VIBGYOR HIGH

SECOND TERM EXAMINATION

2021 - 2022
GRADE: Pre-IGCSE Max. Marks: 80

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY (0610) Date:

Paper No: 4 Theory (Extended) Time: 1 hour 15 min

Name of Candidate:

Candidate No: Centre No:

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

For Examiner’s use

Total marks obtained

In __P4__

Teacher’s signature

This paper consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page.

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1. Arachnids, crustaceans, insects and myriapods are all classified as arthropods.
Scorpions, such as Heterometrus swammerdami shown in Fig. 1.1, are
arachnids.

Fig 1.1

a. State three features, shown by H. swammerdami and visible in Fig. 1.1, that
arachnids share with other arthropods.

segmented body / segmentation ; jointed, limbs / legs ; exoskeleton / outer skeleton ; [3]

b. Fig. 1.2 shows three different insects.

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 Fig 1.2
Insects 1 and 2 are more closely related to each other than to insect 3.
Explain how the binomial names indicate that insects 1 and 2 are more closely related.

either
insects 1 and 2, are in the same genus / have the same generic name ;

(both have) Vespula ;

or

insect 3 is in a different genus ;

(its name is) Callicera [2]

c. Table shows some features of the five groups of vertebrates.

Complete the table to compare the five groups of vertebrates using a tick (✓) to
indicate if the group shows the feature, or a cross (x) if not.
The first row has been completed for you.

[4]

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d. Fig. 1.3 is an electron micrograph showing the bacteria, Vibrio cholerae.

Fig 1.3

i. Bacteria are prokaryotes.

State two distinguishing features of all prokaryotes.

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. …………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

ii. The bacteria shown in Fig. 1.3 each have a flagellum.

Suggest the function of the flagellum in bacteria.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………... [1]

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e. Fig. 1.4 shows a bacterium, a virus and a fungus.

Fig 1.4

Complete the table to compare the three organisms shown in Fig. 1.4 by using a tick

(✓) to indicate if the organism shows the feature, or a cross (x) if it does not. The first

row has been completed for you.

[3]

f. Plants include small organisms such as mosses as well as ferns. List any two
characteristics of ferns.

[2]

[Total: 17]

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2. The bodies of all living things are made of many different kinds of chemicals.

a.i. Which three elements are contained in all carbohydrates?

Carbon, Oxygen and hydrogen [1]

ii. Glucose, starch, glycogen and cellulose are carbohydrates.

Describe the structure of a starch molecule.

 Starch is a polysaccharide made of large chains of glucose which is a monosaccharide

[2]

iii. In what form do animals store carbohydrates round their bodies?

Glycogen [1]

b.i. Proteins are found in the human body. State the name of protein which help to
protect the human body against pathogens.

Antibody [1]

ii. Some proteins are soluble in water, but some are not. Do you think that the
protein keratin is soluble in water? Explain your answer.

No because it is a fibrous protein [2]

c. A sample of DNA was tested to find out which bases were present.
It was found that 30 % of the bases in the DNA were T.

i. What percentage of the bases in the DNA would you expect to be A?

Explain your answer.

Adenine is 30% as T is paired with A & T is 30% [2]

ii. What percentage of the bases in the DNA would you expect to be C?
Explain your answer.

C is 20% if A & T is 60% then 100 – 60 = 40% so C & G should have equal number as
C =G [2]
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iii. Explain why two organisms that have different sequences of bases in their DNA
may look different from each other.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

d. Fats are also known as lipids. State two uses of fats to living organisms.

Insulation and Energy [2]

[Total: 15]

3. Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of a protein used to move ions across membranes in root hair
cells.

Fig 3.1

a.i. State the name of the process that moves mineral ions into root hair cells through
cell membrane proteins.

active transport ; [1]

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ii. Explain how protein molecules move ions across a membrane during this process.

e.g. ref to selective / specific shape

1 protein uses, energy / ATP (from respiration) ;

2 idea of protein interaction with ions ;

3 (to) change shape of protein ;

4 ions move through the protein ;

5 against concentration gradient / lower concentration to high concentration

(across a membrane) ;

6 AVP ;

[3]

b.i. Describe osmosis.

 Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution (high concentration
of water) to a more concentrated solution (low concentration of water) across
a partially permeable membrane
 In doing this, water is moving down its concentration gradient

[3]

ii. Fig. 3.2 shows the plant cell in pure water. It is left there for 30 minutes.

Fig 3.2

Describe the changes that will occur in the cell during the 30 minutes it is in pure water.

