1.

Syllabus
UNIT I
Evolution of Electric Grid, Concept, Definitions and Need for Smart Grid, Smart grid
drivers, functions, opportunities, challenges and benefits, Difference between
conventional & Smart Grid, Concept of Resilient & Self Healing Grid, Present
development & International policies in Smart Grid.

Evolution of Electric Grid

Figure 1.1 Existing Electric

Grid.

Disadvantages of Existing Electric Grid

1. Over strained and interregional bulk power transfer is limited

2. Cannot fully support the integration of renewable energy
3. Low reliability of power and outages
4. Fluctuating Power quality
5. Lack of Consumer Discipline
6. Increasing levels of Green house gases
7. Almost Zero Customer Participation
8. Low billing and collection
9. Less Efficiency

Concept, Definitions and Need for Smart Grid

A Smart Grid is an electricity Network based on Digital Technology that is used to
supply electricity to consumers via Two-Way Digital Communication. This system
allows for monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply chain
to help improve efficiency, reduce the energy consumption and cost and maximise
the transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain.
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 The term “Smart Grid” was coined by Andres E. Carvallo on April 24, 2007 at an
IDC energy conference in Chicago.

Definition: Smart grid is integration of an electric power system, communication

network, advanced Sensing, metering, measurement infrastructure, complete
decision support and human interfaces software and hardware to monitor, control
and manage the creation, distribution, storage and consumption of energy.
The areas of application of smart grids include: smart meters integration, demand
management, smart integration of generated energy, administration of storage
and renewable resources, using systems that continuously provide and use data
from an energy network.

A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all
users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to
efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.

 System (Generation, Transmission, Distribution) with an advanced two-

way communications system
 Enables real-time monitoring and control
 Provide greater visibility and transparency
 Consequently, enables cost reduction and efficiency improvement

Smart Grid is based on Digital Technology that is used to supply electricity to

consumers via Two-Way Digital Communication. This system allows for monitoring,
analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to help improve
efficiency, reduce the energy consumption and cost and maximise the
transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain

The flow of electricity from utility to consumer becomes a two-way conversation,

saving consumers money, energy, delivering more transparency in terms of end-
user use, and reducing carbon emissions.
A smart grid distribution system, whose objective is to develop a power grid more
efficient and reliable, improving safety and quality of supply in accordance with
the requirements of the digital age

 Higher Penetration of renewable resources or distributed generation

 Extensive and effective communication overlay from generation to
consumers
 Use of advanced sensors and high speed control
 Higher operating efficiency.
 Greater resiliency against attacks and natural disasters
 Automated metering and rapid power restoration
 Provided greater customer participation

Presently the Indian Electricity System faces a number of challenges such as:
 Shortage of power
 Power Theft
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  Poor access to electricity in Rural areas
 Huge losses in the Grid
 Inefficient Power Consumption
 Poor reliability
To overcome these problems; smart grid is needed

Smart grid drivers & functions

 Increasing demand: Information and communications technology,

Measurement and control Demand response, Advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI)
 High Aggregate Technical &Non-Technical, Losses:18%-62%
 Ageing Assets: Transformers, Feeders etc.,
 Grid to carry more power: Need for, Reliability and greater Security
 Billing and collections: Profitability of distribution companies
 Energy mix: Need for Renewable Energy [Hydro Power, Solar Thermal
Energy, Wind, Biomass, Biogas ] to reduce carbon footprint
 Deliver sustainable energy: Voltage & VAR control, Resource planning,
analysis, and forecasting tools, Fault Detection, Identification, and
Restoration (FDIR)
 Increased efficiency: Direct load control, Distributed energy resources,
Distributed energy resources integration, Energy storage, Advanced
metering infrastructure (AMI)
 Empower consumers: Consumer education and awareness, Residential
consumer energy management, Information and communications
technology
 Improve reliability: System wide monitoring, Measurement and control,
Distributed energy resources, Distributed energy resources integration,
Energy storage, Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)

