• Ergonomics is the science of designing or arranging workplaces, products and systems so that

they t the people who use them.From an industrial standpoint, the ergonomic de nition comes
from OSHA guidelines. They call ergonomic principles the act of “ tting a job to a person”.This
re ects the fact that ergonomic design isn’t a one-size- ts-all approach. You’ll have to adjust
equipment for the height, wingspan, and other characteristics of the person using

• The coining of the term “ergonomics,” derived from the Greek words “ergon” meaning work
and “nomos” meaning natural law, was o cially accepted in Britain in 1950. Later in 1952,
Britain formed The Ergonomic Society. The United States followed shortly thereafter, forming
The Human Factors Society in 1957.

• Wojciech Jastrz bowski actually coined this term in 1857 with focus on the body in relationship
to productivity.

• The eld is a combination of numerous disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, engineering,

biomechanics, industrial design, physiology, anthropometry, interaction design, visual design,
user experience, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering,, information design,
kinesiology,cognitive psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, and space
psychology.

• Human factors research employs methods and approaches from these and other knowledge
disciplines to study human behavior and generate data relevant to previously stated goals. In
studying and sharing learning on the design of equipment, devices, and processes that t the
human body and its cognitive abilities, the two terms, "human factors" and "ergonomics", are
essentially synonymous as to their referent and meaning in current literature.[2]

• The International Ergonomics Association de nes ergonomics or human factors as follows:

[5]Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scienti c discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies
theory, principles, data and methods to design to optimize human well-being and overall
system performance.

• To achieve best practice design, Ergonomists use the data and techniques of several
disciplines:
• Anthropometry: body sizes, shapes; populations and variations
• Biomechanics: muscles, levers, forces, strength
• Environmental physics: noise, light, heat, cold, radiation, vibration body systems: hearing,
vision, sensations
• Applied psychology: skill, learning, errors, di erences
• Social psychology: groups, communication, learning, behaviours.

• Father of Ergonomics Alphonse Chapanis (March 17, 1917 – October 4, 2002) was an
American pioneer in the eld of industrial design, and is widely considered one of the fathers of
ergonomics or human factors – the science of ensuring that design takes account of human
characteristics.

Challenges in Implementing Ergonomic Design

Despite the numerous bene ts of ergonomics, there are some challenges in implementing it
in di erent industries.
Cost: Ergonomic design may require additional resources and training, which can be
costly and time-consuming.
Resistance to change: Some organizations may resist implementing changes to their
current work practices or equipment.
Lack of Expertise: Some organizations may lack the experience and training required to
e ectively implement ergonomic design principles.
ff
fl
ff
fi
fi
ę
fi
fi
ffi
fi
ff
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 Bene ts of Ergonomics in the Workplace

1. Health Bene ts
People who work in ergonomic workplaces bene t from improved health. The e ect of
ergonomics starts within the cardiovascular system and spreads to other areas. Your heart will be
healthier than it would be if you worked in a standard environment. Erg can improve the health of
employees by reducing work-related injuries, most often caused by strains and over-exertion.
Ergonomic workstations can help you and your employees feel less tension in your body because
you’ll adjust the workstations to t your height. A neutral position will prevent you from straining
your eyes, neck, and back. Your legs can also bene t from better blood ow.

2. Improved Productivity
Ergonomic workplaces are e cient workplaces. Ergonomic workstations combine di erent ideas
to improve workers’ ability to complete their tasks—from organizing items and supplies to
integrating computer equipment and monitors. An optimized workstation allows a worker to focus
on their task and not be distracted by discomfort or a lack of organization. The more focused your
employees are, the higher the level of productivity they can have.

3. Improved Mental Clarity

Reducing physical discomfort and improving your posture can improve your mental clarity and
allow you to do your work more successfully. Ergonomics can also help you reduce stress and
improve your concentration.
When you’re feeling comfortable, you can focus better on your work. Ergonomics helps decrease
pain, strengthen muscles, and increase blood ow. Combined, this can improve mental insight.
The improved moods and focus will allow you and your employees to be more productive and
engaged in your work.

