Free Vibration Analysis of Higher-Order Shear Elasticity

Nanocomposite Beams with Consideration of

Nonlocal Elasticity and Poisson Effect
Ismail Mechab 1; Noureddine El Meiche 2; and Fabrice Bernard 3
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Abstract: Free vibration analysis of orthotropic beams with local and nonlocal formulation using the high-order theory including the Poisson
effect is presented in this paper. The theory takes into account the transverse shear effects introducing a new displacement shape function and
a parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains through the thickness of the beam. Hence it is unnecessary to use shear correction
factors. The governing equations are derived from the principle of virtual displacements. The couplings among the axial, torsion, and bending
deformations are investigated in the one-dimensional beam model. The free vibration solutions are finally presented for the nonlocal higher-
order beam/column models. The influence of the various geometrical and material parameters, thickness ratio, and number of symmetric
and antisymmetric layers of the laminate material has been investigated to find the natural frequencies. The numerical results obtained in
the present study for several examples are presented and compared to other models available in the literature. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NM
.2153-5477.0000110. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Introduction across the thickness (Timoshenko 1921, 1922). As the FSBT vio-
lates the equilibrium conditions at the plate’s top and bottom faces,
Nanostructured elements have attracted the attention of the scien- shear correction factors are needed to the unrealistic variation of
tific community due to their better properties. Conducting experi- the shear strain/stress across the thickness. The high order takes
ments with nanoscale size specimens is found to be difficult and into account transverse shear effects with more-complex (e.g., para-
expensive. Therefore, the development of appropriate mathematical bolic) distributions of the transverse shear strains through the thick-
models for nanostructures is an important issue concerning appli- ness of the beam. Hence it is unnecessary to use shear correction
cation of nanostructures. The vibration analysis of isotropic and factors. A recent survey (Zhang et al. 2015) concerning the mod-
orthotropic beams and plates is of great importance in nanotechnol- eling of composite structures enables one to put into evidence the
ogy. That is why, in recent years, a large amount of research works importance of the consideration of higher-order shear deformation
has been carried out on this topic. A variety of beam and plate the- theories.
ories have been proposed (Vinson 2005; Reddy 2003), in which the Various higher-order shear deformation beam theories have
elements are generally subjected to various types of mechanical been developed to improve the first-order theory by assuming a
loads. It is worthwhile here to present some historic developments higher-order displacement field through the beam thickness. Marur
in the beam theory since many of them are considered in this work. and Kant (1997) investigated the effect of higher-order shear defor-
The classical beam theory (CBT), which neglects the transverse mation theories on the transient response of composite beams. Kant
shear effects, provides reasonable results for thin plates and beams; et al. (1997) presented an analytical method for the dynamic analy-
however, it underestimates deflections and, on the contrary, over- sis of laminated beams using higher-order refined theory. Shi and
estimates frequencies as well as buckling loads for moderately Lam (1999) studied a new finite-element formulation for the free
thick plates and beams (Leissa 1973; Dufort et al. 2001; Mechab vibration analysis of composite beams based on third-order beam
et al. 2008; Benatta et al. 2008; Zenkour 2004; Sobhy 2013). Thus, theory.
shear deformation is an important aspect in the analysis of com- The higher-order shear beam models considered in this paper
posite structures. The first-order shear deformation theories (FSBT) are the models of Panc (1975) [see also Reissner (1975) or more
based on Timoshenko’s theory account for the transverse shear recently Shi and Voyiadjis (2011)], the model of Bickford-Reddy
effects by means of a linear variation of in-plane displacements (Marur and Kant 1997; Bickford 1982; Levinson 1981, 1985), and
a new model proposed by the authors.
1
Univ. of Mascara, Mascara 29000, Algeria; LMPM, Dept. of Mechan- Furthermore, Poisson’s effect, that is to say the consideration of
ical Engineering, Univ. of Sidi Bel Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria. the transverse displacement perpendicular to the longitudinal direc-
E-mail: ismyala@yahoo.fr tion (y-direction hereafter), is often neglected in one-dimensional
2
Univ. of Mascara, Mascara 29000, Algeria; Laboratoire matériaux et laminated beam analysis, but it has a very significant influence in
hydrologie LMH, Univ. de Sidi Bel Abbes, BP 89, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, the analysis of angle-ply nanobeams. Very few references investi-
Algeria. E-mail: nouryel@hotmail.com gate this effect. A finite-element model based on a higher-order
3
INSA de Rennes–LGCGM, 20 Ave. des Buttes de Coësmes, 35708 shear deformation theory has been developed by Chandrashekhara
Rennes Cedex 7, France (corresponding author). E-mail: Fabrice
and Bangera (1992), Jun and Hongxing (2009) and Teboub and
.Bernard@insa-rennes.fr
Note. This manuscript was submitted on August 2, 2015; approved on Hajela (1995) to study the free vibration characteristics of lami-
March 21, 2016; published online on June 8, 2016. Discussion period open nated beams. Krishnaswamy et al. (1992), Kadivar and Mohebpour
until November 8, 2016; separate discussions must be submitted for indi- (1998), and Jafari-Talookolaei et al. (2012) have studied the dy-
vidual papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Nanomechanics and namical response of unsymmetric orthotropic beams. These studies
Micromechanics, © ASCE, ISSN 2153-5434. included the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary

© ASCE 04016006-1 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006

 inertia as well as the Poisson’s effect, but none of them considered theory can be written as in Eq. (1). These expressions have already
nonlocal elasticity. been stated in (Jun and Hongxing 2009)
In parallel to these developments, the number of the studies

about the vibrations of nanostructures using the nonlocal theory ∂wðx; tÞ
Uðx; z; tÞ ¼ uðx; tÞ þ zϕðx; tÞ þ ðfðzÞ − zÞ þ ϕðx; tÞ
of elasticity (Eringen 1983, 2002) has increased due to a better pre- ∂x
diction of their vibration characteristics. The importance of accu- Vðx; z; tÞ ¼ fðzÞψðx; tÞ
rate prediction of nanostructures’ vibration characteristics has been
discussed by Gibson et al. (2007). Studies concerning nonlocal the- Wðx; z; tÞ ¼ wðx; tÞ ð1Þ
ories for bending, buckling and vibration analysis of beams have
where U, V, and W = displacements of an arbitrary point in the
been conducted by Reddy (2007), Aydogdu (2009a, b), Challamel
beam domain along the x, y, and z coordinates, respectively; u and
(2013), and Challamel et al. (2013) using different beam theories
w = displacements of a point on the midplane along the x and z
including those of Euler–Bernoulli, Timoshenko, Levinson, and
directions, respectively; and ϕ and ψ = rotations of the normals
nonlocal beams. In their studies, different displacement functions
to the midplane about the x-axis and y-axis, respectively.
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are chosen in the first step and then all steps are repeated when
The shape function fðzÞ is to be specified a posteriori (Zenkour
deriving beam equilibrium and equations of motion.
2004). It may be chosen such that
The work presented in this present paper aims to complete all Z z¼h=2
these previous works devoted to the study of the vibrations of
f 0 ðzÞjz¼h2 ¼ 0 and fðzÞdz ¼ 0 ð2Þ
composite nanobeams. Indeed not only higher-order shear defor- z¼−ðh=2Þ
mation theory and Poisson’s effect, but also nonlocal elasticity
theory as proposed by Eringen (1983, 2002) has been considered. where the prime (′) denotes differentiation with respect to z. It be-
The small-scale effects are introduced using the nonlocal elasticity comes therefore clear that, through its derivative, the a posteriori
theory with a new shear deformation function. The governing equa- specified function fðzÞ will determine the through the thickness
tions are derived from the principle of virtual displacements. The trial distribution of the transverse shear strain.
effects of the small-scale on free vibrations considering various The Euler Bernoulli beam theory is a particular case of such an
geometrical and material parameters, thickness ratio, and number enriched kinematics based on the vanishing kinematics function
of layers of the symmetric and antisymmetric laminate material has fðzÞ ¼ 0. The Timoshenko theory is simply obtained from the lin-
been investigated to find the natural frequencies. ear relationship (Zenkour 2004, Timoshenko 1921, 1922; Zhang
et al. 2015)
fðzÞ ¼ z ð3aÞ
Mathematical Formulation

