MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING
STREAM OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
Term paper: The Evolution of wireless communication Networks: From 1G to 6G

By

1. Seyd Ebrahim Eitm/ur129947/10

2. Tesfay Mula Eitm/ur158548/11

3. Tsige G/anenya Eitm/ur129661/10

4. Sara Mahari Eitm/ur158544/11

5. Desalegn Eitm/ur

6. Teklay Mulu Eitm/ur

ABSTRACT

Since about 1980, a new generation has appeared approximately every decade. Mobile phones
started with first-generation (1G), then the successful second generation (2G), and then mixed
successful auctions since the launch of 3G. According to business terms, 1G and 2G were
providing voice and gradually include data (3G is unsuccessful, 4G is very successful). Today,
we are seeing a stir over what 5G will provide. Key expectations currently being discussed
include an ultra-high 20 Gb/s bit rate, an ultra-low latency of just 1 millisecond, and a very high
capacity. Given the enormous potential of 5G communication networks and their expected
evolution, what should 6G include that is not part of 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G
communication networks should deliver improved range and data speeds, as well as the ability to
connect users from anywhere. This article details possible 6G communication networks. More
specifically, the primary influence of this research is to deliver a complete synopsis of the
development of wireless communication networks from 1G to 6G.

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Table of Contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..i

Table of Content………………………………………………………………..…ii

Table of figure………………………………………………………………….…iii

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...1
2. Wireless evolution network: 1G to 6G...................................................................2

2.1 First-generation mobile communication 1G......................................................3

2.2 Second-generation mobile communication (2G)................................................3

2.3 Third-generation mobile communication (3G)...................................................5

2.4 Fourth generation mobile communication (4G)...................................................6

2.5 Fifth-generation mobile communication (5G)....................................................8

3. Future Perspective of 6G Wireless Communication Network......................................9

4. Conclusion.......................................................................................................13

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Table of figure

Figure 1: Showing several generations (1G to 6G) ........................................................................ 5

Figure 2:5G-infrastructure-fronthault-midhaul-backhaul ............................................................. 10
Figure 3: Major milestones of 6G wireless networks in terms of technologies, KPIs, and
applications ................................................................................................................................... 12

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1. INTRODUCTION

One of the most successful technology advancements in contemporary history has always
been mobile communication. To date, five wireless communication networks have been
adopted. Since about 1980, a new generation has appeared about every decade. Mobile
devices started with a monopoly (1G), followed by a successful attractiveness spectacle (2G),
followed by the success of 3G. Regarding services, 1G and 2G delivered voice service only
and gradually contain data which increased gradually (unsuccessful on 3G, successful on
4G). Cellular networks have advanced dramatically in the last five years, enabling data-
driven applications such as multimedia, multiplayer services, and high-definition streaming
media. Consequently, the number of mobile users’ number, besides the amount of data
traffic, has skyrocketed [1]. The number of Smartphone subscribers reached 7.75 billion in
January 2020, with each subscriber requesting an average of 10 GB of data per year. Data
traffic will climb to 82 GB per user per year, accounting for over half of worldwide mobile
data traffic, due to record requests for streaming video data. Moreover, the rise of the internet
of things (IoT) concept will cause a massive increase in network traffic. This extraordinary
surge in traffic causes a noteworthy expansion of wireless network capability. These issues
are important motivators for the development of 5G mobile wireless networks.

