Bootstrap

Russian
Grammar
Learn Russian grammar step-by-step with
200 topics and over 3,000 examples
First Edition

Peter Vujanovic

Declan Software Ltd.

Copyright © 2022 by Peter Vujanovic. All rights reserved

Published by Declan Software Ltd., London, United Kingdom.

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ISBN 978-0-646-86143-2 (paper)

 Table of Contents
1. The verb 'to be' 1
2. Personal pronouns 3
3. Это : this, that, it 5
4. Simple negation 7
5. Asking and answering questions 9
6. Formality in Russian: вы and ты 11
7. Who and what - кто and что 13
8. Gender and adjectives 15
9. The conjunctions и, но and а 19
10. Plurals 21
11. Plurals - exceptions and irregulars 24
12. Demonstrative Pronouns - this, that, these and those 30
13. Soft adjectives 32
14. Adjectives - attributive or predicative 35
15. The Nominative Case 37
16. Plural adjectives 39
17. Possessive pronouns 42
18. Whose? - чей? 46
19. Predicative comparative adjectives 48
20. Comparisons with чем 51
21. Irregular predicative comparative adjectives 53
22. Attributive comparative adjectives 56
23. One-word attributive comparative adjectives 59
24. The verb делать (to do) in the Present Tense 61
25. Adverbs of manner 64
26. Why and because - почему & потому что 66
27. Prepositional Case 68
28. Prepositional Case - Plural 71
29. Prepositional Case with на and дом 74
30. The verb есть - presence or existence 77
 Table of contents - continued

31. Demonstrative pronouns in the prepositional case 79

32. The verb говорить - to talk; and the preposition о 81
33. The verb писать - to write 83
34. Questions in the prepositional case 86
35. Personal pronouns in the prepositional case 88
36. Adjectives in the prepositional case 90
37. The verb думать - to think 93
38. Possessive pronouns in the prepositional case 95
39. Reflexive possessive pronouns in the prepositional case 97
40. The verb жить - to live, to reside 99
41. The Superlative using самый 101
42. The conjunctions 'or' and 'either' 104
43. Common irregular plurals 106
44. The verbs смотреть and видеть 109
45. The Accusative Case - Singular 112
46. Accusative questions 115
47. The Accusative Case - Plural 117
48. The verb хотеть 120
49. Adjectives in the Accusative Case 123
50. Interrogative pronoun какой - which, what kind of 125
51. The days of the week 128
52. The verb понимать - to understand 130
53. The accusative case of personal pronouns 132
54. The conjunction а 135
55. Short-form adjectives 137
56. The short form adjectives велик and мал 141
57. Resembles, looks like - похож на 143
58. Possessive pronouns in the accusative 146
59. More Russian verbs 149
60. Negative pronouns - никто and ничто 152
61. The Past Tense - быть 155
62. Irregular past tenses: есть and сесть 159
63. Adverbs of time 161
64. Again - снова, ещё раз & опять 165
65. Which, who and that - который 167
 Table of contents - continued

66. The Genitive Case and Ownership 169

67. The Genitive Case - Relation to or part of the whole 172
68. The Genitive Case - Possession 174
69. The Genitive Case - Pronouns 176
70. The Genitive Case - Denying possession with нет 178
71. Presence and absence - 'there is' and 'there isn't' 180
72. Some and the Partitive Genitive 183
73. The verb стоять - to stand 185
74. Prepositions that take the Genitive 187
75. More prepositions that take the Genitive 190
76. Yet more prepositions that take the Genitive 193
77. Months - Месяцы года 196
78. Spans of time 199
79. The Genitive case - Plurals 201
80. How many? Or how much? сколько 204
81. The Genitive Case - Quantity words 206
82. The Genitive Case - Possessive pronouns 209
83. Nobody and nothing - никто and ничто 212
84. The Genitive - Adjectives 216
85. The Genitive - Demonstrative pronouns 219
86. Comparisons using the Genitive 221
87. Numbers and the Genitive Case 223
88. Color, size and length with the Genitive Case 226
89. Introducing verb aspects: говорить / сказать 228
90. The verb мочь - to be able to 230
91. Ability or know how - мочь & уметь 233
92. As a consequence of - из-за 236
93. Genitive and names of people 238
94. Then - затем, потом & тогда 240
95. The verb идти 242
96. Prepositions of movement - в and из 244
97. The verb aspect pair идти / пойти 248
98. To where and from where 251
99. More accusative movement prepositions 254
100. Such, such like, such kind - такой 256
 Table of contents - continued