4. Decreased Pains
Ergonomics focuses on optimizing the design of the workplace, tools, and equipment to reduce
strain on employees, minimize fatigue, and improve overall comfort and safety.
Ergonomics can also help improve posture and reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries, such
as back pain, by providing ergonomically designed chairs, desks, other furniture, and adjustable
workstations. By creating an ergonomically designed work environment, employers can help to
ensure that employees remain healthy and productive.

5. Eliminates Hazards
Part of creating a more productive work environment is eliminating the daily hazards that can hurt
your employees. Ergonomics contributes to identifying and eliminating hazards in the workplace
by creating work environments that are tailored to t the user.
Additionally, ergonomics helps to create a better environment by reducing distractions, providing
suitable lighting and ventilation, and providing adjustable furniture and equipment, all of which
help eliminate potential workplace hazards.
it is also a good idea to ask your employees about what hazards they see in their environment. By
asking for their input, you’re showing interest in them. Implementing the change will show them
they’ve been heard, which will further help with employee engagement.

6. Quality Of Work Improves

The bene ts of ergonomic workspaces range from employee well-being to the quality of work.
Aches, pains, fatigue, and other problems can a ect a worker. Ergonomics can eliminate those
issues and help workers work.
Additionally, ergonomics can help ensure that employees are using the most e ective tools and
equipment to do their job and that they can reach and use the tools and equipment safely. A
straightforward example is the way how proper lighting can reduce the number of mistakes that
happen in a work process just by ensuring the worker can adequately see all details.
fi
fi
fi
ffi
fi
fl
ff
fi
fi
fi
fl
ff
ff
ff
 7. Reduce Absenteeism
Ergonomics can improve absenteeism by helping prevent workplace injuries that lead to missed
workdays and creating a more comfortable working environment for employees.
Ergonomic practices can also reduce employee fatigue and stress, which can be physical or
psychological factors contributing to absenteeism.
Encourage your workers to take regular breaks, change postures frequently, and adjust their
workstations to t their body size and shape better.
Finally, promote positive health behaviors by providing resources and encouraging your
employees to maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle.

8. Focus on Safety
Ergonomics will create a safer work environment and increase awareness. You’ll remove hazards,
improve workstations for less discomfort, and teach your employees to update their spaces with
safety in mind.
Not to mention, the health bene ts that come with ergonomics keep employees healthy at work.
This will encourage safety on another level. You can keep your work consistent and stable by
providing employees with a safe environment they can thrive in.

9. Increased Employee Satisfaction

The more you lean into the ergonomics culture, the more positive your work environment will be.
Ergonomics in the workplace can help improve employee satisfaction by reducing physical and
mental stress. As a result, your employees will enjoy coming to work more than they did before,
a ecting those around them.

10. Lower Insurance Costs

Ergonomics in the workplace can help lower your insurance costs by reducing the risk of
employees su ering from work-related injuries and illnesses. By reducing the number of Workers’
Compensation claims, you could be able to save on insurance premiums.
Ergonomic improvements such as adjustable workstations, ergonomic chairs and keyboards, and
improved lighting can help reduce employee fatigue and improve your overall working
environment. In such an ergonomic work environment, your employees are less likely to become
injured on the job.In addition, implementing ergonomic policies and programs can provide you
with greater legal protection in case of a worker injury.