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines the vision and standards; 5G
ought to meet three common scenarios and eight key performance indicators (KPI) [2].
Millions of connections/kilometer square (1 M/km2 ) huge machine challenge technology in
three scenarios enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) Gb/s data rate, ultra-reliable low-
latency communication (URLLC) milliseconds (ms) air interface delay, massive machine
challenge technology in three scenarios Indicator type communication (mMTC). Many
enabling technologies have been developed, considered in standardization, and implemented
in technical trials in order to achieve these KPIs [3]. Massive multiple input multiple output
(MIMO), sophisticated coding and modulation, millimeter-wave communications, ultra-
dense networks (UDN), non-orthogonal multiple access, flexible frame structure, dual
connectivity architecture, and other wireless technologies are only a few examples [4], [5].
However, the exponential growth of data traffic is because of the substantial growth in the

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number of connected devices, which can grow to hundreds of devices /m3 ; Aside from the
growing number of innovative applications, like virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR),
self-driving cars, integrated 3D communications, and new applications that have not yet been
conceived [4], [6] will require data to provide higher and lower latency than 5G networks.
These problems are regarded as the primary motivators for the development of 6G
communication technologies; they are expected to be deployed in 2030 [7], [8].

Depending on the revelation and expansion of 5G, 6G will be improved and extended further
to accomplish up to 100 times the throughput, higher system capacity, greater spectrum
efficiency, lower latency, and coverage that is both wider and deeper to support the increased
speed of movement. Serving the internet of things and completely supporting the smart life
expansion and industrial ubiquitous smart mobile society. The following paragraphs will
provide a detailed description of the expected requirements related to the vision.

This article aims to discuss the substantive issues of the evolution of wireless communication
networks and to cover the latest developments in the industry in the context of the main
application areas and challenges. For this reason, this research attempts to merge as many
addresses as possible. Due to space limitations, this article investigates disputed research
subjects in depth based on their various sub-fields in order to obtain proper, precise, and
succinct recommendations. For researchers, this article will support the exploration of the
realization of 6G networks by providing some new reference materials, thereby opening up
new possibilities for future research avenues.

The remaining of this article is structured in the following manner: section 2 looks at the
evolution of wireless communication networks from 1G to 5G. Section 3 looks at the
prospects for 6G wireless communication networks. Section 4 summarizes the work.

2. WIRELESS NETWORKS EVOLUTION: 1G TO 6G

Starting from 1980, every 10 years a new wireless communication network generation
appears [9], [10] to date they are 5 generations. Figure 1 reviews the main signposts of the

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five generations (1G to 5G) wireless communication networks. Moreover, here's a quick
rundown of how wireless technologies are growing.

2.1 First-generation mobile communication 1G

In the 1970s, 1G mobile communications were declared. North America's advanced mobile
phone system (AMPS), Scandinavia's Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), the United
Kingdom's total access communications system (TACS), and Japan's total access
communications system (JTACS) are the principal users. 1G technology is a simple analog
system with data speeds of up to 2.4 kbps optimized for voice conversations. It has a 30 kHz
bandwidth and uses frequency modulation (FM) and frequency division multiple access
(FDMA) communication technologies (BW).

Key Features

 Analog Signals: Utilized Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for

communication.
 Voice Only: Primarily supported voice calls with limited data capabilities.

But 1G has many shortcomings, such as

 Due to the use of analog modulation, no encryption, poor quality, and security;
 Limited users because of the use of FDMA technology;
 Insecure base station power radiation, lack of transfer procedures;
 Supports voice services only; and
 Divergent systems because of inadequate of consistent international standards [11]–[13].

Applications of 1G

 Voice Calls: Basic analog voice communication.

 Car Phones: Early mobile phones primarily used in vehicles.
 Limited Coverage: Mainly urban areas with basic connectivity.

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2.2 Second-generation mobile communication (2G)

The global mobile communications (GSM), which was introduced in the 1990s, was the first
second-generation system. GSM is a straightforward digital cellular system that uses
Gaussian minimum frequency shift keying (GMSK) modulation, time division multiple
access (TDMA) transmission technology, with bandwidth=200 kHz for voice
communications.

Key Features of 2G

 Formulated a unified international mobile communication standard, promoted the

development of global mobile communication technology;
 Improved services;
 Improved network security through encrypted numbers; and
 Improved the capacity of the system; and
 The mobile phone battery life is longer because the radio signal uses less power. [11]
 Digital Transmission: Improved sound quality and capacity through Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
 SMS Services: Enabled text messaging, enhancing communication options.