101. The same as, similar - такой же 259

102. The same thing - тот же 261
103. Another and different - другой & разный 264
104. Verb Conjugations: Type I 267
105. Verb Conjugations: Type II 271
106. Verb Conjugations: Consonant mutation 273
107. Declension of один (the number one) 276
108. Declension of два (the number two) 280
109. Declension of the три (the number three) 282
110. Declension of the 5 to 20 and 30 284
111. Declension of семь (the number seven) 286
112. Just and its derivatives 288
113. The Imperative - Part 1 290
114. The Imperative - Part 2 293
115. The Imperative: Irregular verbs 296
116. The Imperatives давайте and смотрите 299
117. The first person imperative - Let's 301
118. The multidirectional verb ходить 303
119. Movement by transport - uni-directional: ехать/поехать 306
120. Movement by transport - multi-directional: ездить/поездить 308
121. Verbs of motion and prefixes: приходить and прийти 310
122. Nowhere 312
123. For what purpose? So as to - зачем & чтобы 314
124. Due to, since, because of - поскольку & так как 317
125. So and therefore - так что & поэтому 319
126. The third‐person imperatives пусть and пускай 321
127. When - the difference between когда & пока 324
128. Reflexive Verbs - Introduction 326
129. находится / найтись 328
130. Reflexive Verbs - Lots of new verbs 330
131. Emphasis with the particle же 333
132. Catenative verbs 335
133. The verb 'to carry' and 'to bring' 337
134. The Dative Case 340
135. Verbs that take the Dative 343
 Table of contents - continued

136. Personal pronouns in the dative case 346

137. Expressing emotional or physical states 351
138. The prepositions к and по with the dative 353
139. Ready for - к + dative 356
140. Dative Case Plurals 359
141. The dative and demonstrative pronouns 361
142. To like: нравиться and the Dative Case 365
143. Three ways 'to ask' 368
144. Reflexive verbs in the past tense - introduction 370
145. More past tense reflexive verbs 373
146. Possessive pronouns in the dative case 376
147. Adjectives in the dative case 379
148. The preposition по and the dative case 382
149. The interrogative particle ли 385
150. Something and anything: -то and -нибудь 387
151. Possibility and permission with можно and нельзя 392
152. Ordinal Numbers 395
153. Telling the time 397
154. Telling the time - advanced 400
155. At a particular time 402
156. More prepositions of time 404
157. Talking about durations of time 407
158. Taking about age 410
159. Obligation with должен and обязан 412
160. Saying 'need to' with надо and нужно 414
161. It seems - кажется 417
162. More uses of the Dative Case 420
163. The Instrumental Case 423
164. Personal pronouns in the Instrumental case 427
165. You with someone 430
166. Expressing a state with the instrumental case 432
167. The Instrumental Case - Plurals 435
168. The Instrumental Case - Adjectives 437
169. Possessive pronouns in the instrumental case 440
170. The Instrumental Case - Demonstrative Pronouns 443
 Table of contents - continued