The high-order shear models considered in this paper are defined In this case, the shape factor κs is equal to unity. As suggested
from a variational methodology and are then variationally consis- for instance in the literature, a κs factor close to 5=6 would be more
tent. Consider a rectangular beam having a length L, width b, and a relevant for the Timoshenko beam theory. The higher-order shear
constant thickness h (Fig. 1). The coordinate system (x; y; z) chosen beam models considered in this paper are the model of Panc (1975),
is placed at the middle of the plate and the coordinate parameters the model of Bickford-Reddy (1982), and a new model proposed
are such that 0 ≤ x ≤ L, 0 ≤ y ≤ b and −h=2 ≤ z ≤ h=2. The fol- by the authors. These various shear deformation functions are
lowing assumptions are made in developing the equations of mo- • Model of Panc
 
tion for free vibration (Teboub and Hajela 1995): 5z 4z2
1. All layers behave elastically; fðzÞ ¼ 1− 2 ð3bÞ
4 3h
2. Displacements, rotations and strains are small;
3. Perfect bonding exists between layers; • Model HSBT of Bickford-Reddy
4. The laminate is equivalent to a single or to two anisotropic  
layers (equivalent layer approach); and 4z2
fðzÞ ¼ z 1 − 2 ð3cÞ
5. The beam is flat and vibrates in a vacuum. 3h
Starting from the plate theory, the assumed displacement field
• A new shear deformation beam function fitted in this work
for the composite beam based on a first-order shear deformation
8z3 ½ðz2 =h2 Þ−ð1=4Þ
fðzÞ ¼ z − e ð3dÞ
7h2

The consideration of the displacement V is the so-called Poisson

effect. The Euler Bernoulli Beam Theory (also referred as Classical
Beam Theory) cannot take this effect into account since fðzÞ ¼ 0.
The strains associated with the displacements in Eq. (1) are
 2 
∂U ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ϕ
εxx ¼ ¼ þz þ ðfðzÞ − zÞ þ
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x
∂U ∂V ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ
γ xy ¼ þ ¼ fðzÞ ¼z þ ðfðzÞ − zÞ
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
 
∂U ∂W ∂w
γ xz ¼ þ ¼ f 0 ðzÞ þϕ
∂z ∂x ∂x
∂V ∂W
Fig. 1. Geometry of a laminated composite beam γ yz ¼ þ ¼ f 0 ðzÞψ ð4Þ
∂z ∂y

© ASCE 04016006-2 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006

 8 9k 2 3
Constitutive Relations: Nonlocal Elasticity Theory < C̄44 = c2 s2  
4 5 C44
In the local elasticity theory, the stress tensor at a material point is C̄ ¼ cs −cs ð7bÞ
: 45 ; C55
assumed to be dependent on the strain tensor at that point. But in C̄55 s2 c2
nonlocal elasticity theory, it is assumed that the stress tensor at a
point depends on the strain tensor at all the points of the continuum. where c ¼ cosðθk Þ, s ¼ sinðθk Þ, and Cij = (plane stress-reduced)
According to Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory (Eringen material stiffnesses of the lamina
1983, 2002), the nonlocal constitutive relations of a Hookean nano- Ex ν yx Ex ν xy Ey
material can be represented by the following differential constitu- C11 ¼ ; C12 ¼ ¼
1 − ν xy ν yx 1 − ν xy ν yx 1 − ν xy ν yx
tive relation:
Ey
  C22 ¼ ; C44 ¼ Gyz ; C55 ¼ Gxz ; C66 ¼ Gxy ð8Þ
ð1 − τ 2 l2 ∇2 ÞσNL ¼ σ L ¼ C∶ε; τ ¼ e0 a for i; j ¼ x; y; z ð5Þ 1 − ν xy ν yx
ij ij
l
in which Ex and Ey = Young’s modulus in the x and y material
principal directions, respectively; ν xy and ν yx = Poisson’s ratios;
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where : represents the double dot product; ε and C = respectively,

the strain components and the elastic constants; and ∇2 ¼ ∂ 2 =∂x2 = and Gxy , Gyz , and Gxz = shear modulus in the x − y, y − z, and
Laplacian operator. The nonlocal parameter (e0 a) has the dimen- x − z surfaces, respectively.
sion of a length and could be greater than 1. In the expression The laminated plate constitutive equations based on the high-
τ ¼ ðe0 aÞ=ðlÞ ≤ 1, the value a depends on the internal length order shear deformation theory can be expressed as (Jun and
(granular distance, lattice parameter, or distance between C─C Hongxing 2009; Jafari-Talookolaei et al. 2012)
bonds as molecular diameters, etc.) and l is the external character- 8 9 2 38 9
> N xx> A11 A12 A16 B11 B12 B16 Bf11 Bf12 Bf16 > ε0x >
istic length (crack length or wave length); e0 is a constant, as it is a >
> > >
> 6 > >
> >
>
> > f 7> > 0> >
material parameter. Also, σNL ij and σij represent the nonlocal and
L >
> N >
> 6 A 12 A 22 A 26 B 12 B 22 B 26 B f
B f
B 7
26 7>> εy >
>
>
> yy>
> 6 12 22 >
> >
>
local stress tensor components in the Cartesian coordinate system, >
> >
> 6 7 >
> >
>
>
> xy>
N >
> 6 6 A 16 A 26 A 66 B 16 B 26 B 66 B f
B f
B f
7
66 7>> xy>
>γ 0
>
respectively. >
> >
16 26
> >
>
>
> >
> 6 f 7> > b>
>
> M
> xx= > 6
> 6 11 12 16 11 12 16 11 12 16 7<
B B B D D D D f
D f
D 7 > x>
> k >
< =
Constitutive Relations: Higher-Order Shear M yy ¼ 6 6 B12 B22 B26 D12 D22 D26 Df12 Df22 Df26 7 kby
7
>
> >
> 6 7> >
>
> M xy>> 6 7>>kb >>
Deformation Laminates Theory >
> >
> 6 B16 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66 Df16 Df26 Df66 7> >
> xy>
>
>
>
> > > 6
> 6 f 7 > s>
> >
>
> > f 7> > >
x>
In the present work, a laminate composite beam (LCB) composed > P > 6 B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16 F11 F12 F16 7>
f f f f f f f k >
>
>
xx
>
> >
> >
of advanced composite materials whose constituent layers feature >
> >
>
6
6
7
f 7>
> s> >
>
>
> P > > k >
> > > 4 B12 B22 B26 D12 D22 D26 F12 F22 F26 5> > y>
f f f f f f f f
elastic orthotropic properties is considered. The laminate is made of >
y
> > >
>
many unidirectional plies stacked up in different orientation with :P ; :kxy;
s
xy Bf Bf Bf Df Df Df Ff Ff Ff
16 26 66 16 26 66 16 26 66
respect to a reference axis. Orthotropic axes in each lamina (sub-
script k) are oriented at an arbitrary angle θk to the beam axis. The ð9aÞ
length, width, and thickness of the LCB are represented by L, b,
and h respectively, as depicted in Fig. 1.  
 