Equipment Design
While designing equipment according to ergonomics laws, the designer needs to have a holistic
approach. They need to keep di erent aspects in mind like, such as the size and height of
di erent people who will use the furniture and the space available for such furniture and
equipment.
For instance, if you are designing a chair. While creating it, you need to keep in mind where the
chair will be located. How long it will be occupied, can it be adjusted, while it carries certain
weights and sizes act? Although just one piece of furniture, certain well thouth out features can
make an incredible di erence to an individual’s ability to work for long hours comfortably and
safely.
Like clothes, furniture is not one size ts all. Not all furniture pieces cater to everyone. For
instance, if you have a content writer, lab assistant and IT technician, each employee may need a
speci c piece of furniture or design to suit their job role.
A content writer requires a chair that is with a broad base with beautiful soft armrests that are on
the same level as their keyboard. It will let their arms stay straight, which is your arm’s natural
position. The more extensive base will allow the writer to move in their spot.
On the other hand, consider the desk, it may need an adjustable footrest, adjustable monitor
arm(s), storage facilities and / or plug points. The desk itself may need to be height adjustable and
may include the sit or stand desk positions.
ff
ff
fi
ff
fi
ff
fi
ff
fi
Principles of Ergonomic Design
The principles of ergonomic design – designing products and environments that are easy to use,
comfortable, and safe – can be achieved by considering factors such as:
• the physical and mental capabilities of people
• the layout and design of workspaces
• the type of work being performed

WHY ERG
The emergence of ergonomics was driven by the need to improve human well-being and
performance. Key reasons include:
1. Enhancing safety and reducing injury risks
2. Improving productivity and e ciency
3. Addressing physical and cognitive limitations of workers
4. Designing tools, workspaces, and systems that align with human capabilities

1. Enhancing Safety and Reducing Injury Risks

Ergonomic Chairs with Lumbar Support
Problem Solved: Poor posture due to inadequate
support can lead to chronic back
pain. Ergonomic chairs are designed to support the
lumbar region, promoting neutral
spinal alignment.

Adjustable Height Desks

Fixed desks can lead to discomfort and reduced
focus. Adjustable
desks allow employees to optimize their work
position, enhancing concentration and
productivity.

• Problem Solved: Prolonged sitting contributes to

various health issues like obesity
and cardiovascular disease. These desks allow
employees to alternate between
sitting and standing, reducing sedentary time.

3. Ergonomically Designed Tools (e.g., hammers, screwdrivers)

Problem Solved: Standard tools can cause strain on the hands and wrists, leading
to repetitive strain injuries. Ergonomic tools are shaped to t the hand naturally,
reducing muscle strain.Key features of ergonomic tools:
• Contoured handles: Fit the shape of the hand for a more comfortable grip.
• Non-slip grips: Provide a secure hold, reducing strain on the ngers.
• Lightweight materials: Reduce fatigue during extended use.
• Angled handles: Help to maintain a neutral wrist position.
• Soft-touch materials: Absorb shock and vibration
ffi
fi
fi
 4. Keyboard Trays and Mouse Pads
Key features of keyboard trays and mouse pads:
• Adjustable height: Allows you to position your keyboard and mouse at the correct height
for your wrists.
• Adjustable tilt: Helps to maintain a neutral wrist position.
• Wrist rest: Provides support for your wrists and reduces pressure.
• Non-slip surface: Keeps your keyboard and mouse in place.
• Gel- lled padding: O ers additional comfort and support.

• Problem Solved: Incorrect positioning can lead to wrist strain and carpal tunnel
syndrome. Adjustable trays allow for optimal forearm positioning, while padded
mouse pads reduce pressure on the wrist.
5.
Anti-Fatigue Mats
• Problem Solved: Workers standing for long periods often experience leg and back
discomfort. Anti-fatigue mats provide cushioning that reduces discomfort and
promotes better circulation.
Key features of anti-fatigue mats:
• Cushioned surface: Absorbs shock and reduces stress on your feet, legs, and back.
• Non-slip bottom: Prevents slipping and falls.
• Durable materials: Can withstand heavy use.
• Water-resistant surface: Easy to clean.

Innovations:
• Exoskeletons: Wearable devices that assist with lifting and reducing physical strain during
manual tasks. They help prevent muscle injuries by supporting heavy loads.
• Wearable Sensors: Devices that monitor posture and movements, alerting workers to bad
posture that could lead to injury.

Components:
• Frame: The main structure that supports the body.
• Actuators: Motors or hydraulic systems that provide power.
• Sensors: Detect movement and provide feedback to the actuators.
• Control system: Coordinates the actions of the exoskeleton.

