabh@gmail.com,

Orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7266-1907
b Professor, Post Graduate Centre, Management and Science University, Malaysia, E-mail: jacquline@msu.edu.my,

Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0966-2425
c Professor, Post Graduate Centre, Management and Science University, Malaysia, E-mail: alik@msu.edu.my,

Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-7720
d Professor, Post Graduate Centre, Management and Science University, Malaysia, E-mail: drferdous@msu.edu.my,

Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-3595
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 Herath, R., B., Tham, J., Khatibi, A., Azam, S., M., F. (2023). Implementation of Green and
Sustainable Practices by Hotel Managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE PRÁTICAS ECOLÓGICAS E SUSTENTÁVEIS

POR GERENTES DE HOTÉIS NA PROVÍNCIA OCIDENTAL DO SRI
LANKA

RESUMO
Objetivo: Nas últimas décadas, registrou-se um aumento substancial do interesse e da
sensibilização para atividades ecológicas e sustentáveis. Portanto, este estudo teve como
objetivo investigar e compreender os fatores que influenciam a implementação de práticas
ecológicas e sustentáveis por gestores de hotéis na Província Ocidental do Sri Lanka, com foco
no papel da experiência na indústria hoteleira, preocupações ambientais, requisitos
regulatórios e frequência de relatórios.

Metodologia: O estudo emprega um método de pesquisa quantitativa e ferramentas de análise

para atingir seus objetivos.

Resultados e Conclusões: A análise de práticas sustentáveis mostra um engajamento promissor,

especialmente em áreas como conservação da água, reciclagem de resíduos e amenidades
ecológicas. As análises de correlação e regressão subsequentes revelam percepções intrigantes,
incluindo uma correlação positiva perfeita entre Compensação de Carbono e Preocupações
Ambientais, destacando a interconectividade da consciência ambiental e atividades de
compensação de carbono. Além disso, a pesquisa identifica uma forte associação positiva entre
anos de experiência na indústria hoteleira e a classificação de implementação, destacando o
valor da experiência da indústria na adoção bem-sucedida de práticas sustentáveis.

Implicações da pesquisa: O estudo destaca o papel das preocupações ambientais e dos

requisitos regulatórios na formação de práticas sustentáveis no setor hoteleiro. A classificação
"Desafios" sugere que há obstáculos significativos a superar, o que pode servir de base para
futuras políticas e estratégias de apoio a iniciativas ecológicas no setor do turismo.

Originalidade/valor: O valor deste estudo está em fornecer insights práticos que podem
orientar os gestores de hotéis, órgãos reguladores e partes interessadas no desenvolvimento e
implementação de práticas sustentáveis, contribuindo para o movimento mais amplo do turismo
ecológico.

Palavras-chave: verde e sustentabilidade, turismo verde, práticas de hotéis verdes.

1 INTRODUCTION
One of the largest and most rapidly expanding sectors globally is tourism,
encompassing a wide range of activities related to travel, accommodation, and leisure
experiences. In Sri Lanka, tourism holds a prominent position in the economy, making a
substantial contribution to the country's GDP. Tourism ranks third in terms of income
generation for Sri Lanka's GDP, highlighting its significant role in the economy (Central
Bank of Sri Lanka, 2019). Tourism is widely recognized as the largest employer globally,
providing substantial job opportunities across various sectors. In addition to its role as a
major employer, tourism also serves as a significant source of foreign exchange revenue
for countries. The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) in 2020 emphasized the

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 Herath, R., B., Tham, J., Khatibi, A., Azam, S., M., F. (2023). Implementation of Green and
Sustainable Practices by Hotel Managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

immense employment potential and foreign exchange earnings associated with the
tourism industry (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2020). The United Nations World
Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has made a compelling prediction regarding the future
of global tourism. According to their report in 2020, it is projected that by the year 2030,
the number of worldwide tourists will reach a staggering 1.8 billion, nearly doubling the
current figures (UNWTO, 2020). The tourism industry, despite its many benefits, also
poses significant environmental challenges, particularly in terms of carbon emissions.
The harm caused to the environment through tourism-related activities necessitates urgent
action to mitigate its negative impacts. A study conducted by Gössling, Scott, and Hall
(2020) sheds light on the critical importance of limiting the environmental harm caused
by the tourism industry. In recent decades, there has been a notable surge of interest in
adopting ecologically friendly hotel operations, promoting sustainability, and
implementing green practices within the hospitality industry. This growing awareness of
the environmental impact of hotels and the need for sustainable practices has gained
significant attention (Font and Harris, 2003). In recent years, hotel management has
shown a growing concern for the delicate environment and has recognized the importance
of catering to environmentally conscious clients. This shift in attitude is driven by an
understanding that adopting green practices not only contributes to the preservation of the
environment but also appeals to a segment of consumers who are willing to pay a
premium for services and goods that align with their environmental values (Pechlaner and
Smeral, 2003). The utilization of sustainable and green business strategies in the hotel
industry has become increasingly important, not only for environmental preservation but
also for lowering operating costs (Bohdanowicz, Zientara, and Novotný, 2017).
Sustainability goes beyond the protection of the natural environment; it also encompasses
concerns about society and the economy. The United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO), along with the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), highlights the
multidimensional nature of sustainability (UNWTO, UNEP, & WMO, 2008). When
addressing sustainability in the context of tourism, it is essential to consider its social and
economic dimensions alongside environmental conservation. Sustainable tourism
practices aim to create a balance between environmental protection, social well-being,
and economic development (UNWTO, UNEP, & WMO, 2008). From a social
perspective, sustainable tourism initiatives focus on promoting the welfare and

