19

I. CENTRIEUGAL
HAPTER
PUMPS

19.1 INTRODuCTION

The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called
pumps. The hydrauic energy is in the form of pressure energy. If the mechanical energy is converted
into pressure energyby means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called
centrifugal pump.
The centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that the
flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward directions. The centrifugal pump works on the
principle of forced vortex flow which means that when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an
extemal torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at
any point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of tangential velocity of the liquid at that

point i.e., rise in pressure head = o r Thus at the outlet of the impeller, where radius is
28
more, the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high
PE5sure head. Due to this high pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level.

AzV A l i
19.2 MAIN PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
A2
he
following are the main parts of a centrifugal pump:
1. Impeller.
2. Casing.

Suction pipe with a foot valve and a strainer.

4. Delivery pipe.
All t
main parts of the centrifugal pump are shown in Fig. 19.1.
mpeller. The
he rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called 'impeller, It consists of a series of
Backward cur
Curved vanes. The impeller is mounted on a shaft which is connected to the shaft of an electric
motor
2. Casing.
Th The
e casing of a centrifugal pump is similar to the casing of a reaction turbine. It is an air.
ight passag
s g e surrounding the impeller and is designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the water
harged the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water leaves the
inat
Casing and enters
the delivery pipe. The following three types ofthe casings commonly adopted:
are

945
 946 Fluid Mechanics
(a) Volute casing as shown in Fig. 19.
19.2 (a).
(b) Vortex casing as shown in Fig.
shown in Fig. 19.2 (b).
(c) Casing with guide blades as which surrounds the impeller. It is of snia
Volute Casing. Fig 19.1 shows the volute casing,
(a) The increase in area of
low decreases the velocity
of
type in which area of flow increases gradually. the
inereases the pressure of the
water tlowing through casing. It has
flow. The decrease in velocity increases slightly as a larpe
the efficiency of the pumP
been observed that in case of volute casing, this type of casing.
amount of energy is lost due to
the formation of cddies in

DELIVERRY

PIPE

DELIVERY
CASING VALVE

IMPELLER

ha

EYE OF
PUMP

SUCTION
PIPE

SUMP

FOOT VALVE
AND STRAINER

Fig. 19.1 Main parts of a centrifugal pump.

(b) Vortex Casing. If a circular chamber is introduced between the casing and the impellr as
shown in Fig. 19.2 (a), the casng 1s knownas Vortex Casing. By introducing the circularchannber,
the
the loss of energy due to the formation of eddies is reduced to a considerable extent. Thus
efficiency of the pump is more than the elficiency when only volute casing is provided.
is
(c) Casing with Guide Blades. This casing is shown in Fig, 19.2 (b) in which the impen
surrounded by a series of guide lades mounted on a ring which is known as as diffuser.
diffuser. The
Tne guio
vanes are designed
in such a way that the water from the tock.

impeller enters the without

guide
vanes
 Centrifugal Pumps 947
Alsothe area of the guide increases, thus reducing the
vanes
vanes and
0sequen
uently increasing the pressure of water. The water fromvelocity of flow
the guide vanesthrough guidethrough
then passes inthe
unding casing which is in most of the cases concentric with the impeller as shown in Fig. 19.2 (b).
suITOUnding

Cuction Pipe with a Foot valve and a Strainer. A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet
3.Suction
pump and otner end dips into water in a sump is known as suction pipe. A foot valve which 1s a
um valve or one-way type of valve is fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe.The foot valve
Tonly
pens
in the upward direction. A strainer is also fitted at
the lower end of the suction pipe.

GUIDE VANES tL
VORTEX
CHAMBER

IMPELLER IMPELLER

(a) VORTEX CASING (b) CASING WITH GUIDE BLADEs

Fig. 19.2 Different types of casing8

4. Delivery Pipe. A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end
elvers the water at a required height is known as delivery pipe.