2. Improving Productivity and E ciency

Examples:
1. Height-Adjustable Desks
2. Ergonomic Computer Accessories (keyboards and mice)
Task Lighting
4. Collaborative Workspaces Traditional o ce layouts can limit communication and
collaboration. Open and ergonomically designed spaces foster teamwork, leading to
higher productivity levels.
5. Ergonomic Tools (e.g., scissors with adaptive grips) Standard tools often slow down tasks due
to discomfort.
Ergonomic designs allow for easier use, reducing fatigue and increasing work speed.Innovations:
• AI-Powered Workspace Tools: Tools that analyze user behavior and provide feedback on
optimal workstation adjustments for maximum comfort.
• Virtual and Augmented Reality Training: These technologies allow workers to train in
ergonomically optimized environments before operating in real settings.
fi
ff
ffi
ffi
3. Addressing Physical and Cognitive Limitations of Workers
Examples:
1. Adjustable O ce Furniture (chairs and desks)
2. Ergonomic Work ow Design
•3. Visual Display Terminals (VDTs) with Adjustable Height
• 4• AI-Driven Ergonomic Assessments: Systems that analyze worker engagement and fatigue
during tasks, recommending personalized adjustments.
• Smart Workstations: Stations that can track user interactions and provide tips for
maintaining proper posture throughout the workday.

4. Designing Tools, Workspaces, and Systems that Align with Human

Capabilities
Examples:
1. Ergonomic Hand Tools
• Problem Solved: Traditional tools can lead to strain from awkward grasping
positions. Ergonomically designed tools t the hand better, minimizing stress.
2. Customizable Workstations

• Augmented Reality Workstations: Allow workers to customize their view and interaction
based on real-time ergonomic assessments.• Dynamic Height-Adjustable Workaxis:
Sophisticated workstations that automatically
adjust based on user interactions and reported discomforts.
ffi
fl
fi
 Ergonomically correct design is essential to enhance user comfort, safety, and
productivity by optimizing the relationship between individuals and their work environment Such
designs consider human capabilities and limitations, along with the demands of the tasks being
performed. Below are key characteristics of ergonomically correct design.The design must
provide conditions that enable people to function at their best. Their physical and mental
limitations have to be considered, based on the type of people who will be involved. This is
especially important in a rapidly changing world of globalisation.