2G has shortcomings, such as

 Limited Data Rates: While digital, data transfer rates remained low, making mobile
internet access slow.
 Coverage Gaps: Early deployment led to uneven coverage in rural and remote areas.
 It is difficult to support complex data’s such as videos.

Application of 2G

 SMS (Short Message Service): Introduction of text messaging.

 MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service): Sending images and videos.
 Basic Data Services: Limited internet access and data transfer capabilities.

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 GPRS is classified as 2.5G. It employs GSM's packet switching and circuit switching
technologies. Its data rate can be raised by up to 50 kbps, and it uses transmission and
modulation that is similar to GSM. Fundamentally, GPRS is the first phase on the way to the
GSM environment that supports enhanced data (EDGE). EDGE is a radio technology that
predates 3G. Users can transmit and receive data at a rate of up to 200 kbps. The EDGE
technology is based on the previous GSM standard, and it employs an identical transmission
mechanism and BW as GSM, but it employs eight phase-shift keying (8PSK) and GMSK
modulation instead of GSM. 8PSK has a higher data rate but a narrower coverage area,
whereas GMSK is a reliable model for wide coverage. It was developed to enhance packet
switching services and to enable future applications for high-speed data like multimedia [12],
[13].

Figure 1: Showing several generations (1G to 6G)

2.3 Third-generation mobile communication (3G)

The 3G system employs wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) and high-speed
packet access (HSPA) technology to deliver fast Internet access, as well as significantly
improved video and audio transmission capabilities. HSPA combines two mobile phone
protocols, high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) and high-speed uplink packet access
(HSUPA), to enhance and improve the 3G mobile telephony networks performance using the
WCDMA protocol. Developed HSPA (commonly known as HSPA+) is an upgraded 3rd
generation partnership project (3GPP) standard that was launched at the end of 2008 and was
used internationally in 2010. 3.9G long term evolution (LTE), on the other hand, contains

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characteristics that go beyond those found in ordinary 3G mobile communications [12], [13].
However, the ITU and the 3GPP eventually concluded that the LTE can be called the 4G
technology [14].

Key Features of 3G

 Higher Data Rates: Enhanced speeds (up to several Mbps) facilitated video calls and
streaming.
 Packet Switching: Improved efficiency in data transmission over the network.
 Security: It offers greater security than their 2Gpredecessors. By allowing the UE (user
equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network
is intended one and not an impersonator.

3G has shortcoming, such as

 Infrastructure Costs: Upgrading to 3G required significant investments in infrastructure.

 Battery Drain: Higher data usage led to increased power consumption, impacting device
battery life.
 Expensive Spectrum license
 Higher bandwidth requirements to support a higher data rate.

Applications of 3G

 Mobile Internet Access: Enhanced data speeds enabling web browsing.

 Video Calling: Real-time video communication.
 Mobile Apps: Introduction of app stores and mobile applications.

2.4 Fourth generation mobile communication (4G)

LTE is a wireless access technology based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

(OFDM), which allows for sophisticated multi-antenna transmission as well as expandable
transmission bandwidths of up to 20 MHz. MIMO is a critical system technology that allows for
higher data rates and multi-stream transmission to achieve great spectral efficiency, improve
connection quality, and alter radiation patterns for signal gain and mitigation. The antenna's
adaptive beamforming is used to create the interference array. The LTE technology boosts data

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speeds through mobile to 100 megabits per second (Mbps). The wireless technology roadmap
has been extended to LTE advanced (LTEA) [14], which can theoretically reach a peak
throughput rate of more than 1 gigabit per second, in response to the tremendous increase in
demand for mobile broadband communication capacity year after year (Gbps).