(OR BY IMPFLLER) ON WATER

19.3 WORK DONE BY THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
work is done by
Case of the centrifugal pump, tor the
.U2-
the water. The expression
mpeller on
work done by the impeller on the water is obtained by -Vw
of the
drawing velocity triangles at inlet and
outlet
V2
The water
Inpeller in the same way as for a turbine.
enters the best efficiency
eller radially at inlet for f TANGENT TO
ththe which m e a n s the
absolute velocity
of IMPELLER AT

the direction OUTLET

Waler at inlet makes an angle of 90° with
of motio 90°
Hence angle a
=

the impeller at inlet.

dand OT
v=0. the velocity triangles, the
For drawing 19.3 TANGENT TO
Same notations are are used as that
for turbines. Fig.
ups
IMPELLERAT

Shows the at the inlet

and outlet INLET
Ocity triangles
Vanes fixed to an impeller.
Let N= Speed of the npeller in r.p.m.,
at inlet and outlet.
at inlet, Fig. 19.3 Velocity triangles
Diameter of impeller at inlet,
4Ta
angential velocity ofimpeller
948 Fluid Mechanics
TtD,N
60
D =
Diameter of impeller at outlet.
u= Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet
TtD, N
60
V, = Absolute velocity of water at inlet,
Va = Relative velocity of water at inlet,
= Angle made by absolute velocity (V) at inlet with the direction of motion of vane,
e = Angle made by relative velocity (V,) at inlet with the direction of motion of vane, and Vz
VB and o are the corresponding values at outlet.
AS the water enters the impeller radially which means the absolute velocity of water at inlet is in the
radial direction and hence angle a = 90° and Vw, = 0.
A centrifugal pump is the reverse of a radially inward flow reaction turbine. But in case of a radially
inward flow reaction turbine, the work done by the water on the runner per second per unit weight
of the water striking per second is'given by equation (18.19) as

8
Work done by the impeller on the water per second per unit weight of water striking per
second
-

[Work done in case of turbine]

- 4-V,)k-V,"
( V =0 here) ..(19.1)
Work done by impeller on water per second

Wv42 . (19.2)

where W= Weight of water = p X g XxQ

where Q= Volume of water

and Q Areax Velocity of flow =
TD,B, x
V
where B, and B, are width of impeller at inlet and
TtD,B,X V outlet and V, and V, are velocities of tlow
. (19.24)
at iner
et

and outlet.
Equation (19.1) gives the head imparted to the water by the impeller or energy given by impe to
water per unit weight per second.

19.4 DEFINITIONs OF HEADSs AND EFFIcIENCIES OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

1. Suction Head (h,). It is the vertical height of the centre line of the centrifugal pump above t
water surface in the tank or pump from which water is to be lifted as shown in Fig. 19.1. This heig
is also called suction lift and is denoted by *h,'.
 Centrifugal Pumps 949
nelivery
D
Head (ha).The vertical distance
2 betwcen the centre line of the pump and the walc
in the tank to which water is delivered is known as delivery head. This is denoted by h
surtatic Head (H,). The sum of suction head and delivery head is known as static head. This is
oresented by H and is writtenas
h, + h H, =
..(19.3)
Manometric Head (H). The manometric head is defined as the head against which a centrifugal
nhas to work. It is denoted by "H,,'. It is given by the
ump
following expressions:
(a) Head imparted by the impeller to the water - Loss of head in the pump
V,42
w2-Loss
8
of head in impeller and casing ..(19.4)

w .if loss of pump is zero .(19.5)

8
b) H= Total head at outlet of the pump - Total head at the inlet of the pump

.(19.6)
PS 2g P8
where = Pressure head at outlet
PS
of the pump= ha
= Velocity head at outlet of the pump

= Velocity head in delivery pipe =

2g
Z= Vertical height of the outlet of the pump from datum line, and

= Corresponding values of pressure head, velocity head and datum head at the inlet of
P 2g
the pump
4,
h vS and Z, respectively.

c) V .(19.7)
H =h, + ha + h, + "u 2
where , =
h ,Suction head, hj=Delivery head, Frictional head loss in delivery pipe.
=Frictional head loss in suction pipe, h, =
and

water in delivery pipe.

