Chapter 7

Object-Oriented
Programming

Object-Oriented Programming
 Class and Object  Inheritance
 Class Definition  Subclassing
 Override a Method
 Class Examples  Add a Method
 Class  Super() Function
 Documentation String  Multiple Inheritance
 Constructor  Method Resolution Order (MRO)
 magic keyword "self"
 Instantiating Objects  Polymorphism
 Two types of Attribute  Encapsulation
 __name__ method
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Class and Object
 A class is a blueprint from which individual objects are created.

https://www.listendata.com/2019/08/pyth
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Class and Object

 An object consists of a bundle of related state (attributes) and
behavior (methods) that defined from the class.

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Class Definition
 A class is a blueprint from which objects are created.
 Class can has attributes (properties) and functions.
 The functions are indented under a class, they are called
methods.
 Classes are defined by the class keyword, followed by the
className and a colon.
class Car:
Empty class - does not have any attributes or methods.
pass

Class Example
 Some properties and methods are added to the class.
class Car:
year = 2022 # class attribute

def display(self):
print("The car is made on {} year".format(self.year))

 All members in a Python class are public by default.

 When a Python class is created, it automatically creates
a default no-argument constructor for it.
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 Class Example
 The constructor can be invoked by creating the instance
/object of the class.

car1 = Car()
print(type(car1))
car1.display()

Output:

<class '__main__.Car'>
The car is made on 2022 year
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# file car1.py

class Car:
"""A simple class for car""" documentation string
Class Example 2
year = 2021 # class attribute
• The argument to these functions is the
def __init__(self, clr): word self, which is a reference to objects
self.colour = clr # instance attribute that are made based on this class.

def set_brand(self, brd): • To reference instances (or objects) of the

self.brand = brd # instance attribute class, self will always be the first
parameter, but it need not be the only one.
def get_data(self):
print("This is {} {}".format(self.colour, self.brand)) • toyota is an object / instance of class Car.
• dot operator is used to reference an
def main(): main function attribute of the object.
toyota = Car('silver')
toyota.set_brand('Vios') If the module is run directly,
toyota.get_data() execute the main function
print("The car is made on {} year".format(Car.year)) ( if the module is imported,
don’t run the main function.)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main() 8

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Class
Documentation String:
 A docstring is a string literal that occurs as the first statement
in a module, function, class, or method definition.
 The docstring can be accessed using className.__doc__
 i.e. Car.__doc__

Constructor:
 __init__ is known as a constructor in object oriented concepts.
 This method is called when an object is created from the class
and it allows the class to initialize the attributes of a class.
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Class
Magic keyword "self"
 It represents the instance (object) of the class.
 It is similar to the keyword "this" in C++ or Java.
 It binds the attributes with the given arguments.
 It is used to access the methods and attributes of a class.

Defining a method Calling a method

(inside class definition)

def set_brand(self, brd): >>> toyota.set_brand('Vios')

self.brand = brd
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Class
Instantiating Objects
 There is no "new" keyword as in C++ or Java.
 Syntax:
objectName = className()
 i.e. toyota = Car('silver')

 To access attribute and method:

objectName.attributeName toyota.year
objectName.methodName() toyota.set_brand('Vios')
toyota.get_data()
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Class
Two types of Attribute
Instance Attribute Class Attribute
It is owned by a particular instance of a class. It is owned by the class as a whole.

Each instance has its own value for it. All class instances share the same value for it.
(It is called "static" variables in Java or C++)
It is created and initialized by an __init__() It is defined within a class definition and outside
method. Inside the class, instance attribute is of any method.
referred using self.
class Car: class Car:
year = 2022 # class attribute
def __init__(self, clr):
self.colour = clr # instance attribute
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Class
__name__
 When Python runs the "source file" in the current module, it
sets the variable (__name__) to have a value ("__main__").
 The if statement ensures, the main function is executed only
as a direct run, not by imported as a module.
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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class classA:
classAtr = "This is a class attribute."
Class Example 3
def __init__(self, num):
self.insVar = num

def main():
obj1 = classA(5)
obj2 = classA(6)

print("obj1 - class attribute:", obj1.classAtr)

print("obj1 - instance attribute:", obj1.insVar ,"\n")
print("obj2 - class attribute:", obj2.classAtr)
print("obj2 - instance attribute:", obj2.insVar, "\n")

classA.classAtr = "The class attribute is changed."