Challenges of Smart Grid

 Policy and regulation

 Ageing and outdated Infrastructure
 Lack of integrated communication platform
 High Capital and operating costs
 Big Data Handling
 Compatibility of older equipment
 Lack of standards for interoperability
 Smart Grid Cybersecurity
 Lack of Smart consumers

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 Technology Challenges Obligations
Exposed to internet attacks (Spasm, Worms,
Self- Security virus etc.), question of National security
Healing
Action Failure during natural calamities,system
Reliability outages and totalblackout
Long-term and un-predictable intermittent
Wind/Solar sources of energy, unscheduled power flow and
Generation dispatch
Renew
able Power Flow Transmission line congestions andhuge
Energy Optimization investments
Integrat
Decoupling causes system stability issues
ion Power System
causes reduced inertia due to high level of
Stability
wind penetration
Expensive energy storage systems like Ultra-
Cost capacitors, SMES, CAES etc.
Energy
Storage Complexity Complex customary design module and
Systems networks

Non- Flexibility Unique designs for all individual networks noteas

adaptation.

Security Malware, data intercepting, data corruption,

Illegal power handling and Smuggling
Consumers
Motivation Privacy Sharing of data cause privacy invasion, etc.,

Consumer Corruption and system threats like security and

awareness privacy issues

Need of strong data routing system, with

Grid Automation secure and private network for reliable
Reliability protection, control and communication

Grid Generation demand equilibrium and power

Reconfiguration system stability with grid complexity

Disturbance Grid disturbances due to local faults in grids,

Power Identification load centres or sources
Quality Harmonics System instability during sags, dips or voltage
Suppression variation such as over-voltages, under-
voltages, voltage flickers, etc.

Benefits of Smart Grid

 Self-Healing :A smart grid automatically detects and responds to
routineproblems and quickly recovers if they occur, minimizing
downtime and financial loss.
 Resists Attack: A smart grid has security built in from the
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 groundup.
 Motivates and Includes the Consumer: A smart grid gives all
consumersindustrial, commercial, and residential-visibility in to
real-time pricing, and affords them the opportunity to choose the
volume of consumption and price that best suits their needs.
 Reduction in AT & C losses
 Reduction in CO2 Emission
 Enabling Energy Audit
 Reduction in Cost Billing
 Remote Load Control
 Shifting of Peak requirement to non-peak time [Peak Shaving]
 Integration of Renewable Energy
 Clean Energy Development.
 Provides Power Quality
 Optimizes Assets and Operates Efficiently
 Safety, Reliable and Efficient
 Improved National Security
 Improved Environmental Conditions
 Improved Economic Growth

Difference between conventional & Smart Grid

Sl.No. Smart Grid Conventional Grid

1. Self-Healing Manual Restoration

2. Digital Electromechanical
3. Pervasive Control Limited Control
4. Two-Way Communication One-Way Communication

5. Distributed Generation Centralized Generation

6. Network Hierarchical
7. Adaptive and Islanding Failures and Blackouts
8. Sensors Throughout Few Sensors
9. Remote Check/Test Manual Check/Test
10. Self-Monitoring Blind
11. Many Customer Choices Few Customer Choices

12. Extensive real time monitoring Lack of real time monitoring

13. Extremely quick reaction time Slow Reaction time
14. Energy Storage No energy Storage
15. Increased customer Total control by Utility
participation

Concept of Resilient
The capability of a strained body to recover its size and shape after deformation
caused especially by compressive stress. An ability to recover from or adjust easily to
misfortune or change
Resilience is the property of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed
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 elastically and then, upon unloading to have this energy recovered. In other
words, it is the maximum energy per volume that can be elastically stored. It is
represented by the area under the curve in the elastic region in the Stress‐ Strain
diagram.

A resilient electric grid begins with

 a system that is designed and built to withstand high winds, powerful

storms,
 cybersecurity threats and
 other disruptions that could result in outages

Concept of Self-Healing Grid

 A self-healing grid is expected to respond to threats, material failures,

and other destabilizing influences by preventing or containing the
spread of disturbances. This requires the following capabilities:
 Timely recognition of impending problems
 Redeployment of resources to minimize adverse impacts
 A fast and coordinated response to evolving disturbances
 Minimization of loss of service under any circumstances
 Minimization of time to reconfigure and restore service

A smart grid automatically detects and responds to routine problems and quickly
recover if they occur, minimizing downtime and financial loss.