171. Short adjectives that take the instrumental 445

172. Seasons and Times of the Day 447
173. Future tense - perfective future 449
174. The future tense of быть (to be) 452
175. Instrumental case with быть and стать 455
176. Ordinal numbers as adjectives and adverbs 459
177. Future tense - imperfective future 461
178. The reflexive personal pronoun себя 464
179. Verbs that take the Instrumental case 467
180. Prepositions that take the instrumental case 469
181. Imperative with reflexive verbs 472
182. What or which - какой (continued) 474
183. All, the whole and everyone - весь 476
184. The relative pronoun который - continued 480
185. Dates - days and months 483
186. Both - оба & обe 486
187. Prefixing verbs of motion 489
188. Conditional with если 493
189. The Conditional with если бы 495
190. Requests, desires and advice with бы 498
191. To get used to - привыкать / привыкнуть 501
192. It's time - пора 503
193. May be, it may be that - может быть 505
194. The Prefix 'по' 507
195. Conjuctions: before, just before, after and since 510
196. Irregular verbs: to grow and to die 512
197. Putting or placing objects 514
198. Conjugation of -ыть verbs 516
199. Whatever, whoever: бы + ни 518
200. Passive Voice 520
How to use this book
with the companion
mobile app
This is the companion book to the Bootstrap Russian Grammar mobile
application. The iOS (iPhone and iPad) and Android apps can be
downloaded using these QR code links:

The application contains all the same content as this book but with the
addition of high-quality native speaker recordings of all examples. So, if
you prefer to have the grammar set out in book form but would also like
to be able to listen to the example sentences, then the book/app
combination is perfect for you.

The book and app are easy to coordinate using QR codes. Just use the app
to scan the QR code in the title bar of any topic in the book and the app
takes you straight to the app topic where you will find high-quality audio
examples matching the examples in that topic of the book.
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 1
The verb 'to be'

The Russian verb 'to be' ('is', 'are' etc.) does not appear in the present tense.
- So in Russian we say 'Sergei here' when we mean 'Sergei is here'. But only in the
present tense.
In phrases like 'A is B', when both A and B are nouns, a dash '—' is used in place of the
verb 'to be'.
Note that Russian has no concept of articles like [a] and [the]. They are implied from
context.

EXAMPLES:

1 Сергей здесь.
Sergei is here.
The present tense verb 'to be' [is] is implied
здесь means 'here'.

2 Ульяна там.
Ulyana is there.
The present tense verb 'to be' [is] is implied
там means 'there' or 'over there'.

3 Вот Ольга.
Here is Olga.
The present tense verb 'to be' [is] is implied
вот means 'here is' - like the French 'voilà'

4 Дом там.
[The] house is there.
дом means 'house' or 'home'
Here the article [the] is inferred from the context

5 Иван дома.
Ivan is at home.
дома means 'at home' from the word дом

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 TOPIC 1 The verb 'to be'

6 Татьяна — женщина.
Tatiana is [a] woman.
Note the use of a dash '—' when using 'to be' with two nouns (and no pronoun)
Here the article [a] is inferred from the context
женщина means 'woman'

7 Виктор — мужчина.
Victor is [a] man.
Note the use of a dash '—' when using 'to be' with two nouns (and no pronoun)
Here the article [a] is inferred from the context
мужчина means 'man'

8 Татьяна — профессор.
Tatiana is [a] professor.
Note the use of a dash '—' when using 'to be' with two nouns (and no pronoun)
профессор means '(university) professor'

9 Виктор — водитель.
Victor is [a] driver.
Note the use of a dash '—' when using 'to be' with two nouns (and no pronoun)
водитель means 'driver'

Russian Grammar 2
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 2
Personal pronouns

The Russian personal pronouns are: я (I), ты (you, singular), он (he), она (she), мы
(we), вы (you, plural), они (they).
- The pronoun used for the singular 'you' depends on formality. This is explained in the
next topic.

EXAMPLES:

1 Он Сергей.
He is Sergei.

2 Она Ольга.
She is Olga.

3 Я русский.
I am Russian (male).
русский (masculine adjective) means 'Russian'.

4 Она русская.
She is Russian (female).
русская (feminine adjective) means 'Russian'.

5 Она здесь.
She is here.

6 Он там.
He is (over) there.

