Chapter 2

VECTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
BASIC CONCEPTS OF VECTORS
1. _____makes a difference between a scalar and a vector.
(A) Magnitude (B) direction (C) representation (D) dimension
2. Another name of rectangular co-ordinate system is
(A) vector system (B) physical co-ordinate system
(C) Cartesian co-ordinate system (D) Cartesian ordinate system
3. A unit vector is obtained by dividing the vector with
(A) Its direction (B) Its magnitude (C) Itself (D) Any scalar quantity
4. Two vectors are said to be equal if
(A) They have equal magnitude (B) they have same direction
(C) Both A & B (D) they have opposite direction
5. Number of angles required to represent the direction of a vector in Cartesian co-ordinate
system are:
(A) One (B) two (C) three (D) four
6. The vector of zero magnitude and arbitrary direction is called:
(A) equal vector (B) null vector (C) unit vector (D) resultant vector
7. If a vector A is multiplied by negative number (n < 0) then its direction is changed by:
(A) 0° (B) 90° (C) 60° (D) 180°
8. The unit vector of ⃑𝑨 ̂ is:
⃑ = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
1 ̂
𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +𝑘
(A) 𝐴 (B) (C) (D) zero
√3
3
⃑⃑ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
9. If 𝑨 ̂ then magnitude of 𝑨
⃑
(A) −3 (B) −1 (C) 29 (D) -1
10. If a vector A makes an angle of 45° with x-axis, then:
(A) Ax > Ay (B) Ax <Ay (C) Ax = Ay (D) Ax + Ay=A
11. The position vector r of a point p (-1, 2, -3) is given by:
(A) 2iˆ -3 ˆj + 4kˆ (B) -2iˆ -3 ˆj + 4kˆ (C) -iˆ + 2 ˆj -3kˆ (D) none of these
12. By using head to tail rule we can
(A) Add the vectors (B) subtract the vectors
(C) Multiply the vectors (D) both add and subtract the vectors
13. Which of the given cannot be represented on graph?
(A) Unit vector (B) null vector (C) position vector (D) equal vectors
14. A vector has same magnitude but opposite direction to that of given vector is called
(A) Equal vectors (B) unequal vector
(C) Antiparallel vector (D) negative of given vector
15. Which of the given vector is a unit vector?
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(A) i (B) i + j (C) i + j + k (D) all of these
16. Parallel vectors must have same
(A) Magnitude (B) direction
(C) Both magnitude and direction (D) same magnitude, opposite direction
17. Which process is not possible for two vectors
(A) Addition (B) subtraction (C) division (D) multiplication
18. The vector which describes the location of a point w.r.t the origin is called
(A) Parallel vector (B) unit vector (C) null vector (D) position vector
19. The relation A +(-A ) results the
(A) Parallel vector (B) unit vector (C) null vector (D) position vector
20. Graphically the direction of vector in a plane is denoted by
(A) Point (B) line (C) arrowhead (D) an angle
21. The ay component of a vector “ a ” of magnitude 90N making an angle of 300 with x-axis is
(A) 45N (B) 1N (C) 5N (D) 10N
22. A vector which has the same effect as all the original vectors taken together is called:
(A) Position vector (B) null vector (C) equal vector (D) resultant vector
23. The reverse process of addition of vectors is called:
(A) Negative of a vector (B) multiplication of a vector
(C) Subtraction of vector (D) resolution of a vector
24. A vector has x-component 8 N and y-component 6N. The magnitude of the vector is
(A) 10N (B) 14N (C) 2N (D) 5N
25. Two anti-parallel vectors will have the unit vectors which are
(A) Equal (B) negative of each other
(C) Null vectors (D) none of these
26. The unit vector is expressed as
𝐴
(A) 𝐴̂ = |𝐴| × 𝐴 (B) 𝐴̂ = (C) 𝐴̂ = 𝐴 × 𝐴 (D) none of these
𝐴
27. If rectangular components of a vector are equal, then its angle with horizontal is
(A) 300 (B) 450 (C) 600 (D) 900
28. Which of the following property is valid for vector addition?
(A) Associative (B) commutative (C) distributive (D) all of these
29. The minimum number of coplanar forces of equal magnitude whose vector sum can be
zero, are
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4
30. The position vector is a vector that describes
(A) Location of a point (B) location of magnitude
(C) Location of null vector (D) none of these
31. The vector having magnitude one is called
(A) Null vector (B) negative vector (C) unit vector (D) position vector
̂ , then A is
⃑⃑ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
32. If 𝑨
(A) Zero (B) 5 (C) 9 (D) 3
33. Which of the following is a vector quantity?
(A) power (B) inertia (C) entropy (D) tension
VECTORS ADDITION BY RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
34. The direction of a vector in plane is described by an angle which the vector makes with
__________ and is in____________
(A) +ve x-axis, anticlockwise (B) -ve x-axis, anticlockwise
(C) +ve y-axis, clockwise (D) -ve y-axis, anticlockwise
35. If A + B = A - B then angle between vectors A and B is
(A) 45o (B) 90o (C) 120o (D) 180o
36. The resultant of two forces of magnitude 5N each, has also magnitude of 5N, the angle
between the forces is
(A) 00 (B) 900 (C) 1200 (D) 1800
37. If rectangular components of a vector have opposite signs, then vector lies in quadrant.
(A) Either in 1st or in 2nd (B) either in 2nd or in 4th (C) 3rd (D) 4th
38. The magnitude of resultant is 5 units. The magnitude of one of its rectangular components
is 4 units. The magnitude of another component is equal to:
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
39. The direction of vector R is given by:
Rx Ry
 = tan −1 ( ) Rx  = tan −1 ( )
(C)  = sin (
−1
(A) Rx (B)  = tan ( Rx )
−1 ) (D) Rx
Ry Ry
40. If Rx is positive and Ry is negative, then the resultant lies in
 (A) 1st quadrant (B) third quadrant (C) fourth quadrant (D) 2nd quadrant
41. When a force of 100 N makes an angle of 600 with y-axis, its y-component is
(A) 10N (B) 5N (C) 50N (D) 15N
42. If a vector A lies in 3rd quadrant, then its direction is given by θ =
(A) Ф (B) 180°-Ф (C) 180°+ Ф (D) 360°-Ф
43. If a vector A lies in 4th quadrant and make angle of 60° with y-axis its direction is given by
θ=
(A) 30° (B) 330° (C) 270 ° (D) none
44. If two unit vectors are perpendicular to each other are added then magnitude of their
resusltant is equal to:
(A)1 (B) 2 (C) √𝟐 (D) 4
PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
⃑⃑ on 𝑨
45. Projection of 𝑩 ⃑⃑ is:
(A)𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 (B) 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 (C) 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 (D) 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
46. Vector A is along y-axis. Its x-component will be:
(A) A cos (B) 0 (C) A (D) A sin
47. i . i =____________
(A) i (B) i2 (C) 1 (D) 2
⃑
⃑ ⃑⃑ ⃑⃑
48. If 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝑶, then it can be concluded that the two vectors are:
(A) Unit vectors (B) perpendicular (C) parallel (D) position vectors
49. The magnitude of cross product of two vectors is maximum, when angle between them is:
(A) 0o (B) 45o (C) 90o (D) 180o
50. The scalar product of two vectors is maximum, when they are:
(A) 0o (B) 45o (C) 90o (D) 180o
51. The magnitude of 𝒊̂. (𝒌 ̂ × 𝒋̂) is:
(A)1 (B) -1 (C) zero (D) 2 𝒊̂
⃑
⃑ ⃑⃑ ⃑
⃑ ⃑⃑ ⃑ ⃑⃑
52. If |𝑨. 𝑩| = |𝑨 × 𝑩| , then angle between 𝑨 and 𝑩 is:
(A) 45o (B) 90o (C) 180o (D) zero
TORQUE, EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES,EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES
53. If line of action of force passes through axis of ratiaon then its torque is:
(A)Zero (B) Maximum (C) Minimum (D) Infinite
54. Torque is analogous to:
(A)Force (B) velocity (C) acceleration (D) itself
55. If a body is in complete equilibrium, then:
(A)∑F = 0 (B) ∑τ = 0 (C) both a and b (D) none of these