Efficien Velocity of
5,5. Fm4
=

pump, the power is transmitted

case of a centrifugal
lencies of a Centrifugal Pump. In
rom the shaft motor to the shaft of the pump and then to the impeller. From the
npellenart of the electric is decreasing from the shaft of the pump to the
power is given to the water. Thus power
mpelleC efficiencies of a centrifugal
centritugal pump
pump :
are the important
and then to the water. The following
(a) efficiency, and
Mechanical n,
anometric efficiency, Tlman (b)
C)Overall efficiency, Tlo' manometric head to the head imparted b tho
The ratio of the
Manometric
Impeller to Efficiency ( nman). efficiency.
manometric
Mathematically, it is written as
e water is known as

Manometric head
to water
man Head imparted by impeller
 950 Fluid Mechanics

H gH ...(19.8)
( 4 Vw,2
8
The power at the impeller of the pump is more than the power given to the water at outlet of the
outlet of the pump to the power available at the
pump. The ratio of the power given to water at
impeller, is known as manometric efficiency.

The power given to water at outlet of the pump = WH KW

1000
Work done by impeller per secondkw
The power at the impeller
1000

Wx X2 w
8 1000

Wx H
= 8XH,
1000
man WX w,Xu2
8 1000

Mechanical Efficiency (mm). The power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump
(b)
is more than the
power available at the impeller of the pump.
The ratio of the power available at the impeller to the
is known as mechanical efficiency. It is written as
power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump
Power at the impeller
m Power at the shaft
Work done by impeller per second
The power at the impeller in kW =

1000

[Using equation (19.2)]

1000

w 2
=& 1000
. (19.9)

where S.P. = Shaft power.

(c) Overall Efficiency (n). It is defined as ratio of power output of the pump to the power input
the pump. The power output of the pump in kW

Weight of water lifted x H WH

1000 1000
Power input to the pump = Power supplied by the electric motor
= S.P. of the pump.

(WH
1000 ...(19.10)
S.P.
. .(19.1)
Also , TIman TIm
18.6
PELTON WHEEL (OR TURBINE)

The Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the bucket
slang the tangent of the runner. T he energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy.
inlet and outlet of the turbine is
The pressure at the atmospheric. This turbine is used for high heads
snd is named after L.A. Pelton, an American Engineer.
Fie. 18.1 shows the layout of a hydroelectric power plant in which the turbine is Pelton wheel. The
water from the reservoir flows through the penstocks at the outlet of which a nozzle is fitted. The
nOZZle increases the kinetic energy of the water flowing through the penstock. At the outlet of the
nozle, the water comes out in the form of a jet and strikes the buckets (vanes) of the runner. The main
Darts ofthe Pelton turbine are:
1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement (spear), 2. Runner and buckets,
3. Casing, and 4. Breaking jet.
1. Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement. The amount of water striking the buckets (vanes)
of the runner is controlled by providing a spear in the nozzle as shown in Fig. 18.2. The spear is a
conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial direction
depending upon the size of the unit. When the spear is pushed forward into the nozzle the amount of
waler striking the runner is reduced. On the other hand, if the spear is pushed back, the amount of water
striking the runner increases.
PENSTOCK

NOZZLE

JET OF WATER
WHEEL SPEAR

Fig. 18.2 spear to regulate flow.

Nozzle with a
2. Runner with Buckets. Fig. 18.3 shows the runner of a Pelton wheel. It consists of a circular disc
nner are fixed. The shape of the buckets is of
the periphery
douhiphery
a double hemis of which a number of buckets evenly spaced
two symmetrical parts by a dividing
bucket is divided into
bowl. Each
wall whichemispherical
is known as cup or

splitter.
858 Fluid Mechanics
jet into two equal parts and th
strikes on the splitter. The splitter
divides the
in such a way that the iet
jet
The jet of water The buckets are shaped
edge of the bucket. steel bronze or stainless
out at the outer
of cast iron, cast e
buckets are made
comes

160° or 170°. The

deflected through the turbine.
at the inlet of
depending upon the head

Fig. 18.3 Runner of a pelton wbeel.

function of the casing is to prevent
3. Casing. Fig. 18.4 shows a Pelton turbine with a casing. The
the splashing of the water and to discharge water to tail race. It also acts as safeguard against accident
It is made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. The casing of the Pelton wheel does not perform any
hydraulic function.