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 Herath, R., B., Tham, J., Khatibi, A., Azam, S., M., F. (2023). Implementation of Green and
Sustainable Practices by Hotel Managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

empowerment of local communities. This involves engaging and involving the local
population in tourism activities, respecting their cultural heritage, and providing them
with economic opportunities generated by the industry. By prioritizing social inclusivity,
sustainable tourism endeavors to enhance the quality of life for local communities and
preserve their cultural identity (UNWTO, UNEP, & WMO, 2008). The economic
dimension of sustainability in tourism is centered on achieving long-term economic
benefits while minimizing negative impacts. Sustainable tourism practices aim to
generate economic growth and employment opportunities that are socially inclusive and
equitable. This entails promoting local entrepreneurship, supporting small and medium-
sized enterprises, and ensuring a fair distribution of economic benefits throughout the
destination. Sustainable tourism seeks to contribute to the overall economic development
of the host region or country while maintaining a balance with other sectors and
preserving resources for future generations (UNWTO, UNEP, & WMO, 2008). Sri
Lankan travel agencies have trouble implementing KM techniques to improve their focus
on customers and technological CRM capabilities. These findings emphasize the
importance of addressing knowledge management practices in Sri Lankan travel agencies
(Jayasekera, Albattat, & Azam, 2023). In an environment characterized by an open
market, intense competition, and a heavily commercialized industry, it is prudent to
establish state-level management mechanisms dedicated to fostering opportunities for
improving the efficiency of business management within the hospitality sector (Nikoliuk
et al., 2023). Consequently, the question arises as to whether Sri Lankan tourism-related
goods and services are solely driven by financial gain or if the travel and hospitality
industries also prioritize sustainable and green practices. There is no clear answer to this
query. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the intentions of hotel
managers to implement environmentally friendly green practices in Sri Lanka's western
province. The study population for this research consists of hotel managers in decision-
making capacities in the western province of Sri Lanka.

2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
To investigate and understand the factors influencing the implementation of green
and sustainable practices by hotel managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka, with a
specific focus on the role of experience in the hotel industry, environmental concerns,
regulatory requirements, and reporting frequency.

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 Herath, R., B., Tham, J., Khatibi, A., Azam, S., M., F. (2023). Implementation of Green and
Sustainable Practices by Hotel Managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

3 RESEARCH QUESTION
What are the main challenges faced by hotel managers in the Western Province of
Sri Lanka in their efforts to implement green and sustainable practices, and how do these
challenges affect the actual implementation of such practices?

4 LITRITURE REVIEW
The implementation of green and sustainable practices has become a critical focus
in the hospitality industry worldwide. As the tourism sector continues to grow, concerns
about environmental impact and the need for sustainable development have gained
significant attention. This literature review aims to explore existing research and scholarly
works that examine the implementation of green and sustainable practices specifically by
hotel managers in the western province of Sri Lanka. By reviewing relevant literature,
this section provides a comprehensive understanding of the current state of knowledge,
identifies gaps, and highlights key findings and recommendations from previous studies.
Numerous studies have emphasized the significance of embracing eco-friendly and
sustainable practices within the hospitality industry. In 2003, Font and Harris highlighted
the growing interest in ecologically responsible hotel operations and the importance of
sustainability and green practices. They argued that incorporating environmentally
conscious strategies not only benefits the environment but also enhances a hotel's
reputation and attracts guests who prioritize sustainability. To ensure successful
implementation, it is crucial to understand the motivations and barriers faced by hotel
managers. Pechlaner and Smeral (2003) stressed that hotel management increasingly
recognizes the importance of addressing environmental concerns and catering to
environmentally conscious guests. They suggested that financial benefits, improved
brand image, and customer demand serve as major motivations for implementing green
practices. Conversely, Bohdanowicz, Zientara, and Novotný (2017) identified several
barriers to the adoption of sustainable practices in hotels. These barriers include lack of
awareness, high initial costs, and perceived conflicts with guest satisfaction. These
challenges underscore the necessity for effective strategies and support mechanisms to
facilitate the adoption of green practices. Government policies play a crucial role in
promoting and regulating sustainability within the hospitality industry. Hotel managers
must be aware of relevant policies and regulations. However, existing literature reveals a
knowledge gap regarding hotel managers' awareness of government policies in Sri

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 Herath, R., B., Tham, J., Khatibi, A., Azam, S., M., F. (2023). Implementation of Green and
Sustainable Practices by Hotel Managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

Lanka's western province. Future research should investigate the extent to which hotel
managers are informed about these policies and the impact of policy awareness on the
implementation of green practices.
Analyzing exemplary practices and case studies from other regions can provide
valuable insights for hotel managers in Sri Lanka's western province. Studies like
Gössling, Scott, and Hall (2020) shed light on successful green practices and their positive
environmental impacts. These examples can serve as benchmarks for hotels in Sri Lanka
to adopt and customize sustainable practices. Identifying successful case studies within
the local context can further enhance the understanding and implementation of green
practices by hotel managers. To evaluate the implementation of green practices,
researchers have utilized various methodologies. The utilization of mixed methods,
combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, allows for a comprehensive
understanding of hotel managers' intentions and actions. This approach provides insights
into the factors that influence the implementation of green practices and facilitates the
formulation of effective strategies. Future studies should explore the use of mixed
methodologies to assess the implementation and effectiveness of green practices by hotel
managers in Sri Lanka's western province. Research has emphasized the adoption of
specific sustainable practices within the hospitality industry. For instance, Wang et al.
(2017) examined the implementation of energy-saving measures, waste management
strategies, and water conservation practices in hotels. Their findings highlight the positive
impact of these practices on reducing resource consumption and improving operational
efficiency. Understanding consumer attitudes towards green practices is crucial for hotel
managers. Research conducted by Han et al. (2020) explored consumers' perceptions of
eco-friendly practices in the hotel industry. The study revealed that consumers hold a
positive attitude towards environmentally friendly hotels and are willing to pay a
premium for sustainable services.
Certification programs and industry standards have a vital role in promoting
sustainable practices. In the hotel context, the Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) certification holds widespread recognition. A study conducted by Kim
and Shin (2019) investigated the influence of LEED certification on hotel performance
and guest satisfaction, highlighting its positive impacts on operational efficiency and
guest perceptions. Engaging stakeholders and fostering collaboration among various
actors within the hospitality industry are crucial for the successful implementation of