ANSWER KEYS
1 B 16 B 31 C 46 B
2 C 17 C 32 D 47 C
3 B 18 D 33 D 48 C
4 C 19 C 34 A 49 C
5 C 20 D 35 B 50 A
6 B 21 A 36 C 51 B
7 D 22 D 37 B 52 A
8 C 23 D 38 C 53 A
9 C 24 A 39 D 54 A
10 C 25 B 40 C 55 C
11 C 26 B 41 C 56
12 D 27 B 42 C 57
 13 B 28 D 43 B 58
14 D 29 B 44 C 59
15 A 30 A 45 D 60

Short Questions from Topics

Q.1 Briefly explain the multiplication of a vector by a scalar.
Ans Case 1: Multiplication of a vector by a scalar number:
(i) When number is positive (n > 0):
When a vector ⃑A is multiplied by a positive number “n”, the new vector is nA ⃑ . Its direction
remains the same. Its magnitude will change n-times.
(ii) When number is negative (n < 0):
When the vector is multiplied by a negative number ‘n’ the new vector will be nA ⃑ . Its direction
will be reversed. Its magnitude will change n-times.
Case 2: Multiplication of a vector by a scalar quantity:
When a vector is multiplied by a scalar physical quantity, then the product will be a new vector
quantity whose dimension will be the same as the product of the dimensions of the two
quantities. e.g. when velocity is multiplied by scalar mass m, the product is a new vector
quantity called momentum, p ⃑ = mv
⃑.
Q.2 Define Null vector and equal vectors.
Ans Null Vector:
It is a vector with zero magnitude and arbitrary direction. It is represented by ⃑O.
Example:
The sum of a vector and its negative vector is a null vector.
Equal vectors:
→ →
Two vectors A and B are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and direction
regardless of their initial positions.
Example:
Like parallel vectors of the same magnitude are equal vectors.
Q.3 What is negative vector? How is ⃑B subtracted from ⃑A?
Ans Negative Vector:
A vector of same magnitude but reverse in direction is called negative vector. It is obtained by
multiplying a vector with -1.
Consider two vectors A ⃑ and B⃑ . Suppose B
⃑ is to be subtracted from A ⃑ , reverse the direction of B ⃑
and add it to vector A ⃑ by head to tail rule.
⃑A +(- ⃑B) = ⃑A – ⃑B
Q.4 What is the unit vector in the direction of the vector 𝐀 ⃑ = 𝟒𝐢̂ + 𝟑𝐣̂
→
^ A
Ans A = A
Magnitude of ⃑A 𝐴 = √42 + 32
𝐴 = √16 + 9
𝐴 = √25
𝐴=5
^ 𝟒𝒊̂+𝟑𝒋̂
Therefore, A = 5
Q.5 Why do you keep your legs far apart when you have to stand in the aisle of a bumpy
riding bus?
Ans We keep our legs far apart on a bumpy riding bus to lower down the center of gravity so that
the chances of falling are reduced.
Q.6 Prove that commutative law holds for addition of vectors.
B
→ →
Ans Consider two vectors A and B . Add these vectors by head to
→ → →
tail rule and find the resultant R =A + B A A
Similarly, by reversing the order of two vectors we will find
→ → →
R = B +A B
It is clear from the figure that two resultants are equal.
So, ⃑A + ⃑B = ⃑B + ⃑A
Q.7 You are falling off the edge. What should you do to avoid the fall?
Ans: To avoid the fall, one should lean away (opposite to edge) from the edge. This will shift the
center of gravity back to baseline (between the feet) and in this way one could save himself from
falling.
Q.8 How vector is determined when rectangular components are given?
In the right angle OMP ,
(OP)2 = (OM)2 + (MP)2
A2 = Ax 2 + Ay 2