1.8.1..Self-healing concept important to the Energy Infrastructure

A secure ―architected sensing, communications, automation (control), and

energy overlaid infrastructure as an integrated, reconfigurable, and
electronically controlled system that will offer unprecedented flexibility and
functionality, and improve system availability, security, quality, resilience and
robustness

Figure 1.2 Block Diagram for Self-Healing Grid

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 The Self-Healing Grid is a system comprised of sensors, automated controls, and
advanced software that utilizes real-time distribution data to detect and isolate
faults and to reconfigure the distribution network to minimize the customers
impacted.
One of the main goals of a Self-Healing Grid is to improve system reliability.
This can be accomplished by reconfiguring the switches and reclosers installed onthe
distribution feeder to quickly isolate the faulted section of the feeder and re-establish
service to as many customers as possible from alternate sources/feeders. International
policies in Smart Grid

Smart grids policies:

Smart grids policies For USA

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is the first federal law that specifically promotes the
development of smart meters. It directs utility regulators to consider time-based
pricing and other forms of demand response for their states. Utilities are required to
provide each customer a time-based rate schedule and a time-based meter upon
customer request.
The 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) lays out a national policy for
the Smart Grid in the U.S.
The Act assigned NIST the primary responsibility to coordinate development of
standards for the Smart Grid NIST is also supporting future FERC and State PUC
rulemaking to adopt Smart Grid standards

Key Federal policy recommendations:

 Enable cost-effective smart grid investments
 Unlock innovation
 Empower and inform consumers
 Secure the grid
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a major standards
developing federal agency, is directed to develop a smart-grid interoperability
framework that provides protocols and standards for smart-grid technologies.
EISA established a federal smart-grid investment matching grant program to
reimburse 20% of qualifying smart-grid investments.
The next important legislative effort is the American Recovery and ReinvestmentAct
of 2009. It accelerates the development of smart- grid technologies by
appropriating $4.5 billion for electricity delivery and energy reliability
modernization efforts. Utilities and other investors can apply stimulus grants
to pay up to 50% of the qualifying smart-grid investments. To date, the Smart Grid
Investment Grant authorized under this Act has 99 recipients, with a total public
investment of $3.5 billion

Smart grids policies For UK

To modernize and reduce the carbon footprint of electric grids, one major
initiative of the United Kingdom is to encourage energy efficiency through smart-
meter deployment.
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 The British government expects full penetration of smart meters by 2020, with a total
financial investment of £8.6 billion ($13.5 billion) and total benefits of £14.6 billion
($22.9 billion) over the next 20 years

2. Practice Quiz
1. The term “Smart Grid” was coined by
a) Farday
b) Alexander
c) Hertz
d)Andres E. Carvallo
2. Disadvantages of Existing Electric Grid
a) Less Efficiency
b) Low billing
c) Fluctuating Power quality
d) All the above
3. Which of the following is Smart Grid Driver?
a) Poor Reliability
b) Energy Mix
c) Less Efficiency
d) Redusing Demand
4. which of the following are the challenges of Smart Grid?
a) Less Capital
b) Less Efficiency
c) Poor Consumer handling
d) Big Data handling
5. What are the benefits of Smart Grid?.
a) true Reduction in CO2 Emission
b) Enabling Energy Audit
c) Resists Attack
d) All the Above
6. Responding to threats & material failures Know as
a) Resilient
b) Power Quality
c) Self-Healing Grid
d) none
7. HMI Stands for
a) Human Model Interface
b) Human Mechanic Interface
c) Human Machine Interface
d) Human Machine Intelligince

8. Which is the Component of Smart Grid?

a) Storage Component
b) Monitoring Component
c) Consumer Component
d) Both a & b
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9. Which is not a part of Smart Grid
a) Self Monitoring
b) No energy Storage
c) Two Way Communication
d) Digitalization
10 ---------- is the Property of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically
and then, upon unloading to have this energy recovered
a) Resilient
b) Power Quality
c) Self-Healing Grid
d) none