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 Herath, R., B., Tham, J., Khatibi, A., Azam, S., M., F. (2023). Implementation of Green and
Sustainable Practices by Hotel Managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

green practices. Li and Chung (2021) explored the role of stakeholders in promoting
sustainable hotel development in China, emphasizing the significance of cooperation
between government agencies, hotel operators, and local communities. Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) initiatives can contribute to the adoption of green and sustainable
practices in hotels. Delgado-Ballester and Munuera-Alemán (2005) examined the impact
of CSR on customer loyalty and satisfaction in the hotel industry, highlighting the positive
effects of CSR practices on customer perceptions and hotel performance. Employee
engagement and training play a crucial role in driving the successful implementation of
green and sustainable practices within hotels. Research conducted by Karatepe et al.
(2014) explored the relationship between employee perceptions of environmental
management practices and their job satisfaction, revealing a positive association between
environmental practices and employee satisfaction. Government policies and regulations
also have a significant role in promoting sustainable practices in the hospitality industry.
DeFranco and Witt (2018) examined the influence of government policies on
environmental sustainability practices in hotels, emphasizing the importance of
supportive regulations and incentives to drive sustainable initiatives.
The integration of technology and innovation can greatly facilitate the
implementation of green practices within hotels. A study conducted by Kim et al. (2016)
explored the impact of technology adoption on environmental performance in hotels,
revealing that initiatives driven by technology positively contribute to energy efficiency
and resource conservation. Collaboration with suppliers and engagement with local
communities are essential for promoting sustainable practices within the hotel industry.
Lindgreen et al. (2012) conducted research on the role of collaboration and partnerships
in achieving sustainability in the hotel supply chain, emphasizing the need for cooperation
and integration among stakeholders. Understanding consumer behavior and preferences
is crucial for hotels seeking to implement green practices. Kozak and Martin (2012)
investigated the influence of environmental attitudes on hotel choice and found that
environmentally conscious travelers are more inclined to select hotels with eco-friendly
practices. Certification programs and green labels play a significant role in promoting
sustainability within the hotel industry. Font and Walmsley (2010) conducted a study
examining the impact of eco-certifications on hotels' environmental performance and
found that certified hotels outperformed others in terms of resource efficiency and waste
management.

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Identifying and addressing barriers to the implementation of green practices is

crucial for hotel managers. Tzschentke et al. (2017) conducted research exploring the
challenges faced by hotels in implementing sustainable practices, highlighting issues such
as lack of awareness, financial constraints, and resistance to change. Ensuring the
successful implementation of green practices in the hotel industry necessitates engaging
stakeholders, including employees, guests, and local communities. A study conducted by
Sharma et al. (2019) examined stakeholder engagement in sustainable hotels and
underscored the importance of collaborative efforts in achieving sustainability goals. The
implementation of green practices in the hotel industry also relies on collaboration with
suppliers and effective green supply chain management. Research by Pagell and Wu
(2009) explored the role of green supply chain practices in enhancing environmental
performance and competitiveness in the hospitality sector. Engaging and training
employees on green practices are crucial for their successful implementation. Ghosh and
Das (2016) conducted a study that explored the role of employee engagement and training
in promoting sustainability practices in the hotel industry, emphasizing their positive
impact on operational performance and environmental outcomes. Government policies
and regulations play a significant role in shaping the adoption of green practices in the
hotel industry. Wang and Hsu (2010) investigated the impact of government regulations
on environmental practices in hotels and highlighted the need for supportive policies to
encourage sustainability. Collaboration and networks among hotels, industry
associations, and other stakeholders can facilitate the implementation of green practices.
A study conducted by Jamal and Getz (1995) examined the role of collaboration and
networking in promoting sustainable tourism practices and emphasized the importance of
partnerships in achieving sustainability goals. Gaining an understanding of consumer
behavior and green preferences is crucial for hotel managers to align their practices with
market demand. Research conducted by Gössling et al. (2012) explored the role of
consumer behavior and preferences in shaping sustainable tourism and emphasized the
importance of incorporating environmentally friendly practices to attract eco-conscious
travelers.
Certification programs and standards provide valuable guidance for hotels to
effectively implement green practices. A study conducted by Choi and Sirakaya (2006)
examined the impact of eco-certification on hotel performance and guest satisfaction,
highlighting the positive effects of certification on environmental practices and customer

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 Herath, R., B., Tham, J., Khatibi, A., Azam, S., M., F. (2023). Implementation of Green and
Sustainable Practices by Hotel Managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

perceptions. Adopting technology and implementing energy-efficient practices are

essential for reducing the environmental footprint of hotels. Research conducted by Font
et al. (2017) investigated the role of technology and energy efficiency in promoting
sustainable practices in the hotel industry, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions
to minimize energy consumption. Engaging with stakeholders and fostering collaboration
among different actors can drive the implementation of sustainable practices in the hotel
industry. A study conducted by Liburd and Becken (2014) examined stakeholder
engagement and collaboration for sustainable tourism development, emphasizing the
importance of involving local communities, government agencies, and NGOs in decision-
making processes. Incorporating corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and
adopting a sustainability-focused approach can contribute to the implementation of green
practices in hotels. Research conducted by Bramwell and Lane (1993) examined the
relationship between CSR and sustainable tourism, highlighting the potential of CSR
initiatives in driving environmental stewardship within the hotel industry. Government
policies and regulations play a crucial role in promoting and regulating green practices in
the hotel industry. Becken et al. (2013) conducted a study exploring the effectiveness of
policy interventions in promoting sustainable tourism, emphasizing the need for
supportive policies to drive the adoption of green practices by hotel managers. Providing
training and capacity-building opportunities for hotel managers can enhance their
knowledge and skills in implementing green practices. Research by Ruhanen et al. (2010)
investigated the role of capacity building in promoting sustainable tourism, highlighting
the importance of training programs to enhance environmental management practices
within the hotel industry. Examining case studies of hotels that have successfully
implemented green practices can provide valuable insights and best practices for hotel
managers. A case study conducted by Kim et al. (2015) investigated the implementation
of sustainable practices in Korean hotels, highlighting the strategies employed and the
outcomes achieved in terms of environmental performance and guest satisfaction.
Engaging and collaborating with various stakeholders, including local
communities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and government bodies, can
facilitate the implementation of green practices in hotels. Research by Gössling and Hall
(2006) examined the role of stakeholder engagement in sustainable tourism development,
emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts in addressing environmental
challenges within the hotel industry. Understanding consumer preferences and market