1. User-Centered Focus
Ergonomic design places the needs of the user at the forefront. This involves understanding the
physical and cognitive capabilities of individuals and tailoring products, systems, or environments
to meet those speci c needs. For instance, o ce furniture should be adjustable to accommodate
people of varying heights and body types, allowing for personalized comfort and e ective use2.
2. Adaptability and Flexibility
An ergonomically sound design allows for adjustments to suit the preferences and requirements
of di erent users. Features such as adjustable chairs and desks or modular components that can
be recon gured promote adaptability in the workspace. This exibility helps accommodate
changes in task demands and enhances overall satisfaction and productivity2.
3. Safety Considerations
Safety is a paramount characteristic of ergonomic design, as it reduces the risk of injuries and
promotes health. Ergonomic products often include safety features that prevent accidents, such
as hand guards on power tools or sloped edges on surfaces to minimize falls. By ensuring that
designs are safe, ergonomic practices contribute signi cantly to employee well-being5.
4. Comfort and Support
Ergonomic designs strive to provide physical comfort through supportive structures tailored to the
human anatomy. For example, o ce chairs should o er lumbar support to align the spine properly
and cushions that alleviate pressure points. Comfort is critical, especially for tasks that require
prolonged periods of use, such as sitting for hours at a desk5.
5. Ease of Use
An essential aspect of ergonomic design is ease of use, which ensures that products can be
utilized without unnecessary strain or confusion. This includes intuitive interfaces, well-placed
controls, and products that t naturally in the hand or body—such as ergonomically designed
tools or devices that cater to user behavior and preferences5.
6. Consideration of Environmental Factors
E ective ergonomic design also takes into account the surrounding environment's impact on
users. This includes adequate lighting, noise control, and temperature regulation within
workspaces. Proper environmental conditions enhance performance and reduce discomfort,
thereby facilitating a more e cient and healthier work experience.
7. Inclusivity and Accessibility
Proper ergonomics must also address accessibility for individuals with diverse physical
characteristics and capabilities. Designs should cater to a broad range of users by incorporating
features that accommodate varying bodily dimensions and needs, such as adjustable heights for
desks and equipment. Inclusive design ensures everyone can work comfortably and e ectively,
minimizing barriers4.
8. Reduced Physical Strain
Ergonomically correct designs aim to reduce the physical strain associated with repetitive tasks or
awkward postures. For example, the correct positioning of computers and monitors can prevent
neck strain and eye fatigue, while ergonomic mice can reduce wrist stress. By optimizing the
workspace layout, ergonomic principles help mitigate musculoskeletal disorders2.
9. Feedback Mechanisms
Successful ergonomic designs incorporate feedback mechanisms that alert users if their posture
or technique is suboptimal. Technologies like sensors and alerts in smart o ce equipment can
guide users to adjust their position or approach, promoting conscious ergonomics and preventing
discomfort or injury over time5.
By integrating these characteristics, ergonomic designs foster not only a safer and more e cient
workplace but also contribute signi cantly to enhanced user satisfaction and overall productivity.
ff
ff
fi
fi
ffi
fi
ffi
fi
ffi
ff
fi
fl
ffi
ff
ff
ffi
.​
1. Physical Ergonomics
• Physical ergonomics focuses on the human body and its interactions with tools, equipment,
and workspaces. It aims to reduce physical strain, prevent injuries, and enhance productivity
through better design.
• It is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical
characteristics as they related to physical activity.
• Relevant topics may include working postures, material handling, repetitive movements, work
related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, health and safety
Key Components
• Anatomy: Understanding the structure of the human body helps in designing ergonomic
tools and workplaces that align with the body’s natural movements. For example, tools
should be designed to accommodate the user's hand size and grip strength to prevent
stress and strain.
• Anthropometry: This involves measuring human body dimensions (height, weight, limb
lengths, etc.) to inform design decisions. Ergonomic designs often cater to a range of
anthropometric data to ensure that products and environments are useful for a broad
spectrum of users.
• Biomechanics: This eld studies the mechanical aspects of the human body, including the
forces exerted by muscles and the movement patterns of body parts. E ective ergonomic
designs reduce unnecessary stresses placed on the body, helping to prevent injuries.
• Physiology: Understanding physiological responses, such as fatigue and discomfort during
physical activities, is essential for designing work tasks that promote optimal performance
and reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.
Common Issues Addressed
Physical ergonomics targets several prevalent workplace issues, including:
• Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs): Disorders like carpal tunnel syndrome and tendinitis can
arise from repetitive motions. Ergonomic solutions involve modifying tasks, tools, and
environments to reduce repetition.
• Poor Posture: Many jobs require prolonged periods in awkward postures, which can lead to
discomfort and long-term problems. Ergonomic interventions include adjustable desks,
supportive seating, and proper keyboard placement.
• Forceful Exertions: Tasks that require excessive force can strain muscles and joints.
Ergonomic design encourages minimizing physical force through tool design or the use of
assistive devices
•
2. Cognitive Ergonomics
• Cognitive/perceptual ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception,
memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they a ect inter- actions among humans and other
elements of a system.
• Cognitive ergonomics deals with our mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance,
human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to
human-system and Human computer interaction design.
• Cognitive ergonomics pertains to how individuals process information and interact with
systems and tools. This domain seeks to enhance mental performance and reduce cognitive
load.
• While performing a task, the quality of work depends on the persons’ understanding about the
situation (goals, means, and constraints). Therefore, the design of a work system depends on
mental model of the user (how the users’/ worker understand the task) to a particular task
context.
• Cognitive ergonomics also focuses on the reliability of performance - and in particular the
reliability of cognition.
• This discipline is concerned with how the demands imposed by tasks can a ect attention,
sensation, working memory, and decision-making.