A = √Ax 2 + Ay 2
And direction θ is given by
MP Ay
tan  = OM = A
x
A y
 = tan-1 ( A )
x
Q.9 Can a person standing with one arm and side of one foot pressed against a wall, raise the
other leg sideways? Explain.
Ans No, one cannot raise the leg. In order to move his leg, he has to shift centre of gravity to the leg
against the wall, which he cannot do due to the wall.
Q.10 Prove that dot product of two vectors is commutative.
Scalar product is commutative:
⃑ ∙B
A ⃑ =B
⃑ ∙A⃑
Proof:
⃑A ∙ ⃑B = AB cosθ ----------------- (1)
⃑B ∙ ⃑A = BA cosθ
⃑B ∙ ⃑A = AB cosθ ----------------- (2) (∵ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴)
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we get
⃑A ∙ ⃑B = ⃑B ∙ ⃑A
This means by changing the order of vectors, the dot product does not change.
Q.11 Prove that vector product does not obey commutative law.
Ans Vector Product is not Commutative: i.e. A ⃑ ×B
⃑ ≠ B⃑ ×A⃑
Proof:
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃑ be two vectors their cross product can be given as
⃑A×B⃑ = AB sin θ n̂ ------------(1)
⃑ ×A
B ⃑ = BA sin θ (−n̂ )
⃑ ×A
B ⃑ = −AB sin θ n̂ ------------ (2)
Comparing eq. (1) & (2) we get
⃑A×B
⃑ = − ⃑B × ⃑A
So, ⃑A×B ⃑ ≠⃑⃑⃑B×A ⃑
Q.12 Write two examples of vector product.
Ans Followings are the examples of cross product.
i. ⃑F = q (v ⃑ × ⃑B)
→ →
ii. 𝜏⃑⃑ = r x F
Q.13 Define torque and moment arm. Also give physical significance of torque.
Ans Torque:
Turning effect of force on a body about an axis of rotation is called torque.
Formula:
→ →
𝜏⃑⃑ = r × F
Moment Arm:
The perpendicular distance between pivot and line of application of force is called moment arm.
It is represented by l.
Physical Significance:
Torque plays same role in rotational motion as force plays in linear motion. Force produces
linear acceleration whereas torque produces angular acceleration.
Q.14 Write two conditions for which torque is zero.
Ans Conditions for which torque is zero.
 If body is rotating with uniform angular velocity, the angular acceleration will be
zero, in this case torque will be zero.
 When force is passing through pivot, then moment arm will become zero. Hence torque will
be zero.
Q.15 What do you understand by positive and negative torques?
Ans by convention, counter clockwise (anti clockwise) torques are taken as positive and clockwise
torques are taken as negative.
Q.16 Define torque. Write its units and dimensions.
Ans Torque:
Turning effect of force on a body about an axis of rotation is called torque.
Formula:
→ →
𝜏⃑⃑ = r × F
τ = rF when θ is 90o
S.I units: Nm
Dimension:
[τ] = [M L T-2] [L]
= [M L2 T-2]
Q.17 Define the two conditions of equilibrium.
First condition of equilibrium:
The sum of all the forces acting on a body is equal to zero.
∑F ⃑ =0
In terms of components of forces
→ →
Σ Fx = 0 Σ Fy = 0
Second Condition of Equilibrium:
The vector sum of all the torques acting on a body about any arbitrary axis must be equal to zero.
Σ→  =0
Sum of anti-clockwise torque = Sum of clockwise torque
Q.18 Define dynamic and static equilibrium.
Ans Dynamic Equilibrium:
If the body is moving with uniform velocity, it is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.
 Example:
Motion of a paratrooper.
Static Equilibrium:
If a body is at rest, it is said to be in static equilibrium.
Example:
A book lying on a table.
Q.19 Define Cartesian coordinate system or rectangular coordinate system.
Ans A system of mutually perpendicular axes used to locate the position of a point is called
rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system.
Q.20 Define rectangular components of a vector.
Ans The components which are mutually perpendicular to each other are called rectangular
components.
Example: 𝐴𝑥 and 𝐴𝑦 are rectangular components of vector 𝐴
Q.21 Differentiate between translational and rotational equilibrium.
Ans Translational Equilibrium:
When first condition of equilibrium is satisfied there will be no linear acceleration then body will
be in translational equilibrium.
Rotational Equilibrium
When second condition of equilibrium is satisfied there will be no angular acceleration then body
will be in rotational equilibrium.
Exercise Short Questions
Q.1 Define the terms (i) Unit vector, (ii) Position vector and (iii) Components of a vector.
Ans (i) Unit vector: A vector whose magnitude is one and it is used to indicate the direction of a
vector.
⃑⃑
̂=A
A A
(ii) Position vector: A vector that describes the location of a point or particle with respect to the
origin is called position vector and represented by 𝑟.
(iii) Components of a vector: The effective values of a vector in given directions.
Q.2 The vector sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be the orientation of the
vectors?
Ans If three vectors are drawn in such a way that they make a triangle then their vector sum will be
zero. As shown in the figure.

𝐶 ⃑
𝐵
𝐴

𝐴+𝐵⃑ + 𝐶 = ⃑0
Q.3 Vector A lies in the xy plane. For what orientation will both of its rectangular components be
negative? For what orientation will its components have opposite signs?
Ans When vector 𝐴 lies in 3rd quadrant both of its rectangular components will be negative.
When the vector will lie in 2nd or 4th quadrant both of its rectangular components will have
opposite signs that is one is positive and other is negative.
Q.4 If one of the components of a vector is not zero, can its magnitude be zero? Explain.
Ans No. Its magnitude cannot be zero.
if Ax ≠ 0 and Ay = 0

then A = √Ax 2 + Ay 2

A = √Ax 2 + (0)2
 A = Ax
A≠0
Q.5 Can a vector have a component greater than the vector’s magnitude?
Ans No. A vector cannot have a component greater than the vector’s magnitude because the
component is an effective part of a vector in specific direction and a part cannot be greater than
the whole. A component may be equal to the vector when magnitude of one of the components is
zero.
A = √Ax 2 + Ay 2
Q.6 Can the magnitude of a vector have a negative value?
Ans No. The magnitude of a vector always has positive value.
A = √Ax 2 + Ay 2
when Ax or Ay are negative, their square will be positive.
Q.7 If A⃑ +B⃑ =O ⃑⃑ What can you say about the components of the two vectors?
Ans If A⃑ +B
⃑ =O ⃑⃑ Then the corresponding components of both 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃑ are equal and opposite.
Ax î + Ay ĵ + Bx î+ By ĵ = 0î + 0ĵ
(Ax + Bx) î+ (Ay + By) ĵ = 0î + 0ĵ
Ax + Bx = 0 and Ay + By = 0
Ax = - Bx and Ay = - By
Q.8 Under what circumstances would a vector have components that are equal in magnitude?
Ans We know that Ax = A cos θ and Ay = A sin θ
Suppose magnitudes of both the components are equal, then
Ax = Ay
A cos θ = A sin θ
A sin θ
1=
A cos θ
tan θ = 1
θ = tan−1(1)
θ = 45o
Q.9 Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity? Explain.
Ans No. It is not possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity. Because scalar quantities are
added by simple arithmetic rules, but vector quantities are added by head to-tail rule or vector
addition by rectangular components. Hence scalar quantities cannot be added to vector
quantities.
Q.10 Can you add zero to a null vector?
Ans No. We cannot add zero to a null vector. Because zero is a scalar quantity and null vector is a
vector quantity. Since scalar quantities are added by simple algebraic rule but vector quantities
are added either by Head-to-Tail Rule or vector addition by rectangular components. Hence
scalar quantities will be added in scalar quantities and vector quantities will be added in vector
quantities.
Q.11 Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero? Explain.
Ans No. The sum of two unequal vectors cannot be zero. For their sum to be zero, the vectors
must have equal magnitudes with opposite directions.
Q.12 Show that the sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal lengths are also
perpendicular and of the same length.
Ans In the figure, vectors A ⃑ and B
⃑ or −B
⃑ are equal in length and are
⃑ +B⃑ ) and (A
⃑ −B⃑) ⃑
B
perpendicular to each other. Therefore, their resultants (A
make an angle of 450 with x-axis. ⃑
A
So, (A ⃑ + ⃑B) ⊥ (A ⃑ − ⃑B)
−B⃑
i.e. sum and difference of the vectors are perpendicular to each other.
 From Figure:
|A⃑ +B ⃑ |= √A2 + B2
|A⃑ – ⃑B|= √A2 + (−B)2 = √A2 + B2
|A⃑ + ⃑B|= |A⃑ – ⃑B|
Hence sum and difference have same lengths.
Q.13 How would the two vectors of the same magnitude have to be oriented, if they were to be
combined to give a resultant equal to a vector of the same magnitude?
Ans When the angle between two vectors of same magnitude is 120o,
the magnitude of the resultant will be equal to that of magnitude
of each vector. This is because vectors 𝐴, 𝐵 ⃑ and their Resultant 𝑅⃑
120𝑜
make an equilateral triangle.
Q.14 The two vectors to be combined have magnitudes 60 N and 35 N. Pick the correct
answer from those given and tell why is it the only one of the three that is correct.
(i) 100 N (ii) 70 N (iii) 20 N
Ans F1 = 60 N and F2 = 35 N
Answer (ii) 70 N is correct.
For maximum value, both vectors must be in same direction, F1 + F2 = 60 + 35 = 95 N which is
less than 100 N therefore (i) 100 N cannot be correct.
For minimum value, both vectors must be in opposite direction, F1 - F2 = 60 - 35 = 25 N which
is greater than 20 N, therefore (iii) 20 N cannot be correct.
Q.15 Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged head to tail. What is the sum
of these vectors?
Ans The vector sum will be zero. Because the tail of first vector
meets the head of last vector as shown in figure.
Hence 𝐴+𝐵 ⃑ +𝐶 +𝐷 ⃑ +𝐸⃑ = 𝑂⃑
Q.16 Identify the correct answer;
(i) Two ships X and Y are travelling in different directions at equal
speeds. The actual direction of motion of X is due north but to an observer on Y, the apparent
direction of motion of X is north-east. The actual direction of motion of Y as observed from
the shore will be
(A) East (B) West (C) South-East (D) South-West
Ans (i) The correct answer is (B) West.
(ii) A horizontal force F is applied to a small object P of mass M at rest on a smooth plane
inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal as shown in the figure. The magnitude of the
resultant force acting up and along the surface of the plane, on the object is
(A) F cos θ - mg sin θ
(B) F sin θ - mg cos θ
(C) F cos θ + mg cos θ
(D) F sin θ + mg sin θ
(E) mg tan θ
Ans (ii) The correct answer is (A) F cos θ - mg sin θ
Q.17 If all the components of the vectors, 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 were reversed, how would this alter
⃑A1 × ⃑A2 =?
Ans When all the components are reversed then vector is itself reversed