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 Herath, R., B., Tham, J., Khatibi, A., Azam, S., M., F. (2023). Implementation of Green and
Sustainable Practices by Hotel Managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

demand for eco-friendly and sustainable practices can influence hotel managers' decisions
to implement green initiatives. A study conducted by Lee et al. (2019) explored
consumers' perceptions and preferences for sustainable hotel practices, providing insights
into the market potential and economic benefits associated with green practices in the
hospitality industry. Obtaining certifications and eco-labels, such as LEED (Leadership
in Energy and Environmental Design) or Green Globe, can serve as a motivation for hotel
managers to adopt green practices. Nunkoo and Ramkissoon (2010) conducted research
examining the influence of eco-certification on hotel managers' environmental practices,
highlighting the role of certification schemes in promoting sustainability within the hotel
industry. Understanding the financial benefits and return on investment associated with
green practices can incentivize hotel managers to implement sustainable initiatives. Kim
and Thapa (2018) conducted a study investigating the financial impacts of green practices
in hotels, providing insights into the cost savings and revenue opportunities derived from
sustainability initiatives. Government policies and regulations play a crucial role in
shaping the adoption of green practices in the hotel industry. Kim and Ritchie (2014)
conducted research examining the influence of government policies on the
implementation of sustainable tourism practices, highlighting the need for supportive
regulatory frameworks to encourage environmental responsibility among hotel managers.
Employee engagement and training programs are essential for the successful
implementation of green and sustainable practices in hotels. Jamal and Getz (1995)
explored the role of employee training and empowerment in promoting environmentally
responsible behavior within the hotel industry. The adoption of innovative technologies
can facilitate the implementation of green practices in hotels. Neuhofer, Buhalis, and
Ladkin (2015) conducted research examining the role of technology in enhancing
sustainability in the tourism and hospitality industry, emphasizing the importance of
technological advancements in supporting green initiatives. Collaborating with suppliers
and partners who share a commitment to sustainability can facilitate the implementation
of green practices in hotels. Kim, Kim, and Swarbrooke (2016) explored the role of
sustainable supply chain management in the hotel industry, highlighting the benefits of
collaboration for environmental responsibility. Understanding consumer preferences and
green demand is crucial for hotel managers aiming to implement green practices.
Gössling, Scott, and Hall (2013) conducted research exploring consumer attitudes and
behavior towards sustainable tourism, highlighting the importance of catering to

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environmentally conscious guests and the potential for green initiatives to drive
competitive advantage. Green certification and labels, such as LEED (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design) or Green Globe, can provide guidance and
recognition for hotels implementing sustainable practices. Kim and Ritchie (2019)
conducted a study examining the role of green certifications in the hotel industry,
emphasizing their influence on environmental performance and guest satisfaction.
Engaging stakeholders, including local communities, employees, and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), is essential for the successful implementation of
green and sustainable practices. Bohdanowicz and Zientara (2008) conducted research
exploring the role of stakeholders in promoting sustainability in the hotel industry,
emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts and shared responsibility.
Implementing green and sustainable practices can result in various economic benefits for
hotels. Font and Harris (2004) examined the economic impacts of sustainable tourism,
highlighting the potential for cost savings, increased revenues, and improved market
positioning through sustainability initiatives..

5 METHODOLOGY
This study is founded on insights acquired from a questionnaire conducted with
human participants. To ensure a respectful approach, ethical considerations and interview
participant protocols were adhered to throughout the interview process. By incorporating
ethical dimensions into the study, a basis of trust and credibility is established, bolstering
the reliability and validity of the findings obtained. The study's sample encompassed 160
hotel managers from the Western Province of Sri Lanka. To ensure both
representativeness and diversity, a multi-stage approach was employed for participant
identification, selection, and recruitment. The study encompassed a variety of roles
including General Managers, Front Office Managers, Housekeeping Managers, Food and
Beverage Managers, Sales and Marketing Managers, Revenue Managers, Human
Resources Managers, Operations Managers, Finance Managers, and
Engineering/Maintenance Managers. In order to address variations in hotel sizes and
classifications, the hotels were classified based on star ratings (ranging from 3 to 5 stars).
The rationale for focusing on star-rated hotels is rooted in the fact that tourists often make
accommodation choices based on budget and comfort considerations. By concentrating
on 3 to 5-star hotels, the study aims to explore the preferences and expectations of tourists