7 Они дома.
They are at home.

8 Вы дома.
You (plural) are at home.

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 TOPIC 2 Personal pronouns

9 Я учитель.
I am [a/the] teacher.
учитель means 'teacher'
The article could be [a] or [the] - inferred from the context.

10 Мы здесь.
We are here.

11 Она профессор.
She is [a/the] professor.
Note that despite both subject and object being nouns, if the subject is a pronoun we
do not use a dash '—' in the place of the verb 'to be'
The article could be [a] or [the] - inferred from the context.

12 Он водитель.
He is [a/the] driver.
Note that despite both subject and object being nouns, if the subject is a pronoun we
do not use a dash '—' in the place of the verb 'to be'
The article could be [a] or [the] - inferred from the context.

Russian Grammar 4
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 3
Это : this, that, it

The word это means 'this', 'it' or 'that'.

It can refer to people, animals, objects and concepts.
It does not depend on gender or number.
In these examples (as usual) the verb 'to be' is absent in the present tense.

EXAMPLES:

1 Это я!
It's me!

2 Это Иван.
That is Ivan.

3 Это учитель.
This is [a/the] teacher.

4 Это водитель.
This is [a/the] driver.

5 Это кот.
This is a (male) cat.
кот means 'male cat'

6 Это яблоко.
It is [an/the] apple.
яблоко means 'apple'

7 Это музей.
It is [a/the] museum.
музей means 'museum'

8 Это дом.
That is [a/the] house.
дом means 'house' or 'home'

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 TOPIC 3 Это : this, that, it

9 Это здесь.
It is here.

10 Это понятно.
This is clear. / That is understandable.
понятно means 'understandable', 'obvious', or 'clear'.

11 Это верно.
This is true.
верно means 'true' or 'correct'

Russian Grammar 6
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 4
Simple negation

Negation (making a negative statement with 'not') in Russian is straightforward:

- Simply place the negative particle не before the word you want to negate.
не- can also be attached to words as a prefix to invert the meaning - like 'un' in English.

EXAMPLES:

1 Я не учитель.
I am not a/the teacher.

2 Она не Ольга.
She is not Olga.

3 Это не кошка, это собака.

It's not a cat, it's a dog.
кошка means 'female cat'
собака means 'dog'

4 Это не профессор.
This is not the professor.

5 Он не ребёнок.
He is not a child.
ребёнок means 'child'

6 Она не актриса.
She is not an actress.

7 Я ещё не там.
I am not there yet.
ещё means 'yet' or 'still'.

8 Они не всегда здесь.

They are not always here.
всегда means 'always'.

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 TOPIC 4 Simple negation

9 Мы не дома.
We are not at home.

10 Это непонятно.
That is incomprehensible.
не (un) + понятно (clear) ⇒ непонятно
непонятно means 'incomprehensible' or 'not understandable'

11 Это неверно.
That is incorrect.
не (un) + верно (true) ⇒ неверно
неверно means 'untrue' or 'incorrect'

Russian Grammar 8
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 5
Asking and answering questions

Russian uses both a raising intonation and word order to formulate questions.
And answer using да (yes) and нет (no).

EXAMPLES:

1 Ольга русская?
Is Olga Russian (female)?
русская (feminine adjective) means 'Russian'
No dash is required when a noun is used in combination with an adjective.

2 Да, Ольга русская.

Yes, Olga is Russian (female).
да means 'yes' - the opposite of нет.

3 Это не Иван?
Isn't that Ivan?

4 Нет, это не Иван.

No, it's not Ivan.
нет means 'no' - the opposite of да.

5 Он не русский?
Is he not Russian (male)?

6 Нет, он русский.
No, he is Russian (male).
Note the negative response to a negative question.

7 Где Таня?
Where is Tanya?
где means 'where'.

8 Таня там?
Is Tanya there?

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 TOPIC 5 Asking and answering questions

9 Нет, она не там. Она здесь.