Qyz Af44 Af45 γ syz
Neglecting the transverse normal stress components, the constit- ¼ ð9bÞ
Qxz Af45 Af55 γ sxz
utive relations in the local-coordinates systems can be expressed as
8 9 2 38 9 where N xx , N yy , and N xy = in-plane force; M xx , M yy , and M xy =
>
> σLxx >> C̄11 C̄12 C̄16 0 0 > > εLxx >> basic components of stress resultants and stress couples; Pxx , Pyy ,
>
> >
> 6 7>> >
>
>
> L >> 6 C̄ 7>> L > > and Pxy = additional stress couples associated with the transverse
> σ
> yy = >
> 6 12 C̄22 C̄26 0 0 7<> yy >
> ε >
< 6 7 = shear effects; and Qxz and Qyz = transverse shear stress resultants.
τ Lxy ¼ 6 C̄
6 16 C̄26 C̄66 0 0 7
7> xy > ð6Þ
γ L
An equivalent layer approach is used. The laminate stiffness
>
> >
> 6 7> >
>
> τ yz > >
> 6 0 0 0 C̄44 C̄45 7 > γ Lyz >
> > coefficients Aij and Bij are thus defined in terms of the reduced
>
>
L
> 4 5 >
> >
>
>
> > > > ðkÞ
: τL > ; 0 0 0 C̄ C̄
>
: γ L >; stiffness coefficients C̄ij for the layers k ¼ 1; 2; : : : ::; n
xz 45 55 xz
Z h=2
fAij ; Bij ; Dij g ¼ f1; z; z2 gC̄ij dz ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ
If this relation is introduced in Eq. (5), the nonlocal differential −h=2
constitutive relation for orthotropic material is obtained. Z h=2
The material is orthotropic with respect to the local coordinate fBfij ; Dfij ; Ffij g ¼ ffðzÞ − z; zðfðzÞ − zÞ; ðfðzÞ − zÞ2 gC̄ij dz
system; it follows, under rotation of an angle θk according to the −h=2

z-axis in the x − y plane, that the transformation formulas for the ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ
ðkÞ Z
stiffnesses C̄ij are of the form h=2
8 9k 2 4 3 fAfij g ¼ κs ff 0 ðzÞ2 gC̄ij dz ði; j ¼ 4; 5Þ ð10aÞ
>
> C̄11 >
> c 2c2 s2 s4 4c2 s2 −h=2
>
> >
> 6 2 2 78 9
>
> C̄12 >
> 6c s c4 þ s4 c2 s 2 −4c2 − s2 7
>
> >
> 6 7>>C11>>
and
>
> > 7> >
< C̄ > = 6 4
6 s 2c 2
s2
c 4
4c 2
s 2 7 <C >
> = ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ψ ∂ 2 w ∂ϕ
22 12
¼6 6 7 ε0x ¼ ; kbx ¼ ; kbxy ¼ ; ksxy ¼ þ ;
> C̄16 >> 7>C > ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x
>
> > 6 −c3 s csðc2 − s2 Þ cs3 2csðc2 − s2 Þ7> 22 >
>
> >
> 6 7>: >
> >
; ∂ψ ∂w
>
> C̄26 >>
> 6 −cs 3 2 − 2 Þ 3 2csðs2 − 2 Þ7 ksx ¼ γ sxz ¼ þ ϕ; γ syz ¼ ψ ð10bÞ
>
> > 4 csðs c c s c 5 C66 ;
>
: >
; ∂x ∂x
C̄66 c 2 s2 −2c2 s2 c2 s 2 ðc2 − s2 Þ2
If two equivalent layers are considered, the integration is per-
ð7aÞ formed on half the thickness of the beam.

© ASCE 04016006-3 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006

 In the case of laminated beams, one can neglect in-plane forces bending curvature ksy in Eq. (9a) are different from zero. Their
N yy and N xy , bending moment M yy and higher-order moment Pyy expression are identified by means of the assumption that N yy ,
everywhere in the laminates. Indeed the laminates are so narrow N xy , M yy , Pyy , and Qyz are equal to zero. Then these strain com-
that these generalized stress components are insignificant (Jun and ponents have been replaced in the expression of the nonzero
Hongxing 2009; Jafari-Talookolaei et al. 2012). The midplane forces (N xx , Mxx , M xy , Pxx , and Pxy ). Thus, Eq. (9a) may be re-
strains ε0y and γ 0xy , the bending curvature kby , and the higher-order written as

8 9 2 38 9
> N xx > Ā B̄11 B̄16 B̄f11 B̄f16 > ε0x >
>
> > 6 11 f 7> >
> M xx >
< > 6 B̄11
= D̄11 D̄16 D̄f11 D̄16 7>>
< kx >
b >
=
M xy ¼ 6
6 B̄16 D̄16 D̄66 D̄f11 f 7
D̄66 7 kxyb
ð11aÞ
>
> >
> 6 f 7> s >
> P > 4 B̄11 D̄f11 D̄f16 F̄f11 F̄f16 5>
> kx >
> >
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>
: xx >
; : >
;
Pxy s
B̄f16 D̄f16 D̄f66 F̄f16 F̄f66 kxy

where
2 3 2 3 2 3
Ā11 B̄11 B̄16 B̄f11 B̄f16 A11 B11 B16 Bf11 Bf16 A12 A16 B12 Bf12
6 B̄ D̄f11 D̄f16 7 6B f f 7 6B Df12 7
6 11 D̄11 D̄16 7 6 11 D11 D16 D11 D 16 7 6 12 B16 D12 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 B̄16 D̄16 D̄66 D̄f11 D̄f66 7 ¼ 6 B16 D16 D66 Df11 Df66 7 − 6 B26 B66 D26 Df26 7
6 f 7 6 7 6 f 7
4 B̄11 D̄f11 D̄f16 F̄f11 F̄f16 5 4 Bf11 Df11 Df16 Ff11 Ff16 5 4 Bf12 Bf16 Df12 F12 5
B̄f16 D̄f16 D̄f66 F̄f16 F̄f66 Bf16 Df16 Df66 Ff16 Ff66 Bf26 Bf66 Df26 Ff26
2 3 2 3
A22 A26 B22 Bf22 −1 A12 B12 B26 Bf12 Bf26
6 A26 A66 B26 B 7 6 A16 B16
f
B66 Bf16 f 7
B66 7
×64B
26 7 6 ð11bÞ
22 B26 D22 Df22 5 4 B12 D12 D26 Df12 Df 5
26
Bf22 Bf26 Df22 Ff22 Bf12 Df12 Df26 Ff12 Ff26

In the case of the laminated composite beams, one can neglect transverse shear force Qyz ¼ 0. Using Eq. (9b), the transverse shear
force–strain relation for the laminate composite beam can also be expressed as

Af45
γ syz ¼ − γ sxz ð12aÞ
Af44

 
Af45 2
Qxz ¼ Af55 − γ sxz ¼ Āf55 γ sxz ð12bÞ
Af44

and
 
∂w
Qxz ¼ Āf55 þϕ ð12cÞ
∂x

Using the nonlocal and local constitutive relations given in Eqs. (5) and (6), the displacement relation given in Eq. (4), as well as the strain–
displacement relations based on the linear elasticity theory, the nonlocal resultant stresses can be written in terms of the displacement and
rotation components, as follows:
 2 
∂ 2 N xx ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ψ
N xx − ðe0 aÞ2 2
¼ Ā 11 þ B̄ 11 þ B̄ f
11 2
þ þ ðB̄16 þ B̄f16 Þ
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
2
 2 
∂ M ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ψ
Mxx − ðe0 aÞ2 2
xx
¼ B̄11 þ D̄11 þ D̄f11 2
þ þ ðD̄16 þ D̄f16 Þ
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
2M  2 
∂ ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ψ
Mxy − ðe0 aÞ2
xy
¼ B̄16 þ D̄16 þ D̄f16 þ þ ðD̄66 þ D̄f66 Þ
∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x ∂x
2P
 2 
∂ ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ψ
Pxx − ðe0 aÞ2 xx
¼ B̄f11 þ D̄f11 þ F̄f11 þ þ ðD̄f66 þ F̄f66 Þ
∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x ∂x
2P  2 
∂ ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ψ
Pxy − ðe0 aÞ2
xy
¼ B̄f16 þ D̄f16 þ F̄f16 þ þ ðD̄f66 þ F̄f66 Þ
∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x ∂x
2
 
