SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

T (8)
ss = = = 5.70 ksi
πD 3
dD 2
π (2 ) 3
(0.25)(2 )2
− −
16 6 16 6

smin = s3 + s1 − s2 = 1.89 + 8.08F1 − 4.04 = 8.08F1 − 2.15

smax = s1 = 8.08F1
1 1
sm = (smax + smin ) = (8.08F1 + 8.08F1 − 2.15) = 8.08F1 − 1.08 ksi
2 2
1 1
sa = (smax − smin ) = (8.08F1 − 8.08F1 + 2.15) = 1.08 ksi
2 2

se = 6.74F1 − 1.78
s
s es = ns sms + K fs sas
sys
s ms = s s
sas = 0

1
ses = (5.7 ) = 4.75 ksi
1.2
N = 2.5

Octahedral Shear Theory

s
sns = n = 0.577 sn = 0.577(40) = 23.08 ksi
3
1

1  se 2
2 2
  ses 
=   +   
N  sn   sns  

1

1  6.74F1 − 1.78   4.75   2

2 2
=   +  
2.5  40   23.08  
F1 = 2.3 kips

POWER SCREWS

424. Design a square-thread screw for a screw jack, similar to that shown, which is to raise
and support a load of 5 tons. The maximum lift is to be 18 in. The material is AISI C1035,
as rolled, and N ≈3.3 based on the yield strength.

Page 89 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Solution:
AISI C1035, as rolled, s y = 55 ksi
sy 55
s= = = 16.6 ksi
N 3.3
F = (5)(2) = 10 kips
F 10
A= = = 0.6034 in 2
s 16.6
πD 2
A = r = 0.6034 in 2
4
Dr = 0.876 in
say 1 ¼ in, Dr = 1.000 in
L = 18 in
Le = 2L = 36 in
1 1
k = Dr = (1.000) = 0.125 in
8 8
Le 36
= = 288 > 40
k 0.125
Transition:
1 1
Le  2π 2E  2  2π 2 (30,000)  2
= =  = 104
k  sy   55 
L
Use column formula, Eulers e > 104
k
π 2EI
F= 2
NLe
π 2 (30 × 10 6 )I
10,000 =
3.3(36)2
πDr4
I= = 0.14444
64
Dr = 1.31 in
use 1 ¾ in, Dr = 1.400 in

Page 90 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

425. (a) For the screw of 424, what length of threads h will be needed for a bearing pressure
of 1800 psi? (b) Complete the design of the jack. Let the base be cast iron and the
threads integral with the base. Devise a method of turning the screw with a round steel
rod as a lever and fix the details of a nonrotating cap on which the load rests. (c) What
should be the diameter of the rod used to turn the screw? If a man exerts a pull of 150
lb. at the end, how long must the rod be?

Solution:

(a)

Th/in = 2.5
Dr = 1.40 in
1
Lead Pitch = = 0.4 in
2.5
Lead
λ = tan −1
πD m
1
Dm = (1.75 + 1.40 ) = 1.575 in
2
 0.40  o
λ = tan −1   = 4.62
 π (1. 575 ) 
f = 0.15
tan β = f = 0.15
β = 8.53o
F cos(β + λ )
s=
(Do − Dr )L
10,000 cos(8.53 + 4.62 )
1800 =
(1.75 − 1.40)L
L = 16.30 in
h = L tan λ = 16.30 tan 4.62 o = 1.32 in
say h = 1.5 in

Page 91 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

(b) Assume ASTM 20. sus = 32 ksi , su = 20 ksi , N = 5

32
ss = = 6.4 ksi
5
20
s= = 4 ksi
5

F
ss =
πDh
10
6.4 =
πD(1.5)
D = 0.33 in

Dr = 1.4 in > 0.33 in

3
Do = 1 in
4

Use proportions from figure based on diameter.

Method: Manual, normal pull.
7
(c) D = in (Based on proportion)
8
T=
FDm
tan(β + λ ) =
(10 )(1.575) tan(8.53 + 4.62) = 1.84 in − kips
2 2
T = F ′a
F ′ = 150 lb = 0.15 kips
1.84 = 0.15a
a = 12.3 in

426. A screw jack, with a 1 ¼-in. square thread, supports a load of 6000 lb. The material of
the screw is AISI C1022, as rolled, and the coefficient of friction for the threads is about
0.15. The maximum extension of the screw from the base is 15 in. (a) Considering the
ends of the screw restrained so that Le = L, find the equivalent stress and the design
factor. (b) If the load on the jack is such that it may sway, the screw probably acts as a
column with one end free and the other fixe. What is the equivalent stress and the
factor of safety in this instance? (c) What force must be exerted at the end of a 20-in.
lever to raise the load? (d) Find the number of threads and the length h of the threaded
portion in the cast-iron base for a pressure of 500 psi on the threads. (e) What torque is
necessary to lower the load?

Page 92 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Solution:
From Table AT 7,
AISI C1022, as rolled, sy = 52 ksi
F = 6000 lb = 6 kips
For 1 ¼ in square thread, Dr = 1.0 in, Th/in. = 3.5
f = 0.15

(a) With Le = L = 15 in
1 1
k = Dr = (1.0) = 0.125 in
8 8
Le 15
= = 120
k 0.125
Transition for AISI C1020;
1 1
Le  2π 2E  2  2π 2 (30,000)  2
= =  = 107
k  sy   52 
Le
Use column formula, Eulers > 107
k
π 2EA
Fc = NF =
(Le k )2
F π 2E
sd = =
A N (Le k )2

Equivalent stress
F 4F
sd = = 2
A πDr
4(6)
sd = = 7.64 ksi
π (1.0)2
Design factor
π 2E
sd =
N (Le k )2

Page 93 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

π 2 (30,000)
7.64 =
N (120)2
N = 2.69

(b) With Le = 2L = 30 in
Le 30
= = 240
k 0.125
Transition for AISI C1020;
1 1
Le  2π 2E  2  2π 2 (30,000)  2
= =  = 107
k  sy   52 
Le
Use column formula, Eulers > 107
k
π 2EA
Fc = NF =
(Le k )2
F π 2E
sd = =
A N (Le k )2

Equivalent stress
F 4F
sd = = 2
A πDr
4(6)
sd = = 7.64 ksi
π (1.0)2
Design factor
π 2E
sd =
N (Le k )2
π 2 (30,000)
7.64 =
N (240)2
N = 0.673 not safe

(c) For force exerted at the end of 20-in. lever to raise the load = Fa
WDm
T= tan(β + λ )
2
1
Lead = Pc = = 0.2857 in
3. 5
1
Dm = (1.25 + 1.00) = 1.125 in
2
Lead 0.2857
λ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 4.62o
πDm π (1.125)
f = tan β = 0.15
β = 8.53o
W = 6000 lb
Page 94 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

WDm
T = Fa a = tan(β + λ )
2
6000(1.125)
Fa (20) = tan(8.53 + 4.62)
2
Fa = 39.43 lb

(d) Let p = pressure = 500 psi, W = 6000 lb, Do = 1.25 in, Di = 1.00 in.
Nt = number of threads, h = length of threaded portion.
4W
p=
(
π Do − Dr2 Nt
2
)
4(6000 )
500 =
[ ]
π (1.25)2 − (1.00 )2 Nt
Nt = 27
Then
h = Nt Pc = (27 )(0.2857 ) = 7.7 in

(e) Torque necessary to lower the load.