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who intentionally select higher-quality lodging options. This approach sheds light on the
factors influencing their decision-making process and shaping their overall experiences.
Subsequently, a stratified sampling technique was employed to randomly select hotels
from each category, ensuring equitable and proportionate representation. A formal
introduction letter was sent to the selected hotels, detailing the research objectives, ethical
considerations, and the voluntary nature of participation. A designated point of contact
within each hotel was then engaged to identify eligible participants, specifically hotel
managers responsible for sustainability initiatives or operational management. Once
potential participants were identified, personalized communication was established,
providing comprehensive information about the study's objectives, methodologies, and
ethical safeguards. Prior to their inclusion in the study, written informed consent was
obtained from each participant, confirming their willingness to participate. The research's
primary objective guided the formulation of interview questions. Each question was
meticulously designed to elicit information that directly addressed the research goals and
offered valuable insights into the investigation's subject. An exhaustive review of existing
literature related to the research topic was carried out. This process aided in identifying
key themes, concepts, and knowledge gaps, which subsequently informed the
development of interview questions probing these areas. Collaboration with subject
matter experts in sustainable practices within the hospitality industry facilitated the
incorporation of their insights and recommendations, further enhancing the validity of the
interview questions. To refine the survey instruments, procedures, and methods, a pilot
survey was conducted in December 2022 prior to the main survey. The pilot survey,
involving 30 participants, aimed to identify potential issues and improvements in survey
design. The main survey occurred in January 2023 and targeted a similar group of
participants to the main survey's target population. Survey questions and procedures were
systematically administered to these participants. Data collected from the pilot survey
underwent analysis to detect any concerns with question phrasing, response options,
survey flow, or other elements impacting data quality. The survey's authors were
responsible for designing the survey questions, formulating the survey protocol, and
overseeing the data collection process. The sample size is 160, and the population consists
of hotel managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka who are responsible for making
decisions and implementing practices related to sustainability and green initiatives in their
hotels.

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Data Collection:
1. Self-administered questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data
from selected hotels in the Western Province. This method allowed for the
gathering of quantitative data.
2. Respondents were asked to score the claims using a Likert scale, indicating
their level of agreement or concern.
3. A pilot survey was conducted to test the validity of the questionnaire and
make any necessary revisions before distributing it to the sample.
Questionnaire Design:
1. The questionnaire comprised five main sections with a total of 30 questions
related to sustainable and environmentally friendly hospitality activities.
2. Each section focused on different aspects related to sustainability and green
practices in hotels.
3. The sections covered topics such as sensitivity to environmental practices,
awareness of future trends and demands, application of green practices in
the hotel, application of green practices in the future, and awareness of
government policies and plans.

5.1 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Descriptive statistics:
Descriptive statistics were used to provide an overview of the data, including
mean, standard deviation, range, minimum, and maximum values for various variables
related to hotel managers and their sustainability practices.
Correlation Analysis:
1) Correlation Between "Carbon Offset vs. Environmental Concerns" (Table 02):
A Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the linear relationship
between carbon offset and environmental concerns. A perfect positive correlation
(1) was found, indicating that as carbon offset increases, so do environmental
concerns.
2) Correlation Between "Cost Savings vs. Regulatory Requirements" (Table 04):
A positive correlation coefficient of 0.4082 was found, suggesting an association
between cost savings and regulatory requirements. However, the relationship is
relatively weak.

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3) Correlation Between "Guest Demand vs. Green and Sustainable Practices"

(Table 06): A very weak correlation coefficient of approximately 0.0546 was
found, indicating a negligible relationship between guest demand and the
implementation of green practices.
4) Correlation Between "Challenges Rating vs. Implementation of Practices"
(Table 07): An extremely weak correlation coefficient of approximately -0.0230
suggested little to no linear relationship between challenges rating and the
implementation of practices.
5) Correlation Between "Report Frequency vs. Implementation of Practices"
(Table 08): A moderate positive correlation coefficient of approximately 0.2538
suggested that as report frequency increases, the likelihood of implementing
practices also tends to increase. A regression analysis followed this correlation.
6) Correlation Between "Years in Hotel Industry vs. Implementation Rating"
(Table 10): A strong positive correlation coefficient of approximately 0.7886
indicated that as years of experience in the hotel industry increase, the
implementation rating also tends to increase. A regression analysis followed this
correlation.
Regression Analysis:
1) Regression Between "Carbon Offset vs. Environmental Concerns" (Table 03):
A perfect-fit model was found, with a perfect positive relationship (coefficient of
1) between carbon offset and environmental concerns.
2) Regression Between "Cost Savings vs. Regulatory Requirements" (Table 05):
A statistically significant, positive relationship was found between cost savings
and regulatory requirements. However, the relationship was not very strong.
3) Regression Between "Report Frequency vs. Implementation of Practices"
(Table 09): A statistically significant, positive relationship was found between
report frequency and the implementation of practices. However, the relationship
was not very strong.
4) Regression Between "Years in Hotel Industry vs. Implementation Rating"
(Table 11): A statistically significant, strong, and positive relationship was found
between years in the hotel industry and implementation rating.
Overall Result:

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The data suggests that experience in the hotel industry, engagement in carbon
offset activities, and increased report frequency are positively associated with
successful implementation of green and sustainable practices. However, the
influence of cost savings, regulatory requirements, guest demand, and challenges
rating on implementation is relatively weak or negligible in this context. These
findings can provide valuable insights for hotel managers in the Western Province of
Sri Lanka, helping them focus their sustainability efforts effectively.

5.2 Descriptive analysis

Table 01 - Summary of the descriptive analysis.

Category Mean Std. Deviation Range Minimum Maximum
Years in Hotel Industry 8.7 3.24 11 4 15
Implementation Rating 3.3 0.90 3 2 5
Sustainable Practices 1.1 0.30 1 1 2
Water Conservation 1.16 0.36 1 1 2
Waste Recycling 1.6 0.49 1 1 2
Eco-friendly Amenities 1.2 0.40 1 1 2
Renewable Energy 1.6 0.49 1 1 2
Green Building Design 1.6 0.50 1 1 2
Local Sourcing 1.5 0.44 1 1 2
Implementation of Practices 1.27 0.46 1 1 2
Carbon Offset 1.3 0.46 1 1 2
Environmental Concerns 1.4 1.00 3 1 4
Cost Savings 1.1 0.30 1 1 2
Regulatory Requirements 1.3 0.46 1 1 2
Guest Demand 1.6 0.49 1 1 2
Challenges Rating 2.0 0.08 3 1 4
Report Frequency 2.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Table 01, the descriptive analysis provides a summary of key statistics derived
from an overview of data, helping researchers quickly grasp central tendencies and
variability within different aspects of the hotel industry. Notably, these managers exhibit
a commendable level of experience in the hotel industry, with an average of 8.7 years.
The implementation rating of 3.3 signifies a moderate commitment to sustainability,
indicating ongoing efforts with room for enhancement. Across specific sustainability
practices, hotel managers consistently report solid implementation, reflecting positive
engagement in areas like water conservation, waste recycling, and eco-friendly amenities.
However, the variability in Environmental Concerns suggests varying levels of
commitment to environmental issues among managers. The Challenges Rating of 2.0
indicates that there are notable obstacles to overcome in the pursuit of sustainability,