No, she is not there. She is here.

10 Где вы?
Where are you (plural)?

11 Это собака?
Is that a dog?

12 Да, это собака.

Yes, that is a dog.

13 Почему ты не здесь?
Why aren't you (informal) here?
почему means 'why'.

Russian Grammar 10
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 6
Formality in Russian: вы and ты

The Russian word for 'you' (the second person pronoun) depends on who is talking and
who is being addressed.
● вы is used when addressing someone formally or politely.
● ты is used when talking to friends and family.
Grammatically вы behaves just like the second person plural ('you guys', 'ya'll').
So when first using it imagine you are talking to two people.

EXAMPLES:

1 Ты ученик?
Are you (informal) a student?
ты is the informal 'you'
ученик means 'student'

2 Ты уже здесь?
Are you (informal) here yet?
ты is the informal 'you'
уже means 'yet' or 'already'.

3 Вы профессор?
Are you (formal) a/the professor?
вы is the formal 'you'.

4 Вы русский?
Are you (formal) Russian (male)?
вы is the formal 'you'
русский is the male adjective for 'Russian'.

5 Когда вы дома?
When are you (formal) at home?
вы is the formal 'you'
когда means 'when'.

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 TOPIC 6 Formality in Russian: вы and ты

6 Вы всегда дома.
You (formal) are always at home.
вы is the formal 'you'
всегда means 'always'.

7 Почему ты здесь?
Why are you (informal) here?
ты is the informal 'you'
почему means 'why'.

8 Вы иногда там?
Are you (formal) sometimes there?
вы is the formal 'you'
иногда means 'sometimes'.

9 Вы часто там?
Are you (formal) often there?
вы is the formal 'you'
часто means 'often'.

Russian Grammar 12
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 7
Who and what - кто and что

The interrogative particles 'who' and 'what' are defined somewhat differently in Russian.
● кто means 'who' or 'what'.
- кто refers to all animate things - not just people but also animals and creatures.
● что means 'what'.
- что should refer only to inanimate objects or concepts.

EXAMPLES:

1 Что это?
What is this?
Meaning 'What is this inanimate object?'

2 Что это? Это чашка.

What is this? This is a cup.
чашка means 'cup'

3 Кто это?
Who/what is it?
Meaning 'What is this animate thing?'

4 Кто это? Это муравей.

Who/what is it? It is an ant.
Here 'кто' refers to the insect.

5 Кто это? Это тигр! Осторожно!

Who/what is that? It is a tiger! Be careful!
Here 'кто' refers to the tiger.
тигр means 'tiger'

6 Кто это? Это я.

Who is it? It is me.

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 TOPIC 7 Who and what - кто and что

7 Кто он?
Who/what is he/it?
Recall that in Russian pronouns can refer to objects - though the genders must agree.

8 Кто он? Он Иван.

Who is he? He is Ivan.

9 Что это такое?

What is this?
A very common extension of Что это? The word такое adds a little bit more
curiosity to the question
такой means 'such' or 'suchlike'

10 Что такое лампа?

What is 'лампа'?
A common way to ask what a word means.

11 Что это за зверь?

What is that animal? / What kind of animal is that?
что это за is a common way to ask what something is. что за translates to 'what
kind'
зверь means 'animal'

12 Что это за ключ?

What is the key (for)?
что это за is a common way to ask what something is. что за translates to 'what
kind'
ключ means 'key'

13 Что это за парень?

Who is that guy?
что это за is a common way to ask what something is. что за translates to 'what
kind'
парень means 'guy' or 'boy'

14 Что за ерунда!
What nonsense!

Russian Grammar 14
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 8
Gender and adjectives

All Russian nouns (things) have a gender.