WDm
T= tan(β − λ )
2
T=
(6000)(1.125) tan(8.53 − 4.62)
2
T = 230.7 in − lb.

427. A square-thread screw, 2 in. in diameter, is used to exert a force of 24,000 lb. in a shaft-
straightening press. The maximum unsupported length of the screw is 16 in. and the
material is AISI C1040, annealed. (a) What is the equivalent compressive stress in the
screw? Is this a satisfactory value? (b) What torque is necessary to turn the screw
against the load for f = 0.15? (c) What is the efficiency of the screw? (d) What torque is
necessary to lower the load?
Solution:
For 2 in. square thread screw, Do = 2 in, Dr = 1.612 in, Th/in. = 2.25 from Table 8.1
W = 24,000 lb = 24 kips, L = 16 in
(a) For unsupported length, Le = L = 16 in.
For AISI C1040, annealed, Figure AF-1, sy = 47.5 ksi
Transition,
1 1
k = Dr = (1.612 ) = 0.2015 in
8 8
1 1
Le  2π 2E  2  2π 2 (30,000)  2
= =  = 112
k  sy   47.5 
Then
Le 16
= = 79.4 < 112
k 0.2015
Le
Use column formula, JB Johnson Formula, < 112
k
Page 95 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

F  sy (Le k )2 
= se 1 − 
A  4π 2E 
4W
se =
 sy (Le k )2 
πDr2 1 − 
 4π 2E 
4(24)
se =
 47.5(79.4)2 
π (1.612)2 1 − 2 
 4π (30,000) 

se = 15.74 ksi
s 47.5
N= y = = 3.0 satisfactory
se 15.74

(b) Torque to turn the screw against the load

WDm
T= tan(β + λ )
2
1
Lead = Pc = = 0.4445 in
2.25
1
Dm = (2.00 + 1.612 ) = 1.806 in
2
Lead 0.4445
λ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 4.48o
πDm π (1.806)
f = tan β = 0.15
β = 8.53o
W = 24,000 lb
WDm
T= tan(β + λ )
2
24,000(1.806)
T= tan(8.53 + 4.48)
2
T = 5008 in − lb

(c) Torque necessary to lower the load.

WDm
T= tan(β − λ )
2
24,000(1.806)
T= tan(8.53 − 4.48)
2
T =1535 in − lb.

428. (a) A jack with a 2-in., square-thread screw is supporting a load of 20 kips. A single
thread is used and the coefficient of friction may be as low as 0.10 or as high as 0.15.
Page 96 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Will this screw always be self-locking? What torque is necessary to raise the load? What
torque is necessary to lower the load? (b) The same as (a) except that a double thread is
used. (c) The same as (a) except that a triple thread is used.
Solution:
Table 8.1, 2 in. square thread, Do = 2 in, Dr = 1.612 in, Th/in = 2.25
(a) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.
1
Dm = (2.00 + 1.612 ) = 1.806 in
2
1
Lead = Pc = = 0.4445 in
2.25
Lead 0.4445
λ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 4.48o
πDm π (1.806)
If f = 0.10
f = tan β = 0.10
β = 5.71o
If f = 0.15
f = tan β = 0.15
β = 8.53o
Since β is always greater than λ, the screw is always self-locking.
WDm
T= tan(β + λ )
2
W = 20 kips
WDm
T= tan(β + λ )
2
20(1.806)
T= tan(8.53 + 4.48)
2
T = 4.173 in − kips
Torque necessary to lower the load.
WDm
T= tan(β − λ )
2
20(1.806)
T= tan(8.53 − 4.48)
2
T = 1.279 in − kips.

(b) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.

2
Lead = 2Pc = = 0.8889 in
2.25
Lead 0.8889
λ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 8.904o
πDm π (1.806)
If f = 0.10
f = tan β = 0.10
β = 5.71o
If f = 0.15

Page 97 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

f = tan β = 0.15
β = 8.53o
Since β is always less than λ, the screw is always not self-locking.
WDm
T= tan(β + λ )
2
W = 20 kips
WDm
T= tan(β + λ )
2
20(1.806)
T= tan(8.53 + 8.904)
2
T = 5.671 in − kips
Torque necessary to lower the load = 0

(c) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.

3
Lead = 3Pc = = 1.3333 in
2.25
Lead 1.3333
λ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 13.224o
πDm π (1.806 )
If f = 0.10
f = tan β = 0.10
β = 5.71o
If f = 0.15
f = tan β = 0.15
β = 8.53o
Since β is always less than λ, the screw is always not self-locking.
WDm
T= tan(β + λ )
2
W = 20 kips
WDm
T= tan(β + λ )
2
20(1.806)
T= tan(8.53 + 13.224)
2
T = 7.207 in − kips
Torque necessary to lower the load = 0

429. The conditions for a self-locking screw are given in §8.23, Text. Assume that the
coefficient of friction is equal to the tangent of the lead angle and show that the
efficiency of a self-locking screw is always less than 50%.
Solution:
tan λ λ
e= ≈
tan(β + λ ) β + λ
For self-locking, β > λ, then β + λ > 2λ
Then,

Page 98 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

λ
e<
2λ
e < 0.50
e < 50%

CURVED BEAMS

430. It is necessary to bend a certain link somewhat as shown in order to prevent

interference with another part of the machine. It is estimated that sufficient clearance
will be provided if the center line of the link is displaced e = 3 in. from the line of action
of F, with a radius of curvature of R ≈ 5.5 in., L = 10 in., material is wrought aluminum
alloy 2014 T6; N = 2 on the basis of the maximum shear stress; F = 2500 lb. with the
number of repetitions not exceeding 106. (a) If the section is round, what should be its
diameter D? (b) If the link is bend to form cold, will the residual stresses be helpful or
damaging? Discuss.

Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn = 18 ksi @5 ×108 cycles
sy = 60 ksi
At 106 cycles
0.09
 106 
sn = sn′  

 nc 
0.09
 10 6 
18 = sn′  
8 
 5 ×10 
sn′ = 31.49 ksi
With size factor.
sn = 0.85sn′ = 0.85(31.49) = 26.77 ksi

sn 26.77
s= = = 13.38 ksi
N 2
Equation:
F K Mc
s= + c
A I

Page 99 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

πD 2
A=
4
πD 4
I=
64
D
c=
2
M = Fe
D
K c (Fe ) 
4F
s= 2 + 2
πD πD 4
64

4F 32K c Fe
s= +
πD 2 πD 3

Using Trial and error and Table AT 18:

r 2R 2(5.5) 11
= = =
c D D D
4(2.5) 32K c (2.5)(3)
13.38 = +
πD 2 πD 3
By trial and error D = 1.92 in
r 11
= = 6.0908
c 1.92
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.152
4(2.5) 32(1.152)(2.5)(3)
s= + = 13.30 ksi ≈ 13.38 ksi
π (1.92)2 π (1.92)3
Use D = 2 in.