∂ Qxz ∂w
Qxz − ðe0 aÞ2 ¼ Āf55 þϕ ð13Þ
∂x2 ∂x

© ASCE 04016006-4 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006


Z Z
Governing Differential Equations of the Nonlocal Elasticity h=2
The governing equations of equilibrium can be derived by using the ½N xx δu;x þ M xx δφ;x þ Pxx ðδw;xx þ δφ;x Þ þ M xy δψ;x
−h=2 Ω
principle of virtual displacements. The principle of virtual work in
the present case yields þ Pxy δψ;x þ Qxz δðδw;x þ δφÞdx
Z h=2 Z
Z Z þ ½u;x þ zφ;x þ ½fðzÞ − zðw;xx þ φ;x Þ;t
b h=2
−h=2 Ω
π¼ ½N xx ε0x þ M xx κbx þ Mxy κbxy þ Pxx κsx
2 −h=2 S × δ½u;x þ zφ;x þ ½fðzÞ − zðw;xx þ φ;x Þ;t þ ½zψ;x þ ½fðzÞ − zψ;x ;t
þ Pxy κsxy þ Qxz γ sxz dx ð14aÞ 
× δ½zψ;x þ ½fðzÞ − zψ;x ;t þ w;t δw;t dxdz dt ¼ 0 ð16Þ
Z Z
b h=2 •2 •2 • 2
T¼ ρ½U þ V þ W dxdz ð14bÞ Integrating Eq. (16) with respect to z enables one to obtain
2 −h=2 S
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Z
where π = elastic energy; T = kinematic energy; and the dot over U, ½N xx δu;x þ M xx δφ;x þ Pxx ðδw;xx þ δφ;x Þ
V, and W = differentiation with respect to time. S
The equations of motion for the free vibrations are derived using þ M xy δψ;x þ Pxy δψ;x þ Qxz δðδw;x þ δφÞdx
the Hamilton’s principle as applied to a conservative system. The Z h=2 Z
principle can be written as − f½I 1 u;x þ I 2 φ;x þ I 4 ðw;xx þ φ;x Þ;t δu;xt
−h=2 Ω
Z Z
t2 t2 þ ½u;x þ I 2 φ;x þ I 5 ðw;xx þ φ;x Þ;t δφ;xt
δLdt ¼ δðπ − TÞdt ð15Þ
t1 t1 þ ½I 4 u;x þ I 5 φ;x þ I 6 ðw;xx þ φ;x Þ;t ðδw;xxt þ δφ;xt Þ
þ ½ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 Þψ;t δψ;t þ w;t δw;t dxgdt ¼ 0 ð17Þ
Substituting Eqs. (4), (10b), (14a), and (14b) into Eq. (15) and
integrating through the thickness of the beam, Eq. (15) can be
rewritten as in which

Z h=2
fI 1 ; I 2 ; I 3 ; I 4 ; I 5 ; I 6 g ¼ f1; z; z2 ; fðzÞ − z; z½fðzÞ − z; ½fðzÞ − z2 gρdz ð18Þ
−h=2

The governing equations of equilibrium can be derived from Eq. (17) by integrating the displacement gradients by parts and setting the
coefficients δu, δϕ, δw, and δψ to zero separately
 3 
∂N xx ∂2u ∂2ϕ ∂ w ∂2ϕ
δu∶ ¼ I1 2 þ I2 2 þ I4 þ
∂x ∂t ∂t ∂x∂t2 ∂t2
 3 
∂M xx ∂Pxx ∂2u ∂2ϕ ∂ w ∂2ϕ
δϕ∶ þ − Qxz ¼ ðI 2 þ I 4 Þ 2 þ ðI 3 þ I 5 Þ 2 þ ðI 5 þ I 6 Þ þ
∂x ∂x ∂t ∂t ∂x∂t2 ∂t2
 
∂ 2 Pxx ∂Qxz ∂3u ∂3ϕ ∂4w ∂3ϕ ∂2w
δw∶ − ¼ I 4 þ I 5 þ I 6 þ − I 1
∂x2 ∂x ∂x∂t2 ∂x∂t2 ∂x2 ∂t2 ∂x∂t2 ∂t2
∂M xy ∂Pxy ∂2ψ
δψ∶ þ ¼ ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 Þ 2 ð19Þ
∂x ∂x ∂t

with the boundary conditions

½N xx δu0 L0 ¼ 0; ½ðM xx þ Pxx ÞδϕL0 ¼ 0; ½Pxx δw;x L0 ¼ 0;

½ðQxz − Pxx;x þ I ü0 þ I ϕ̈ þ Iðẅ;x þ ϕ̈ÞÞδwL0 ¼ 0; ½ðM xy þ Pxy ÞδψL0 ¼ 0 ð20Þ

The in-plane force, bending moment, and additional stress couples associated with the transverse shear effects are then given by

 4   2 
∂3u ∂3ϕ ∂ w ∂3ϕ ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ψ
N xx ¼ ðe0 aÞ2 I 1 2
þ I 2 2
þ I 4 2 2
þ 2
þ Ā 11 þ B̄ 11 þ B̄ f
11 2
þ þ ðB̄16 þ B̄f16 Þ ð21aÞ
∂x∂t ∂x∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

 5    
∂Px ∂4u ∂4ϕ ∂ w ∂4ϕ ∂3w 2 f ∂w ∂2u ∂2ϕ
Qxz − ¼ −I 4 2 2 − I 5 2 2 − I 6 3 2
þ 2 2
þ I 1 2
ðe 0 aÞ þ Ā 55 þ ϕ − B̄f11 2 − D̄f11 2
∂x ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
 3 2
 2
∂ w ∂ ϕ ∂ ψ
− F̄f11 þ − ðD̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þ 2 ð21bÞ
∂x3 ∂x2 ∂x

© ASCE 04016006-5 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006


 6  
 2 
∂5u ∂5ϕ ∂ w ∂5ϕ ∂4w 4 f ∂ w ∂ϕ ∂3u ∂3ϕ
M xx ¼ −I 4 3 2 − I 5 3 2 − I 6 4 2
þ 3 2
þ I 1 2 2
ðe 0 aÞ þ Ā55 2
þ − B̄f11 3 − D̄f11 3
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
 4 3
 3
  2 
∂ w ∂ ϕ ∂ ψ ∂u ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ψ
− F̄f11 þ − ðD̄f16 þ Ff16 Þ 3 ðe0 aÞ2 þ B̄11 þ D̄11 þ D̄f11 þ þ ðD̄16 þ D̄f16 Þ
∂x4 ∂x3 ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x ∂x

 4 
∂3u ∂3ϕ ∂ w ∂3ϕ
þ ðI 2 þ I 4 Þ þ ðI 3 þ I 5 Þ þ ðI 5 þ I 6 Þ þ ðe0 aÞ2 ð21cÞ
∂x∂t2 ∂x∂t2 ∂x2 ∂t2 ∂x∂t2
 2 
∂3ψ 2 ∂u ∂ϕ f ∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ψ ∂u ∂ϕ
Mxy þ Pxy ¼ ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 Þ ðe0 aÞ þ B̄16 þ D̄16 þ D̄16 þ þ ðD̄66 þ D̄f66 Þ þ B̄f16 þ D̄f16
∂x∂t2 ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
 2 
∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ψ
þ F̄f16 2
þ þ ðD̄f66 þ F̄f66 Þ ð21dÞ
∂x ∂x ∂x
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Substituting these equations into the governing equations enables one to obtain the equilibrium equations associated with the present field
displacement for the nonlocal beam

 5   3 
2 ∂4u ∂4ϕ ∂ w ∂4ϕ ∂2u ∂2ϕ f ∂ w ∂2ϕ
ðe0 aÞ I 1 2 2 þ I 2 2 2 þ I 4 þ þ Ā11 2 þ B̄11 2 þ B̄11 þ
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x3 ∂t2 ∂x2 ∂t2 ∂x ∂x ∂x3 ∂x2
 
∂2ψ ∂2u ∂2ϕ ∂3w ∂2ϕ
þ ðB̄16 þ B̄f16 Þ 2 ¼ I 1 2 þ I 2 2 þ I 4 2
þ 2 ð22aÞ
∂x ∂t ∂t ∂x∂t ∂t

 7  
∂6u ∂6ϕ ∂ w ∂6ϕ ∂5w
−I 4 − I 5 − I 6 þ þ I 1 ðe0 aÞ4
∂x4 ∂t2 ∂x4 ∂t2 ∂x5 ∂t2 ∂x4 ∂t2 ∂x3 ∂t2

 3   5  
∂ w ∂2ϕ f ∂ u
4
f ∂ ϕ
4
∂ w ∂4ϕ f ∂ ψ
4
∂2u ∂2ϕ
þ Āf55 3
þ 2
− B̄ 11 4
− D̄ 11 4
− F̄ f
11 5
þ 4
− ð D̄f
16 þ F̄ 16 Þ 4
ðe0 aÞ2 þ B̄11 2 þ D̄11 2
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
 3 2
 2