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warranting further investigation. In summary, the data suggests a positive trend towards
sustainability in the hotel industry but highlights the need for a more comprehensive
approach and addressing specific challenges. Therefore, in order to explore the
relationships between different variables, correlation analysis was employed.
1) The correlation coefficients between "Carbon Offset vs. Environmental
Concerns”
Calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient, which measures the linear
relationship between two continuous variables.

Table 02 - The correlation coefficients between "Carbon Offset vs. Environmental Concerns”

Carbon Offset Environmental Concerns

Carbon Offset 1
Environmental Concerns 1 1

Table 02 shows the correlation between "Carbon Offset vs. Environmental

Concerns" as 1, indicating a perfect positive linear correlation between these two
variables. This means that as one variable (Carbon Offset) increases, the other variable
(Environmental Concerns) also increases linearly, and vice versa.
The perfect positive correlation (a correlation coefficient of 1) implies that as
people become more concerned about the environment, they are more likely to engage in
carbon offset activities, and as they engage in more carbon offset activities, their
environmental concerns increase as well.

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Diagram 01. The Correlation Coefficient between “Carbon Offset vs. Environmental Concerns”
1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

Carbon Offset Environmental Concerns

1.1) Regression analysis between “Carbon Offset vs. Environmental Concerns”

Based on the correlation coefficient results, a regression analysis was performed
with “Environmental Concerns” as the dependent variable and “Carbon Offset” as the
independent variable.

Table 03 - Regression analysis between “Carbon Offset vs. Environmental Concerns”

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 1
R Square 1
Adjusted R Square 1
Standard Error 4.08209E-16
Observations 160
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 33.6 33.6 2.02E+32 0
Residual 158 2.63282E-29 1.67E-31
Total 159 33.6

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95%

Intercept -1.55431E-15 9.7071E-17 -16.0121 6.66E-35 -1.7E-15
Carbon Offset 1 7.04227E-17 1.42E+16 0 1

Table 03, based on the regression statistics and ANOVA results provided,
indicates that the regression analysis for "Carbon Offset vs. Environmental Concerns”
has resulted in a highly significant and perfect-fit model.
Multiple R, R Square, and Adjusted R Square: All of these values are 1,
indicating a perfect linear relationship between "Carbon Offset" and "Environmental
Concerns." This suggests that "Carbon Offset" is a perfect predictor of "Environmental
Concerns".

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Standard Error: The standard error is an extremely small value (4.08209E-16),

which indicates that the predicted values are very close to the actual values. This suggests
an extremely precise fit of the model.
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): The ANOVA table provides further evidence
of the significance of the model. The p-value for the regression (2.02E+32) is effectively
zero, indicating that the relationship between "Carbon Offset" and "Environmental
Concerns" is highly significant.
Coefficients: The coefficient for "Carbon Offset" is 1, indicating that there is a
perfect positive linear relationship between "Carbon Offset" and "Environmental
Concerns." For every unit increase in "Carbon Offset," there is a one-unit increase in
"Environmental Concerns."
Intercept: The intercept is extremely close to zero (-1.55431E-15), which makes
sense given that the model suggests a perfect relationship, and there is no need for an
intercept.
In summary, based on the provided regression analysis, there is a perfect and
highly significant linear relationship between "Carbon Offset vs. Environmental
Concerns." This means that as "Carbon Offset" increases, "Environmental Concerns" also
increase in a perfectly linear manner.

Diagram 02. Regression analysis between “Carbon Offset vs. Environmental Concerns”
2,5E+32

2E+32

1,5E+32

1E+32

5E+31

-5E+31

Série1 Série2 Série3 Série4 Série5

Série6 Série7 Série8 Série9

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2) The correlation coefficients between the “Cost Savings vs. Regulatory

Requirements”

Table 04 - The correlation coefficients between the “Cost Savings vs. Regulatory Requirements”

Cost Savings Regulatory Requirements

Cost Savings 1
Regulatory Requirements 0.40824829 1

The positive correlation coefficient (0.4082) suggests that there is some degree of
association between cost savings and regulatory requirements. When companies or
organizations achieve cost savings, they may be more likely to encounter or be subject to
regulatory requirements, and when regulatory requirements increase, it may impact cost
savings. However, the strength of this relationship is relatively weak, which means that
other factors are likely influencing both variables as well.

Diagram 3. The correlation coefficients between the “Cost Savings vs. Regulatory Requirements”
1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

Cost Savings Regulatory Requirements

2.1) The Regression analysis between the “Cost Savings vs. Regulatory
Requirements”
Based on the correlation coefficients results, a regression analysis was conducted
using Cost Savings as the dependent variable and Regulatory Requirements as the
independent variable.