print("obj1 - class attribute:", obj1.classAtr)
print("obj1 - instance attribute:", obj1.insVar ,"\n")
print("obj2 - class attribute:", obj2.classAtr)
print("obj2 - instance attribute:", obj2.insVar, "\n")

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
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class Car: Class Example 4
count = 0

def __init__(self, brd, prc):

self.brand = brd
self.price = prc
Car.count += 1

def displayCount(self):
print ("Total Car: “, Car.count)

def displayData(self):
print ("Car:", self.brand, ", price:", self.price)

car1 = Car('Vios', 88000)

car2 = Car('Honda', 75000)
car3 = Car('Proton', 60000)
car1.displayData()
car2.displayData()
car3.displayData()
car3.displayCount()
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Inheritance
 Inheritance is the process of creating a new class from an
existing class.
 A class created through inheritance (child class) can use all
the features (attributes and methods) from the parent class.
 In the child class:
 Extra features can be added
 Existing features from the parent class can be overridden.
 Inheritance Syntax:
class childClassName(parentClassName):
#body of the child class
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Inheritance
class Vehicle():
"""This is parent class""" Subclassing:
def label(self):
print("This is a Vehicle!") • Car class (child class) inherits the attributes and
methods from the Vehicle class (parent class).
class Car(Vehicle):
"""This is child class""" • "pass" keyword is used when programmer does
pass not want to add any other attributes or methods
to the class.
v1 = Vehicle()
v2 = Car()
v1.label()
v2.label()

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Inheritance
class Vehicle():
"""This is parent class""" Override a Method（Polymorphism）:
def label(self):
print("This is a Vehicle!") • The label() method is added in the Car class.
• When the label() method is called, the Car
class Car(Vehicle):
version of the method is called.
"""This is child class"""
def label(self):
print("This is a Car!") • This is because when a method is added in the
child class with the same name as the parent
v1 = Vehicle() class, it gets overridden.
v2 = Car()
v1.label()
v2.label()

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 Inheritance
class Vehicle(): Add a Method:
"""This is parent class"""
def label(self): • The child class can add a method that
print("This is a Vehicle!") was not present in its parent class.
class Car(Vehicle):
"""This is child class"""
• A Car object can react to a setSpeed()
def label(self): method call, but a Vehicle object cannot.
print("This is a Car!")
def setSpeed(self, speed):
print("Now traveling at", speed,"miles per hour")

v1 = Vehicle()
v2 = Car()
v2.setSpeed(25)
v1.setSpeed(25)
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Inheritance
class Vehicle(): super() Function
"""This is parent class"""
def __init__(self, color):
self.color = color • When programmer override a method, he/she
def label(self): sometimes want to reuse the method of the
print("This is a", self.color, "Vehicle") parent class and add some new stuff.
• super() function is used in the child class to
class Car(Vehicle):
"""This is child class""" access to the attributes and methods of a
def __init__(self, color, style): parent class.
super().__init__(color)
self.style = style
• The __init__() call in the Vehicle class has only
def label(self):
print("This is a", self.color, self.style) "color" parameter while the Car class has an
additional "style" parameter.
v1 = Vehicle('yellow') • The super() invokes the parent class’s
v2 = Car('grey', 'Mini Cooper') __init__() method. Hence, both the color and
v1.label()
v2.label() style attributes can be accessed. 20

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Multiple Inheritance
 Python supports multiple inheritance, where a child class can
inherit from multiple parent classes.
 In multiple inheritance, the characteristics of all the parent
classes are inherited into the child class.
Class ParentClassName1:
# body of the class

Class ParentClassName2:
# body of the class

Class ChildClassName(ParentClassName1, ParentClassName2):

# body of the class
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Multiple Inheritance Example

# base class 1
class GroundVehicle():
def drive(self):
print("Drive me on the road!")

# base class 2
class FlyingVehicle():
def fly(self):
print("Fly me to the sky!")

# subclass
class FlyingCar(GroundVehicle, FlyingVehicle):
pass

v = FlyingCar()
v.drive()
v.fly()
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Picture source: https://www.learnbyexample.org/python-inheritance/

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Multiple Inheritance
Method Resolution Order (MRO)
 It is the order in which methods of parent class should be inherited
in the presence of multiple inheritance.

class A:
 First, it is searched in the current class.
pass  If not found, the search moves to parent classes in
class B: depth-first, left-right fashion without searching the
pass same class twice.
class C(A, B):  In the example, the search order: C, A, B, Object.
pass
 This order is called linearization of class C, and the set
test = C() of rules applied are called Method Resolution Order.