(b) Residual stress is helpful due to a decrease in total stress on tension side.

431. The same as 430, except that the section is rectangular with h ≈ 3b; see figure.

Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn = 18 ksi @5 ×108 cycles
sy = 60 ksi
At 106 cycles
Page 100 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

0.09
 106 
sn = sn′  

 nc 
0.09
 10 6 
18 = sn′  
8 
 5 ×10 
sn′ = 31.49 ksi
With size factor.
sn = 0.85sn′ = 0.85(31.49) = 26.77 ksi
s 26.77
s= n = = 13.38 ksi
N 2
Equation:
F K Mc
s= + c
A I
A = bh = b(3b) = 3b 2
bh 3 b(3b)3
I= = = 2.25b 4
12 12
h
c = = 0.5h = 1.5b
2
M = Fe
F K (Fe )(1.5b)
s= 2 + c
3b 2.25b 4

F K Fe
s= 2
+ c 3
3b 1.5b

Using Trial and error and Table AT 18:

r 2R 2(5.5) 11 11
= = = =
c h h h 3b
2.5 K (2.5)(3)
13.38 = 2 + c
3b 1.5b3
By trial and error b = 0.787 in
r 11
= = 4.66
c 3(0.787 )
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.1736
2.5 (1.1736 )(2.5)(3)
s= + = 13.38 ksi
3(0.787 )2
1.5(0.787 )3
Use b = 7/8 in. h = 3b = 2 5/8 in

(b) Residual stress is helpful due to a decrease in total stress on tension side.

432. A hook is to be designed similar to that shown to support a maximum load F = 2500 lb.
that will be repeated an indefinite number of times; the horizontal section is to be
circular of radius c and the inside radius a is 1 ½ in. (a) Determine the diameter of the
Page 101 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

horizontal section for N = 2 based on the Soderberg line, if the material is AISI 4130,
WQT 1100 F. (b) Calculate the value of the static load that produces incipient yielding.

Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn’ = su/2 for reversed bending

sn = SFsn′ = 0.85sn′ = 0.85(su 2)

Soderberg line:
1 sm K f sa
= +
N sy sn
s
sm = sa = repeated load
2
K f = 1.0
1 s s2
= +
N 2 sy 0.85(su 2 )
1  1 1 
= + s
N  2sy 0.85su 
1  1 1 
=  + s
2  2(114) 0.85(127 ) 
sd = 36.63 ksi
For curved beam
F K Mc
s= + c
A I
a = 1.5 in
π
A= (2c )2 = πc 2
4
F = 2500 lb = 2.5 kips
M = F (a + c )
π (2c )4 πc 4
I= =
64 4

Page 102 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Table AT 18,
r =a+c
r a + c 1. 5 + c
= =
c c c
Substitute:
2.5 K (2.5)(1.5 + c )c
36.63 = 2 + c
πc πc 4 4
2.5 10K c (1.5 + c )
36.63 = 2 +
πc πc 3
By trial and error: c = 0.633
r 1.5 + 0.633
= = 3.37 , K c = 1.293
c 0.633
2.5 10(1.293)(1.5 + 0.633)
36.63 = s = +
π (0.633) 2
π (0.633)3
36.63 = s ≈ 36.60 ksi
Use c = 11/16 = 0.6875 in
Diameter = 2c = 1.375 in = 1 3/8 in

(b) Static load that produces incipient yielding.

sd = sy = 114 ksi
F K Mc
s= + c
A I
F K (F )(1.5 + c )c
114 = 2 + c
πc πc 4 4
F K (F )(1.5 + c )
114 = 2 + c
πc πc 3
r 1.5 + 0.6875
= = 3.18 , K c = 1.312
c 0.6875
F 1.312(F )(1.5 + 0.6875)
114 = +
π (0.6875) 2
π (0.6875)3
F = 32.71 kips

433. The same as 432, except that the hook is expected to be subjected to 100,000
repetitions of the maximum load.

Page 103 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn’ = su/2 for reversed bending
At 100,000 repetitions
0.085 0.085
 10 6   106 
sn = 0.85(su 2 ) 
 = 0.85(su 2) 
 = 0.5169su
n
 c   100 ,000 
Soderberg line:
1 sm K f sa
= +
N sy sn
s
sm = sa = repeated load
2
K f = 1.0
1 s s2
= +
N 2 sy 0.5169su
1  1 1 
s
= +
N  2sy 1.0338su 


1  1 1 
=  + s
2  2(114 ) 1.0338(127 ) 
sd = 41.66 ksi
For curved beam
F K Mc
s= + c
A I
a = 1.5 in
π
A= (2c )2 = πc 2
4
F = 2500 lb = 2.5 kips
M = F (a + c )
π (2c )4 πc 4
I= =
64 4
Table AT 18,
r =a+c
r a + c 1. 5 + c
= =
c c c
Substitute:
2.5 K (2.5)(1.5 + c )c
41.66 = 2 + c
πc πc 4 4
2.5 10K c (1.5 + c )
41.66 = 2 +
πc πc 3
By trial and error: c = 0.601
r 1.5 + 0.601
= = 3.5 , K c = 1.28
c 0.601

Page 104 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

2. 5 10(1.28)(1.5 + 0.601)
41.66 = s = +
π (0.601) 2
π (0.601)3
41.66 = s ≈ 41.64 ksi
Use c =5/8
Diameter = 2c = 1.25 in = 1 1/4 in

(b) Static load that produces incipient yielding.

sd = sy = 114 ksi
F K Mc
s= + c
A I
F K (F )(1.5 + c )c
114 = 2 + c
πc πc 4 4
F K (F )(1.5 + c )
114 = 2 + c
πc πc 3
r 1.5 + 0.625
= = 3.4 , K c = 1.29
c 0.625
F 1.29(F )(1.5 + 0.625)
114 = +
(
π 0.625 )2
π (0.625)3
F = 25.97 kips

434. A hook, similar to that shown with a horizontal circular section of diameter 2c, is to be
designed for a capacity of 2000 lb. maximum, a load that may be applied an indefinite
number of times. A value of a = 2 in. should be satisfactory for the radius of curvature of
the inside of the hook. Let N = 1.8 based on the modified Goodman line. At the outset of
design, the engineer decided to try AISI C1040, OQT 1100 F. (a) Compute the diameter
of the horizontal section, (b) If the 45o circular section is made the same diameter, what
is its design factor (modified Goodman)? Could this section be made smaller or should it
be larger?