CASING

VANES

PENSTOCK RUNNER

NOZZLE

JET OF WATER
SPEAR

Fig. 18.4 Pelton turbine.

 Hydraulic Machines-Turbines 859

Breaking Jet. when the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward rec-
4. 1 on
the amount
tion, theamount of water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the due to inertia goes runner

for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time., a small nozzle is provided which diree
e a fwater on the back of th vanes. This jet of water is called breaking jet
e v o

thej e to f

a6.1 Velocity
18.6.1
Triangles and Work done for Pelton Wheel. Fig. 18.5 shows the shape
of Pelton wheel. The jet of water from the nozzle strikes the bucket the at
ofthe
thevanes
vanes
buckets
buc
or
o r
the the inner surfaces and
iter. which splits up the jet into two parts. These parts of the jet, glides
sphitter
over

omes out at the outer

comesout at edge. Fig. 18.5 (b) shows the section of the bucket at Z-Z. The splitter is the inlet
the at
edge of the bucket is the outlet tip of the bucket. The inlet velocity triangle is drawn
and outeroutlet
tipa

diter
plt and
velocity triangle is drawn at the outer edge of the bucket, by the same method as

in 17.
Chapter
eplained THIS IS
cONNECTED TO
RUNNER

SPLITTER

(a)

ANGLE OF
DEFLECTION

A
-u -V,
Vw.
(b)
Fig. 18.5 Shape of bucket.
Let acting on the Pelton wheel
H= Net head

=H-h
where 4fLV2
H, Gross head and h
=

p*x 28
Where
CTe N Speed of the wheel in r.p.m.,
D= Dia. of Penstock, d Diameter of the jet.
D= Diameter of the wheel,
Then at inlet =
y2gH ..(18.7)
V = Velocity of jet

TtDN
u =u u2 60
line where
Oty triangle at inlet will be a straight
V=V1 -u
=
Vi -u

a = 0° and =0°
860 Fluid Mechanics
From the velocity triangle at outlet, we have
V, cos o- u
V, =
V, and V, =

The force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of motion 1s given by equation (17 .

F, paV, 1V, +
V, l
(17.19)
As the angle ß is an acute angle, +ve sign should be taken. Also this is the case of serics of.. .188
of vanes, the
mass of water striking is paV, and not paV, . In equation (18.8). *a is the area of the jet which is
hich is given
as
a = Area of jet = d .

Now work done by the jet on the runner per second

= FXu = paV, [V\», + V, ] x u Nm/s
.189
Power given to the runner by the jet

pav+V]xu gw kW
1000 .18.10)
Work done/s per unit weight of water striking/s

pav+xu
Weight of water striking/s

pav+*" . v+V,]*u
paV x 8 .(18.11)

The energy supplied to the jet at inlet is in the form of kinetic energy and is 1
equal to -mV
2
K.E. of jet per second = (pav) x

Work done per second

Hydraulic efficiency,
K.E. of jet per second

= pav V,+Vxu2, +Vu . (18.12)

pay)x V V
Now V. =
V1. V, =Vi- 4 =(V1 -

u)

and
wV,cos o -u V cos ¢- u =
(V -

u) cos o-u
Substituting the values of
V, and Vw, in equation (18.12),

h
n, =2M+{V-u)cos-u xu

-2-u+(V-u)cos o xu
_2(V -u)[l+ cos o]u B 1815
 Hydraulic MachinesTurbines 861
denCY will be maximum for
The efi a
given value of V, when
d
du
(n,) =0 or d2u(V-u1 coso) +

du

(1+ cos o)
of
(cOs 04du (2uV-2u)=0 or
d
12uV -2u=0 1+COS 0
du

2V-4u = 0 or 1= ...(18.14)
2
14)
Equation (18.14states that hydraulic the
Eauation efficiency of a Pelton wheel will be maximum when
ity of the wheel is half the velocity of the jet of water at inlet. The expression for maximum

ciency
ficiency
will be obtained by substituting the value of u = i n equation (18.13).