4 4
 5 4

∂ w ∂ ϕ ∂ ψ ∂ u ∂ ϕ ∂ w ∂ ϕ
þ D̄f11 þ þ ð D̄ 16 þ D̄f
16 Þ þ ðI 2 þ I 4 Þ þ ðI 3 þ I 5 Þ þ ðI 5 þ I 6 Þ þ ðe0 aÞ2
∂x3 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂t2 ∂x2 ∂t2 ∂x3 ∂t2 ∂x2 ∂t2

 5    
∂4u ∂4ϕ ∂ w ∂4ϕ ∂3w 2 f ∂w ∂2u ∂2ϕ
− −I 4 2 2 − I 5 2 2 − I 6 3 2
þ 2 2
þ I 1 2
ðe 0 aÞ − Ā 55 þ ϕ þ B̄f11 2 þ D̄f11 2
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
 3 2
 2 2 2
 3 2

∂ w ∂ ϕ ∂ ψ ∂ u ∂ ϕ ∂ w ∂ ϕ
þ F̄f11 þ þ ðD̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þ 2 ¼ ðI 2 þ I 4 Þ 2 þ ðI 3 þ I 5 Þ 2 þ ðI 5 þ I 6 Þ þ ð22bÞ
∂x3 ∂x2 ∂x ∂t ∂t ∂x∂t2 ∂t2

 6    2   4 
∂5u ∂5ϕ ∂ w ∂5ϕ ∂4w 2 f ∂ w ∂ϕ 3
f ∂ u
3
f ∂ ϕ f ∂ w ∂3ϕ
− −I 4 3 2 − I 5 3 2 − I 6 þ þ I 1 ðe 0 aÞ − Ā 55 þ þ B̄ 11 þ D̄ 11 þ F̄ 11 þ
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x4 ∂t2 ∂x3 ∂t2 ∂x2 ∂t2 ∂x2 ∂x ∂x3 ∂x3 ∂x4 ∂x3
 
∂3ψ ∂3u ∂3ϕ ∂2w ∂4w ∂3ϕ
þ ðD̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þ 3 ¼ I 4 2
þ I5 2
− I1 2 þ I6 2 2
þ ð22cÞ
∂x ∂x∂t ∂x∂t ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x∂t2

 3   3 
∂4ψ 2 ∂2u ∂2ϕ f ∂ w ∂2ϕ f ∂ ψ
2 2
f ∂ u
2
f ∂ ϕ f ∂ w ∂2ϕ
ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 Þ ðe 0 aÞ þ B̄ 16 þ D̄ 16 þ D̄ 16 þ þ ð D̄66 þ D̄ 66 Þ þ B̄ 16 þ D̄16 þ F̄ 16 þ
∂x2 ∂t2 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x3 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x3 ∂x2
∂2ψ ∂2ψ
þ ðD̄f66 þ F̄f66 Þ 2
¼ ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 Þ 2 ð22dÞ
∂x ∂t

A solution of the previous equations is written in the following form:

8 9 8 9
> uðx; tÞ > > UðxÞ >
< wðx; tÞ >
> = < WðxÞ >
> =
¼ sinðωtÞ ð23Þ
>
> ϕðx; tÞ >
> >
> ΦðxÞ >
>
: ; : ;
ψðx; tÞ ΨðxÞ

where ω = angular frequency of vibrations; and UðxÞ, WðxÞ, ΦðxÞ, and ΨðxÞ = mode shapes. Substituting these expressions into the governing
differential equations, the eigenvalue system is obtained

 3   3 
∂2U ∂2Φ ∂ W ∂2Φ ∂2U ∂2Φ ∂ W ∂2Φ ∂2Ψ
−ðe0 aÞ2 I 1 2 þ I 2 2 þ I 4 3
þ 2
ω2
þ Ā11 2
þ B̄ 11 2
þ B̄ f
11 3
þ 2
þ ðB̄16 þ B̄f16 Þ 2
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

 
∂W
¼ − I1 U þ I2 Φ þ I4 þ Φ ω2 ð24aÞ
∂x

© ASCE 04016006-6 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006

 
 5  
 3 
∂4U ∂4Φ ∂ W ∂4Φ ∂3W 4 2 f ∂ W ∂2Φ ∂4U ∂4Φ
− −I 4 4 − I 5 4 − I 6 5
þ 4
þ I 1 3
ðe 0 aÞ ω þ Ā55 3
þ 2
− B̄f11 4 − D̄f11 4
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
 5 4
 4
 2 2
 3 2

∂ W ∂ Φ ∂ Ψ ∂ U ∂ Φ ∂ W ∂ Φ
− Ff11 þ 4 − ðD̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þ 4 ðe0 aÞ2 þ B̄11 2 þ D̄11 2 þ D̄f11 þ 2
∂x5 ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x3 ∂x
2

2 2
 3 2

∂ Ψ ∂ U ∂ Φ ∂ W ∂ Φ
þ ðD̄16 þ D̄f16 Þ 2 − ðI 2 þ I 4 Þ 2 þ ðI 3 þ I 5 Þ 2 þ ðI 5 þ I 6 Þ þ 2 ðe0 aÞ2 ω2
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x3 ∂x

2 2
 3 2
   
∂ U ∂ Φ ∂ W ∂ Φ ∂W 2 2 f ∂W ∂2U ∂2Φ
þ −I 4 2 − I 5 2 − I 6 3
þ 2
þ I 1 ðe 0 aÞ ω − Ā55 þ Φ þ B̄f11 2 þ D̄f11 2
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
 3 2
 2

 
∂ W ∂ Φ ∂ Ψ ∂W
þ F̄f11 þ 2 þ ðD̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þ 2 ¼ − ðI 2 þ I 4 ÞU þ ðI 3 þ I 5 ÞΦ þ ðI 5 þ I 6 Þ þ Φ ω2 ð24bÞ
∂x3 ∂x ∂x ∂x
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 4    2   4 
∂3U ∂3Φ ∂ W ∂3Φ ∂4W 2 ω2 − Āf ∂ W ∂Φ 3
f ∂ U
3
f ∂ Φ f ∂ W ∂3Φ
þ −I 4 3 − I 5 3 − I 6 þ þ I 1 ðe 0 aÞ 55 þ þ B̄ 11 þ D̄11 þ F 11 þ
∂x ∂x ∂x4 ∂x3 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x ∂x3 ∂x3 ∂x4 ∂x3

  
∂3Ψ ∂U ∂Φ ∂ 2 W ∂Φ
þ ðD̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þ 3 ¼ − I 4 þ I5 þ I6 þ − I 1 W ω2 ð24cÞ
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x

 3 
∂2Ψ 2 2 ∂2U ∂2Φ f ∂ W ∂2Φ f ∂ Ψ
2 2
f ∂ U
2
f ∂ Φ
− ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 Þ 2 ðe0 aÞ ω þ B̄16 2 þ D̄16 2 þ D̄16 þ þ ð D̄66 þ D̄66 Þ þ B̄ 16 þ D̄16
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x3 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2
 3 2
 2
∂ W ∂ Φ ∂ Ψ
þ F̄f16 þ 2 þ ðD̄f66 þ F̄f66 Þ 2 ¼ −ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 ÞΨω2 ð24dÞ
∂x3 ∂x ∂x

This tenth-order differential equation can be also found from the differential matrix system
2 38 9 8 9
L11 L12 L13 L14 > > U> > 0>
6 L21 L22 < > = > < > =
6 L23 L24 77 W ¼ 0
4 L31 L32 ð25Þ
L33 L34 5> >Φ> > >0>
: ; > : > ;
L41 L42 L43 L44 Ψ 0

where ½L = matrix of differential operators

L11 ¼ ½Ā11 − ðe0 aÞ2 ω2 I 1 d2 þ ω2 I 1

L12 ¼ ½B̄f11 − ðe0 aÞ2 ω2 I 4 d3 þ ω2 I 4
L13 ¼ ½B̄11 þ B̄f11 − ðe0 aÞ2 ðI 2 þ I 4 Þω2 d2 þ ðI 2 þ I 4 Þω2
L14 ¼ ðB̄16 þ B̄f16 Þd2
L21 ¼ ½ðe0 aÞ2 I 4 ω2 − B̄f11 ðe0 aÞ2 d4 þ ½B̄11 þ B̄f11 − ðI 2 þ 2I 4 Þðe0 aÞ2 ω2 d2 þ ðI 2 þ I 4 Þω2
L22 ¼ ½ðI 6 ω2 Þðe0 aÞ2 − F̄f11 ðe0 aÞ2 d5 þ f½I 5 þ I 6 þ I 1 ðe0 aÞ2 ω2 − Āf55 gd þ ½−I 1 ðe0 aÞ4
− ðI 5 þ 2I 6 Þðe0 aÞ2 ω2 þ Āf55 ðe0 aÞ2 þ D̄f11 þ F̄f11 Þd3
L23 ¼ ½ðe0 aÞ2 ðI 5 þ I 6 Þω2 − ðD̄f11 þ F̄f11 Þðe0 aÞ2 d4 þ ½ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 Þω2 − Āf55  þ ½ðe0 aÞ2 Af55
þ 2D̄f11 þ F̄f11 þ D̄11 − ð3I 5 þ 2I 6 þ I 3 Þðe0 aÞ2 ω2 d2
L24 ¼ −ðD̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þðe0 aÞ2 d4 þ ðD̄16 þ 2D̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þd2
L31 ¼ ½B̄f11 − ðe0 aÞ2 ω2 I 4 d3 þ I 4 ω2 d
L32 ¼ ½−I 6 ω2 ðe0 aÞ2 þ Ff11 d4
L33 ¼ ½D̄f11 þ F̄f11 − ðI 5 þ I 6 Þðe0 aÞ2 ω2 d3 þ ½ðI 5 þ I 6 Þω2 − Āf55 d
L34 ¼ ðD̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þd3
L41 ¼ ðB̄16 þ B̄f16 Þd2
L42 ¼ ðD̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þd3
L43 ¼ ðD̄16 þ 2D̄f16 þ F̄f16 Þd2
L44 ¼ ½D̄66 þ 2D̄f66 þ F̄f66 − ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 Þðe0 aÞ2 ω2 d2 þ ðI 3 þ 2I 5 þ I 6 Þω2 ð26Þ

where d ¼ d=dx = differential operator.

© ASCE 04016006-7 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006

 The determinant of the differential Eq. (25) can be combined Table 1. Comparison of ffiNondimensional Fundamental Natural
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
into a single tenth-order differential equation satisfied by U, W, Frequencies ω ¼ ωL2 m0 =EI of Simply Supported Beams without
Φ, or Ψ, expressed with the deflection variable W Poisson Effect; Deviation is Calculated As Indicated
Results from Reddy
a0 W ð10Þ þ a1 W ð8Þ þ a2 W ð6Þ þ a3 W ð4Þ þ a4 W ð2Þ þ a5 W ¼ 0 (2007)
Results
from Shi and
ð27Þ ðe0 aÞ2 FSBT Voyiadjis
L=h ðnmÞ2 CBT κs ¼ 5=6 RBT (2011) Present model
In this work, simply supported boundary conditions are inves-
100 0.0 9.8696 9.8683 9.8683 9.8685 9.8679 (0.004%)
tigated. These boundary condition are thus as follows:
0.5 9.6347 9.6335 9.6335 9.6337 9.6331 (0.0042%)
At x ¼ 0; L 1.0 9.4159 9.4147 9.4147 9.4149 9.4143 (0.0043%)
1.5 9.2113 9.2101 9.2101 9.2103 9.2097 (0.0043%)
Uð0Þ ¼ 0; Wð0Þ ¼ 0; Pxx ð0Þ ¼ 0; 2.0 9.0195 9.0183 9.0183 9.0185 9.0180 (0.0033%)
2.5 8.8392 8.8380 8.8380 8.8382 8.8377 (0.0034%)
M xx ð0Þ þ Pxx ð0Þ ¼ 0; M xy ð0Þ þ Pxy ð0Þ ¼ 0;
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3.0 8.6693 8.6680 8.6682 8.6683 8.6678 (0.0046%)

UðLÞ ¼ 0; WðLÞ ¼ 0; Pxx ðLÞ ¼ 0; 3.5 8.5088 8.5077 8.5077 8.5079 8.5074 (0.0035%)
4.0 8.3569 8.3558 8.3558 8.3560 8.3555 (0.0036%)
M xx ðLÞ þ Pxx ðLÞ ¼ 0; M xy ðLÞ þ Pxy ðLÞ ¼ 0 ð28Þ 4.5 8.2129 8.2118 8.2118 8.2120 8.2115 (0.0036%)
5.0 8.0761 8.0750 8.0750 8.0752 8.0747 (0.0037%)
20 0.0 9.8696 9.8381 9.8381 9.8433 9.8282 (0.10%)
Closed Form Solution for the Free Vibration Problem of a 0.5 9.6347 9.6040 9.6040 9.6091 9.5944 (0.10%)
Simply Supported Nanocomposite Beam 1.0 9.4159 9.3858 9.3858 9.3908 9.3764 (0.10%)
For the analytical solution of Eq. (25), the Navier method is used 1.5 9.2113 9.1819 9.1819 9.1868 9.1727 (0.10%)
under the specified boundary conditions. The displacement func- 2.0 9.0195 8.9907 8.9907 8.9955 8.9817 (0.10%)
tions that satisfy the equations of boundary conditions in 2.5 8.8392 8.8110 8.8110 8.8156 8.8021 (0.10%)
3.0 8.6693 8.6416 8.6416 8.6462 8.6329 (0.10%)
Eq. (21) are selected as the following Fourier series:
3.5 8.5088 8.4816 8.4816 8.4861 8.4731 (0.10%)
8 9 8 9
>
> UðxÞ >> >
> U m X m0 ðxÞ >
>
4.0 8.3569 8.3302 8.3302 8.3347 8.3219 (0.10%)
>
> > > > 4.5 8.2129 8.1867 8.1867 8.1810 8.1785 (0.10%)
< WðxÞ > = X ∞ >< W X ðxÞ > = 5.0 8.0761 8.0503 8.0503 8.0546 8.0422 (0.10%)
m m
¼ ð29Þ
>
> ΦðxÞ >> > Φm X m ðxÞ >
i¼1 >
0
>
10 0.0 9.8696 9.7454 9.7454 9.7657 9.7079 (0.38%)
>
> >
> >
> >
> 0.5 9.6347 9.5135 9.5135 9.5333 9.4769 (0.38%)
: ; : ;
ΨðxÞ Ψm X m0 ðxÞ 1.0 9.4159 9.2973 9.2974 9.3168 9.2616 (0.38%)
1.5 9.2113 9.0953 9.0954 9.1144 9.0604 (0.38%)
The solution of the governing differential Eq. (27) for the vibra- 2.0 9.0195 8.9059 8.9060 8.9246 8.8717 (0.38%)
tion of composite beams with simply supported boundary condi- 2.5 8.8392 8.7279 8.7279 8.7462 8.6943 (0.39%)
tions is satisfied by the following middle surface displacements 3.0 8.6693 8.5601 8.5602 8.5780 8.5272 (0.38%)
3.5 8.5088 8.4017 8.4017 8.4193 8.3694 (0.38%)
assumptions:
4.0 8.3569 8.2517 8.2517 8.2690 8.2200 (0.38%)
XðxÞ ¼ sinðηm xÞ ð30Þ 4.5 8.2129 8.1095 8.1095 8.1265 8.0783 (0.38%)
5.0 8.0761 7.9744 7.9744 7.9911 7.9437 (0.38%)
where U m , W m , Φm , and Ψm = arbitrary parameters to be deter- Note: EBT = Euler–Bernoulli beam theory; LBT = Levinson beam theory;
mined; ω = eigenfrequency associated with (m)th eigenmode; RBT = Reddy beam theory; Shear correction factor, κs ¼ 5=6; TBT =
and ηm ¼ mπ=L. Timoshenko beam theory.