By delivering a comprehensive and consistent solution based on the Internet protocol IP, the 4G
system improves the current communication network. The wireless community has investigated
three primary research topics in-depth to satisfy 4G mobile network capabilities:

-Densification of the network: This technology is used in situations where there are a lot of
people, such as stadiums, concerts, public places, and retail malls. By deploying compact, low-
power, and low-cost cells, this technique intends to shorten the distance between mobile
terminals and base stations (BS), hence increasing spectrum reuse and boosting network
coverage. Due to the use of low-loss routing, the small base station has a coverage radius of 50-
150 m and transmits at low power (0.110 W), which improves energy efficiency and signal
interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Furthermore, operators are working to make small base
stations plug-and-play, meaning they can configure all the essential parameters themselves and
don't need to be maintained regularly [15], [16].

-Improved spectral efficiency: Coordinated transmit/receive methods and solutions to reduce

inter-cell interference use modern signal processing and spatial diversity to reduce co-channel
interference and improve spectrum efficiency [17], [18].

-Carrier aggregation is used in LTEA to syndicate separate component carriers, which can be of
diverse sizes and are in a non-contiguous spectrum, to facilitate bandwidth increase (up to 100
MHz). Although the combined execution of these technologies can theoretically provide fixed
customers with data rates exceeding 1 Gbps, further expansion is limited because of the limited
number of frequencies accessible [14], [19].

Key Features of 4G

 Ultra-Fast Speeds: Data rates reaching up to 100 Mbps, enabling high-definition video
streaming.

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  All-IP Networks: Transitioned all services (voice, video, and data) to IP-based
architecture.
 Low latency: The reduced delay in data transmission ensures a more responsive and
interactive user experience, especially for applications that require real-time
communication.
 Increased capacity: 4G networks can handle more simultaneous connections.

4G has shortcoming, such as

 Urban Concentration: High speeds were often only available in urban areas, with rural
coverage lagging behind.
 Network Congestion: Increased user demand led to congestion issues during peak times.
 Higher cost: 4G devices and data plans can be more expensive than 3G counterparts.
 Energy consumption: 4G devices tend to consume more battery power due to the higher
data demands.

Applications of 4G

 High-Speed Internet: Fast mobile broadband access for streaming and downloads.
 HD Video Streaming: Support for high-definition video content.
 VoIP (Voice over IP): Internet-based voice communication services like Skype and
WhatsApp.
 Mobile Gaming: Real-time online gaming experiences.

2.5 Fifth-generation mobile communication (5G)

The 5G communication standardization process is now complete, and it is being implemented on

a global basis [20]. The ITU defines the vision and specifications; 5G should meet eight KPI and
three common scenarios [21]. Millions of connections/square kilometer (1 M/km2 ) massive
machine challenge technology in three scenarios eMBB Gb/s data rate, URLLC milliseconds
(ms) air interface delay, and massive machine challenge technology in three scenarios Indicator
type communication (mMTC). Many enabling technologies have been developed, considered in
standardization, and implemented in technical trials in order to achieve these KPIs [2]. Dual
connectivity architecture, massive MIMO, UDN, sophisticated coding and modulation,

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millimeter-wave communications, flexible frame structure, non-orthogonal multiple access, and
other wireless technologies are only a few examples [4]. As shown in Figure 2, the main
backbone in the 5G network includes several elements widely fitted all over the network, like
multi-access edge computing (MEC) data center, next generation core (NGC), and active antenna
system (AAS) (with 5G NR support) Source antenna system) [22].

The organization employed for the 5G AAS, that is, the radio access network (RAN) Fronthaul
network of mobile networks, requires the common use of multiple technologies, such as the next
generation passive optical network (NGPON), lengthy division of thick wave multiplexing
(CWDM), dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), and enhanced common public
radio interface (eCPRI). All of these techniques necessitate a fiber optic infrastructure that is
compatible. Because 5G mobile networks require a lot of bandwidth and speed [23], the
infrastructure needs fiber optic cable to be installed to the antenna. As a result, in addition to
boosting the capacity of the backbone fibers [24], it is also required to deploy the 5G mobile
network as close to the fiber infrastructure antennas as feasible, as well as to install new fiber
optic cable infrastructure for extra antennas when capacity is insufficient.