Solution:
(a) For AISI C1040, OQT 1100 F, Figure AF 1
su = 100 ksi, sn’ = su/2 for reversed bending
sn = SF x sn’ = 0.85(0.5)(100) = 42.5 ksi
Kf = 1.0
Modified Goodman line:
Page 105 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

1 sm K f sa
= +
N su sn
s
sm = sa = repeated load
2
K f = 1.0
1 s2 s2
= +
1.8 100 42.5
sd = 33.14 ksi
For curved beam
F K Mc
s= + c
A I
a = 2.0 in
π
A= (2c )2 = πc 2
4
F = 2000 lb = 2.0 kips
M = F (a + c )
π (2c )4 πc 4
I= =
64 4
Table AT 18,
r =a+c
r a + c 2. 0 + c
= =
c c c
Substitute:
2.0 K (2.0)(2.0 + c )c
33.14 = 2 + c
πc πc 4 4
2.0 8K (2.0 + c )
33.14 = 2 + c 3
πc πc
By trial and error: c = 0.639
r 2.0 + 0.639
= = 4.13 , K c = 1.224
c 0.639
2. 0 8(1.224)(2.0 + 0.639)
33.14 = s = +
π (0.639) 2
π (0.639)3
33.14 = s ≈ 33.08 ksi
Use c = 11/16 in
Diameter = 2c = 1.375 in = 1 3/8 in

(b) sus = 0.6su = 0.6 x 100 ksi = 60 ksi

sns = 0.6sn = 0.6 x 42.5 ksi = 25.5 ksi
Equivalent stress (Modified Goodman Line)
s s
se = m n + K f sa
su
s s
ses = ms ns + K f sas
sus
Page 106 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

1  se   ses  
2 2 2

=   +   
N  sn   sns  
 
s
sm = sa =
2
s
sms = sas = s
2
F cos 45 K c Mc F cos 45 K c F (a + c )(cos 45)c
s= + = +
A I πc 2 πc 4 4
F cos 45 4K c F (a + c )(cos 45)
s= +
πc 2 πc 3
F sin 45 F sin 45
ss = =
A πc 2
11
c = in = 0.6875 in (assuming constant diameter)
16
r a + c 2.0 + 0.6875
= = = 3.91
c c 0.6875
Table AT 18,
K c = 1.239
(2.0 )cos 45 4(1.239)(2.0)(2.0 + 0.6875)(cos 45)
s= +
π (0.6875)2 π (0.6875)3
s = 19.40 ksi
(2.0 )sin 45
ss = = 0.95 ksi
π (0.6875)2
Then
s s
se = m n + K f sa
su
ss  19.40  42.5 
se =  n + K f  =  + 1 = 13.82 ksi
2  su  2  100 
s s
ses = ms ns + K f sas
sus
ss  sns  0.85  25.5 
ses =  + K f  =  + 1 = 0.68 ksi

2  sus 2  60 


1  se   ses  
2 2

=   +   
N  sn   sns  
 
1
1  13.82   0.68   2
2 2
=   +  
N  42.5   25.5  
N = 3.06
Since N > 1.8, this section could be made smaller.
Page 107 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

435. A C-frame hand press is made of annealed cast steel (A27-58) and has a modified I-
section, as shown. The dimensions of a 45o section CD are: a = 3, b = 6, h = 4, t = 1 in.,
radius r = 1 in.; also g = 12 in.; and the maximum force is F = 17 kips, repeated a
relatively few times in the life of the press. (a) Applying the straight-beam formula to
the 45o section, compute the maximum and minimum normal stresses. (b) Do the same,
applying the curved-beam formula. (c) By what theory would you judge this section to
have been designed? If the radius r were increased several times over, as it could have
been done, would the stress have been materially reduced? Give reasons for your
conclusions.

Solution:
(a) Straight-beam formula
Consider only normal stresses, relatively static.
F cos 45 Mc
s= ±
A I
 c  
M = F g − r +  2 + r  cos 45
  2  
A = ht + at + (b − 2t )t

t   b − 2t   t
ht   + (b − 2t )(t ) + t  + at  b − t + 
c2 =    2  
2 2
ht + (b − 2t )t + at
Page 108 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

ht 2  bt   t
+ (b − 2t )  + at  b − 
c2 =
2  
2  2 
ht + (b − 2t )t + at
c1 = b − c 2
(4)(1)2  (6 )(1)   1
+ [6 − 2(1)]  + (3)(1) 6 − 
c2 =
2  2   2
= 2.77273 in
(4 )(1) + [6 − 2(1)](1) + (3)(1)
c1 = b − c 2 = 6 − 2.7723 = 3.22727 in

I = I + Ad 2
A1 = ht
A2 = (b − 2t )t
A3 = at
2
ht 3  t
I1 = + ht  c 2 − 
12  2
2
t (b − 2t )3 b 
I2 = + (b − 2t )(t ) − c2 
12  2 
2
at 3  t
I3 = + at  c1 − 
12  2
2
(4)(1)3 ( )( ) 1
I1 = + 4 1  2.77273 −  = 21 in 4
12  2
2
(1)[6 − 2(1)]3 [ ( )]( ) 6 
I2 = + 6 − 2 1 1  − 2.77273 = 5.54 in 4
12 2 
2
(3)(1)3
 1
I3 = + (3)(1) 3.22727 −  = 22.564 in 4
12  2
I = 21 + 5.54 + 22.564 = 49.104 in 4
Then
F cos 45 Mc 2
smax = +
A I
F cos 45 Mc1
smin = −
A I
A = (4 )(1) + (3)(1) + [6 − 2(1)](1) = 11 in 2
  2.77273  
M = 17 12 − 1 +  + 1 cos 45 = 215.686 in − kips
  2  
17 cos 45 (215.686)(2.77273)
smax = + = 13.27 ksi in tension
11 49.104
17 cos 45 (215.686)(2.77273)
smin = − = −13.08 ksi = 13.08 ksi in compression
11 49.104

(b) Curved-beam formula

Page 109 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

F cos 45 K ci Mc 2
smax = +
A I
F cos 45 K co Mc1
smin = −
A I
Using Table AT18
r
Z = −1 + [b1 log e (r + c1 ) − (t − b1 )log e (r + c 4 ) + (b − t )log e (r − c3 ) − blog e (r − c 2 )]
A

r = 1 + 2.77273 = 3.77273 in
c 2 = 2.77273 in
c1 = 3.22727 in
c 4 = 3.22727 − 1 = 2.22727 in
c3 = 2.77273 − 1 = 1.77273 in
b1 = 3 in
t = 1 in
b = 4 in

 c 
1 + Z (r + c ) I
Kc =  
Arc
3.77273 3log e (3.77273 + 3.22727 ) − (1 − 3)log e (3.77273 + 2.22727) 
Z = −1 +  
11 + (4 − 1)log e (3.77273 − 1.77273) − 4 log e (3.77273 − 2.77273)
Z = 2.944455

c = −c2
 c2   2.77273 
1 + I 1 + (49.104)
 Z (r − c 2 )   2.944455(3.77273 − 2.77273) 
K ci = =
Arc 2 (11)(3.77273)(2.77273)
K ci = 0.8286

c = c1
 c1   3.22727 
1 + I 1 + (49.104)
 Z (r + c1 )   2.944455(3.77273 + 3.22727 ) 
K co = =
Arc1 (11)(3.77273)(3.22727 )
K co = 0.424
F cos 45 K ci Mc 2
smax = +
A I
F cos 45 K co Mc1
smin = −
A I
17 cos 45 (0.8286)(215.686)(2.77273)
smax = + = 11.18 ksi in tension
11 49.104