then 𝐴1 × 𝐴2 = (-𝐴1 ) ×(- 𝐴2 ) = 𝐴1 × 𝐴2

Therefore, there will be no effect on the cross product of 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 , if all the components of the
vectors 𝐴1 & 𝐴2 are reversed.
Q.18 Name the three different conditions that could make ⃑A1 × ⃑A2 = ⃑O.
Ans ⃑A1 × ⃑A2 = ⃑O ⃑
if (i) ⃑A1 is null vector i.e. ⃑O⃑ × ⃑A1 = ⃑O
(ii) 𝐴2 is null vector i.e. ⃑O
⃑ × ⃑A2 = ⃑O
(iii) 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 are parallel or anti-parallel,
i.e. 𝐴1 × 𝐴2 = (A1 A2 sin 0o) 𝑛̂ = 𝑂 ⃑
o
or 𝐴1 × 𝐴2 = (A1 A2 sin 180 ) 𝑛̂ = 𝑂 ⃑
Q.19 Identify true or false statements and explain the reason.
(a) A body in equilibrium implies that it is not moving nor rotating.
(b) If coplanar forces acting on a body form a closed polygon, then the body is said to be in
equilibrium.
Ans (a) It is false because a body in equilibrium may move and rotate with uniform velocity.
(b) It is true. The vector sum will be zero for the coplanar forces forming a closed polygon
because it fulfils the 1st condition of equilibrium.
Q.20 A picture is suspended from a wall by two strings. Show by diagram the configuration of the
strings for which the tension in the strings will be minimum.
Ans The configuration shown in the figure will have minimum tension.
For tension to be minimum, θ = 90o
Σ Fy = 0 𝑇𝑦
𝑇𝑦
Ty + Ty - w = 0
2Ty - w = 0
Picture
2T sin θ = w
W
T = 2 sin θ
W W
T = 2 sin 90
W
T= 2
Q.21 Can a body rotate about its center of gravity under the action of its weight?
Ans No. A body cannot rotate about its center of gravity under the action of its weight. In this case
weight acts at the center of the body, which is acting like a pivot, so moment arm will become
zero. Therefore, torque will also be zero.
τ⃑ = r × ⃑F
τ⃑ = 0 × ⃑F
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define component of a vector. What are rectangular components? Also resolve a vector into
its rectangular components.
Ans Component of a vector:
The component of a vector is its effective value in a given direction.
Rectangular components of a vector:
The components of a vector which are mutually perpendicular to each other are called rectangular
components of vector.
Resolution of Vector into its Rectangular Components
The process of splitting up of a vector into its components is called resolution of a vector. It is a
reverse process of addition of vectors.
Explanation: Y

Consider a vector ⃑⃑⃑ A represented by a line OP making an angle θ with P

x-axis. Draw perpendiculars from point P on x-axis and on y-axis such N
that OM and ON are the projections of OP on x-axis and y-axis A
respectively. AY j
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ =Ax î is the rectangular component of vector A
OM ⃑ along x-axis and
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
ON =Ay ĵ is the rectangular component of vector A ⃑ along y-axis O M X
A i
x
 By head to tail rule
→
A = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂
As, Ax ̂𝐢̇ and Ay 𝐣̇̂ are perpendicular to each other hence they are called rectangular components of
⃑⃑⃑ .
vector A
Magnitude of horizontal component:
In right angled triangle OMP
base
cos  = hyp
OM
cos  = OP
A
cos  = Ax
Ax = A cos 
This is the magnitude of horizontal component of→
A.
Magnitude of vertical component:
In right angled triangle OMP
perp
sin  = hyp
MP
sin  = OP
Ay
Sin  = A
Ay = A sin 
This is the magnitude of vertical component of → A.
Q.2 Define resultant vector. Determine its value by rectangular components.
Resultant vector:
A single vector having the same effect as all the original vectors taken together.
Determination of a vector from its rectangular components:
When the rectangular components of a vector are given, the vector can be found as follows:
Magnitude of a vector:
In ∆OMP, using Pythagoras theorem
(OP)2 = (OM) 2 + (MP)2 Y
2 2 2
A = Ax + Ay P
N
2 2
A = √𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦
A
This gives the magnitude of vector A AY j
Direction of a vector:
In the ∆OMP O M X
perp A xi
tan θ = base
MP
tan θ = OP
Ay
tan θ = Ax
Ay
θ = tan−1 ( )
Ax

This gives the direction of →

A.
Q.3 Describe addition of two vectors A and B by using rectangular components. Also extend upto
any number of coplanar vectors.
Ans Vector addition by rectangular components:
 Consider two vectors ⃑A and ⃑B represented by two directed lines OM and ON respectively. Firstly,
vector ⃑B is added to ⃑A by using head to tail rule to get resultant vector ⃑R i.e.
⃑R = ⃑A + ⃑B , where ⃑R makes an angle  with x-axis.
Resolution of vectors: Y
P
⃑ ⃑ ⃑
Now vectors A, B and R are resolved into their rectangular components
as shown in figure. Ax, Bx, Rx, are the magnitudes of horizontal N
components of ⃑A , ⃑B and ⃑R . Whereas Ay, By and Ry are the

B
B

A+
⃑ , B⃑ and R ⃑ . By
magnitudes of vertical components of A

=
B RY

R
X-component of resultant vector: M Bx
From the figure S
A
OR = OQ + QR Ay Ay
Ax Bx
But QR = MS O Q R X
OR = OQ + MS
Rx
Rx = Ax + Bx − − − − − (1)
This means that the sum of the magnitudes of x-components of two vectors which are to be added
is equal to the magnitude of x-component of resultant vector.
Y-component of resultant vector:
From the figure
RP = RS + SP
Ry = Ay + By − − − − − (2)
This means that sum of the magnitudes of y-components of two vectors which are to be added is
equal to the magnitude of y-component of resultant vector.
Resultant vector:
The resultant vector is written as
→
R = Rx Î̇ + Ry ̂j̇
Putting the values of Rx and Ry from equation (1) and (2) in above equation, we get
→
R = (Ax + Bx)î̇ + (Ay + By)j̇̂
Magnitude of the resultant vector:
Magnitude of the resultant vector ⃑R can be given as
R = Rx2 + Ry2
R = (Ax + Bx)2 + (Ay + By)2
Direction of resultant vector:
In triangle ∆ORP
RP
tan  = OR
Ry
tan  = Rx

