Chapter 2 - Network - Model
Chapter 2 - Network - Model
Chapter 2 - Network - Model
Network Model
Lecture 2
Protocol Layering
} Protocol: The rules that the sender, receiver and all
intermediate devices follow to communicate effectively
} Simple communication à Simple protocol
} Complex communication à Protocol layering
Communicate
What Actually happens
} Communication takes place thru many layers
Logical communication
Secretary:
Secretary: reads and reports
types a letter the message
Postal truck
Post office:
Processes and routes the letter
Layer Model
} Layer N uses services provided by Layer N-1
HOST A HOST B
Logical
communication path
Layer N Layer N
Layer N protocol
Using
services Providing
services
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Hardware
Transmission
Medium
Application Layer
Responsible for providing services to the user
} The only layer to interact with user
Data Data
Logical communication
PORT # PORT #
Data Data
Data Data
R1
6.1
Network 6
6.6 6.3
R3
R2 5.2
Router
3.3
Network 5
5.7
Network 3
3.8
Data Link Layer
Responsible for transmitting frames
from one node to the next
} Duties/services
} Framing
} Physical addressing
} Flow control (hop-to-hop)
} Error control (hop-to-hop)
} Access control
Data Link Layer
from Network to Network
Data Data
Data
9F 3B 82 A3
T2 Data 9F A3
H2
Data Link Layer
Data 1.1 5.7
1.1 1.2
97 32 Network 1
Data 1.1 5.7 97 25 25
R1
6.1
79 Data 1.1 5.7 79 62 Network 6
6.6 6.3 62
12
R3
R2 5.2
54
88
3.3
Data 1.1 5.7 54 74
Network 5
5.7
Network 3 74
3.8
Physical Layer
Responsible for transmitting individual bits
from one node to the next
} Duties/services
} Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
} Representation of bits
} Data rate (transmission rate)
} Synchronization of bits
Physical Layer
Data Data
Transmission medium
The Big Picture
L5 data H5 5 5 L5 data H5
L4 data H4 4 4 L4 data H4
L3 data H3 3 3 L3 data H3
T2 L2 data H2 2 2 T2 L2 data H2
0111011010101001010101001 1 1 0111010101010010101010101
Transmission medium
Internet Model
sender router
router receiver
Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data Link D.L. D.L. D.L. D.L. Data Link
Physical P.L. P.L. P.L. P.L. Physical
Transmission medium
Internet Model
Protocol Suites
• A set of protocols must be constructed
– to ensure that the resulting communication system is
complete and efficient
• Each protocol should handle a part of
communication not handled by other protocols
• How can we guarantee that protocols work well
together?
– Instead of creating each protocol in isolation,
protocols are designed in complete, cooperative sets
called suites or families
Internet Protocol Suite
Layer Protocols
Application HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP, DNS,
SNMP, IGMP, …
Transport TCP, UDP, SCTP, ...
Transmission
Medium
Session Layer
Responsible for establishing, managing and
terminating connections between applications
• Duties/services
– Interaction management
ð Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
– Session recovery
Presentation Layer
Responsible for handling differences in
data representation to applications
• Duties/services
– Data translation
– Encryption
– Decryption
– Compression
Lack of OSI Model’s Success
} Costly
} Some of layers were never fully defined
} Performance
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: