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Chapter 3

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TOPIC 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF SETS THEORY

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this unit, the students must have:
a. Discuss the language symbols, and conventions of Mathematics
b. Explained the nature of mathematics as a language
c. Translated statements to roster method, rule method, and set builder notation
d. Perform operations on functions correctly
e. Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language.

Pre-test:
I. Convert the following value into exact words. (ex. 22 – Twenty-two)
1. 5 > 3
2. ₱ 42.75
3. 2/10
4. 2.32
5. 4, 378, 007

Introduction:
People use language to communicate and express themselves. It is easily spoken, signed or
written in symbols. Language is like an internet that connects people in the world and there is no
doubt that language is indispensable things. Math is also not a different matter. Math has its own
language which makes it easy to express it’s thought. Math is a part of our everyday life. We use Math
in the grocery, in our work , school and even in our home. In fact, we use the decimal digit right after
we wake up in the morning to determine time. We cannot imagine life without Math because even the
number of years of our existence is an application of Mathematical Language.

Lesson Proper:

Mathematical Language
 is a system used in the field of mathematics to communicate mathematical ideas, concepts and
theories among others.
 It is distinct and unique from the usual language that people are used to.
 Used to communicate abstract and logical ideas.

3 Characteristics of Mathematical Language


1. Precise
 Mathematical language is able to make very fine distinction of things. Means “accurate or exact”

Examples:
2 ≠ 22
530
5:30
Five hundred thirty

Degree measure
Angle measure
Temperature
Bearing

2. Concise
 Mathematical language is able to say or write things briefly.
 We can convert mathematical language into expressions or equations.

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TOPIC 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF SETS THEORY
Example:
Mathematical Expression Mathematical Symbol
1. The sum of 2 and a number 2+x
2. Five times a number 5x

Objective - To translate English words , phrases, and sentences into mathematical symbols, expressions, and
equations respectively.

+ - x ÷
Plus minus times divide

Add subtract multiply quotient

Increased by decreased by product

Sum diminished by ... Of ...

Total difference twice (x2)

More than less

Mathematical Expression
 A mathematical expression is a mathematical analogue of an English noun.
 It DOES NOT state a complete thought.
 The most common expression are numbers, variables, sets and functions.
Example:
5 8x y-3

Mathematical Sentence
 A mathematical sentence is a mathematical analogue of an English sentence.
 It state a complete thought.
Example:
1+6=7 8x = 16 x-3>2

It always used relation symbols such as =, ≠, >, <, ≥, ≤

 Mathematical sentences have verbs.


 In 1 + 6 = 7, the verb is equal “ = ”.
 A mathematical sentence can
1. Always TRUE
2. Always FALSE
3. Sometimes True/ Sometimes False

Example:
1. 1 + 6 = 7 True Sentence
2. 1 + 6 = 8 False Sentence
3. x + 2 = 5 Sometimes True / Sometimes False Sentence
(true if x = 3 and false otherwise)
3. Powerful
Sir R.J. Magtubo B.S. INFOTECH 1 Page 2|7
TOPIC 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF SETS THEORY
Mathematical language is a powerful tool because it can express complex thoughts with relative ease.

Example:
Work
Formula: W = Fd

Finding the Area of a rectangle


Formula: A = l x w

Lesson 2. Language of Sets


Sets are represented as a collection of well-defined objects or elements and it does not change from
person to person.
 It represented by a capital letters.
 The objects of a set are separated by commas.
 The objects that belong in a set are the elements or members of the set.
 It can be represented by listing its element between braces.
 A set is said to be a well - defined if the element in a set are specifically listed.
 The number of elements in the finite set is known as the cardinal number of a set.
What are the Elements of a Set?
Let us take an example:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Since a set is usually represented by the capital letter. Thus, A is the set and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are the
elements of the set or members of the set. The elements that are written in the set can be in any order
but cannot be repeated. All the set elements are represented in small letter in case of alphabets. Also,
we can write it as 1 ∈ A, 2 ∈ A etc. The cardinal number of the set is 5.

Some commonly used sets are as follows:


N: Set of all natural numbers
Z: Set of all integers
Q: Set of all rational numbers
R: Set of all real numbers
Z+: Set of all positive integers

Order of Sets
The order of a set defines the number of elements a set is having. It describes the size of a set. The
order of set is also known as the cardinality.
The size of set whether it is is a finite set or infinite set said to be set of finite order or infinite order,
respectively.
Representation of Sets
The sets are represented in curly braces, {}. For example, {2,3,4} or {a,b,c} or {Bat, Ball, Wickets}. The
elements in the sets are depicted in either the Statement form, Roster Form or Set Builder Form.

1. Statement Form
In statement form, the well-defined descriptions of a member of a set are written and enclosed in the
curly brackets.
For example, the set of even numbers less than 15.
In statement form, it can be written as {even numbers less than 15}.

2. Roster Form
In Roster form, all the elements of a set are listed.
For example, the set of natural numbers less than 5.
Natural Number = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,……….
Sir R.J. Magtubo B.S. INFOTECH 1 Page 3|7
TOPIC 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF SETS THEORY
Natural Number less than 5 = 1, 2, 3, 4
Therefore, the set is N = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }

3. Set Builder Form


The general form is, A = { x : property }
Example: Write the following sets in set builder form: A={2, 4, 6, 8}
Solution:
2=2x1
4=2x2
6=2x3
8=2x4
So, the set builder form is A = {x: x=2n, n ∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤ 4}
Also, Venn Diagrams are the simple and best way for visualized representation of sets.

Types of Sets

1. Empty Set
A set which does not contain any element is called an empty set or void set or null set. It is
denoted by { } or Ø.
A set of apples in the basket of grapes is an example of an empty set. Because in grapes basket there
are no apples present.

2. Singleton Set
A set which contains a single element is called a singleton set.
Example: There is only one apple in a basket of grapes.

3. Finite set
A set which consists of a definite number of elements is called a finite set.
Example: A set of natural numbers up to 10.
A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

4. Infinite set
A set which is not finite is called an infinite set.

Example: A set of all natural numbers.


A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9……}

5. Equivalent set
If the number of elements is the same for two different sets, then they are called equivalent
sets. The order of sets does not matter here. It is represented as:
n(A) = n(B) where A and B are two different sets with the same number of elements.
Example: If A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {Red, Blue, Green, Black}
In set A, there are four elements and in set B also there are four elements. Therefore, set A and
set B are equivalent.

6. Equal sets
The two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements, the order of
elements do not matter.

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TOPIC 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF SETS THEORY
Example: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {4,3,2,1}
A=B

7. Disjoint Sets
The two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if the set does not contain any common element.
Example: Set A = {1,2,3,4} and set B = {5,6,7,8} are disjoint sets, because there is no common element
between them.

8. Subsets
A set ‘A’ is said to be a subset of B if every element of A is also an element of B, denoted as A ⊆
B. Even the null set is considered to be the subset of another set. In general, a subset is a part of
another set.
Example: A = {1,2,3}
Then {1,2} ⊆ A.
Similarly, other subsets of set A are: {1},{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{1,3},{1,2,3},{}.
Note: The set is also a subset of itself.
If A is not a subset of B, then it is denoted as A⊄B.

9. Proper Subset
If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B, then A is called the proper subset of B and it can be written as A⊂B.
Example: If A = {2,5,7} is a subset of B = {2,5,7} then it is not a proper subset of B = {2,5,7}
But, A = {2,5} is a subset of B = {2,5,7} and is a proper subset also.

10.Superset
If set A is a subset of set B and all the elements of set B are the elements of set A, then A is a
superset of set B. It is denoted by A⊃B.
Example: If Set A = {1,2,3,4} is a subset of B = {1,2,3,4}. Then A is superset of B.

11.Universal Set
A set which contains all the sets relevant to a certain condition is called the universal set. It is
the set of all possible values.
Example: If A = {1,2,3} and B {2,3,4,5}, then universal set here will be:
U = {1,2,3,4,5}

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TOPIC 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF SETS THEORY
Operations on Sets
In set theory, the operations of the sets are carried when two or more sets combined to form a single
set under some of the given conditions. The basic operations on sets are:

 Union of sets
 Intersection of sets
 A complement of a set
 Cartesian product of sets.
 Set difference

Basically, we work more on union and intersection of sets operations, using Venn diagrams.

 Union of Sets
If set A and set B are two sets, then A union B is the set that contains all the elements of set A and
set B. It is denoted as A ∪ B.

Example: Set A = {1,2,3} and B = {4,5,6}, then A union B is:


A ∪ B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

Intersection of Sets
If set A and set B are two sets, then A intersection B is the set that contains only the common elements
between set A and set B. It is denoted as A ∩ B.
Example: Set A = {1,2,3} and B = {4,5,6}, then A intersection B is:
A ∩ B = { } or Ø
Because A and B do not have any elements in common, so their intersection will give null set.

Complement of Sets
The complement of any set, say P, is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not in set P. It
is denoted by P’.
Properties of Complement sets
1. P ∪ P′ = U
2. P ∩ P′ = Φ
3. Law of double complement : (P′ )′ = P
4. Laws of empty/null set(Φ) and universal set(U), Φ′ = U and U′ = Φ.

Cartesian Product of sets


If set A and set B are two sets then the Cartesian product of set A and set B is a set of all ordered pairs
(a,b), such that a is an element of A and b is an element of B. It is denoted by A × B.
We can represent it in set-builder form, such as:
A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
Example: set A = {1,2,3} and set B = {Bat, Ball}, then;

Sir R.J. Magtubo B.S. INFOTECH 1 Page 6|7


TOPIC 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF SETS THEORY
A × B = {(1,Bat),(1,Ball),(2,Bat),(2,Ball),(3,Bat),(3,Ball)}

Difference of Sets
If set A and set B are two sets, then set A difference set B is a set which has elements of A but no
elements of B. It is denoted as A – B.
Example: A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,3,4}
A – B = {1}
Activity: Guessing Game (The teacher will explain the mechanics in you Group chat)
Post-test: I. Given that R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z the set of all integers, Z+ the set of all
positive integers, Z- the set of all negative integers. Describe each of the following sets.
1. {x ∈ R | -3 < x < 4}
2. {x ∈ Z | -2 < x < 4}
3. {x ∈ Z+ | -2 < x < 5}
4. {x ∈ R | -5 < x < 1}
5. {x ∈ Z- | -5 < x < 4}

II. Perform the indicated operation.


U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, a, b, c, d, e}
A={2,4,6,8, e} B={1,3, b,5,7} C={3,4, d,5,9} D={4,7,10, d, b} E= {1, e}

1. (A U B) Ո C
2. (A U B) Ո (C U D)
3. (A U C)’
4. B – (A Ո E)
5. B’
6. C’ Ո A’
7. (B U E) Ո D’
8. (D U E) Ո C
9. B U E’
10. (A U E) Ո (C U A) Ո (E U D)

Sir R.J. Magtubo B.S. INFOTECH 1 Page 7|7

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