Key Concepts in Cognitive Ergonomics

• Mental Workload: Cognitive ergonomics addresses the mental load associated with tasks
and how this a ects a worker’s performance. Overburdening cognitive capacity can lead to
errors, decreased e ciency, and increased fatigue.
ff
ffi
fi
ff
ff
ff
 • Task Complexity: Tasks that require high cognitive engagement, such as those in control
rooms or during emergency response situations, are critical for cognitive ergonomics.
Understanding the structure and demands of such tasks is essential for e ective design
interventions.
• Attention and Perception: Cognitive ergonomics emphasizes the importance of attention
management. It studies how distractions and multi-tasking can lead to errors and lower
productivity. Insights into perception help in designing interfaces and signs that convey
information clearly and e ectively.
•
Applications and Interventions
Cognitive ergonomics nds applications in various high-stakes environments, including:
1. User-Centered Design: Emphasizes the design of systems and interfaces that align with
user needs and cognitive abilities. This may include intuitive user interfaces in software
applications to minimize cognitive e ort.
2. Training Programs: The discipline often informs the development of training programs that
enhance decision-making and situational awareness among users in complex environments,
such as aviation or medical elds.
3. Automation and Monitoring: As automation increases within industries, cognitive
ergonomics helps mitigate issues such as over-trust or mistrust in automated systems. It
aims to design systems that assist operators in monitoring systems e ectively while also
encouraging appropriate levels of human engagement.
4.
Principles of Cognitive Ergonomics
E ective cognitive ergonomics incorporates several vital principles:
• User-Informed Design: Engaging users in the design process ensures that tools and
systems suit their cognitive work ow, making them e ective and user-friendly.
• Reduction of Cognitive Load: Designing tasks and systems to minimize unnecessary
cognitive burden, such as simplifying processes and reducing complexity, leads to better
performance outcomes.
• Dynamic Adaptation: Cognitive ergonomics recognizes the need for systems to adapt
according to changing task demands and user states, enhancing resilience against mistakes
caused by unexpected changes in the work environment.

3. Organizational Ergonomics
• practice of optimization of socio technical systems, including their organizational structures,
policies, and processes to create a safe and productive environment.
Example : ergonomic hospital beds would e cient teamwork In handling patients.
• Organizational ergonomics would help communication, crew resource management, work
design, design of working times, teamwork, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new
work programs, virtual organizations, telework, and quality management.
• Organizational ergonomics focuses on optimizing sociotechnical systems, including
organizational structures, policies, and processes that govern workplace interactions.

Key Concepts of Organizational Ergonomics

• Sociotechnical Systems: This concept involves the interrelatedness of social and technical
aspects within an organization. It emphasizes that to improve workplace e ciency, both the
social (human relationships, communication) and technical (tools, systems) dimensions must
be optimized concurrently.
• Workplace Design: Designing e ective workplace systems involves understanding and
improving how work is organized, which can include work ow design, the physical
arrangement of workspaces, and the allocation of tasks among employees. The goal is to
create an environment that promotes productivity while minimizing stress and discomfort.
• Organizational Culture: This refers to the shared values, beliefs, and practices within an
organization. A strong, positive culture can facilitate better communication and teamwork,
contribute to employee satisfaction, and ultimately enhance organizational performance.
ff
fi
ff
fi
ff
fl
ff
ffi
ff
fl
ff
ff
ffi
Applications of Organizational Ergonomics
Organizational ergonomics can be applied in various contexts, including:
• Teamwork and Communication: Encouraging e ective communication and collaboration
between team members can lead to increased productivity and employee satisfaction.
Understanding the dynamics of teamwork is crucial for designing processes that enhance
cooperative work.
• Process Improvement: Evaluating existing processes to identify ine ciencies and design
interventions that improve work ows can signi cantly boost both quality and output within
an organization. This may involve the implementation of new technologies, revised work
practices, or training programs.
• Participatory Design: Engaging employees in the design and improvement of their work
systems fosters a sense of ownership and promotes acceptance of changes. Workers who
contribute to designing their processes are more likely to feel valued and less resistant to
new methods or technologies.

• 1857: Coining of the Term 'Ergonomics': Polish scholar Wojciech Jastrz bowski is
credited with coining the term 'ergonomics' in 1857. He combined the Greek words "ergon"
(work) and "nomos" (law) to describe the science of work and human e ciency.
• 1949: The Ergonomics Research Society: The rst professional organization dedicated to
ergonomics was established in the UK in 1949. It marked the beginning of organized e orts
to study and apply ergonomic principles in various industries.
• 1961: International Ergonomics Association (IEA): The IEA was founded to bring together
ergonomics professionals from around the world. This organization has played a crucial role
in setting global standards and promoting the study of human factors.
• 1970s: Ergonomic Standards and Guidelines: The 1970s saw the introduction of
ergonomic standards in various industries, particularly in the manufacturing and o ce
environments. These standards were developed to ensure that workplaces were designed to
minimize risk and enhance worker well-being
fl
fi
ff
fi
ffi
ffi
ę
ffi
ff
 Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders in the
Workplace
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) a ect the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments and
tendons. Workers in many di erent industries and occupations can be exposed to risk factors at
work, such as lifting heavy items, bending, reaching overhead, pushing and pulling heavy loads,
working in awkward body postures and performing the same or similar tasks repetitively.
Exposure to these known risk factors for MSDs increases a worker's risk of injury.
Work-related MSDs can be prevented. Ergonomics --- tting a job to a person --- helps lessen
muscle fatigue, increases productivity and reduces the number and severity of work-related
MSDs.
Impact of MSDs in the Workplace
Work-related MSDs are among the most frequently reported causes of lost or restricted work
time.
A Process for Protecting Workers
Employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace for their workers. In the
workplace, the number and severity of MSDs resulting from physical overexertion, and their
associated costs, can be substantially reduced by applying ergonomic principles.
Implementing an ergonomic process is e ective in reducing the risk of developing MSDs in high-
risk industries as diverse as construction, food processing, re ghting, o ce jobs, healthcare,
transportation and warehousing. The following are important elements of an ergonomic process:
• Provide Management Support - A strong commitment by management is critical to the
overall success of an ergonomic process. Management should de ne clear goals and
objectives for the ergonomic process, discuss them with their workers, assign
responsibilities to designated sta members, and communicate clearly with the workforce.
• Involve Workers - A participatory ergonomic approach, where workers are directly involved
in worksite assessments, solution development and implementation is the essence of a
successful ergonomic process. Workers can:
◦ Identify and provide important information about hazards in their workplaces.
◦ Assist in the ergonomic process by voicing their concerns and suggestions for
reducing exposure to risk factors and by evaluating the changes made as a result of
an ergonomic assessment.
• Provide Training - Training is an important element in the ergonomic process. It ensures that
workers are aware of ergonomics and its bene ts, become informed about ergonomics
related concerns in the workplace, and understand the importance of reporting early
symptoms of MSDs.
• Identify Problems - An important step in the ergonomic process is to identify and assess
ergonomic problems in the workplace before they result in MSDs.
• Encourage Early Reporting of MSD Symptoms - Early reporting can accelerate the job
assessment and improvement process, helping to prevent or reduce the progression of
symptoms, the development of serious injuries, and subsequent lost-time claims.
• Implement Solutions to Control Hazards - There are many possible solutions that can be
implemented to reduce, control or eliminate workplace MSDs.
• Evaluate Progress - Established evaluation and corrective action procedures are required to
periodically assess the e ectiveness of the ergonomic process and to ensure its continuous
improvement and long-term success. As an ergonomic process is rst developing,
assessments should include determining whether goals set for the ergonomic process have
been met and determining the success of the implemented ergonomic solutions.
Note: An ergonomic process uses the principles of a safety and health program to address MSD
hazards. Such a process should be viewed as an ongoing function that is incorporated into the
daily operations, rather than as an individual project
Examples of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Tendinitis