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Table 05 - Regression analysis between the “Cost Savings vs. Regulatory Requirements”

Table 05, based on the regression statistics and ANOVA results presented above
for the analysis of "Cost Savings vs. Regulatory Requirements”, indicates;
Multiple R: The multiple correlation coefficient (Multiple R) is approximately
0.4082. It represents the correlation between the predictor variable ("Regulatory
Requirements") and the response variable ("Cost Savings"). This value suggests that there
is a positive correlation between these variables, but it is not a strong correlation.
R Square (Coefficient of Determination): The R Square value is approximately
0.1667. It indicates that approximately 16.67% of the variability in "Cost Savings" can
be explained by "Regulatory Requirements." In other words, "Regulatory Requirements"
accounts for a relatively small portion of the variation in "Cost Savings."
Adjusted R Square: The adjusted R Square adjusts the R Square value for the
number of predictors in the model. It is approximately 0.1614. Similar to R Square, it
suggests that "Regulatory Requirements" explains a limited portion of the variation in
"Cost Savings."
Standard Error: The standard error is approximately 0.4500. It represents the
average amount by which the observed values of "Cost Savings" deviate from the
predicted values. A lower standard error indicates a better fit of the model, but this value
is relatively moderate.
ANOVA: The ANOVA table indicates the overall significance of the regression
model. The p-value for the regression (8.38E-08) is extremely small, suggesting that the

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relationship between "Regulatory Requirements" and "Cost Savings" is highly

significant.
Coefficients: The intercept is approximately 0.6667, which represents the
estimated "Cost Savings" when "Regulatory Requirements" is zero. The coefficient for
"Regulatory Requirements" is also approximately 0.6667, which suggests that for every
unit increase in "Regulatory Requirements," "Cost Savings" is expected to increase by
approximately the same amount.
In summary, the regression analysis indicates that there is a statistically
significant, positive relationship between "Regulatory Requirements vs. Cost Savings."
However, the relationship is not very strong, and "Regulatory Requirements" explains
only a relatively small portion of the variability in "Cost Savings."

Diagram 4. Regression analysis between the “Cost Savings vs. Regulatory Requirements”

3) The correlation coefficients between the “Guest Demand vs. Green and
Sustainable Practices”

Table 06 -The correlation coefficients between the “Guest Demand vs. Green and Sustainable Practices”
Guest Demand Sustainable Practices
Guest Demand 1
Sustainable Practices 0.054554473 1

Table 06 - The correlation coefficient of approximately 0.0546 suggests an

extremely weak or negligible linear relationship between guest demand and the

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implementation of green and sustainable practices. Based on this analysis, it does not
appear that guest demand is significantly influenced by the presence or absence of these
practices in the studied context.

Diagram 05. The Correlation coefficients between the “Guest Demand vs. Green and Sustainable
Practices”
1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
Guest Demand Sustainable Practices

Guest Demand Sustainable Practices

4) The correlation coefficients between the “Challenges Rating vs.

Implementation of Practices”

Table 07 - The correlation coefficients between the “Challenges Rating vs. Implementation of Practices”
Challenges Rating Implementation of Practices
Challenges Rating 1
Implementation of Practices -0.023022751 1

Table 07 -the correlation coefficient of approximately -0.0230 suggests that there

is an extremely weak linear relationship, if any, between the challenges rating and the
implementation of practices. Based on this analysis alone, it does not appear that the
challenges rating has a significant linear impact on the implementation of practices.

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Diagram 06. The correlation coefficients between the “Challenges Rating vs. Implementation of
Practices”
1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
Challenges Rating Implementation of Practices
-0,2

Challenges Rating Implementation of Practices

5) The correlation coefficients between the “Report Frequency vs.

Implementation of Practices”

Table 08 - The correlation coefficients between the “Report Frequency vs. Implementation of Practices”
Report
Frequency Implementation of Practices
Report Frequency 1
Implementation of
Practices 0.253772961 1

In Table 08, the correlation coefficient of approximately 0.2538 suggests a

moderate positive linear relationship between report frequency and the implementation
of practices. In other words, as the frequency of reporting increases, the likelihood or
extent of implementing practices also tends to increase. This analysis indicates a
connection between how often an organization reports on its activities and its
commitment to implementing practices.
Based on these correlation coefficient results, a regression analysis was conducted
with 'Implementation of Practices' as the dependent variable and 'Report Frequency' as
the independent variable.

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Diagram 07. The Correlation coefficients between the “Report Frequency vs. Implementation of
Practices”
1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
Report Frequency Implementation of Practices

Report Frequency Implementation of Practices

5.1) The Regression analysis between the “Report Frequency vs.

Implementation of Practices”

Table 09 - The Regression analysis between the “Report Frequency vs. Implementation of Practices”

Table 09, based on the regression statistics and ANOVA results presented for the
analysis of “Report Frequency vs. Implementation of Practices,” reveals;
Multiple R: The multiple correlation coefficient (Multiple R) is approximately
0.2538. It represents the correlation between the predictor variable ("Report Frequency")
and the response variable ("Implementation of Practices"). This value suggests that there
is a positive correlation between these variables, but it is not a strong correlation.

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R Square (Coefficient of Determination): The R Square value is approximately

0.0644. It indicates that approximately 6.44% of the variability in "Implementation of
Practices" can be explained by "Report Frequency." In other words, "Report Frequency"
accounts for a relatively small portion of the variation in "Implementation of Practices."
Adjusted R Square: The adjusted R Square adjusts the R Square value for the
number of predictors in the model. It is approximately 0.0585. Similar to R Square, it
suggests that "Report Frequency" explains a limited portion of the variation in
"Implementation of Practices."
Standard Error: The standard error is approximately 0.4315. It represents the
average amount by which the observed values of "Implementation of Practices" deviate
from the predicted values. A lower standard error indicates a better fit of the model, but
this value is moderate.
ANOVA: The ANOVA table indicates the overall significance of the regression
model. The p-value for the regression (0.001204) is small, suggesting that the relationship
between "Report Frequency" and "Implementation of Practices" is statistically
significant.
Coefficients: The intercept is approximately 1.0438, which represents the
estimated "Implementation of Practices" when "Report Frequency" is zero. The
coefficient for "Report Frequency" is approximately 0.1125, which suggests that for every
unit increase in "Report Frequency," "Implementation of Practices" is expected to
increase by approximately 0.1125 units.
In summary, the regression analysis indicates that there is a statistically
significant, positive relationship between "Report Frequency vs. Implementation of
Practices." However, the relationship is not very strong, and "Report Frequency" explains
only a relatively small portion of the variability in "Implementation of Practices."