Page 110 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

17 cos 45 (0.424)(215.686)(2.77273)
smin = − = −4.07 ksi = 4.07 ksi in compression
11 49.104

(c) This section must be designed based on straight beam formula. Maximum stress is
higher.
Increasing the radius r.
Table A-18.
r = 2 + 2.77273 = 4.77273 in
c 2 = 2.77273 in
c1 = 3.22727 in
c 4 = 3.22727 − 1 = 2.22727 in
c3 = 2.77273 − 1 = 1.77273 in
b1 = 3 in
t = 1 in
b = 4 in

 c 
1 + Z (r + c ) I
Kc =  
Arc
4.77273 3log e (4.77273 + 3.22727 ) − (1 − 3)log e (4.77273 + 2.22727 ) 
Z = −1 +  
11 + (4 − 1)log e (4.77273 − 1.77273) − 4 log e (4.77273 − 2.77273)
Z = 3.622343

c = −c2
 c2   2.77273 
1 +
Z (r c ) I 1 +
( ) (49.104)
K ci =  − 2 
=  3 .622343 4 .77273 − 2 . 77273 
Arc 2 ( )( )(
11 4.77273 2.77273 )
K ci = 0.4664

c = c1
 c1   3.22727 
1 + I 1 + (49.104)
 Z (r + c )
1   3.622343(4.77273 + 3.22727 ) 
K co = =
Arc1 (11)(4.77273)(3.22727)
K co = 0.3221
F cos 45 K ci Mc 2
smax = +
A I
F cos 45 K co Mc1
smin = −
A I
17 cos 45 (0.4664)(215.686)(2.77273)
smax = + = 6.77 ksi in tension
11 49.104
17 cos 45 (0.3221)(215.686)(2.77273)
smin = − = −2.83 ksi = 2.83 ksi in compression
11 49.104
Page 111 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

The stress is reduced using by increasing the radius r in Curved Beam Formula.
Reason: As the radius r increased the stress factor for curved beam decreases thence
the maximum stress is reduced.
436. A heavy C-clamp, similar to the figure, is made of normalized cast steel (A27-58) and has
a T-section where t= 7/16 in.; q= 2 ¾ , a =1 ¾ in. What is the safe capacity if N = 2 based
on yield?

Solution:
F K Mc
s = + ci i
A I
Table AT 1
2
 3t  7
A = 4t   + t (4.5t ) = 10.5t 2 = 10.5  = 2.009766 in 2
2  16 
2 2
(t ) 4.5t + 3 t  3 
+ (4t − t ) t 
c1 = 
2   2  = 2.035714t
 3   3 
2t  4.5t + t  + (4t − t ) t 
 2   2 
7
c1 = 2.035714  = 0.890625 in
 16 
c 2 = 4.5t + 1.5t − c1 = 6t − 2.035714t = 3.964286t
7
c 2 = 3.964286  = 1.734375 in
 16 
Table AT 18
r = a + c1 = 1.75 + 0.890625 = 2.640625 in
r a + c1 2.640625
= = = 2.965
c c1 0.890625
K ci = 1.4212

M = F (q + ci ) = F (2.75 + 0.890625) = 3.640625F

For Normalized cast steel, A27-58,
sy = 36 ksi
Moment of Inertia

Page 112 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

3
(4t ) 3 t  2 2
 2  + (4t ) 3 t  2.035714t − 3 t  + (t )(4.5t ) + (t )(4.5t ) 3.964286t − 4.5 t 
3
I=     
12  2  4  12  2 
4
7
I = 31.861607t = 31.861607  = 1.167293 in 4
4

 16 

F K ci Mc i
s= +
A I
sy 36 F (1.4212 )(3.640625)(F )(0.890625)
s= = = +
N 2 2.009766 1.167293
F = 4.049 kips = 4049 lb

437. The same as 436, except that the section is trapezoidal with b = ¾ in. (see figure). Ignore
the effect of resounding off the corners.

Solution:
F K Mc
s = + ci i
A I
From other sources.
2
A=
1
(b + 2b)(3b ) = 4.5b 2 = 4.5 3  = 2.53125 in 2
2  4
3b  2b + 2b  4 43
c1 =   = b =   = 1 in
3  b + 2b  3 34
4 5 5 3
c 2 = 3b − b = b =   = 1.25 in
3 3 3 4
(3b)3 [b 2 + 4b(2b) + (2b)2 ] 3
4
I= = 3.25b = 3.25  = 1.02832 in 4
4
36(b + 2b) 4

Table AT 18
3.25b4
2r  b − a   
Z = −1 + a + (r + c 2 ) × log e  r + c 2  − (b − a )
(a + b)c  c   r − c1  

Page 113 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

r = a + c1 = 1.75 + 1 = 2.75 in
a = b = 0.75 in
b = 2b = 2(0.75) = 1.50 in
c = 3b = 3(0.75) = 2.25 in
2(2.75)   1.50 − 0.75    2.75 + 1.25  
Z = −1 + 0.75 +  (2.75 + 1.25) × log e   − (1.50 − 0.75)
(0.75 + 1.5)(2.25)   2.25    2.75 − 1  
Z = 0.05627
 c1   1 
1 + I 1 + (1.02832)
 Z (r − c1 )   0.05627(2.75 − 1) 
K ci = = = 1.6479
Arc1 (2.53125)(2.75)(1)
M = F (q + c1 ) = F (2.75 + 1) = 3.75F
For Normalized cast steel, A27-58,
sy = 36 ksi

F K ci Mc i
s= +
A I
sy 36 F (1.6479)(3.75)(F )(1)
s= = = +
N 2 2.53125 1.02832
F = 2.810 kips = 2810 lb

THICK-SHELL CYLINDERS; INTERFERENCE FITS

438. Special welded steel pipe, equivalent in strength to SAE 1022, as rolled, is subjected to
an internal pressure of 8000 psi. The internal diameter is to be 4 ½ in. and the factor of
safety is to be 3, including an allowance for the weld. (a) Find the thickness of the pipe
according to the distortion-energy theory. (b) Using this thickness find the maximum
normal and shear stresses and the corresponding safety factors. (c) Compute the
thickness from the thin-shell formula and from the Barlow formula.
Solution:
4.5
ri = = 2.25 in , N = 3 , pi = 8000 psi
2
SAE 1022, as rolled, sy = 52 ksi
(a) Distortion-Energy Theory
 1

