Install Node.

js
You may not need Node.js right now but you may need it for later. Install node.js.

After downloading double click and install

 We can check if node is installed on our local machine by opening our device terminal
or command prompt.

asabeneh $ node -v
v12.14.0

When making this tutorial I was using Node version 12.14.0, but now the recommended
version of Node.js for download is v14.17.6, by the time you use this material you may
have a higher Node.js version.

Browser
There are many browsers out there. However, I strongly recommend Google Chrome.

Installing Google Chrome

Install Google Chrome if you do not have one yet. We can write small JavaScript code
on the browser console, but we do not use the browser console to develop applications.
Opening Google Chrome Console

You can open Google Chrome console either by clicking three dots at the top right
corner of the browser, selecting More tools -> Developer tools or using a keyboard
shortcut. I prefer using shortcuts.
To open the Chrome console using a keyboard shortcut.

Mac
Command+Option+J

Windows/Linux:
Ctl+Shift+J
After you open the Google Chrome console, try to explore the marked buttons. We will
spend most of the time on the Console. The Console is the place where your JavaScript
code goes. The Google Console V8 engine changes your JavaScript code to machine
code. Let us write a JavaScript code on the Google Chrome console:
Writing Code on Browser Console

We can write any JavaScript code on the Google console or any browser console.
However, for this challenge, we only focus on Google Chrome console. Open the
console using:

Mac
Command+Option+I

Windows:
Ctl+Shift+I

Console.log

To write our first JavaScript code, we used a built-in function console.log(). We passed
an argument as input data, and the function displays the output. We passed 'Hello,
World' as input data or argument in the console.log() function.

console.log('Hello, World!')

Console.log with Multiple Arguments

 The console.log() function can take multiple parameters separated by commas. The
syntax looks like as follows:console.log(param1, param2, param3)

console.log('Hello', 'World', '!')

console.log('HAPPY', 'NEW', 'YEAR', 2020)
console.log('Welcome', 'to', 30, 'Days', 'Of', 'JavaScript')

As you can see from the snippet code above, console.log() can take multiple
arguments.

Congratulations! You wrote your first JavaScript code using console.log().

Comments

We can add comments to our code. Comments are very important to make code more
readable and to leave remarks in our code. JavaScript does not execute the comment
part of our code. In JavaScript, any text line starting with // in JavaScript is a comment,
and anything enclosed like this // is also a comment.

Example: Single Line Comment

// This is the first comment

// This is the second comment
// I am a single line comment
 Example: Multiline Comment

/*
This is a multiline comment
Multiline comments can take multiple lines
JavaScript is the language of the web
*/

Syntax

Programming languages are similar to human languages. English or many other

language uses words, phrases, sentences, compound sentences and other more to
convey a meaningful message. The English meaning of syntax is the arrangement of
words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. The technical
definition of syntax is the structure of statements in a computer language. Programming
languages have syntax. JavaScript is a programming language and like other
programming languages it has its own syntax. If we do not write a syntax that
JavaScript understands, it will raise different types of errors. We will explore different
kinds of JavaScript errors later. For now, let us see syntax errors.

I made a deliberate mistake. As a result, the console raises syntax errors. Actually, the
syntax is very informative. It informs what type of mistake was made. By reading the
error feedback guideline, we can correct the syntax and fix the problem. The process of
 identifying and removing errors from a program is called debugging. Let us fix the
errors:

console.log('Hello, World!')
console.log('Hello, World!')

So far, we saw how to display text using the console.log(). If we are printing text or
string using console.log(), the text has to be inside the single quotes, double quotes,
or a backtick. Example:

console.log('Hello, World!')
console.log("Hello, World!")
console.log(`Hello, World!`)

Arithmetics

Now, let us practice more writing JavaScript codes using console.log() on Google
Chrome console for number data types. In addition to the text, we can also do
mathematical calculations using JavaScript. Let us do the following simple calculations.
It is possible to write JavaScript code on Google Chrome console can directly without
the console.log() function. However, it is included in this introduction because most of
this challenge would be taking place in a text editor where the usage of the function
would be mandatory. You can play around directly with instructions on the console.
 console.log(2 + 3) // Addition
console.log(3 - 2) // Subtraction
console.log(2 * 3) // Multiplication
console.log(3 / 2) // Division
console.log(3 % 2) // Modulus - finding remainder
console.log(3 ** 2) // Exponentiation 3 ** 2 == 3 * 3

Code Editor
We can write our codes on the browser console, but it won't be for bigger projects. In a
real working environment, developers use different code editors to write their codes. In
this 30 days of JavaScript challenge, we will be using Visual Studio Code.

Installing Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code is a very popular open-source text editor. I would recommend to
download Visual Studio Code, but if you are in favor of other editors, feel free to follow
with what you have.

If you installed Visual Studio Code, let us start using it.

How to Use Visual Studio Code

Open the Visual Studio Code by double-clicking its icon. When you open it, you will get
this kind of interface. Try to interact with the labeled icons.
Adding JavaScript to a Web Page
JavaScript can be added to a web page in three different ways:

● Inline script
● Internal script
● External script
● Multiple External scripts

The following sections show different ways of adding JavaScript code to your web page.

Inline Script
Create a project folder on your desktop or in any location, name it 30DaysOfJS and
create an index.html file in the project folder. Then paste the following code and open it
in a browser, for example Chrome.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>30DaysOfScript:Inline Script</title>
</head>
 <body>
<button onclick="alert('Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript!')">Click Me</button>
</body>
</html>

Now, you just wrote your first inline script. We can create a pop up alert message using
the alert() built-in function.

Internal Script
The internal script can be written in the head or the body, but it is preferred to put it on
the body of the HTML document. First, let us write on the head part of the page.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>30DaysOfScript:Internal Script</title>
<script>
console.log('Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript')
</script>
</head>
<body></body>
</html>

This is how we write an internal script most of the time. Writing the JavaScript code in
the body section is the most preferred option. Open the browser console to see the
output from the console.log().

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>30DaysOfScript:Internal Script</title>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="alert('Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript!');">Click
Me</button>
<script>
console.log('Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript')
</script>
</body>
</html>

Open the browser console to see the output from the console.log().
External Script
Similar to the internal script, the external script link can be on the header or body, but it
is preferred to put it in the body. First, we should create an external JavaScript file with
.js extension. All files ending with .js extension are JavaScript files. Create a file named
introduction.js inside your project directory and write the following code and link this .js
file at the bottom of the body.

console.log('Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript')

External scripts in the head:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>30DaysOfJavaScript:External script</title>
<script src="introduction.js"></script>
</head>
<body></body>
</html>

External scripts in the body:

<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html lang="en">
<head>
<title>30DaysOfJavaScript:External script</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- JavaScript external link could be in the header or in the body -->
<!-- Before the closing tag of the body is the recommended place to put the
external JavaScript script -->
<script src="introduction.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Open the browser console to see the output of the console.log().

Multiple External Scripts

We can also link multiple external JavaScript files to a web page. Create a
helloworld.js file inside the 30DaysOfJS folder and write the following code.

console.log('Hello, World!')

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Multiple External Scripts</title>
</head>
<body>
<script src="./helloworld.js"></script>
<script src="./introduction.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Your main.js file should be below all other scripts. It is very important to remember this.
Introduction to Data types
In JavaScript and also other programming languages, there are different types of data
types. The following are JavaScript primitive data types: String, Number, Boolean,
undefined, Null, and Symbol.

Numbers
● Integers: Integer (negative, zero and positive) numbers Example: ... -3, -2, -1, 0,
1, 2, 3 ...
● Float-point numbers: Decimal number Example ... -3.5, -2.25, -1.0, 0.0, 1.1, 2.2,
3.5 ...

Strings
A collection of one or more characters between two single quotes, double quotes, or
backticks.

Example:

'a'
 'Asabeneh'
"Asabeneh"
'Finland'
'JavaScript is a beautiful programming language'
'I love teaching'
'I hope you are enjoying the first day'
`We can also create a string using a backtick`
'A string could be just as small as one character or as big as many pages'
'Any data type under a single quote, double quote or backtick is a string'

Booleans
A boolean value is either True or False. Any comparisons returns a boolean value,
which is either true or false.

A boolean data type is either a true or false value.

Example:

true // if the light is on, the value is true

false // if the light is off, the value is false

Undefined
In JavaScript, if we don't assign a value to a variable, the value is undefined. In addition
to that, if a function is not returning anything, it returns undefined.

let firstName
console.log(firstName) // undefined, because it is not assigned to a value yet

Null
Null in JavaScript means an empty value.

let emptyValue = null

Checking Data Types

To check the data type of a certain variable, we use the typeof operator. See the
following example.

console.log(typeof 'Asabeneh') // string

console.log(typeof 5) // number
 console.log(typeof true) // boolean
console.log(typeof null) // object type
console.log(typeof undefined) // undefined

Comments Again
Remember that commenting in JavaScript is similar to other programming languages.
Comments are important in making your code more readable. There are two ways of
commenting:

● Single line commenting

● Multiline commenting

// commenting the code itself with a single comment

// let firstName = 'Asabeneh'; single line comment
// let lastName = 'Yetayeh'; single line comment

Multiline commenting:

/*
let location = 'Helsinki';
let age = 100;
let isMarried = true;
This is a Multiple line comment
*/

Variables
Variables are containers of data. Variables are used to store data in a memory location.
When a variable is declared, a memory location is reserved. When a variable is
assigned to a value (data), the memory space will be filled with that data. To declare a
variable, we use var, let, or const keywords.

For a variable that changes at a different time, we use let. If the data does not change at
all, we use const. For example, PI, country name, gravity do not change, and we can
use const. We will not use var in this challenge and I don't recommend you to use it. It is
error prone way of declaring variable it has lots of leak. We will talk more about var, let,
and const in detail in other sections (scope). For now, the above explanation is enough.

A valid JavaScript variable name must follow the following rules:

● A JavaScript variable name should not begin with a number.

 ● A JavaScript variable name does not allow special characters except dollar sign
and underscore.
● A JavaScript variable name follows a camelCase convention.
● A JavaScript variable name should not have space between words.

The following are examples of valid JavaScript variables.

firstName
lastName
country
city
capitalCity
age
isMarried

first_name
last_name
is_married
capital_city

num1
num_1
_num_1
$num1
year2020
year_2020

The first and second variables on the list follows the camelCase convention of declaring
in JavaScript. In this material, we will use camelCase variables(camelWithOneHump).
We use CamelCase(CamelWithTwoHump) to declare classes, we will discuss about
classes and objects in other section.

Example of invalid variables:

first-name
1_num
num_#_1

Let us declare variables with different data types. To declare a variable, we need to use
let or const keyword before the variable name. Following the variable name, we write an
equal sign (assignment operator), and a value(assigned data).

// Syntax
let nameOfVariable = value
The nameOfVriable is the name that stores different data of value. See below for detail
examples.

Examples of declared variables

// Declaring different variables of different data types

let firstName = 'Asabeneh' // first name of a person
let lastName = 'Yetayeh' // last name of a person
let country = 'Finland' // country
let city = 'Helsinki' // capital city
let age = 100 // age in years
let isMarried = true

console.log(firstName, lastName, country, city, age, isMarried)

Asabeneh Yetayeh Finland Helsinki 100 true

// Declaring variables with number values

let age = 100 // age in years
const gravity = 9.81 // earth gravity in m/s2
const boilingPoint = 100 // water boiling point, temperature in °C
const PI = 3.14 // geometrical constant
console.log(gravity, boilingPoint, PI)

9.81 100 3.14

// Variables can also be declaring in one line separated by comma, however I

recommend to use a seperate line to make code more readble
let name = 'Asabeneh', job = 'teacher', live = 'Finland'
console.log(name, job, live)

Asabeneh teacher Finland

When you run index.html file in the 01-Day folder you should get this:
 Data Types

In the previous section, we mentioned a little bit about data types. Data or values have
data types. Data types describe the characteristics of data. Data types can be divided
into two:

1. Primitive data types

2. Non-primitive data types(Object References)

Primitive Data Types

Primitive data types in JavaScript include:

1. Numbers - Integers, floats

2. Strings - Any data under single quote, double quote or backtick quote
3. Booleans - true or false value
4. Null - empty value or no value
5. Undefined - a declared variable without a value
6. Symbol - A unique value that can be generated by Symbol constructor
Non-primitive data types in JavaScript includes:

1. Objects
2. Arrays

Now, let us see what exactly primitive and non-primitive data types mean. Primitive data
types are immutable(non-modifiable) data types. Once a primitive data type is created
we cannot modify it.

Example:

let word = 'JavaScript'

If we try to modify the string stored in variable word, JavaScript should raise an error.
Any data type under a single quote, double quote, or backtick quote is a string data
type.

word[0] = 'Y'

This expression does not change the string stored in the variable word. So, we can say
that strings are not modifiable or in other words immutable. Primitive data types are
compared by its values. Let us compare different data values. See the example below:

let numOne = 3

let numTwo = 3

console.log(numOne == numTwo) // true

let js = 'JavaScript'

let py = 'Python'

console.log(js == py) //false

let lightOn = true

let lightOff = false

 console.log(lightOn == lightOff) // false

Non-Primitive Data Types

Non-primitive data types are modifiable or mutable. We can modify the value of
non-primitive data types after it gets created. Let us see by creating an array. An array
is a list of data values in a square bracket. Arrays can contain the same or different data
types. Array values are referenced by their index. In JavaScript array index starts at
zero. I.e., the first element of an array is found at index zero, the second element at
index one, and the third element at index two, etc.

let nums = [1, 2, 3]

nums[0] = 10

console.log(nums) // [10, 2, 3]

As you can see, an array, which is a non-primitive data type is mutable. Non-primitive
data types cannot be compared by value. Even if two non-primitive data types have the
same properties and values, they are not strictly equal.

let nums = [1, 2, 3]

let numbers = [1, 2, 3]

console.log(nums == numbers) // false

let userOne = {

name:'Asabeneh',

role:'teaching',

country:'Finland'

let userTwo = {

name:'Asabeneh',
role:'teaching',

country:'Finland'

console.log(userOne == userTwo) // false

Rule of thumb, we do not compare non-primitive data types. Do not compare arrays,
functions, or objects. Non-primitive values are referred to as reference types, because
they are being compared by reference instead of value. Two objects are only strictly
equal if they refer to the same underlying object.

let nums = [1, 2, 3]

let numbers = nums

console.log(nums == numbers) // true

let userOne = {

name:'Asabeneh',

role:'teaching',

country:'Finland'

let userTwo = userOne

console.log(userOne == userTwo) // true

If you have a hard time understanding the difference between primitive data types and
non-primitive data types, you are not the only one. Calm down and just go to the next
section and try to come back after some time. Now let us start the data types by number
type.
Numbers
Numbers are integers and decimal values which can do all the arithmetic operations.
Let's see some examples of Numbers.

Declaring Number Data Types

let age = 35

const gravity = 9.81 // we use const for non-changing values, gravitational

constant in m/s2

let mass = 72 // mass in Kilogram

const PI = 3.14 // pi a geometrical constant

// More Examples

const boilingPoint = 100 // temperature in oC, boiling point of water which is

a constant

const bodyTemp = 37 // oC average human body temperature, which is a

constant

console.log(age, gravity, mass, PI, boilingPoint, bodyTemp)

Math Object
In JavaScript the Math Object provides a lots of methods to work with numbers.

const PI = Math.PI

console.log(PI) // 3.141592653589793

// Rounding to the closest number

// if above .5 up if less 0.5 down rounding

console.log(Math.round(PI)) // 3 to round values to the nearest
number

console.log(Math.round(9.81)) // 10

console.log(Math.floor(PI)) // 3 rounding down

console.log(Math.ceil(PI)) // 4 rounding up

console.log(Math.min(-5, 3, 20, 4, 5, 10)) // -5, returns the minimum value

console.log(Math.max(-5, 3, 20, 4, 5, 10)) // 20, returns the maximum value

const randNum = Math.random() // creates random number between 0 to 0.999999

console.log(randNum)

// Let us create random number between 0 to 10

const num = Math.floor(Math.random () * 11) // creates random number between 0

and 10

console.log(num)

//Absolute value

console.log(Math.abs(-10)) // 10

//Square root

console.log(Math.sqrt(100)) // 10
 console.log(Math.sqrt(2)) // 1.4142135623730951

// Power

console.log(Math.pow(3, 2)) // 9

console.log(Math.E) // 2.718

// Logarithm

// Returns the natural logarithm with base E of x, Math.log(x)

console.log(Math.log(2)) // 0.6931471805599453

console.log(Math.log(10)) // 2.302585092994046

// Returns the natural logarithm of 2 and 10 respectively

console.log(Math.LN2) // 0.6931471805599453

console.log(Math.LN10) // 2.302585092994046

// Trigonometry

Math.sin(0)

Math.sin(60)

Math.cos(0)

Math.cos(60)

Random Number Generator

The JavaScript Math Object has a random() method number generator which generates
number from 0 to 0.999999999...
 let randomNum = Math.random() // generates 0 to 0.999...

Now, let us see how we can use random() method to generate a random number
between 0 and 10:

let randomNum = Math.random() // generates 0 to 0.999

let numBtnZeroAndTen = randomNum * 11

console.log(numBtnZeroAndTen) // this gives: min 0 and max 10.99

let randomNumRoundToFloor = Math.floor(numBtnZeroAndTen)

console.log(randomNumRoundToFloor) // this gives between 0 and 10

Strings
Strings are texts, which are under single , double, back-tick quote. To declare a string,
we need a variable name, assignment operator, a value under a single quote, double
quote, or backtick quote. Let's see some examples of strings:

let space = ' ' // an empty space string

let firstName = 'Asabeneh'

let lastName = 'Yetayeh'

let country = 'Finland'

let city = 'Helsinki'

let language = 'JavaScript'

let job = 'teacher'

let quote = "The saying,'Seeing is Believing' is not correct in 2020."

let quotWithBackTick = `The saying,'Seeing is Believing' is not correct in

2020.`

String Concatenation
 Connecting two or more strings together is called concatenation. Using the strings
declared in the previous String section:

let fullName = firstName + space + lastName; // concatenation, merging two

string together.

console.log(fullName);

Asabeneh Yetayeh

We can concatenate strings in different ways.

Concatenating Using Addition Operator

Concatenating using the addition operator is an old way. This way of concatenating is
tedious and error-prone. It is good to know how to concatenate this way, but I strongly
suggest to use the ES6 template strings (explained later on).

// Declaring different variables of different data types

let space = ' '

let firstName = 'Asabeneh'

let lastName = 'Yetayeh'

let country = 'Finland'

let city = 'Helsinki'

let language = 'JavaScript'

let job = 'teacher'

let age = 250

let fullName =firstName + space + lastName

let personInfoOne = fullName + '. I am ' + age + '. I live in ' + country; //
ES5 string addition

console.log(personInfoOne)
 Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am 250. I live in Finland

Long Literal Strings

A string could be a single character or paragraph or a page. If the string length is too big
it does not fit in one line. We can use the backslash character (\) at the end of each line
to indicate that the string will continue on the next line. Example:

const paragraph = "My name is Asabeneh Yetayeh. I live in Finland, Helsinki.\

I am a teacher and I love teaching. I teach HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React,

Redux, \

Node.js, Python, Data Analysis and D3.js for anyone who is interested to learn.
\

In the end of 2019, I was thinking to expand my teaching and to reach \

to global audience and I started a Python challenge from November 20 - December

19.\

It was one of the most rewarding and inspiring experience.\

Now, we are in 2020. I am enjoying preparing the 30DaysOfJavaScript challenge

and \

I hope you are enjoying too."

console.log(paragraph)

Escape Sequences in Strings

In JavaScript and other programming languages \ followed by some characters is an

escape sequence. Let's see the most common escape characters:

● \n: new line

● \t: Tab, means 8 spaces
● \\: Back slash
● \': Single quote (')
● \": Double quote (")

console.log('I hope everyone is enjoying the 30 Days Of JavaScript

challenge.\nDo you ?') // line break

console.log('Days\tTopics\tExercises')
 console.log('Day 1\t3\t5')

console.log('Day 2\t3\t5')

console.log('Day 3\t3\t5')

console.log('Day 4\t3\t5')

console.log('This is a backslash symbol (\\)') // To write a backslash

console.log('In every programming language it starts with \"Hello, World!\"')

console.log("In every programming language it starts with \'Hello, World!\'")

console.log('The saying \'Seeing is Believing\' isn\'t correct in 2020')

Output in console:

I hope everyone is enjoying the 30 Days Of JavaScript challenge.

Do you ?

Days Topics Exercises

Day 1 3 5

Day 2 3 5

Day 3 3 5

Day 4 3 5

This is a backslash symbol (\)

In every programming language it starts with "Hello, World!"

In every programming language it starts with 'Hello, World!'

The saying 'Seeing is Believing' isn't correct in 2020

Template Literals (Template Strings)

To create a template strings, we use two back-ticks. We can inject data as expressions
inside a template string. To inject data, we enclose the expression with a curly
bracket({}) preceded by a $ sign. See the syntax below.