Ry
 = tan−1 Rx
 
Ay + By
 = tan−1 Ax + Bx
 
Addition of any number of coplanar vectors
For any number of coplanar vectors A ⃑ ,B⃑,C⃑ ,-------
R = (Ax + Bx + Cx + ----)2 + (Ay + By + Cy + ----)2
Ay + By + Cy ----
 = tan − 1  Ax + Bx + Cx --- 
 
Q.4 Define scalar product of two vectors. Give its characteristics.
Ans Scalar product or dot product:
When the product of two vectors results into a scalar quantity, it is called a scalar product. It is
also called as dot product because we put a dot (.) between two vectors to represent it. Let ⃑A and
⃑B be two vectors, their scalar product can be defined as
⃑A . ⃑B = AB cos θ
where A and B are the magnitudes of the vectors ⃑A and ⃑B and θ is the angle between them.
Physical Interpretation of the Dot Product:
For physical interpretation of the two vectors A ⃑ and B ⃑ , they are brought to common origin as
B
shown in figures.
⃑A. ⃑B = (Projection of ⃑A on ⃑B) B
𝐴. 𝐵 ⃑ = (magnitude of component of ⃑A along⃑⃑⃑B) B
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = (A cosθ)B BCos
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = AB cos θ − − − − − − − (1)
⃑ .A
B ⃑ = (Projection of B ⃑ on A
⃑ )A
⃑ .A
B ⃑ = (magnitude of component of B ⃑ along A⃑ )A
⃑ .A
B ⃑ = (B cosθ)A
B . A = AB cosθ − − − − − −(2)
Comparing equation (1) and (2) we can write
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = B ⃑ .A ⃑
Examples:
1. Work is the scalar product of force ⃑F and displacement ⃑d.
W=F ⃑ . ⃑d = Fd cos θ F
W = (Fcos θ) d
W = (magnitude of effective component of F) (distance covered)
2. Power is the scalar product of force F ⃑ and velocity v
⃑. FCos
P=F ⃑ .v ⃑ d
Characteristics of Scalar Product:
(1) Scalar product is commutative.
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = B ⃑ .A⃑
Proof:
⃑A. ⃑B = AB cos θ − − − − − − − −(1)
⃑B. ⃑A = BA cos θ
⃑B. ⃑A = AB cos θ − − − − − − − −(2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we get
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = B ⃑ .A⃑
This means by changing the order of vectors, the dot product does not change.
(2) Scalar product of two mutually perpendicular vectors:
Let A⃑ and B ⃑ be two mutually perpendicular vectors i.e. θ = 90o, their dot product is given by
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = AB cos θ = AB cos 90 ° = AB (0)
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = 0
Hence dot product of two mutually perpendicular vectors is zero.
In terms of unit vectors:
As, î̇ , ̂j̇ and ̂k are mutually perpendicular.
î̇ . ̂j̇ = |i||j| cos 90° = (1) (1) (0) = 0
Also ̂j̇ . k̂ = 0 , k̂ . î̇ = 0
i̇̂ . ̂j̇ = ̂j̇ . k̂ = k̂ . î̇ = 0
(3) Scalar product of two parallel or anti-parallel vectors:
 For parallel vectors:
⃑ and B
Let A ⃑ be two parallel vectors i.e. θ = 0o, their dot product is given by
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = AB cos θ = AB cos (0) = AB (1) = AB
For parallel vectors, scalar product has maximum value.
In terms of unit vectors:
Î̇ . i̇̂ = |i||i| cos 0 ° = (1)(1)(1) = 1
Also ̂j̇ . ̂j̇ = 1 , k̂ . k̂ = 1
̂i̇ . ̂i̇ = ̂j̇ . ̂j̇ = k̂ . k̂ = 1
For anti-parallel vectors:
⃑ and B
Let A ⃑ be two anti-parallel vectors i.e. θ = 180o, their dot product is given by
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = AB cos θ = AB cos(180) = AB (−1) = − AB
For anti-parallel vectors, dot product has minimum value.
(4) Self dot product:
The self dot product of a vector A ⃑ is equal to square of its magnitude.
⃑ .A
A ⃑ = AA cos θ = A cos(0) = A2 (1)
2

⃑A . ⃑A = A2
(5) Scalar product in terms of rectangular components:
As, ⃑A = Ax ̂i̇ + Ay ̂j̇ + Az k̂
⃑ = Bx i̇̂ + By ̂j̇ + Bz k̂
B
So, ⃑ .B
A ⃑ = ( A Î̇ + A ̂j̇ + A k̂) . ( B Î̇ + B ̂j̇ + B k̂)
x y z x y z
⃑ .B
A ⃑ = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
(6) Measurement of angle θ between two vectors ⃑A and ⃑B
⃑A. ⃑B = AB cos θ − − − − − (1)
⃑A . ⃑B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz − − − (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we get
AB cos θ = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
cos θ = AB
Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
θ = cos−1 ( )
AB
Q.5 Define vector product. Explain it using right hand rule and give its characteristics.
Ans Vector product or cross product:
When the product of two vectors results into a vector quantity, it is called a vector product. It is
also called as cross product because we put a (×) between two vectors to represent it.
⃑ and B
Let A ⃑ be two vectors, their vector product is defined as:
⃑ ×B
A ⃑ = AB sin θ n̂
Where, A and B are the magnitudes of vectors A ⃑ and B⃑ , θ is the angle between them and n̂ is the
unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing vectors A ⃑ and B ⃑ as shown in figure below.
Direction of 𝐀 ⃑ × ⃑𝐁:
To find the direction of ⃑A × ⃑B we use right hand rule. AxB n
i. Join the tails of vector ⃑A and ⃑B to define their plane.
ii. Rotate ⃑A towards ⃑B through the smaller angle and curl your fingers
in the direction of rotation. The erect thumb will give you the
B
direction of A⃑ ×B⃑ or n̂.
Note: According to right hand rule, the direction of B ⃑ ×A ⃑ will be
⃑ ×B ⃑ . A
opposite to the direction of A
Examples:
1. Torque is the vector product of position vector r and forceF ⃑.
τ⃑ = r × ⃑F
2. The force ⃑F on a charge q moving with velocity v ⃑ in a magnetic field of strength ⃑B is
given by
⃑ = q (v
F ⃑ × B⃑)
Characteristics of cross product:
(1) Vector product is not Commutative
⃑ × B
A ⃑ ≠ B ⃑ × A
⃑
Proof:
Let ⃑A and ⃑B be two vectors, their cross product can be given as:
⃑A × ⃑B = AB sin θ n̂ − − − − − − − −(1) B
⃑B × ⃑A = BA sin θ (−n̂ )
⃑ × A
B ⃑ = −AB sin θ n̂ A

−B ⃑ × A ⃑ = AB sin θ n̂ − − − − − − − (2)
Comparing equations (1) & (2), we get
⃑A × ⃑B = − ⃑B × ⃑A
So ⃑A × ⃑B ≠ ⃑B × ⃑A
(2) Cross product of perpendicular vectors:
Let A⃑ and B ⃑ be two mutually perpendicular vectors i.e. θ = 90o, their cross product is given as:
⃑ × B
A ⃑ = AB sin θ n̂ = AB sin 90o n̂ = AB (1)n̂ = AB n̂
It means cross product of two perpendicular vectors gives maximum value.
In terms of unit vectors:
Since three unit vectors in space are perpendicular to each other, therefore
Î̇ × ̂j̇ = |i||j| sin 90 °n̂ = (1)(1)(1)k̂ = k̂
Also, ̂j̇ × k̂ = ̂i̇ , k̂ × ̂i̇ = ̂j̇
̂i̇ × ̂j̇ = k̂ , ̂j̇ × k̂ = ̂i̇ , k̂ × ̂i̇ = ̂j̇
(3) Vector product of parallel or anti-parallel vectors:
For parallel vectors:
Let A⃑ and B ⃑ be two parallel vectors i.e. θ = 0o, their cross product is given as
⃑A × ⃑B = AB sin θ n̂ = AB sin 0o n̂ = AB (0) n̂ = 0 n̂ = ⃑O ⃑
For anti-parallel vectors:
Let A⃑ and B ⃑ be anti-parallel vectors i.e. θ = 180o, their vector product is
⃑ × B
A ⃑ = AB sin θ n̂ = AB sin 180o n̂ = AB (0)n̂ = 0 n̂ = O ⃑
It means cross product of two parallel or anti-parallel vectors gives a null vector.
In terms of unit vectors:
Î̇ × Î̇ = |i||i| sin 0 ° n̂ = (1)(1)(0)n̂ = O ⃑⃑
i̇̂ × i̇̂ = ̂j̇ × ̂j̇ = k̂ × k̂ = O ⃑
(4) Vector Product in terms of rectangular components:
Let ⃑A and ⃑B be two vectors, their cross product in terms of rectangular components is given as
follows
⃑A = Ax Î̇ + Ay ̂j̇ + Az k̂
⃑B = Bx ̂i̇ + By ̂j̇ + Bz k̂
⃑A × ⃑B = (Ax ̂i̇ + Ay ̂j̇ + Az k̂ )x (Bx ̂i̇ + By ̂j̇ + Bz k̂)
⃑ × B
A ⃑ = (AyBz – AzBy)i̇̂ + (AzBx – AxBz)j̇̂ + (AxBy – AyBx)k̂
We can get above expression by solving the following determinant
 ̂i̇ ̂j̇ k̂ k J
⃑ ×B
A ⃑ = |Ax Ay Az| Note:
Bx By Bz
(5) Magnitude of 𝐀 ⃑ ×𝐁 ⃑
i
Magnitude of cross product is equal to area of parallelogram whose
adjacent sides are represented by ⃑A and ⃑B. B

Q.6 Define torque. Calculate torque due to force acting on a rigid body.
Ans Torque: A
Turning
Turning effect of force about an axis of rotation (pivot) is called torque. Its magnitude is given by
point
the product of force F and moment arm 𝑙.
OR
Cross product of position vector and force is called torque.
Mathematically:
O
Torque = (force) (moment arm) l
P
τ = F𝑙
Units
Nm F
Dimensions
When the line of action of the applied
[ML2 T-2] force passes through the pivot point,
Moment Arm: the value of moment arm 𝑙 = 0 so in
Perpendicular distance between the line of action of force this case torque is zero.
and the axis of rotation is called moment arm.
Direction of torque:
Direction of torque represented by 𝑛̂ is perpendicular to the plane containing 𝑟 and 𝐹 given by
right hand rule for the vector product of two vectors.
Conventionally, anticlockwise torque is taken as positive whereas clockwise torque is taken as
negative.
Torque on a Rigid Body:
Consider the torque on a rigid body. Let the force ⃑F acts on a rigid body at point ‘P’. Where, r =
Position vector relative to point ‘O’ as shown in figure.
Resolution of force:
The force ⃑F can be resolved into two rectangular components: O
S
C
(i) Fcosθ = horizontal component of force parallel to position F
F
vector r.
This component does not produce torque as its line of action passes
through point ‘O’. Si
n
F
(ii) Fsinθ = perpendicular component of force which is
perpendicular to position vector r. This component of force P
r
iproduces torque.
Torque = (perpendicular component of force) (position vector) O
τ = (Fsinθ) r
τ = rFsinθ − − − − − −(1)
 Resolution of position vector:
The position vector r can be resolved into two rectangular
components: F

(i) rcosθ = horizontal component of position vector r parallel to F ⃑.