 2 

  − 1 in
t = ri 
1
  
 1 − 3pi  
 s  
 
sy 52
s = = = 17.333 ksi = 17 ,333 psi
N 3

Page 114 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

 1

 2 

  − 1 = 2.774 in
t = 2.25
1
  
 1 − 3 × 8000  
 17 ,333  
 
(b) Maximum normal stress
( )
p r 2 + r 2 − 2p r 2
σ ti = i o 2 i 2 o o
ro − ri

σ ti =
(
pi ro2 + ri2 )
ro2 − ri 2
ri = 2.25 in
ro = 2.25 + 2.774 = 5.024 in
(
8000 5.024 2 + 2.25 2
σ ti =
)
= 12,014 psi
5.0242 − 2.252
s 52,000
N= y = = 4.33
σ ti 12,014
Maximum shear stress
r 2 (p − p )
τ = o 2 i 2o
ro − ri
ro2 pi
τ=
ro2 − ri 2
(5.024)2 (8000)
τ= = 10,007 psi
5.0242 − 2.252
sy 52,000
N= = = 2.60
2τ 2(10,007 )
(c) From thin-shell formula
p r (8000)(2.25)
t= i i = = 1.0385 in
st 17,333
From Barlow formula
pr p (r + t )
t= i o = i i
st st
pr (8000)(2.25)
t= i i = = 1.929 in
st − pi 17,333 − 8000

439. The internal diameter of the cast-steel cylinder, SAE 0030, of a hydraulic press is 12 in.
The internal working pressure is 6000 psi, N = 2.5. Find the thickness of the cylinder
walls (a) from the maximum-shear-stress theory, (b) from the octahedral-shear theory.
(c) Compute the thickness from the thin-shell and Barlow formulas. What do you
recommend?
Solution:

Page 115 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Table AT 6. SAE 0030 = A27-58, sy = 35 ksi

(a) Maximum shear theory
r 2 (p − p ) s
τ = o 2 i 2o = y
ro − ri 2N
12
ri = = 6 in
2
pi = 6,000 psi = 6 ksi
po = 0 ksi
ro2 (6 − 0 ) 35
=
ro − (6)
2 2
2(2.5)
ro = 15.8745 in
t = ro − ri = 15.8745 − 6 = 9.8745 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory
 
12

  
t = ri   − 1
1
 3pi  
 1 −  
 s  
sy 35
s= = = 14 ksi
N 2.5

 
12

   
1
t = (6 )  − 1 = 5.8195 in
 3 (6)  
 1 −  
 14  
(c) Thin shell formula
p r sy
st = i i =
t N
(6)(6) = 35
t 2.5
t = 2.5714 in
Barlow formula
pr sy
st = i o =
t N
6(6 + t ) 35
=
t 2.5
t = 4.5 in
Recommended: Maximum shear theory , t = 9.8745 in thick.

Page 116 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

440. The same as 439, except a higher-strength material is selected. Try cast-steel SAE 0105.

Solution:
Table AT 6. SAE 0105 = A148-58, sy = 85 ksi
(a) Maximum shear theory
r 2 (p − p ) s
τ = o 2 i 2o = y
ro − ri 2N
12
ri = = 6 in
2
pi = 6,000 psi = 6 ksi
po = 0 ksi
ro2 (6 − 0 ) 85
=
ro − (6)
2 2
2(2.5)
ro = 7.459 in
t = ro − ri = 7.459 − 6 = 1.459 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory
 
12

  
t = ri   − 1
1
 3pi  
 1 −  
 s  
sy 85
s= = = 34 ksi
N 2.5

 
12

  
t = (6)  − 1 = 1.2005 in
1
 3 (6 )  
 1 −  
 34  
(c) Thin shell formula
p r sy
st = i i =
t N
(6)(6) = 85
t 2.5
t = 1.0588 in
Barlow formula
pr sy
st = i o =
t N
6(6 + t ) 85
=
t 2.5
t = 1.2857 in
Recommended: Maximum shear theory , t = 1.459 in thick.

Page 117 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

441. A 2 ½ in. heavy-wall pipe has the following dimensions: OD = 2.875, ID = 1.771, t = 0.552
in.; inside surface area per foot of length = 66.82 in.2, outside surface area per foot of
length = 108.43 in.2. The material is chromium-molybdenum alloy, for which the
permissible tangential tensile stress is 15 ksi at temperatures between 700 – 800 F. (a)
Compute the maximum internal working pressure for this pipe from Lame’s formula, by
the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories. (b) What is the stress at an external
fiber? (c) A higher design stress would be permitted for an external pressure alone.
Nevertheless, compute the external pressure corresponding to a maximum tangential
stress of 15 ksi.
Solution:
OD 2.875
ro = = = 1.4375 in
2 2
ID 1.771
ri = = = 0.8855 in
2 2
t = 0.552 in
(a) Lame’s Equation
( )
p r 2 + r 2 − 2p r 2
σ ti = i o 2 i 2 o o = s
ro − ri

15 =
[
pi (1.4375)2 + (0.8855)2 − 0 ]
(1.4375)2 − (0.8855)2
pi = 6.7477 ksi
Maximum shear theory
r 2 (p − p ) s
τ = o 2 i 2o =
ro − ri 2
(1.4375)2 (pi ) 15
=
(1.4375) − (0.8855) 2
2 2

pi = 4.654 ksi
Octahedral shear theory
 
12

  
t = ri   1  − 1
 3pi  
 1 −  
 s  
 
12

  
0.552 = (0.8855)   1  − 1
 3pi  
 1 −  
 15  
pi = 5.374 ksi
(b) Stress at external fiber, pi = 4.654 ksi

σ to =
(
2pi ri 2 − po ro2 + ri2 )
ro2 − ri2

Page 118 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

2(4.654)(0.8855)2 − 0
σ to = = 5.592 ksi
(1.4375)2 − (0.8855)2
(c) External pressure alone.
( )
p r 2 + r 2 − 2p r 2
σ ti = i o 2 i 2 o o = s
ro − ri
0 − 2po (1.4375)2
− 15 =
(1.4375)2 − (0.8855)2
po = 4.654 ksi

442. A cast-steel hub is to be shrunk on a 1.5-in., SAE 1035, as-rolled, steel shaft. The
equivalent diameter of the hub is 2.5 in., its length is 4 in. (a) What must be the
interference of metal if the holding power of this fit is equal to the torsional yield
strength of the shaft? Use Baugher’s recommendations. (b) What are the corresponding
tangential and radial stresses in the hub?
Solution:
Table AT 7, SAE 1035, as rolled, sy = 55 ksi.
sys = 0.6 sy = 33 ksi
Es = 30,000 ksi
µs = 0.3
For hub, Cast steel, Eh = 30,000 ksi, µh ~ 0.3
(a) Interference of metal

For solid shaft, same E and µ.