-0 ) x
Max. Ma 2

2x(1+cos)(1 cos ) (18.15)

2

18.6.2 Points to be Remembered for Pelton Wheel

) The velocity of the jet at inlet is given by V =
Cy2gH
where Co-efficient of velocity = 0.98 or 0.99
C, =

H= Net head on turbine

(ü) The velocity of wheel (u) is given by oV2gH

u =

from 0.43 to 0.48.

value of speed ratio varies
where Speed ratio. The at 165° if no
buckets is taken angle of deflection is
) The angle of deflection of the jet through
given.
of the Pelton wheel given by
is
diameter D
I h e mean diameter or the pitch
TtDN D - 60u
or D =
I=
60 TtN
of the Pelton wheel to the diameter
of the pitch diameter (D)
)J Ratio. It is defined as
ofet
the ratio
is given as
( 4 ) . It is denoted by 'm' and
..(18.16)
m=(= 12 for mostcases)
d
(bi) Number of kets on a runner is given by
D
...(18.17)
15 +0.5 m
Z= 15+ =
2d
Wiere m Jet of flow hrough
the turbine by the rate
ratio
=

dividing the
total rate
Number ofof Jets. It is obtained by
omber
water through a single jet.
862 Fluid Mechanics
Problem 18.1 A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 metres per second with a jet of.
flowing at the rate of 700 litres/s under a head of 30 metres. The bucketis deflect the jet throuok
angle of 160°. Calculate the power given by water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency an
y of the
furbine. Assume co-efficient of velocity as 0.98.
Solution. Given
Speed of bucket, U =
u1 =
u2 10 m/s
=

700 litres/s 0.7 m/s, Head of water, H =

30 m
Discharge. Q =

Angle of deflection = 160°

= 180°- 160° = 20°

Angle,
Co-efficient of velocity, C, 0.98.

The velocity of jet, V =

C2gH = 0.98 2 x9.81 x 30 23.77 m/s

23.77- 10
V =
V1 -u =

= 13.77 m/s
N2
Vw= V1 =23.77 m/s

From outlet velocity triangle, 165

-V,,
V= V,= 13.77 m/s V=Vw-V,=Vw
wV,cos- 2
Fig. 18.6
= 13.77 cos 20° 10.0 2.94 m/s
Work done by the jet per second on the runner is given by equation (18.9) as

= paV V +V.Xu
= 1000 x 0.7 x [23.77 +2.94] x 10 ( aV Q=0.7m's)
=

= 186970 Nm/s

Power given to turbine = 186970 186.97 kW. Ans.

1000
The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is given by equation (18.12) as

2[,+xu2[23.77+294]x 10
23.77 x 23.77
0.9454 or 94.54%. Ans.
 Centrifugal Pumps 951
Problem 19.1 The internal and are
external diameters of the
and 400 mm respectively. The
a n d 40 impeller of a
cn she impeller
0
mm

20°
0° pump is running at 1200 r.p.m. The vane angles of the tmpte
and outlet are and 30°
at
inlet
respectively.
The
1 h e water enters
oonstant. Determine the work water ent the impeller radially and velocily
ow is co.
done by the
Solution. Given: impeller per unit weigi
veight of water.

1aternal diameter of impelleer, D,

Internal =
200 mm 0.20 =
m
External diameter of impeller, D,
Extemal =
400 mm =0.40 m
Speed, N 1200 r.p.m. V

Vane angle at inlet, 20° V2

Vane angle at outlet, 30°
Water enters radially* means, a= 90° and V =0
Velocity of flow,
V,= V
Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are,
= TtDN Tx0.20x1200 V V
= = 12.56 m/s
60 60
TtD,N Tx0.4 x1200 = 25.13 m/s. Fig. 19.4
and u2
60 60

Frominlet velocity triangle, tan =V =.

V
12.56
V= 12.56 tan 12.56 x = tan
20 = 4.57 m/s
=V 4.57 m/s.
4.57
From outlet velocity triangle,tan o = -

25.13- V
u2-w
4.57 4.57 -7,915
7.915
or
25.13 V,= tan o tan 30
25.13 7.915 = 17.215 m/s.
VwW2
of water per second is given by equation (19.1) as
ne work done by impeller per kg
17.215x25.13 = 44.1 Nm/N. Ans.
w,U2=
9.81
8 I1e u u at SO