This component does not act as moment arm as it is parallel to the
r Si n
force.
(ii) rsinθ = perpendicular component of position vector r which is r
⃑
perpendicular to F. This component of position vector acts as
O
moment arm.
Torque = (force) (perpendicular component of position vector)
τ = F(rsinθ)
τ = rFsinθ − − − − − −(2)
Comparing equations 1 and 2, we get
τ = rFsinθ
In vector form,
τ⃑ = rFsinθ n̂
τ⃑ = r × ⃑F
Where n̂ is the unit vector which is perpendicular to plane containing r and ⃑F. It is given by right
hand rule.
Dependence:
Torque depends on
(i) moment arm
(ii) force
(iii) angle θ between force and moment arm
Physical Significance:
Torque plays same role in rotational motion as force plays its role in linear motion i.e. Torque is
the analogous to force in rotational motion. As force produces linear acceleration (F = ma), torque
produces angular acceleration (τ = Iα) in the body. If the body is at rest or moving with uniform
angular velocity then and angular acceleration is zero, hence the torque is also zero.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
2.1 Suppose in a rectangular coordinate system, a vector has its tail at the point a (-2,-3) and its
tip at b (3,9) Determine the distance between these two points.
Given data:
ra = −2î − 3ĵ
rb = 3î + 9ĵ
To find:
|D ⃑ | =?
Solution:
The displacement vector from tip to tail is given as:
⃑D = rb − ra
⃑D = (3î + 9ĵ) − (−2î − 3ĵ)
⃑D = (3+ 2) ̂i̇ +(9+3) ̂j̇
⃑D = 5i̇̂ + 12j̇̂
To find magnitude, we have
D = √52 + 122
D = √25 + 144
D = √169
D = 𝟏𝟑 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 Ans.
2.2. A certain corner of a room is selected as the origin of a rectangular coordinate system.
If an insect is sitting on an adjacent wall at a point having coordinates (2,1), where the
units are in meters, what is distance of the insect from this corner of the room?
Given data:
r = 2î + ĵ
To find:
|D ⃑ | =?
Solution:
Position vector of the insect is
⃑D = (2 − 0)i̇̂ + (1 − 0)j̇̂
⃑D = 2i̇̂ +1j̇̂
To find magnitude, we have
D = √22 + 12
D = √4 + 1
D = √5
D = 𝟐. 𝟐 𝐦 Ans.
2.3 What is the unit vector in the direction of the vector 𝐀 ⃑ = 4𝐢̇̂ +3𝐣̇̂ ?
Given data:
⃑A = 4Î̇ +3j̇̂
To find:
̂ =?
A
Solution:
According to formula,
⃑⃑
̂ = A … … … … … . . (1)
A
A
Here, ⃑ = 4i̇̂+3j̇̂
A
and A = √42 + 32
A = √16 + 9
A = √25
A= 5
So, eq. (1) becomes
𝟒𝐢̇̂ +𝟑𝐣̇̂
̂=
𝐀 Ans.
𝟓
2.4 Two particles are located at 𝒓 ⃑ 𝟏 = 𝟑𝐢̇̂ + 𝟕𝐣̇̂ and 𝒓 ⃑ 𝟐 = −𝟐𝐢̇̂ + 𝟑𝐣̇̂ respectively. Find both
the magnitude of the vector (𝒓 ⃑𝟐−𝒓 ⃑ 𝟏 ) and its orientation with respect to the x-axis.
Given data:
r1 = 3Î̇ + 7j̇̂
r2 = −2Î̇ + 3j̇̂
To Find:
|r2 − r1 | =?
Solution:
r2 − r1 = −2i̇̂ + 3j̇̂ − (3i̇̂ + 7j̇̂)
= −2i̇̂ + 3j̇̂ − 3i̇̂ − 7j̇̂
= −2i̇̂ − 3i̇̂ + 3j̇̂ − 7j̇̂
= −5i̇̂ − 4j̇̂
To find magnitude, we have
|r2 − r1 | = √(−5)2 + (−4)2
= √25 + 16
 = √41
|r2 − r1 | = 6.4
To find orientation, we have
4
θ = tan−1 (5)
θ = tan−1 (0.8)
θ = 38.60
As, −5Î̇ −4j̇̂ lies in 3rd θ quadrant so,
𝛗 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐 + 𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝐨 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝒐 Ans.
2.5. If a vector B ⃑ is added to vector A ⃑ ,the result is 6𝐢̇ + 𝐣̇̂. If B
̂ ⃑ is subtracted from A
⃑ , the result
is −𝟒𝐢̇̂ + 𝟕𝐣̇̂.What is magnitude of vector A ⃑ ?
Given data:
⃑A + ⃑B= 6i̇̂ + ̂j̇
⃑A − ⃑B= −4i̇̂ + 7j̇̂
To find:
|A ⃑ | =?
Solution:
⃑A +B ⃑ = 6i̇̂ + ̂j̇…….……………(i)
⃑ −B
A ⃑ = −4i̇̂ + 7j̇̂…………..(ii)
Adding both equations
(A⃑ + ⃑⃑⃑⃑
B) +(A ⃑ − ⃑B) = 6i̇̂ + ̂j̇ − 4i̇̂ + 7j̇̂
2A ⃑ = 2i̇̂ + 8j̇̂
̂ ̂
⃑A = 2i̇+8j̇
2
⃑ = i̇̂ + 4j̇̂
A
A = √(1)2 + (4)2
A = √17
A = 4.1 Ans.
2.6. Given that 𝐀 ⃑ = 𝟐𝐢̇̂ + 𝟑𝐣̇̂ and 𝐁 ⃑ = 𝟑𝐢̇̂ − 𝟒𝐣̇̂. Find the magnitude and angle of
(a) 𝐂 = 𝐀 ⃑ +𝐁
⃑⃑ (b) 𝐃 ⃑ = 𝟑𝐀 ⃑ − 𝟐𝐁⃑
Given data:
⃑A = 2i̇̂ + 3j̇̂
⃑B = 3i̇̂ − 4j̇̂
To find:
(a) |C ⃑ | =?
(b) |D ⃑ | =?
Solution:
(a) ⃑C = ⃑A + ⃑B
⃑C = (2i̇̂ + 3j̇̂) + (3i̇̂ − 4j̇̂)
⃑C = (5i̇̂ − ̂j̇)
⃑
Magnitude of C
C = √52 + (−1)2
C = 26 = 5.1
⃑
Direction of C
1
∅ = tan−1 (5)
∅ = 11.3𝑜
Since C is in the 4th quadrant,
 ϴ = 360o − 11.3𝑜
ϴ = 349o
(b) ⃑D = 3A⃑ − 2B ⃑
⃑D = 3(2i̇̂ + 3j̇̂) − 2(3i̇̂ − 4j̇̂)
= 6i̇̂ + 9j̇̂ − 6i̇̂ + 8j̇̂
= 0i̇̂ + 17j̇̂
Magnitude of ⃑D
⃑
D = (√(17)2 )
D = 17
Direction of ⃑D
⃑
17
ϴ = tan−1 ( 0 )
θ = tan−1 (∞) = 90o Ans.
2.7 Find the angle between the two vectors 𝐀 = 𝟓𝐢̇̂ + 𝐣̇̂ and ⃑𝐁
⃑ ⃑ = 𝟐𝐢̇̂ + 𝟒𝐣̇̂.
Given data:
⃑ = 5i̇̂ + ̂j̇
A
⃑ = 2i̇̂ + 4j̇̂
B
To find:
θ =?
Solution:
According to formula, ⃑A ∙ ⃑B = ABcosθ
⃑⃑ ∙B
A ⃑⃑
Cosθ = AB … … … … … … . . (1)
⃑A ∙ ⃑B = (5i̇̂ + ̂j̇). (2i̇̂ + 4j̇̂)
=10+4
⃑ ∙B
A ⃑ = 14
⃑
Magnitude of A
⃑ | = √52 + 12
|A
⃑ | = √26
|A
⃑ | = 5.1
|A
⃑
Magnitude of B
⃑ | = √22 + 42
|B
⃑ | = √4 + 16
|B
⃑ | = √20
|B
⃑ | = 4.47
|B
Putting values of ⃑A. ⃑B, |A
⃑ | and |B
⃑ | in eq.(1)
(14)
cosθ = (5.1)(4.47)
θ = cos −1 (0.61)
𝛉 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎 Ans.
2.8. Find the work done when the point of application of the force 𝟑𝐢̇̂ + 2𝐣̇̂ moves in a straight
line from the point (2,-1) to the point (6,4).
Given data:
⃑F = 3i̇̂ + 2j̇̂
r1 = 2Î̇ −j̇̂
r2 = 6Î̇ +4j̇̂
To find:
 Work done= W =?
Solution:
⃑D = r2 − r1
⃑D = (6 − 2)i̇̂ +(4 + 1)j̇̂
⃑D = 4i̇̂ + 5 ̂j̇
According to the formula w = ⃑F ∙ ⃑d
w = (3i̇̂ + 2j̇̂) ∙ (4i̇̂ + 5 ̂j̇)
w = 12 + 10
w = 𝟐𝟐 units Ans.
2.9 ̂ ̂ ̂
Show that the three vector 𝐢̇+ 𝐣̇+ 𝐤, 2𝐢̇-3 𝐣̇+ 𝐤 and 4𝐢̇̂+ 𝐣̇̂-5𝐤
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ are mutually perpendicular.
Given data:
⃑ = i̇̂ + ̂j̇ + k̂
A
⃑ = 2i̇̂ − 3j̇̂ + k̂
B
⃑ = 4i̇̂ + ̂j̇ − 5k̂
C
To find:
Vectors ⃑A, ⃑B and ⃑C are mutually perpendicular
Solution:
Using the characteristics that scalar product of two mutually perpendicular vectors is zero
⃑A ∙ ⃑B = (i̇̂ + ̂j̇ + k̂) ∙ (2i̇̂ − 3j̇̂ + k̂ )
⃑A ∙ ⃑B = 2 − 3 + 1
⃑ ∙B
A ⃑ =0
⃑ ∙C
B ⃑ = (2i̇̂ − 3j̇̂ + k̂) ∙ (4i̇̂ + ̂j̇ − 5k̂)
⃑B ∙ ⃑C = 8 − 3 − 5
⃑B ∙ ⃑C = 0
⃑C ∙ ⃑A = (4i̇̂ + ̂j̇ − 5k̂) ∙ ( ̂i̇ + ̂j̇ + k̂)
⃑C ∙ ⃑A = 4 + 1 − 5
⃑C ∙ ⃑A = 0
Hence, A⃑ ,B⃑ and C ⃑ are mutually perpendicular.
2.10 Given that 𝑨 ⃑ = 𝒊̇̂ − 𝟐𝒋̇̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ and 𝑩 ⃑⃑ = 𝟑𝒊̇̂ −𝟒𝒌 ̂ , find the projection of 𝑨
⃑ on 𝑩
⃑⃑ .
Given data:
𝐴 = 𝑖̇̂ − 2𝑗̇̂ + 3𝑘̂
⃑ = 3𝑖̇̂ − 4𝑘̂
𝐵
To find:
Projection of 𝐴 on 𝐵 ⃑ = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =?
Solution:
According to the formula, 𝐴⋅𝐵 ⃑ = (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝐵
⃑
𝐴.𝐵
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐵 … … … … (1)
𝐴⋅ 𝐵 ⃑ = (𝑖̇̂ − 2𝑗̇̂ + 3𝑘̂) ⋅ (3𝑖̇̂ − 4𝑘̂)
𝐴⋅ 𝐵 ⃑ = 3 − 12 = −9
⃑ | = √32 + (−4)2
|𝐵
⃑ | = √9 + 16
|𝐵
⃑ | = √25
|𝐵
⃑|=5
|𝐵
Now, eq.(1) becomes
 −𝟗
Acosθ = 𝟓 Ans.
2.11 Vectors ⃑𝑨 ⃑ , ⃑𝑩
⃑ and ⃑𝑪 are 4 units north, 3 units west and 8 units east, respectively.
Describe carefully (a) 𝑨 ⃑ ×𝑩 ⃑⃑ (b) 𝑨⃑ ×𝑪 ⃑ (c) 𝑩
⃑⃑ × 𝑪
⃑.
Given Data:
𝐴= 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ, 𝐵 ⃑ = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡, 𝐶 = 8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡
To find:
(a) 𝐴×𝐵 ⃑ =?
(b) 𝐴 × 𝐶 =?
(c) 𝐵⃑ × 𝐶 =?
Solution:
⃑A × ⃑B = AB sinθ n̂
= (4)(3) sin(90o ) n̂
= 12 units vertically up ∴ sin(90o ) = 1
⃑A × ⃑C = AC sinθ n̂
= (4)(8) sin(90o ) n̂
= 32 units vertically down
⃑B × ⃑C = BC sinθ ̂n
= (3)(8) sin(180o ) n̂ ∴ sin(180o ) = 0
= Zero
2.12 The torque or turning effect of force about a given point is given by 𝒓 ⃑ × ⃑𝑭 where 𝒓
⃑
Consider a force 𝑭 ̂ ̂
⃑ = −𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌 (newton) acting on the point 𝟕𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝒌 (m). What is
the torque in Nm about the origin?
Given data:
𝐹 = −3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
𝑟 = 7𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
Solution:
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑟 × 𝐹 = | 7 3 1|
−3 1 5
= 𝑖̂(15 − 1) − 𝑗̂(35 + 3) + 𝑘̂ (7 + 9)
𝑟 × 𝐹 = 14𝑖̂ − 38𝑗̂ + 16𝑘̂ N m Ans.
2.13 The line of action of force, 𝑭 ⃑ = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂, passes through the point whose position vector is
̂ ) . Find (a) the moment of F about the origin, (b) the moment of 𝑭
(−𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ⃑ about the point
of which the position vector is 𝒊̂ + 𝒌 ̂.
Given data:
𝐹 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂
𝑟 = −𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑟1 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂
To find:
(a) Moment of force about origin 𝜏 = 𝑟 × 𝐹 =?
(b) Moment of force about 𝑟1 𝜏 ′ = 𝑟 ′ × 𝐹 =?
Solution:
(a) Moment of force about origin 𝜏 = 𝑟 × 𝐹
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜏 = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |0 −1 1|
1 −2 0
= 𝑖̂(0 + 2) − 𝑗̂(0 − 1) + 𝑘̂(0 + 1)
 𝜏 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ Ans.
(b) Moment of force about 𝑟 𝜏 = 𝑟 ′ × 𝐹
′ ′