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Multiple Inheritance
class A:
def __init__(self): • When create instance C1, constructor of C calls the
self.name = 'MMU' constructor of A.
• The value of name in C is assigned as 'MMU' (value of
class B: name in A).
def __init__(self): • When the constructor of B is called, the value of name
self.name = 'FIST' in C is overwritten by the value of name in B due to:

class C(A, B):

def __init__(self):
A.__init__(self)
B.__init__(self)
def getName(self):
• Hence, the name of C become 'FIST'.
return self.name

C1 = C()
print(C1.getName())
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Multiple Inheritance
• MRO works in a depth first left to right way.
class A:
• super() in the __init__ method indicates the class that is in
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'MMU' the next hierarchy.
• First, the super() of C indicates A.
class B: • Then, the super() of C go to B.
def __init__(self): • Once the constructor of A is called and attribute 'name' is
self.name = 'FIST' accessed, it does not access the attribute 'name' in B.
• The order in which constructors are called is: C -> A -> B
class C(A, B):
def __init__(self): B
A
super().__init__()
def getName(self):
return self.name
C
C1 = C() Object class is a parent
print(C1.getName()) class for all classes

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Multiple Inheritance
class A: • Python looks for a method first in class C.
def process(self): • Then it goes to A and then to B.
print('doing A process()') • It goes to first super class given in the list then second super
class, from left to right order.
class B:
• Once process() of A is called, it does not access process() in B.
def process(self):
print('doing B process()') • The order in which constructors are called is:
C -> A -> B
class C(A, B):
pass

obj = C() A B
obj.process()
C.__mro__
C

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Multiple Inheritance
class A: • MRO is : D -> B -> A -> C -> A
def process(self): • If the same class appear in the MRO, the earlier appearances of this
print('doing A process()') class will be remove from the method resolution order.
• On getting the second A from the C, Python will ignore the previous A.
class B(A):
def process(self):
• Once process() of B is called, it does not access process() in A.
print('doing B process()') • MRO in this case is D -> B -> C -> A
A
class C(A):
def process(self):
print('doing C process()')
B C
class D(B, C):
pass

obj = D() D
obj.process()
D.__mro__
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Polymorphism
 Polymorphism means the ability to take various forms.
 Method Overriding – it enable programmer to define methods
in the child class that have the same name as the method in
the parent class.
 Method Overloading – it does not supported by Python
 If a class has multiple methods with the same name, the
method defined in the last will override the earlier method.

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class Faculty:
def greeting(self):
print("Welcome to FIST!")
def brief(self):
Polymorphism Example
print("It is located in Melaka campus.")

class ST(Faculty):
def brief(self):
print("Security Technology.")

class DCN(Faculty):
def brief(self):
print("Data Communications and Networking.")

obj1 = Faculty()
obj2 = ST()
obj3 = DCN()

obj1.greeting()
obj1.brief()
obj2.greeting()
obj2.brief()
obj3.greeting()
obj3.brief()
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Encapsulation
 Encapsulation wrap up data and methods into a single
component and restrict the access to some of the object's
components.
 Python provides access to all the attributes and methods
globally.
 Python does not have the private keyword (unlike C++ or
Java), but encapsulation can be done.

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Encapsulation
Use Double Underscores
 The class members (attributes and methods) can be made to
private by prefixing them with double underscores.

Getter and Setter methods

 To access and change the private attributes, getter and setter
methods should be used.

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Encapsulation Example 1
class Teacher:
def __init__(self, name, age=0):
self.name = name
Try to access private attribute
self.__age = age

def show(self):
print(self.name)
print(self.__age)

ppl = Teacher('John', 32)

ppl.show()

print('Access the private attribute:')

print(ppl.name)
print(ppl.__age)

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Encapsulation Example 2
class Teacher:
def __init__(self, name, age=0):
self.name = name
self.__age = age Try to access private method

def show(self):
print(self.name)
print(self.__age)

def __work(self):
print("{} works at MMU.".format(self.name))

ppl = Teacher('John', 32)

ppl.show()

print('Access the private method:')

ppl.__work()

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Encapsulation Example 3
class Teacher:
def __init__(self, name, age=0):
self.name = name
self.__age = age Use Getter and Setter methods
def show(self):
print(self.name)
print(self.__age)

def getAge(self):
print(self.__age)

def setAge(self, age):

self.__age = age

ppl = Teacher('John', 32)

ppl.show()

ppl.setAge(26) # use setter

ppl.getAge() # use getter 34

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