Numerical Results maximal deviation of 0.39% is found. The consideration of the

Poisson effect reduces the frequency, leading thus to an overesti-
Validation of the Present Model mation by the Classical Beam Theory, which cannot take into ac-
count this effect.
The new model presented in this study is firstly compared to The next step in the validation procedure is to compare the re-
previous works from the literature. To this purpose, several steps sults of the new model with previous results from the literature for
of validation have been defined.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi Nondimensional fundamental orthotropic materials. The following AS/3501-6 graphite epoxy
frequencies ω ¼ ωL2 m0 =EI of simply supported beams pre- material properties are used in the considered example problems:
dicted by the model are firstly compared to results of various • E11 ¼ 144.80 GPa;
theories for isotropic materials (Jafari-Talookolaei et al. 2012). • E22 ¼ 144.80 GPa;
The considered material has the following properties: • G23 ¼ 3.45 GPa;
• G12 ¼ G13 ¼ 4.14 GPa;
L ¼ 10 m; E ¼ 30 × 106 Pa; ν ¼ 0.3;
Z h • ν 12 ¼ 0.3; and
2 • ρ ¼ 1,389.23 kg=m3
ρ ¼ 1 kg=m3 ; m0 ¼ ρdz
−h2 Unlessp otherwise
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffimentioned, the frequencies are dimensionless:
ω ¼ ωL ρ=E11 h2 and the L=h ratio is taken as 15.
 2

Table 1 relates the comparisons without consideration of the To check the validity of the present formulation, Table 3 and
Poisson’s effect. In contrast, Table 2 includes this effect. Results Fig. 2 show the comparison of the five first natural frequencies
obtained in this new study are in accordance with those obtained of long-thin (L=h ¼ 120) and short-thick (L=h ¼ 15) simply
in previous studies from the literature, for various shear deforma- supported orthotropic (0°) beams. The validation of the present
tion models. This is especially the case for the Reddy model: a model with CBT, FSBT, and HSBT theories for various nonlocal

© ASCE 04016006-8 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006

 2.6
Table 2. Comparisonpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
of Non-Dimensional
ffi Fundamental Natural
CBT
Frequencies ω ¼ ωL2 m0 =EI of Simply Supported Beams with 2.4
Mode 1 FSBT without Poisson effect (κ =5/6)
Poisson Effect; the Deviation is Calculated as Deviation ð%Þ ¼ 2.2
HSBT without Poisson effect
Present without Poisson effect
jf RBT − f Present =f RBT j × 100
2.0
Results from Reddy (2007)
Results 1.8
FSBT from Shi and 1.6
ðe0 aÞ2

frequencies
(with Voyiadjis
L=h ðnmÞ2 1.4

f (kHz)
CBT κs ¼ 5=6) RBT (2011) Present model
1.2
100 0.0 9.8696 9.4127 9.4135 9.4135 9.4135 (0.00%)
0.5 9.6347 9.1888 9.1895 9.1895 9.1895 (0.00%) 1.0
1.0 9.4159 8.9800 8.9808 8.9808 8.9808 (0.00%) 0.8
1.5 9.2113 8.7849 8.7856 8.7856 8.7856 (0.00%)
0.6
2.0 9.0195 8.6020 8.6027 8.6027 8.6027 (0.00%)
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2.5 8.8392 8.4300 8.4307 8.4307 8.4307 (0.00%) 0.4

3.0 8.6693 8.2680 8.2686 8.2686 8.2686 (0.00%) 0.2
3.5 8.5088 8.1149 8.1156 8.1156 8.1156 (0.00%)
0.0
4.0 8.3569 7.9701 7.9707 7.9707 7.9707 (0.00%) 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5
4.5 8.2129 7.8327 7.8334 7.8334 7.8334 (0.00%) Ratio L/h
5.0 8.0761 7.7022 7.7029 7.7029 7.7029 (0.00%)
20 0.0 9.8696 9.3593 9.3781 9.3781 9.3783 (0.002%) Fig. 2. Effect of shear deformation on first-mode dimensional frequen-
0.5 9.6347 9.1366 9.1549 9.1549 9.1550 (0.001%) cies of an angle-ply [45°] simply supported beam with Poisson effect
1.0 9.4159 8.9291 8.9470 8.9470 8.9471 (0.001%) (e0 a ¼ 0)
1.5 9.2113 8.7351 8.7526 8.7526 8.7527 (0.001%)
2.0 9.0195 8.5532 8.5703 8.5703 8.5704 (0.001%)
2.5 8.8392 8.3822 8.3990 8.3990 8.3991 (0.001%)
3.0 8.6693 8.2211 8.2376 8.2376 8.2376 (0.000%) with FEM HSBT (Reddy 2007) (maximal deviation ¼ 0.48%) for
3.5 8.5088 8.0689 8.0851 8.0851 8.0851 (0.000%) various ratios of L=h.
4.0 8.3569 7.9249 7.9408 7.9408 7.9408 (0.000%) For long-thin beams, the shear deformation theories (FSBT and
4.5 8.2129 7.7883 7.8039 7.8039 7.8040 (0.001%) HSBT), the classical lamination theory (CBT), and the present
5.0 8.0761 7.6585 7.6739 7.6739 7.6740 (0.001%)
model give almost the same results, involving no effect of shear
10 0.0 9.8696 9.1991 9.2706 9.2706 9.2710 (0.004%)
0.5 9.6347 8.9802 9.0500 9.0500 9.0504 (0.004%) deformation. For short-thick beams, the CBT solution overpredicts
1.0 9.4159 8.7762 8.8445 8.8445 8.8448 (0.003%) the natural frequencies and the shear effect is more pronounced for
1.5 9.2113 8.5855 8.6523 8.6523 8.6526 (0.003%) higher modes.
2.0 9.0195 8.4068 8.4721 8.4721 8.4724 (0.004%)
2.5 8.8392 8.2387 8.3026 8.3026 8.3030 (0.005%)
3.0 8.6693 8.0803 8.1432 8.1432 8.1434 (0.002%) Discussion of the Influence of the Poisson Effect
3.5 8.5088 7.9308 7.9924 7.9924 7.9927 (0.004%) For isotropic or orthotropic materials, as illustrated in Tables 2
4.0 8.3569 7.7892 7.8498 7.8498 7.8500 (0.003%)
4.5 8.2129 7.6550 7.7145 7.7145 7.7148 (0.004%)
and 3, the deviation of the nondimensional frequency with and
5.0 8.0761 7.5274 7.5860 7.5860 7.5862 (0.003%) without Poisson effect varies between 4.5 and 5%. This is due
to the term C̄66 of the stiffness matrix.
Figs. 3(a–c) present the variation of the dimensional frequency
as a function of the orientation of one single and two-layer beams
parameters is checked for the five first modes of free vibration. For and without Poisson effect. It can be seen from these various curves
models requiring a shear correction factor κs, this one is taken equal that considering or neglecting the Poisson effect leads to the same
to 5=6 to account for the parabolic variation of transverse shear results in term of frequencies for one-ply oriented at 0 and 90°.
stresses in FSBT theory. The new model is in perfect agreement This is due to the absence of coupling between the deformations

Table 3. Comparison of Natural Frequencies of a Simply Supported Orthotropic (0°) Graphite/Epoxy Beam; in This Table, the Results Obtained with CBT
and FSBT Do Not Consider the Poisson Effect, Whereas It is Taken into Account with HSBT FEM and the Present Model; the Deviation is Calculated as
Deviation ð%Þ ¼ jf FEM½15 − f Present =f FEM½15 j × 100
f (kHz)
CBT (Vinson and FSBT (Chandrashekhara HSBT FEM (Chandrashekhara
L=h Mode Sierakowski 1986) et al. 1990) and Bangera 1992) Present model
15 (L ¼ 381 mm) 1 0.813 0.755 0.756 0.755 (0.13%)
2 3.250 2.548 2.554 2.552 (0.08%)
3 7.314 4.716 4.742 4.737 (0.10%)
4 13.002 6.960 7.032 7.019 (0.18%)
5 20.316 9.194 9.355 9.321 (0.36%)
120 (L ¼ 762 mm) 1 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 (0.00%)
2 0.203 0.203 0.202 0.202 (0.00%)
3 0.457 0.454 0.453 0.452 (0.22%)
4 0.812 0.804 0.799 0.797 (0.25%)
5 1.269 1.262 1.238 1.232 (0.48%)
Note: CBT = classical beam theory; FSBT = first order shear deformation beam theory; HSBT = higher-order shear deformation beam theory.