However, due to the substantial growth in the number of associated things, the data traffic has
increased exponentially, which can grow to hundreds (s) of devices per m3 ; in addition to the
rapid increase in new applications, like virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR), self-driving
cars, integrated three dimensional communications, and new applications that have yet to be
imagined [6], they will still need data rates. Will provide higher and lower latency than 5G
networks. These challenges are thought to be the key driving factors for the realization of 6G
communication systems. Given the huge potential of 5G networks and their foreseeable
evolution, what features of 6G should be included that are not present in 5G? Research,
Academia, and industry have worked on describing and determining the main qualifying
technologies that can define 6G; it is expected to be deployed by 2030 [7].

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 Figure 2:5G-infrastructure-fronthault-midhaul-backhaul

Key Features

 Massive Connectivity: Supports millions of devices per square kilometer.

 Ultra-Low Latency: Reduced latency (as low as 1 ms) enhances real-time applications
like autonomous driving.
 Faster speeds: 5G offers significantly faster data speeds compared to previous
generations. It can deliver peak download speeds up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbps),
enabling rapid data transfer, seamless streaming of high-definition content and quick
downloads of large files.
 Improved energy efficiency: 5G networks are designed to be more energy-efficient
compared to previous generations. This efficiency is achieved through techniques like
network densification, which reduces power consumption of individual base stations, and
the ability to dynamically adjust power usage based on network demand.

5G has shortcoming, such as

 Infrastructure Challenges: Deployment requires extensive new infrastructure, including

small cells and antennas.
 Health Concerns: Public apprehension regarding potential health effects from increased
electromagnetic exposure.
 Device compatibility: To take full advantage of technology, devices need to be
compatible with the network. Initially, there may be limited availability of 5G-compatible
devices, and users may need to upgrade their Smartphone’s, tablets, or other devices to
access 5G networks.

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 Range: 5G signals do not travel as far as 4G LTE signals. This means that 5G coverage
may be more limited than 4G LTE coverage.
 Cost: 5G networks are more expensive to build and deploy than 4G LTE networks. This
means that it may take some time for 5G to be widely available.
 Potential Interference: The use of higher frequency bands in 5G networks may be
susceptible to interference from physical objects, such as buildings and trees. This
interference can impact signal strength and coverage, particularly in environments with
numerous obstacles.
Applications of 5G
 Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC): Critical applications like remote
surgery and autonomous vehicles.
 Massive IoT Connectivity: Connecting a vast number of devices, including smart home
devices and industrial sensors.
 Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB): High-speed data for applications like AR/VR and
4K video streaming.
 Smart Cities: Infrastructure management, traffic monitoring, and public safety systems.

3. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF 6G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

6G will be updated and enlarged based on the visualization and expansion of 5G to reach up
to 100 times the data throughput, higher system capacity, reduced latency, higher spectrum
efficiency, and wider and deeper coverage. To enable faster movement, to serve the internet
of everything (IoE), and to completely promote the evolution of intelligent life and the
industrial omnipresent intelligent mobile society. Figure 3 summarizes the top 6G wireless
network milestones in terms of technology, applications, and KPIs.

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Figure 3: Major milestones of 6G wireless networks in terms of technologies, KPIs, and
applications

The following paragraphs describe in detail the foreseeable requirements related to vision:

− 6G should be a comprehensive network with broader and wider coverage, including

terrestrial, satellite, and short-distance device-to-device communication. Thanks to
sophisticated mobile management technologies, 6G can service a wide range of situations,
including airspace, land, and sea, resulting in the world's first ubiquitous mobile broadband
communication system [25].