𝑟 ′ = 𝑟 − 𝑟1
𝑟 ′ = (−𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) − (𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂)
𝑟 ′ = −𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ − 𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂
𝑟 ′ = −𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜏 ′ = 𝑟 ′ × 𝐹 = |−1 −1 0|
1 −2 0
= 𝑖̂(0) − 𝑗̂(0) + 𝑘̂(2 + 1)
𝜏 ′ = 3𝑘̂ Ans.
2.14 The magnitude of dot and cross products of two vectors are 𝟔√𝟑 and 𝟔 respectively. Find
the angle between the vectors.
Given data:
⃑ ∙B
A ⃑ = 6√3
⃑ ×B
A ⃑ =6
To find
θ =?
Solution:
⃑A ∙ ⃑B = AB cos θ (1)
⃑A × ⃑B = AB sin θ n̂
⃑ × ⃑B| = AB sin θ(2)
|A
Divide equation (2) by equation (1)
⃑⃑ ×B
|A ⃑⃑ | AB sin 𝜃
⃑⃑ ∙B
⃑⃑
=
A AB cos θ
6
= tan θ
6√3
1
Tan θ =
√3
−1 1
θ= tan ( )= 30o
√3
2.15 A load of 10.0 N is suspended from a clothes line. This distorts the line so that it makes an
angle of 𝟏𝟓𝒐 with the horizontal at each end. Find the tension in the clothes line.
Given data:
F=W=10.0 N
θ = 15𝑜
To find:
Tension = T = ?
Solution:
The Tension T is resolved into two rectangular components Tsinθ and Tcosθ,
Tcosθ components will cancel out each other, and 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 will add up to give
2Tsinθ, which is balanced out by the weigh
2Tsinθ = w
w
T = 2sinθ
(10)
T = 2 sin(150)
(10)
T = 2(0.259)
T = 19.3 N Ans.