• Rotator cu injuries (a ects the shoulder)
• Epicondylitis (a ects the elbow)
• Trigger nger
• Muscle strains and low back injuries
fi
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
ffi
 Anthropometry, the scienti c study of human body measurements, is fundamental in various
design elds to ensure that products, environments, and systems are safe, comfortable, and
e ective for users. This report highlights twelve key relevance areas where anthropometry plays
an essential role, supported by detailed examples.
1. Ergonomics in Furniture Design
In furniture design, anthropometry informs the creation of products that support natural body
postures and movements. For instance, an ergonomic chair is designed with adjustable seat
heights and backrests that cater to the 5th to 95th percentile of the population, allowing users of
di erent sizes to sit comfortably without straining their bodies.
2. Automotive Design
In automotive design, anthropometric data is utilized to calculate driver and passenger space,
ensuring comfort and safety. For example, seat height, legroom, and steering wheel position are
designed around the average dimensions and ranges of human bodies, accommodating a wide
array of drivers, from petite women to tall men.
3. Architectural Design
Architects use anthropometry to create spaces that enhance usability and comfort. For example,
the height of kitchen counters and the width of doorways are designed to ensure accessibility for
all users, including children and individuals with disabilities. In schools, classroom furniture is
scaled for children’s dimensions to foster an ideal learning environment without physical
discomfort.
4. Clothing Design
In clothing design, anthropometry is crucial for developing size charts that accurately re ect the
target population's body dimensions. Designers rely on anthropometric data to create garments
that t di erent body types, reducing the potential for discomfort and enhancing user satisfaction.
5. Healthcare Equipment
In healthcare equipment design, anthropometry ensures medical devices and furniture are usable
by individuals with di ering physical capabilities. For example, adjustable hospital beds and
examination tables can be modi ed to accommodate patients of various heights and mobility
levels, promoting comfort and e ciency.
6. User Interface Design
While often overlooked, anthropometry is relevant even in user interface (UI) design. Designing
touch targets, buttons, and screens that consider average hand sizes ensures users can interact
with devices comfortably. For example, touchscreen buttons should be large enough to
accommodate varying nger sizes without causing frustration or errors during use.
7. Sports Equipment Design
In sports equipment design, anthropometric measurements play a vital role in creating gear that
ts athletes properly. For example, sports helmets are designed to t based on head
circumference measurements, ensuring adequate protection while maintaining comfort.
8. Workstation Design
In the design of o ce workspaces, anthropometric data helps create desks and chairs that
promote a healthy posture and reduce the risk of repetitive strain injuries. For instance, desks
should allow for elbow clearance while seated, and chair heights must be adjustable to suit
individual users.
9. Public Infrastructure
In public infrastructure, anthropometry informs the design of features such as railings, ramps, and
seating, ensuring they are accessible to everyone, including people with disabilities. For example,
the height of handrails should accommodate both standing individuals and those in wheelchairs,
promoting inclusive access.
10. Product Packaging
In product packaging design, anthropometric considerations ensure that packaging can be easily
opened and used by the target demographic. For example, the t of cap designs on products like
pharmacies or food containers must cater to a range of hand sizes and strengths, enhancing
usability.
11. Safety Equipment
Anthropometry is critical in designing safety equipment, ensuring proper t and e ectiveness. For
instance, personal protective equipment (PPE) such as helmets and gloves must be designed
based on head and hand measurements to protect users e ectively while providing comfort.
12. Urban Planning
In urban planning, anthropometric data is essential for creating pedestrian-friendly environments.
Cities rely on anthropometric principles to plan pathways, benches, and public transportation to
fi
ff
ff
fi
fi
ff
ffi
ff
fi
fi
ffi
fi
ff
fi
fi
fi
ff
fl
ensure they accommodate a wide range of users’ physical dimensions and movements, fostering
an inclusive urban landscape.
Through these examples, the relevance of anthropometry in design is underscored as a critical
factor in creating functional, comfortable, and user-centric environments across various
applications.