− In order to attain a broader bandwidth, 6G is planned to operate at higher frequencies, such

as millimeter wave, terahertz [26], and visible light. In comparison to 5G, data rates can be
enhanced in 6G by up to one hundred times, allowing for the greatest data rate of Tb/s and a
user experience data rate of 10 Gb/s. Furthermore, 6G can take advantage of flexible
frequency sharing technologies to boost frequency reuse efficiency even more [27].

− 6G is a smart grid that may be customized. When combined with artificial intelligence
technology, 6G will enable the virtualization of mobile communication [28], the network will
transfer from a classic centralized network type to a new type 3 centralized network, which is
user-centric, data-centric, and entirely centralized content.

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 − An endogenous security solution or an integrated functional security design will be used in
the 6G network. 6G has self-perception capabilities, real-time dynamic analysis capabilities,
risk adaptation capabilities, and confidence assessment capabilities. You will help achieve
cyberspace security by introducing trust and security mechanisms.

− Computing, navigation, and detection are all combined in 6G. 6G will, for example,
comprise satellite communication systems as well as positioning systems and satellite
navigation, as well as radar detection systems. more open architecture will be used in 6G,
with a core network using software-defined algorithms, and a wireless access network; it will
be able to achieve rapid autonomous intelligent development as well as rapid and dynamic
deployment of network capabilities.

− The internet of things can generate vast volumes of data, and 6G can be integrated with
new technologies like edge computing, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and
blockchain [29]. 6G has the ability to actualize multiple intelligences as well as group
intelligence. 6G may finally support the ubiquitous smart mobile society.

Key Features of 6G

 Terahertz Frequencies: Utilization of higher frequency bands for ultra-fast data transfer.
 Advanced AI Integration: Enhanced network management and optimization through
artificial intelligence.
 Improved Security: 6G is anticipated to incorporate advanced security features for data
transmission and network infrastructure. This is critical as our reliance on connected
devices increases and the need for robust cyber security becomes paramount.
 Enhanced Network Capacity: 6G networks are expected to handle a significantly higher
number of connected devices compared to its predecessors. This caters to the growing
demand for connectivity in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), where billions of
devices will require seamless communication.
 Ultra-low Latency: Latency, the time it takes for data to travel between devices, is
expected to reach unprecedented lows with 6G. This opens doors to real-time

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 applications with minimal lag, such as remote surgery, autonomous vehicles, and
immersive virtual reality experiences.

Potential Drawbacks of 6G

 Technical Complexity: Managing the transition to terahertz communication presents

significant technical challenges.
 Cost of Implementation: Potentially high costs associated with research, development,
and infrastructure changes.
 Uncertainties and Delays: 6G technology is still under development, and its final form
and implementation are subject to change. There might be unforeseen challenges and
delays before 6G reaches its full potential, making it difficult to predict its exact impact.
 Energy Consumption: The increased network capacity and speed of 6G are likely to
translate to higher energy consumption. This raises concerns about the environmental
impact of the technology and the need for sustainable solutions to power the network.
Applications of 6G
 Terahertz Communication: Extremely high-speed data transfer for immersive
experiences.
 Advanced AI Integration: AI-driven applications for predictive analytics and automation.
 Holographic Communication: Real-time holographic video calls and virtual meetings.
 Ubiquitous Connectivity: Seamless integration of terrestrial and satellite networks for
global coverage.
 Smart Environments: Enhanced smart cities, smart healthcare, and smart transportation
systems.

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 4. CONCLUSION

We analyzed the major triumphs and difficulties from 1G to 5G in this article. This is
accomplished by discussing all areas of legislation, services, innovation, and other themes
relevant to each generation. In terms of innovation, analog systems (1G) gave way to fully digital
systems based on TDMA (2G), followed by code division multiple access (CDMA) (3G), and
finally, the successful 4G and wireless local area network (WLAN) that employed OFDM.
Today, there are a lot of buzzes about what 5G will bring. When it comes to 6G, we see optical
communication in open spaces, energy harvesting, wireless charging, and machine learning to
promote novel services as the primary innovative offerings.

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