Assignment

S.No Questio BL CO
n
1 Discuss Indian Road map for Smart Grid Development? 2 1
2 Explain difficulties in implementing smart Grids? 2 1
3 How smart Grid differs from general grid architecture? 4 1
4 Discuss In detailed about present developments in Smart Grid? 2 1
5 What is the need of Smart grid? 3 1

Part A- Question & Answers

S.No Question& BL CO
Answers
1 What is Smart Grid?
Ans. A Smart Grid is a digital electrical grid that facilitates the
gathering and distribution of information with regard to the
1 1
usage of power by suppliers and consumers. This will lead
to electricity services becoming more reliable, efficient,
cost-effective, and environmentally conscious.
2 Why we need to implement the Smart Grid now?
Ans. Since about 2005, there has been increasing interest in
the Smart Grid. The recognition that ICT offers
significant opportunities to modernize the operation of
2 1
the electrical networks has coincided with an
understanding that the power sector can only be de-
carbonized at a realistic cost if it is monitored and
controlled effectively
3 Write down the Enabling technologies or Attributes for the
Smart Grid?
Ans. o Information and communications technologies 1 1
o Sensing, measurement, control and automation technologies
o Power electronics and energy storage.
4 What are the components of the Smart Grid?
Ans. i) Smart Devices Interface Component
ii) Storage Component 1 1
iii) Transmission Subsystem Component
iv) Monitoring and Control Technology Component
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 5 What is the smart grid vision for India ?
Ans. ―Transform the Indian power sector into a secure,
adaptive, sustainable and digitally enabled ecosystem 1 1
that provides reliable and quality energy for all with active
participation of stakeholders‖
6 What are the key features of the Smart Grid?
Ans. i) Load Management
1 1
ii) Demand Response support
iii) Decentralization of Power generation
7 What are the Challenges of Smart Grid? 2 1

Ans. Policy and regulation

Ageing and outdated Infrastructure
Lack of integrated communication platform
High Capital and operating costs
Big Data Handling
8 Explain Benefits of Smart Grid.
Ans. Reduction in AT & C losses
Reduction in CO2 Emission 2 1
Enabling Energy Audit
9 What is Self Healing of Grid?
Ans. A self-healing grid is expected to respond to threats,
2 1
material failures, and other destabilizing influences by
preventing or containing the spread of disturbances.
10 Expand EISA& NIST?
Ans. Energy Independence and Security Act National 1 1
Institute of Standards and Technology

Part B- Questions

S.No Question BL CO
1 2 1
Compare the difference between Conventional Grid and Smart
Grid
2 2 1
Discuss the opportunities of smart grid in power system
network
3 3 1
Analyze the Challenges of Smart Grid in a power system
network
4 3 1
Briefly explain the concept of Resilient & Self-Healing Grid
5 3 1
Explain the International policies in Smart Grid.

Supportive Online Certification Courses

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108107113
2. SMART GRID INFORMATION MODEL
Smart grid infrastructure comprises of metering and measurement device at
field (ex. RTU & PMU in transmission. Meter, FPI, FRTU in distribution),
Communication network for information exchange and Control centre to collect
data & information and use it for intended operations. National Institute of
Standards & Technology (NIST) reference model for smart grid is shown below
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 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books
Text Book
3. Stuart Borlase “Smart Grid: Infrastructure, Technology and Solutions”, CRC Press
2012.
4. Janaka Ekanayake, Nick Jenkins, Kithsiri Liyanage, Jianzhong Wu, Akihiko
Yokoyama, “Smart Grid: Technology and Applications”, Wiley, 2012
5. Larminie, J. and Lowry, J. (2012) Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, Second
Edition.John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
References:
1. Vehbi C. Güngör, Dilan Sahin, Taskin Kocak, Salih Ergüt, Concettina Buccella,
Carlo Cecati, and Gerhard P. Hancke, “Smart Grid Technologies:
Communication Technologies and Standards”, IEEE Transactions On Industrial
Informatics, Vol. 7, No. 4, November 2011
2. Denton, T. (2013) Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems. Routledge,
London.

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