Ei   Di  
2

pi = 1 −   
2Di   Do  
 
Di = 1.5 in
Do = 2.5 in
L = 4 in
For pi:
fp πD 2L
T= i i
2
But
πDi3 sys
T=
16
Then
πDi3 sys fpiπDi2L
=
16
f = 0.1 as per Baugher’s recommendation
Di sys (1.5)(33)
pi = = = 15.46875 ksi
8 fL 8(0.1)(4 )
Then

Page 119 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Ei   D 2 
pi = 1 −  i  
2Di   Do  

(30,000)(i )   1.5  2 
15.46875 = 1 −   
2(1.5)   2.5  
i = 0.002417 in - answer.

(b) Tangential and radial stresses in the hub

Tangential stress
Ei   Di 
2

σ th = 1 +   
2Di   Do  

(30,000)(0.002417 )   1.5  2 
σ th = 1 +    = 32.87 ksi
2(1.5)   2.5  
Radial stress
σ rh = − pi = −15.46875 ksi

443. The same as 442, except that the hub is ASTM 20, cast iron. Will the resulting tensile
stresses be safe for cast iron?
Solution:
Table AT 6, ASTM 20, cast iron, suc = 83 ksi, su = 20 ksi (hub)
Table AT 7, SAE 1035, as rolled, sy = 55 ksi.
sys = 0.6 sy = 33 ksi
(a) Interference of metal

For hub of cast iron and the shaft is steel.

  D 2 
Ei 1 −  i  
  Do  
pi =
 D  
2

Di 3 + µ + (1 − µ ) i  
  Do  
Di = 1.5 in
Do = 2.5 in
L = 4 in
E = 30,000 ksi
µ = 0.27
For pi:
fp πD 2L
T= i i
2
But
πDi3 sys
T=
16
Page 120 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Then
πDi3 sys fpiπDi2L
=
16
f = 0.1 as per Baugher’s recommendation
Di sys (1.5)(33)
pi = = = 15.46875 ksi
8 fL 8(0.1)(4 )
Then
  D 2 
Ei 1 −  i  
  Do  
pi =
  Di  
2

Di 3 + µ + (1 − µ )  
  
  Do  
 2

(30,000)(i )1 −  1.5  
  2.5  
15.46875 =
 2

(1.5)3 + 0.27 + (1 − 0.27 ) 1.5  
  2.5  
i = 0.004269 in - answer.

(b) Tangential and radial stresses in the hub

Tangential stress
  D 2 
Ei 1 +  i  
  Do  
σ th =
 D  
2

Di 3 + µ + (1 − µ ) i  
  Do  
 2

(30,000)(0.004269)1 +  1.5  
σ th =   2.5   = 32.87 ksi
 2

(1.5)3 + 0.27 + (1 − 0.27 ) 1.5  
  2.5  
(30,000)(0.002417 )   1.5  2 
σ th = 1 +    = 32.87 ksi > 20 ksi.
2(1.5)   2.5  
Not safe for cast iron ASTM 20.
Radial stress
σ rh = − pi = −15.46875 ksi

444. A cast-steel gear is pressed onto a 2-in. shaft made of AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F. The
equivalent hub diameter is 4 in., and the hub length is 4 in. (a) What are the maximum
tangential and radial stresses in the hub caused by a class FN 2 interference fit?
Compute for the apparent maximum value of i (but recall the probability of this event).
Page 121 of 133
 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

(b) What axial force F in tons will be required to press the gear on the shaft if f1 is
assumed to be 0.2? (c) What torque may the force fit safely transmit? (d) Is the holding
capacity of this fit large enough to transmit a torque that produces a simple torsional
stress of 0.6sys in the shaft?
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi, µ = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi, µ = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
For Class FN 2 interference fit.
Table 3.2, page 85, 2 in diameter.
Maximum value of i = 0.0027 – 0.0000 = 0.0027 in
(a) For same material and same Poisson’s ratio

Tangential stress
Ei   Di 
2

σ th = 1 +   
2Di   Do  


σ th =
(30 ×10 )(0.0027) 1 +  2 
6 2

 = 25,313 psi
2(2)   4  
Radial stress
Ei   Di  
2

σ rh = − pi = − 1 −   
2Di   Do  
 

σ rh = −
( 6
)
30 ×10 (0.0027 )   2  
2

1 −    = −15,188 psi
2(2)   4  

(b) Axial force F in tons.

f p πD L
F = 1 i i tons
2000
F=
( 0.2 )(15,188)(π )(2)(4)
= 38.17 tons
2000
(c) Torque safely transmit.
fp πD 2L
T= i i
2
f = 0.1 as recommended by Baugher.
(0.1)(15,188)(π )(2)2 (4)
T= = 38,172 in − lb
2
(d) With simple torsional stress of 0.6sys.
ss = 0.6sys = 0.6(0.6sy ) = 0.6(0.6 )(133) = 47.88 ksi = 47 ,880 psi
ssπDi3 (47 ,880)(π )(2)3
T= = = 72,210 psi
16 16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a torque that
produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.

Page 122 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

445. The same as 444, except that a class FN 4 fit is investigated and the computation is
made for the average i.
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi, µ = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi, µ = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
For Class FN 4 interference fit.
Table 3.2, page 85, 2 in diameter.
Maximum value of i = 0.0042 – 0.0000 = 0.0042 in
Minimum value of i = 0.0035 – 0.0012 = 0.0023 in
Average value of i = 0.5 (0.0042 + 0.0023) = 0.00325 in
(a) For same material and same Poisson’s ratio

Tangential stress
Ei   Di 
2

σ th = 1 +   
2Di   Do  


σ th =
(30 ×10 )(0.00325) 1+  2 
6 2

 = 30,469 psi
2(2 )   4  
Radial stress
Ei   Di  
2

σ rh = − pi = − 1 −   
2Di   Do  
 

σ rh = −
( 6
)
30 ×10 (0.00325)   2  
2

1 −    = −18,281 psi
2(2 )   4  

(b) Axial force F in tons.

f p πD L
F = 1 i i tons
2000
F=
( 0.2)(18,281)(π )(2 )(4)
= 45.95 tons
2000
(c) Torque safely transmit.
fp πD 2L
T= i i
2
f = 0.1 as recommended by Baugher.
(0.1)(18,281)(π )(2)2 (4)
T= = 45,945 in − lb
2
(d) With simple torsional stress of 0.6sys.
ss = 0.6sys = 0.6(0.6sy ) = 0.6(0.6 )(133) = 47.88 ksi = 47 ,880 psi
ssπDi3 (47 ,880)(π )(2)3
T= = = 72,210 psi
16 16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a torque that
produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.