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Diagram 08. The Regression analysis between “Report Frequency vs. Implementation of Practices”

6) The correlation coefficients between the “Years in Hotel Industry vs.

Implementation Rating”

Table 10 - The correlation coefficients between the “Years in Hotel Industry vs. Implementation Rating”
Years in Hotel Industry Implementation Rating
Years in Hotel Industry 1
Implementation Rating 0.788619675 1

In Table 10, the correlation coefficient of approximately 0.7886 suggests a strong

positive linear relationship between the number of years a person has spent in the hotel
industry (Years in Hotel Industry) and their implementation rating. This strong positive
correlation indicates that experience in the hotel industry is positively associated with a
higher likelihood of successfully implementing practices or strategies. Individuals with
more years of experience may have gained valuable knowledge, skills, and insights that
contribute to the improved implementation of industry-related practices.

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Diagram 09. The Correlation coefficients between the “Years Hotel Industry vs. Implementation Rating”
1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
Years in Hotel Industry Implementation Rating

Years in Hotel Industry Implementation Rating

6.1 The Regression analysis between the “Years in Hotel Industry vs.
Implementation Rating”

Table 11 - The regression analysis between the “Years in Hotel Industry vs. Implementation Rating”

In Table 11, based on the regression statistics and ANOVA results presented for
the analysis of “Years in Hotel Industry vs. Implementation Rating,” it is revealed that;
Multiple R: The multiple correlation coefficient (Multiple R) is approximately
0.7886. It represents the correlation between the predictor variable ("Years in Hotel
Industry") and the response variable ("Implementation Rating"). This value suggests a
strong positive correlation between these variables.
R Square (Coefficient of Determination): The R Square value is approximately
0.6219. It indicates that approximately 62.19% of the variability in "Implementation
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Rating" can be explained by "Years in Hotel Industry." In other words, "Years in Hotel
Industry" accounts for a substantial portion of the variation in "Implementation Rating."
Adjusted R Square: The adjusted R Square adjusts the R Square value for the
number of predictors in the model. It is approximately 0.6195. Similar to R Square, it
suggests that "Years in Hotel Industry" is a strong predictor of "Implementation Rating."
Standard Error: The standard error is approximately 0.5569. It represents the
average amount by which the observed values of "Implementation Rating" deviate from
the predicted values. This value indicates a reasonable fit of the model.
ANOVA: The ANOVA table indicates the overall significance of the regression
model. The p-value for the regression (3.41E-35) is extremely small, suggesting that the
relationship between "Years in Hotel Industry" and "Implementation Rating" is highly
significant.
Coefficients: The intercept is approximately 1.3862, which represents the
estimated "Implementation Rating" when "Years in Hotel Industry" is zero. The
coefficient for "Years in Hotel Industry" is approximately 0.2200, which suggests that for
every additional year in the hotel industry ("Years in Hotel Industry"), "Implementation
Rating" is expected to increase by approximately 0.2200 units.
In summary, the regression analysis indicates that there is a statistically
significant, strong, and positive relationship between "Years in Hotel Industry vs.
Implementation Rating." "Years in Hotel Industry" is a significant predictor of
"Implementation Rating," and it explains a substantial portion of the variability in
"Implementation Rating." This suggests that individuals with more years of experience
in the hotel industry tend to have higher "Implementation Ratings," indicating better
implementation of industry-related practices.

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Diagram 10. The Regression Analysis between the “Years in Hotel Industry vs. Implementation Rating”

Overall, the data suggests that experience in the hotel industry, engagement in
carbon offset activities, and increased report frequency are positively associated with the
successful implementation of green and sustainable practices. However, the influence of
cost savings, regulatory requirements, guest demand, and challenges rating on the
implementation of these practices is relatively weak or negligible in this context. These
findings can guide hotel managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka to focus on
factors such as experience and reporting frequency to enhance their sustainability efforts.

6 CONCLUSION
The research into the implementation of green and sustainable practices by hotel
managers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka has yielded valuable insights into the
factors influencing their efforts. The study employed a combination of descriptive
analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to examine various aspects of
sustainability practices in the hotel industry. One of the key findings is that experience in
the hotel industry plays a pivotal role in the successful implementation of green and
sustainable practices. Hotel managers with more years of experience demonstrated a

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higher commitment to sustainability. This finding underscores the importance of industry

knowledge and expertise in driving environmental initiatives within hotels. Another
significant discovery is the strong positive correlation between carbon offset activities
and environmental concerns. As individuals become more environmentally conscious,
they are more likely to engage in carbon offset initiatives. This relationship emphasizes
the role of environmental awareness in promoting sustainable practices. Furthermore, the
study identified a moderate positive correlation between the frequency of reporting and
the implementation of sustainability practices. This implies that more transparent and
frequent reporting of sustainability efforts can positively influence the adoption of green
practices in hotels. On the other hand, while a positive association was found between
cost savings and regulatory requirements, the strength of this relationship was relatively
weak. Similarly, guest demand was not significantly correlated with the implementation
of green practices, suggesting that other factors may drive customer preferences in the
hotel industry. The challenges rating, which reflects the perceived obstacles in pursuing
sustainability, did not show a significant linear impact on the implementation of practices.
This suggests that despite challenges, hotel managers are making efforts to implement
sustainable practices. In summary, the research indicates that a holistic approach to
sustainability in the hotel industry involves combining experience, environmental
awareness, and transparent reporting. While regulatory requirements and cost savings are
relevant, they may not be the primary drivers of sustainable practices. Hotel managers in
the Western Province of Sri Lanka can benefit from focusing on building expertise,
fostering environmental consciousness, and enhancing reporting mechanisms to further
their sustainability goals. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the
dynamics of sustainability implementation in the hotel industry, providing valuable
guidance for hotel managers and stakeholders aiming to enhance their environmental
stewardship efforts.

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