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absorbs water/water moves or diffuses into cell /enters the cell; (cell) gets bigger; vacuole
gets bigger; cell wall pushed out /AW; (cell) becomes turgid /turgor pressure increases; [3]

c. Which of the following is an example of (i) diffusion, (ii) osmosis or (iii) neither?
i. Saliva flows out of the salivary glands into your mouth.

………………………… [1]

ii. Carbon dioxide goes into a plant’s leaves when it is photosynthesizing.

Diffusion [1]

iii. Define the term diffusion.

diffusion, process resulting from random motion of molecules by which there is a net flow of
matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. [2]

iv. Diffusion happens faster when the temperature rises. Explain.

Faster diffusion will take place if the surroundings are warmer. Increase in temperature
means an increase in molecules' speed (kinetic energy). So the molecules move faster and
there will be more spontaneous spreading of the material which means that diffusion occurs
more quickly. [2]
[Total: 16]

4. A researcher used a light microscope to observe epithelial cells from a human

cheek.
Fig. 4.1 is a photograph that the researcher made of these cells.

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 Fig 4.1

a.i. Name the parts labelled A and B.

A. Cytoplasm

B. Nucleus [2]

ii. The cells in Fig. 4.1 each have a cell membrane. State one of the functions of a cell
membrane.

forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings ; keeps contents of cell inside ; allows
/ controls /(movement of) substances, into/ out, of the cell/ across membrane ; [1]

iii. State how the shape of the cells shown in Fig. 4.1 differs from the shape of a
palisade mesophyll cell.

irregular shape/rounded shape/not columnar/ not cylindrical/ not rectangular/ no specific

shape ; [1]

b. Fig. 4.2 shows an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.

Fig 4.2

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 State the function of mitochondrion.

mitochondria are site of aerobic respiration/production of (most of the) ATP ; [1]

c. Fig. 4.3 is a photomicrograph of a bacterium.

Fig 4.3

i. Write the formula that would be used to calculate the actual length of the bacterium
(not including the flagellum) in Fig. 4.3.
Actual length - 0.0026 mm

[1]

ii. The actual length of the bacterium shown in Fig. 4.3 is 0.0026mm.
Convert this value to micrometres (µm). Space for working.
2.6 µm
…………………….. µm [1]

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d. Fig. 4.4 shows some cells from the lining of the trachea.

Fig 4.4

i. State any two functions of nucleus.

controls (activities in) the cell/AW; contains, chromosomes/genes/alleles/genetic

information/DNA; controls how cells, develop/divide/reproduce/grow; [2]

ii. Name one animal cell that has no nucleus when fully developed. Also state its
function.

Animal cell RBC

Function Transporting oxygen [2]

iii. The cells in Fig. 4.4 form a tissue.

Define the term tissue.

a group of cells, same type/do the same function; [2]

iv. Describe the role of cilia in the trachea.

1 mucus traps, particles/any example;

2 mucus protects lining;

3 (cilia) beat/create wave motion/wafting;

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4 move, mucus/fluid away;

5 reduce risk of/ stop, (named) pathogens entering lungs; [1]

e. Fig. 4.5 shows a root hair cell.

Fig 4.5

i. Name structures A, B and C.

A cell wall ;
B nucleus ;

C vacuole ;

[3]

ii. Explain how root hair cells are adapted to carry out their functions.

absorbs water ;
absorbs mineral, salts / ions ; [2]

[Total: 19]

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 5. Alcohol dehydrogenase, is the enzyme responsible for breaking down alcohol.

a. Define the term enzymes.

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a

specific biochemical reaction.
[1]

b. The table shows the enzyme activity of alcohol dehydrogenase at different temperatures.

Temperature /oC enzyme activity

/arbitrary units

30 115

42 175

i. The information in the above table shows that an increase in temperature increases
the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. Explain why an increase in temperature causes
an increase in enzyme activity.

[3]

ii. What is meant by an optimum temperature?

pH [1]

c. The diagram below shows how the enzyme, sucrase, breaks down a molecule of
sucrose.

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i. Describe how sucrase catalyses the breakdown of sucrose.
Refer the above diagram in your answer.

substrate / sucrose, fits into enzyme ; active site ; ref to shape of molecules, fitting together
/ matching / AW ; lock and key ; sucrose and water / molecules, close together within
enzyme ; glucose and fructose produced + enzyme, unchanged / reused ; lowers energy
needed for reaction ; [3]

ii. Three enzymes P, Q, R, were extracted from different regions of the alimentary
canal of a mammal. The effect of pH on the activity of the enzymes was investigated
at 40OC.The results are shown in the diagram below.

15
Explain why the investigation was carried out at 40OC.
Using information in the diagram above, describe the effects of increasing pH on the rate
of activity of enzyme Q.

[5]

[Total: 13]

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