Russian has 3 genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
● Most masculine nouns end in a consonant, «-й» or the soft sign «-ь»
● Most feminine nouns end in «-а» or «-я». And occasionally with the soft sign «-ь».
● Most neuter nouns end in «-о» or «-е».
The form of the adjective must agree the gender of the noun it modifies.
● Typically a masculine adjective ends in «-ый» or «-ой»
● Typically a feminine adjective ends in «-ая»
● Typically a neuter adjective ends in «-ое»

EXAMPLES:

1 Новый учитель.
A new teacher (male).
учитель is masculine
новый ⇒ новый (masculine)

2 Большой дом.
A big house.
дом is masculine
большой ⇒ большой (masculine)

3 Старая учительница.
An old teacher (female).
учительница is feminine
старый ⇒ старая (feminine)

4 Красное яблоко.
A red apple.
яблоко is neuter
красный ⇒ красное (neuter)

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 TOPIC 8 Gender and adjectives

5 Интересный музей.
An interesting museum.
музей is masculine
интересный ⇒ интересный (masculine)

6 Первый ребёнок.
The first child (male).
ребёнок is masculine
первый ⇒ первый (masculine)

7 Известный актер.
A famous actor (male).
актер is masculine
известный ⇒ известный (masculine)
актер means 'actor'

8 Известная актриса.
A famous actress.
актриса is feminine
известный ⇒ известная (feminine)
актриса means 'actress'

9 Закрытая дверь.
Closed door.
дверь is feminine
закрытый ⇒ закрытая (feminine)
дверь (fem.) means 'door'

10 Открытое окно.
An open window.
окно is neuter
открытый ⇒ открытое (neuter)
окно means 'window'

Russian Grammar 16
 TOPIC 8 Gender and adjectives

11 Первый снег.
The first snow.
снег is masculine
первый ⇒ первый (masculine)
снег means 'snow'

12 Первая любовь.
The first love.
любовь is feminine
первый ⇒ первая (feminine)
любовь means 'love'

13 Белое облако.
A white cloud.
облако is neuter
белый ⇒ белое (neuter)
облако means 'cloud'

14 Красивая лилия.
A beautiful lily.
лилия is feminine
красивый ⇒ красивая (feminine)

15 Популярное кафе.
A popular café.
кафе is neuter
популярный ⇒ популярное (neuter)

16 Разве это не красивый дом?

Isn't that a beautiful house?
дом is masculine
красивый ⇒ красивый (masculine)
разве means 'isn't it'

17 Она красивая девушка.

She is a beautiful girl.
девушка is feminine
красивый ⇒ красивая (feminine)

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 TOPIC 8 Gender and adjectives

18 Это красивое платье.

That is a beautiful dress.
платье is neuter
красивый ⇒ красивое (neuter)

19 Это красивая девушка.

This is a beautiful girl.
девушка is feminine
красивый ⇒ красивая (feminine)

20 Это сильный мужчина.

This is a strong man.
мужчина is masculine
сильный ⇒ сильный (masculine)

21 Молодой человек там.

The young man is there.
человек is masculine
молодой ⇒ молодой (masculine)

Russian Grammar 18
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 9
The conjunctions и, но and а

Conjunctions are words that link objects or clauses within a sentence.

● The conjunction и means 'and'
● The conjunction но means 'but' or 'however' and marks a contradiction to
expectations.
● The conjunction а also means 'but' but simply adds, compares/contrasts, or asks for
new information.
- It is common to begin a question with а.

EXAMPLES:

1 Он сосед и друг.
He is a neighbour and a friend.
New information but no contrast intended
сосед means 'neighbour'
друг means 'friend'

2 Она студентка и учитель.

She is a student and a teacher.
New information but no contrast intended.

3 Вера здесь, и Таня тоже здесь.

Vera is here and Tanya is also here.
New information but no contrast intended.

4 Вы француз, и они французы.

You (formal) are French, and they are French.
New information but no contrast intended.

5 Она актриса, но не известная актриса.

She is an actress but not a famous actress.
Contrary to expectations.

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 TOPIC 9 The conjunctions и, но and а

6 Дом большой, но дверь маленькая.