© ASCE 04016006-9 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006

 5.0 3,0
Mode 1 without Poisson effect
Mode 2 without Poisson effect 2,8 e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect
4.5 Mode 1
Mode 3 without Poisson effect 2,6 e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect

Non-dimensional frequencies
Mode 1 with Poisson effect 2,4 e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect
4.0 Mode 2 with Poisson effect
2,2 e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect
Mode 3 with Poisson effect
e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect
3.5 2,0
1,8
3.0 1,6
frequencies

ω∗
1,4
f (kHz)

2.5 1,2
1,0
2.0
0,8
0,6
1.5
0,4
1.0 0,2
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0,0
0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(a) Ply orientation of layer [θ °]
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 9,5
(a) Ply orientation of layer [θ°] 9,0 e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect
8,5 Mode 2 e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect

Non-dimensional frequencies
8,0
5.0 e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect
7,5
Mode 1 without Poisson effect e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect
Mode 2 without Poisson effect
7,0 b
4.5 6,5 e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect
Mode 3 without Poisson effect
Mode 1 with Poisson effect 6,0
4.0 Mode 2 with Poisson effect 5,5
Mode 3 with Poisson effect 5,0

ω∗
3.5 4,5
4,0
3,5
frequencies

3.0
f (kHz)

3,0
2,5
2.5 2,0
1,5
2.0 1,0
0,5
1.5 0,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1.0 (b) Ply orientation of layer [θ °]
0.5
18
17 e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect
0.0 16 Mode 3 e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect
Non-dimensional frequencies

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 15 e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect

(b) Ply orientation of two layers [θ°, 90°-θ° ] 14
e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect
13
e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect
12
5.0 11
Mode 1 without Poisson effect 10
Mode 2 without Poisson effect
ω∗

4.5 9
Mode 3 without Poisson effect 8
Mode 1 with Poisson effect
4.0 Mode 2 with Poisson effect 7
Mode 3 with Poisson effect 6
3.5 5
4
3.0 3
2
frequencies

1
f (kHz)

2.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
2.0
(c) Ply orientation of ply [θ °]
1.5
Fig. 4. Nondimensional frequency ω in function of the ply orientation
1.0
for a single-ply beam with simply supported boundary conditions and
0.5 for various nonlocal parameters (e0 a): (a) first mode; (b) second mode;
(c) third mode
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(c) Ply orientation of two layers [θ°, -θ° ]
concerned by the rigidity terms C̄16 ¼ C̄26 ¼ 0. However, neglect-
Fig. 3. Influence of the Poisson effect on the variation of the three first-
ing the Poisson effect leads to a divergence in the results for
dimensional natural frequencies of a simply supported beam without
a layout angle ranging between 10 and 80°. The maximum
nonlocal parameter (e0 a ¼ 0) in function of the ply orientation for a
deviation is obtained for θ ¼ 30°: it is equal to 52.34% for the
(a) single-layer beam; (b) two-angle-ply ½θ°; 90° − θ° laminated beam;
first mode, 48.49% for Mode 2, and 43.62% for Mode 3. For
(c) two-angle-ply ½θ°; −θ° laminated beam
an angle ply between 15 and 50°, the deviation is still high.

© ASCE 04016006-10 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006

 1,9 3,00
1,8 e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect Mode 1 e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect
Mode 1 2,75
1,7 e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect

Non-dimensional frequencies
e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect
1,6 e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect 2,50
Non-dimensional frequencies

e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect

1,5
e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect 2,25 e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect
1,4
1,3 e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect 2,00 e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect
1,2
1,75
1,1
1,0 1,50

ω∗
ω∗

0,9 1,25
0,8
0,7 1,00
0,6 0,75
0,5
0,4 0,50
0,3 0,25
0,2
0,1 0,00
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0,0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (a) Ply orientation of two layers [θ°, -θ° ]
(a) Ply orientation of two layers [θ°, 90°-θ° ]
10,0
9,5 Mode 2 e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect
6,5 e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect 9,0
e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect

Non-dimensional frequencies
6,0 Mode 2 8,5
e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect 8,0 e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect
5,5 e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect 7,5 e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect
e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect 7,0 e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect
Non-dimensional frequencies

5,0
e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect 6,5
4,5 6,0
5,5
4,0

ω∗
5,0
3,5 4,5
4,0
3,0
ω∗

3,5
2,5 3,0
2,5
2,0 2,0
1,5 1,5
1,0
1,0 0,5
0,5 0,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (b) Ply orientation of two layers [θ°, -θ° ]
(b) Ply orientation of two layers [θ°, 90°-θ° ]
19
14 18 Mode 3 e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect
e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect 17 e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect
Non-dimensional frequencies

13 Mode 3 16
e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect
12 15
e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect
11 14
Non-dimensional frequencies

e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect 13 e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect

10 12
e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect
9 11
10
∗

8
ω

9
7 8
ω∗

6 7
5
6
5
4 4
3 3
2
2
1
1 0
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (c) Ply orientation of two layers [θ°, -θ° ]
(c) Ply orientation of two layers [θ°, 90°-θ° ]
Fig. 6. Nondimensional frequency ω in function of the ply orientation
Fig. 5. Nondimensional frequency ω in function of the ply orientation for a two-layer ½θ°; −θ° laminated beam with simply supported bound-
for a two-layer ½θ°; 90 − θ° laminated beam with simply supported ary conditions and for various nonlocal parameters (e0 a): (a) first
boundary conditions and for various nonlocal parameters (e0 a): (a) first mode; (b) second mode; (c) third mode
mode; (b) second mode; (c) third mode

For example, for θ ¼ 45°, the deviation is equal to 48.84% for A maximal value of the dimensional frequency for the three first
Mode 1, 46.08% for Mode 2, and 41.10% for Mode 3. From a mode is found for θ ∈ ½40°; 50°. This is for these values of θ that the
general point of view, the Poisson effect tends to decrease the Poisson effect is the most important. In the antisymmetric configu-
value of the natural frequencies. ration ½θ°; −θ°, the influence of the Poisson effect is also significant
Two layouts are investigated for two layers beams, namely and the results in terms of dimensional frequencies present a
½θ°; 90° − θ° and ½θ°; −θ° [Figs. 3(b and c)]. For the first configu- deviation of 46.05% for Mode 1, 42.89% for Mode 2, and
ration, it appears that Poisson effect has a quite high influence. 38.69% for Mode 3.

© ASCE 04016006-11 J. Nanomech. Micromech.

J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006

 1,8
1,7
shear beam models is investigated. Hamilton’s principle is
e0a=0 nm without Poisson effect
1,6 Mode 1 employed to derive the governing differential equations together
e0a=0.35 nm without Poisson effect
1,5
e0a=0.70 nm without Poisson effect with the related boundary conditions based on both Euler–
1,4
1,3 e0a=1 nm without Poisson effect Bernoulli beam theory (CBT), Timoshenko beam theory (FSBT),
1,2 e0a=2 nm without Poisson effect and high-order theories (HSBT and present model).
frequencies

1,1 A parametric study of the influences of Poisson’s effect, slender-

f (kHz)

1,0 ness ratio, material anisotropy, and nonlocal parameter on the natu-
0,9
0,8 ral frequencies of the composite beam is also performed. Based on
0,7 the derived results, the following conclusions can be drawn:
0,6 1. The present model, based on a new shear shape function without
0,5
0,4 shear correction factor, gives results which are in good agree-
0,3 ment with the solution of previous higher-order theories.
0,2 2. The introduction of nonlocal constitutive relations and the
0,1
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0,0
Poisson effect leads generally to a decrease of the amplitude
2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 25,0 27,5 30,0 of nondimensional frequencies.
Ratio L/h 3. The Poisson effect appears to have no influence for a one-ply
beam with orientation θ ¼ 0 or 90°, and for two antisymmetric
1,3
layer laminated beams.
1,2 e0a=0 nm with Poisson effect
Mode 1
e0a=0.35 nm with Poisson effect
4. Neglecting the Poisson effect leads to a divergence of the
1,1
e0a=0.70 nm with Poisson effect results in the analysis of a single angle-ply beam especially
1,0
e0a=1 nm with Poisson effect for a layout angle ranging between 10 and 80°, and for a two-
0,9 e0a=2 nm with Poisson effect layer ½θ°; 90 − θ° laminated beam.
0,8
frequencies
f (kHz)

0,7
0,6 References
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J. Nanomech. Micromech., 04016006