AlAndalus Research Paper

Ummah 1
The Ummah
Mr Marouf Abdullah
SSE Research Project
18 May 2023
The Islamic Rule In Al-Andalus
The modern-day Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) were not always dominated by
Catholics. In fact, during the Umayyad era, Al-Andalus was one of the most prosperous cities
that existed. Let’s walk through the history of this land today.
The Umayyads Take Control

During the rule of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik,
the caliphate expanded into Europe. General Tariq ibn Ziyad led
the Muslim armies against the Visigoths, the then rulers of the
Iberian Peninsula. When the Abbasid revolt was at its peak, and
the war broke out and all the Umayyads were killed, one last
Umayyad named Abdulrehman Al-Dakhil fled to Al-Andalus. The
governor of Al-Andalus was Yusuf al-Fihri. When Abdulrehman
Al-Dakhil came to Al-Andalus, he established himself as the
ruler. And from here the great Al-Andalus began prospering.
Pioneers of the City

Ibn Rushd
Ibn Rushd was one of the greatest scholars
of his time. He studied religion, science, and
literature. He wrote about Shariah Law,
philosophy, science and even music. He died
in 1198 AD. (Picture furthest left)
Al Idrissi
Ibn Rushd Al Idrissi and his Map
One of the greatest cartographers of all time
was al-Idrissi. He was born in Ceuta, North
Africa. He travelled to many places and was
also commissioned by the King of Sicily to draw
a map of the world. He did so with utmost
accuracy. He wrote many books in Arabic about
geography and botany. He died in 1164 AD.
(Picture top left) (Al-Idrissi Map directly left)
Ummah 2
Caliphs Of The Era Heroes Of The Era
Abdulrehman III Mousa ibn Nusseir

Abdulrehman III ruled for nearly Mousa was a military leader
50 years. He was a patron of before becoming governor of
arts and supported education. He Ifriqiyah. He sent Tariq ibn Ziyad
built a fleet of ships to protect his with an army of 7000 to conquer
trading ships from the Fatimids. the Visigoths. He set up an
He also built Madinat Al-Zahra, efficient government there.
Al-Hakam II Tariq ibn Ziyad

Al Hakam II saved the caliphate When Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Berber
from Northern invaders. He also military commander landed in
developed irrigation systems and Gibraltar and was going to face the
built a library that housed Visigoths, his soldiers lost faith in
400,000 books. He expanded themselves. Therefore, he burned
the Mosque of Cordoba. their ships and made this inspiring
speech:
“
Oh, my warriors, where would you flee? Behind you is the sea, before you, the enemy. You have left now
only the hope of your courage and your constancy … Your enemy is before you, protected by an
innumerable army; he has men in abundance, but you, as your only aid, have your own swords, and, as
your only chance for life, such chance as you can snatch from the hands of your enemy. If the absolute
want to which you are reduced is prolonged ever so little, if you delay seizing immediate success, your
good fortune will vanish, and your enemies, whom your very presence has filled with fear, will take
courage. Put far from you the disgrace from which you flee in dreams and attack this monarch who has left
expose yourselves freely to death. Do not believe that I desire to incite you to face dangers which I shall
“
his strongly fortified city to meet you. Here is a splendid opportunity to defeat him, if you will consent to
refuse to share with you. In the attack I myself will be in the fore, where the chance of life is always least.
Life In Al-Andalus Education has always been

encouraged in Islamic Caliphates. As
mentioned earlier, Caliph Al Hakam II
Education built a splendid library that had over
400,000 books. Caliph Al Hakam II The Arabic
also sent people all over the world to
translation of the
collect manuscripts and have them
Greek book “De
A page from translated into Arabic so others could
Materia Medica”
Al Zahrawi’s read them. Copies of the manuscripts
Book were also made. This page shows two
showing Men making Lead.
The Library had books on a wide
Surgical
range of subjects, including botany,
Tools
astronomy, mathematics, religion,
and poetry. There were many
bookshops in the city.
Ummah 3
Medical Care
Medical treatment in Al-Andalus was excellent. There were
many hospitals and skilled doctors, such as Al-Zahrawi
(shown right). The doctors used purified alcohol to keep
wounds clean after infections and developed opium-based
anaesthetics for painless surgeries. They also used threads
made from animal intestines to stich wounds. Many
famous doctors of Al-Andalus, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq,
wrote many medical books.
Medical students watching Al Zahrawi perform surgery.
Public Hygiene
Al-Andalus had sewers to collect wastewater. In
Cordoba alone, there were nearly 300 public
baths, of which some even had hot water. Piped
water in houses was available and drinking
Hunayn ibn Ishaq’s Eye Diagram A Public Bath in Granada fountains were all over the city. There were also
dustbins for litter disposal.
Economy and Agriculture

The economy of Al-Andalus relied on a wide variety of
sources, including trade, agriculture, textile, ceramics,
glassware, and metalwork. A lot of these products were
exported to other places.
One significant contributor was the silk industry set up in
Almeria, east of Malaga. The climate here was ideal to
raise silkworms and mulberry trees to feed them, and
factories to process the silk were set up. Modern-Day Almeria
Muslim agricultural products were exported by ships all

the way to Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Muslims introduced many new crops, such as rice,
wheat, figs, sweet oranges, watermelons, bananas,
eggplants, and pomegranates.
Caliph Hakam II also introduced acequias, or shared
An Acequia watercourses for fair farming.
Poetry And Arts

There were many intelligent people in Al-Andalus, from philosophers to
scientists to artists and poets. Examples of poets are Ibn Hazm and Ibn
Zaidoun. One of Ibn Hazm’s most famous works is the “Ring of the
Dove” in which he tries to understand why people fall in love. It is a
bestseller to this day. An old manuscript of
Ring of The Dove
“For my part I consider Love as a conjunction between scattered parts
of souls that have become divided in this physical universe, a union
effected within the substance of their original sublime element.”
~ Ibn Hazm

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Ummah 1

The Umayyads Take Control

Pioneers of the City

Caliphs Of The Era Heroes Of The Era

Abdulrehman III Mousa ibn Nusseir

Al-Hakam II Tariq ibn Ziyad

Life In Al-Andalus Education has always been

Economy and Agriculture

Muslim agricultural products were exported by ships all

Poetry And Arts

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