Chapter 1 Introduction

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1 Overview of

Research 4 Research
Design

Analysis and
2 Nature and Scope
of Research 5 Interpretation
of data

by hunduu Isumaan

3 Research
Process 6 Ethics in
Research
1
This section introduces the foundations of research, outlining its purpose and
significance in IS.

2
Exploring the methodologies, methods, and techniques involved in
conducting impactful and credible research.

3
Course References
1 Defined by Scholars
Research has been interpreted and defined by various scholars as per their
fields of study and availability of resources at the given time. You will find
out that the basic meaning and the context of these definitions are same. The
difference between these definitions lies only in the way the author has
undertaken research in his discipline.
2 Word Origins
The Middle French -recherche, which means -to go about seeking, the
term itself being derived from the Old French term -recerchier a
compound word from -re- + -cerchier, or -searcher, meaning search‘.
The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.
3 According to (Thyer, 2001)
The word research is composed of two syllables, re and search. re is a
prefix meaning again, anew or over again search is a verb meaning to
examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe. Together they
form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or
principles."
Definition of Research…(Cont’d)
Structured Enquiry Movement Knowledge Manipulation
Research is a structured Research is a movement, a Research is manipulation of things,
enquiry that utilizes acceptable movement from the known to concepts or symbols for the purpose of
scientific methodology to the unknown (Redman and generalizing to extend, correct or verify
solve problems and create new Mory, 2010). knowledge, whether that knowledge
knowledge that is generally aids in construction of theory or in the
applicable. (Dawson, practice of an art (Kothari, C.R.)
Catherine)

According to (Rocco, 2011),


"Research is a careful
investigation or inquiry
especially through search for
new facts in any branch of
knowledge."
Cont’d…
1 Research Comprises.
 defining and redefining problems.
 formulating hypothesis
 collecting, organizing and evaluating data
 making deductions and reaching conclusions
 Carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulated hypothesis
Definition of Research
Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions or
solutions to problems.
1 Systematic 2 Organized 3 Finding answers 4 Question/Problem
There is a definite set There is a structure or
every research seeks are central to research.
of scientific method for doing
to answer a question If there is no question or
procedures and research. The research
or to solve problems. problem, then how do
principles which the process has a number
Sometimes the answer we begin the research?
researcher will need of steps to guide the
is no, but it is still an
to follow in order to researcher. It is focused
and limited to a specific answer.
get reliable and
accurate results. scope.

Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions or problems which need
answer or solution. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or purpose
What is Research and Not?

Research is a process of seeking out knowledge.


1 This knowledge can be new, or it can support an already-known fact.

Research is not:
 mere information gathering.
 mere transportation of facts from one location to another.
 simply a compilation of quotations. Even though quotations are used
to document and clarify findings, research is not the result of complied
quotations.
 simply re-writing other people’s words and ideas into a neat
description.
 not a defense or apology of one’s conviction.
What is Research and Not?

Research is a process of seeking out knowledge.


1 This knowledge can be new, or it can support an already-known fact.

Research is not:

 polemical; its objective is to present truth, not to fight the


position of other people, even if it may be erroneous.

 the presentation of one’s own opinions. Research demands that


the researcher must show facts, data, and information. Even
though the conclusions one reaches are sometimes modified by
one’s personal opinions, whoever reads the research report must
be able to follow the logic and the evidence to see how the
researcher reached the conclusions.
Objectives of Research
 The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific
procedures.
 The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered
as yet.
 Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as
falling into a number of following broad groupings:

1 Gain Familiarity 2 Portray accurately 3 To determine the 4 To test a hypothesis


frequency
with a phenomenon or The characteristics of a with which something of a causal relationship
to achieve new particular individual, occurs or with which between variables.
insights into it. situation or a group it is associated with
something else
Motivation in Research
1 What makes people to undertake research?
The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the
following:
 Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits;
 Desire to face the challenge in solving unsolved problems, i.e.,
concern over practical problems initiates research;
 Desire to get the intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
 Desire to be of service to society;
 Desire to get respectability.

However, this is not an exhaustive list of factors motivating people to undertake


research studies. Many more factors such as:
directives of government, employment conditions, curiosity about new things,
desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking and awakening, and
the like may as well motivate (or at times compel) people to perform research operations.
"Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry
leads to invention.“ Hudson Maxim

1 Critical Thinking and 2 Research in Decision-making


Innovation
 Research provides the basis for
Research inculcates scientific
nearly all government policies in
and inductive thinking and
our economic system
promotes the development of
 Decision-making may not be a
logical habits of thinking and
part of the research, but research
organization.
certainly facilitates the decisions
of the policymaker

3 Research Impact on Business and Society


 It solving various operational and planning problems of business and
industry
 Operations research, market research, and motivational research are considered
crucial and their results assist in making business decisions in multiple ways.
Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social
relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems
Cont’d…
1 In addition to what has been stated above, the significance of research
can also be understood keeping in view the following points:

 To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research


may mean careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social
structure;
 To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source
of livelihood;
 To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new
ideas and insights;
 To literary men and women, research may mean the development of
new styles and creative work;
 To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalizations of
new theories
Research vs Project
The words "project" and "research" are related but have different meanings.

Project Research
A project is a planned piece of work that has a research is the systematic investigation into and study of
specific goal materials and sources to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
A project can encompass a broader range of In the context of academia, a research project involves
activities, including research, design, conducting a systematic investigation to discover new
development, and implementation of a specific knowledge or to validate existing theories.
outcome or deliverable

A project is an activity where you have a more Research is an activity where you either don't have a
or less defined end result, and a plan for known end result, or you have observed something
achieving it. and are working to determine the underlying
mechanism that produces your observation
Requirements

1 Research requires resources, such as the following:


 Money
 People
 Time and space
 Experimental Subjects, in some cases
Types of Research
Types of Research
Cont’d…
Applied (action)Research Fundamental (basic) Research

 focus on practical problem-solving and • Driven purely by curiosity and a desire


finding real-world solutions to expand our knowledge and
 Used to answer a specific question that understanding
has direct applications to the world • Exploring theoretical concepts and
 How to student study? underlying principles
• How did the universe begin?
Cont’d…
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
 systematic empirical investigation of any • dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible
phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings,
computational techniques. - phenomena that attributes, and symbols.
can be expressed in terms of quantity. • Concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e.,
phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.
 The objective of quantitative research is to • For Example, investigating the reasons for human
develop and employ mathematical models, behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things)
theories, and/or hypotheses about phenomena • Designed to find out how people feel or what they think
about a particular subject or institution
Cont’d…
Descriptive Research Analytical Research
 describes a population, situation, or  specific type of research that involves critical
phenomenon that is being studied. thinking skills and the evaluation of facts and
 It focuses on answering the how, what, information relative to the research being
when, and where questions If a conducted.
research problem, rather than the why.  Various people including students, doctors, and
 This is mainly because it is important psychologists use analytical research during
to have a proper understanding of what studies to find the most relevant information.
a research problem is about before  asks “Why?” We try to find out how something
investigating why it exists in the first came to be.
place.
Current Research Topics in IS

1 The following are some of the board current topics in IS


 Artificial intelligence
 Cloud computing
 Neural Networks Applications
 Cyber Security
 Networking
 Internet of Things
 Infrastructure Security
 Data Science and Big Data
 Community informatics
 Supply Chain Management
 Video Analytics

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