Page 123 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

446. A No. 217 ball bearing has a bore of 3.3465 in., a width of 1.1024 in., and the inner race
is approximately 3/8 in. thick. This bearing is to be mounted on a solid shaft with i =
0.0014. (a) Calculate the maximum radial and tangential stresses in the race. (b)
Estimate the force required to press the bearing onto the shaft.
Solution:
Di = 3.3465 in, Do = 3.3465 + 2(3/8) = 4.0965 in, i = 0.0014 in.
(a) Maximum radial stress in the race
Ei   Di  
2

σ rh = − pi = − 1 −   
2Di   Do  
 

σ rh = −
( 6
)
30 ×10 (0.0014)   3.3465  
1 − 
2

  = −2,087 psi
2(3.3465)   4.0965  
Tangential stress
Ei   Di  
2

σ th = 1 +   
2Di   Do  
 

σ th =
( )
30 ×10 (0.0014)   3.3465  
6
 
1 +
2

  = 10,463 psi
2(3.3465)   4.0965  
(b) Force required to press the bearing onto the shaft
f p πD L
F = 1 i i tons , use f1 = 0.175 on the average
2000
F=
(0.175)(2,087 )(π )(2)(4 ) = 4.59 tons
2000

447. A steel disk of diameter Do and thickness L = 4 in. is to be pressed onto a 2-in. steel
shaft. The parts are manufactured with class FN 5 fit, but assembled parts are selected
so as to give approximately the average interference. What will be the maximum radial
and tangential stresses in the disk if (a) Do is infinitely large; (b) Do = 10 in.; (c) Do = 4 in.;
(d) Do = 2.5 in.?
Solution:
(a) Maximum radial stress if Do → ∞ .
Ei   Di  
2

σ rh = − pi = − 1 −   
2Di   Do  
 
Ei
σ rh = − pi = −
2Di

σ rh = −
(30 ×10 )(0.005) = −37,500 psi
6

2(2 )
Maximum tangential stress if Do → ∞ .
Ei   Di 
2

σ th = 1 +   
2Di   Do  


Page 124 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Ei
σ th =
2Di

σ th =
(30 ×10 )(0.005) = 37,500 psi
6

2(2 )
(b) Maximum radial stress if Do = 10 in .
Ei   Di  
2

σ rh = − pi = − 1 −   
2Di   Do  
 

σ rh = −
( )
30 ×10 6 (0.005)   2  
2

1 −    = −36,000 psi
2(2 )   10  
Maximum tangential stress if Do = 10 in .
Ei   Di  
2

σ th = 1 +   
2Di   Do  
 
( )
30 ×10 (0.005)   2  
6
σ th =
2(2 ) 1 +  10   = 39,000 psi
  
(c) Maximum radial stress if Do = 2.5 in .
Ei   Di  
2

σ rh = − pi = − 1 −   
2Di   Do  
 

σ rh = −
( )
30 ×106 (0.005)   2  
1 − 
2

  = −13,500 psi
2(2 )   2.5  
Maximum tangential stress if Do = 2.5 in .
Ei   Di  
2

σ th = 1 +   
2Di   Do  
 
( )
30 ×10 (0.005)   2 
6
σ th =
2(2 ) 1 +  2.5  = 61,500 psi
  

448. A steel cylinder is to have an inside diameter of 3 in. and pi = 30,000 psi. (a) Calculate
the tangential stresses at the inner and outer surfaces if the outside diameter is 6 in. (b)
It was decided to make the cylinder in two parts, the inner cylinder with D1 = 3 in. and Di
= 4.5 in., the outer cylinder with Di = 4.5 in. and Do = 6 in. (see figure). The two cylinders
were shrunk together with i = 0.003 in. Calculate the pressure at the interface and the
tangential stresses at the inner and outer surfaces of each cylinder. (Suggestion: first
derive an equation for the interface pressure).

Page 125 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Solution:
(a) Tangential stresses at the inner and outer surface.
Di = 3 in, ri = 1.5 in, pi = 30,000 psi
Do = 6 in, ro = 3 in, po = 0
( )
p r 2 + r 2 − 2p r 2
σ ti = i o 2 i 2 o o
ro − ri
(30,000)[(3)2 + (1.5)2 ]− 0
σ ti = = 50,000 ksi
(3)2 − (1.5)2
σ to =
(
2pi ri 2 − po ro2 + ri2 )
ro2 − ri2
2(30,000 )(1.5)2 − 0
σ to = = 20,000 ksi
(3)2 − (1.5)2
(b) Pressure at the interface, tangential stresses at the inner and outer surface of each
cylinder.
 σ + µ h pi σ ts + µ s pi 
i = 2( δ h + δ s ) = Di  th − 

 E h E s 
Eh = E s , µh = µs

σ th =
(
pi ro2 + ri2 )
ro2 − ri 2

σ ts =
(
2 p1r12 − pi ri2 + r12 )
ri 2 − r12
σ µp σ µp  D
i = Di  th + i − ts − i  = i (σ th − σ ts )
 E E E E  E
(
D p r2 +r2 p r2 +r2 )
i = i  i 2o 2i + i 2i 21 − 2 1 1 2 
(
2p r 2 )
E  ro − ri ri − r1 ri − r1 
p1 = 30,000 psi, ro = 3 in, ri = 2.25 in, r1 = 1.5 in

Page 126 of 133

 SECTION 6 – COMBINED STRESSES

Pressure at the interface, pi.

Ei 2 p1r12
+
Di ri2 − r12
pi = 2 2
ro + ri r2 +r2
2 2
+ i2 12
ro − ri ri − r1
(30 ×10 )(0.003) + 2(30,000)(1.5)
6 2

pi =
4.5 (2.25)2 − (1.5)2 = 20,000 + 48,000
(3)2 + (2.25)2 + (2.25)2 + (1.5)2 3.571429 + 2.6
(3) − (2.25) (2.25) − (1.5)
2 2 2 2

pi = 11,018.5 psi
Tangential stresses:
Inner cylinder:
Inner surface:
( )
p r 2 + r 2 − 2p r 2
σ ti = 1 i 2 1 2 i i
ri − r1

σ ti =
[ ]
30,000 (2.25)2 + (1.5)2 − 2(11,018.5)(2.25)2
= 38,333.4 psi
(2.25)2 − (1.5)2
Outer surface:
(
2p r 2 − p r 2 + r 2
σ to = 1 1 2 i 2i 1
)
ri − r1

σ to =
[
2(30,000)(2.25)2 − 11,018.5 (2.25)2 + (1.5)2 ]
= 79,351.9 psi
(2.25)2 − (1.5)2

Outer cylinder:
Inner surface:
( )
p r 2 + r 2 − 2p r 2
σ ti = i o 2 i 2 o o
ro − ri

σ ti =
[ ]
11,018.5 (3)2 + (2.25)2 − 2(0 )(3)2
= 39,351.8 psi
(3)2 − (2.25)2
Outer surface:
2p r 2 − p r 2 + r 2
σ to = i i 2 o 2o i
( )
ro − ri

σ to =
[
2(11,018.5)(2.25)2 − 0 (3)2 + (2.25)2 ]
= 28,333.3 psi
(3)2 − (2.25)2

449. A phosphor-bronze (B139C) bushing has an ID = ¾ in., an OD = 1 ¼ in., and a length of 2

in. It is to be pressed into a cast-steel cylinder that has an outside diameter of 2 ½ in. An
ASA class FN 2 fit is to be used with selective assembly to give approximately the
interference i = 0.0016 in. Calculate (a) pi, (b) the maximum tangential stress in the steel

Page 127 of 133