It's a big house but the door is small.
Contrary to expectations.

7 Машина старая, но хорошая.

The car is old, but good.
Contrary to expectations.

8 Это дом, а не школа.

This is a house, not a school.
New infromation with some contrast.

9 Он здесь, а она там.

He is here but/and she is there.
New infromation with some contrast.

10 Она студентка а он учитель.

She is a student but/and he is a teacher.
New infromation with some contrast.

11 Это не яблоко, а груша.

That is not an apple, but a pear.
New infromation with some contrast.

12 Я водитель. А вы?
I am a driver. And you (formal)?
Asking for new infromation and suggesting contrast.

Russian Grammar 20
 Bootstrap Russian

TOPIC 10
Plurals

Rules for forming plurals depend on the gender.

● Masculine:
- ends with a consonant, add «-ы»
- ends with «-й» or «-ь», replace with «-и»
● Feminine:
- ends with «-а», replace with «-ы»
- ends with «-я» or «-ь», replace with «-и»
● Neuter:
- ends with «-о», replace with «-а»
- ends with «-е», replace with «-я»
There are lots of exceptions and irregular plurals - these are covered in the next topic.

EXAMPLES:

1 Это птицы.
These are birds.
птица (fem.) ⇒ птицы : «-а» → «-ы»

2 Это коровы.
These are cows.
корова (fem.) ⇒ коровы : «-а» → «-ы»

3 Он студент, и мы тоже студенты.

He is a student, and we are also students
студент (masc.) ⇒ студенты : consonant ending → add «-ы»

4 Вот стол, а там столы.

There is a table here, and there are tables there.
стол (masc.) ⇒ столы : consonant ending → add «-ы»

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 TOPIC 10 Plurals

5 Театр рядом, а музеи далеко.

The theatre is close by, but the museums are far away.
музей (masc.) ⇒ музеи : «-й» → «-и»
рядом means 'close by'

6 Один словарь здесь, а все словари там.

One dictionary is here, but all the dictionaries are over there.
словарь (masc.) ⇒ словари : «-ь» → «-и»

7 Все газеты здесь, одна газета там.

All newspapers are here, one newspaper is there.
газета (fem.) ⇒ газеты : «-а» → «-ы»

8 Старая машина и новые машины.

The old car and new cars.
машина (fem.) ⇒ машины : «-а» → «-ы»

9 Это не здания, это только одно здание.

Those are not buildings; it is just one building.
здание (neu.) ⇒ здания : «-е» → «-я»

10 Это груша, а это яблоки.

That is a pear but those are apples.
яблоко (neu.) ⇒ яблоки : «-о» → «-и»

11 Это двери, а это окно.

Those are doors, and that is a window
дверь (fem.) ⇒ двери : «-ь» → «-и»

12 Это дверь, а это окна.

That is a door and those are windows.
окно (neu.) ⇒ окна : «-о» → «-а»

13 Это облака, не туман.

They are clouds, not fog.
облако (neu.) ⇒ облака : «-о» → «-а»

Russian Grammar 22
 TOPIC 10 Plurals

14 Вот платья.
Here are the dresses.
платье (neu.) ⇒ платья : «-е» → «-я»

15 Мужчины вон там.

The men are over there.
мужчинa (masc.) ⇒ мужчины : «-а» ⇒ «-ы»
вон emphasises distance (over there).

16 Женщины здесь.
The women are here.
женщина (fem.) ⇒ женщины : «-а» → «-ы»

17 Это лампы.
Those are lamps.
лампа (fem.) ⇒ лампы : «-а» → «-ы»

18 Это не истории.
These are not stories.
история (fem.) ⇒ истории : «-ия» → «-ии»

19 Это моря, а не океаны.

They are seas, not oceans.
море (neu.) ⇒ моря : «-е» → «-я»

20 Вот те здания.
Here are those buildings.
здание (neu.) ⇒ здания : «-ие» → «-ия»
те means 'those'

23 Bookstrap
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