//Syntax

`String literal text`

`String literal text ${expression}`

Example: 1

console.log(`The sum of 2 and 3 is 5`) // statically writing the

data

let a = 2

let b = 3

console.log(`The sum of ${a} and ${b} is ${a + b}`) // injecting the data
dynamically

Example:2

let firstName = 'Asabeneh'

let lastName = 'Yetayeh'

let country = 'Finland'

let city = 'Helsinki'

let language = 'JavaScript'

let job = 'teacher'

let age = 250

let fullName = firstName + ' ' + lastName

let personInfoTwo = `I am ${fullName}. I am ${age}. I live in ${country}.`

//ES6 - String interpolation method

let personInfoThree = `I am ${fullName}. I live in ${city}, ${country}. I am a

${job}. I teach ${language}.`

console.log(personInfoTwo)

console.log(personInfoThree)

I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am 250. I live in Finland.

I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I live in Helsinki, Finland. I am a teacher. I teach

JavaScript.
 Using a string template or string interpolation method, we can add expressions, which
could be a value, or some operations (comparison, arithmetic operations, ternary
operation).

let a = 2

let b = 3

console.log(`${a} is greater than ${b}: ${a > b}`)

2 is greater than 3: false

String Methods
Everything in JavaScript is an object. A string is a primitive data type that means we can
not modify it once it is created. The string object has many string methods. There are
different string methods that can help us to work with strings.

1. length: The string length method returns the number of characters in a string
included empty space.

Example:

let js = 'JavaScript'

console.log(js.length) // 10

let firstName = 'Asabeneh'

console.log(firstName.length) // 8

2. Accessing characters in a string: We can access each character in a string using

its index. In programming, counting starts from 0. The first index of the string is
zero, and the last index is the length of the string minus one.
Let us access different characters in 'JavaScript' string.

let string = 'JavaScript'

let firstLetter = string[0]

console.log(firstLetter) // J

let secondLetter = string[1] // a

let thirdLetter = string[2]

let lastLetter = string[9]

console.log(lastLetter) // t

let lastIndex = string.length - 1

console.log(lastIndex) // 9

console.log(string[lastIndex]) // t

3. toUpperCase(): this method changes the string to uppercase letters.

let string = 'JavaScript'

console.log(string.toUpperCase()) // JAVASCRIPT

let firstName = 'Asabeneh'

console.log(firstName.toUpperCase()) // ASABENEH

let country = 'Finland'

console.log(country.toUpperCase()) // FINLAND

4. toLowerCase(): this method changes the string to lowercase letters.

let string = 'JavasCript'

console.log(string.toLowerCase()) // javascript

let firstName = 'Asabeneh'

console.log(firstName.toLowerCase()) // asabeneh

let country = 'Finland'

console.log(country.toLowerCase()) // finland

5. substr(): It takes two arguments, the starting index and number of characters to
slice.

let string = 'JavaScript'

console.log(string.substr(4,6)) // Script

let country = 'Finland'

console.log(country.substr(3, 4)) // land

6. substring(): It takes two arguments, the starting index and the stopping index but
it doesn't include the character at the stopping index.

let string = 'JavaScript'

console.log(string.substring(0,4)) // Java
console.log(string.substring(4,10)) // Script

console.log(string.substring(4)) // Script

let country = 'Finland'

console.log(country.substring(0, 3)) // Fin

console.log(country.substring(3, 7)) // land

console.log(country.substring(3)) // land

7. split(): The split method splits a string at a specified place.

let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript'

console.log(string.split()) // Changes to an array -> ["30 Days Of

JavaScript"]

console.log(string.split(' ')) // Split to an array at space -> ["30", "Days",

"Of", "JavaScript"]

let firstName = 'Asabeneh'

console.log(firstName.split()) // Change to an array - > ["Asabeneh"]

console.log(firstName.split('')) // Split to an array at each letter -> ["A",

"s", "a", "b", "e", "n", "e", "h"]

let countries = 'Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland'

console.log(countries.split(',')) // split to any array at comma ->

["Finland", " Sweden", " Norway", " Denmark", " and Iceland"]

console.log(countries.split(', ')) // ["Finland", "Sweden", "Norway",

"Denmark", "and Iceland"]
 8. trim(): Removes trailing space in the beginning or the end of a string.

let string = ' 30 Days Of JavaScript '

console.log(string)

console.log(string.trim(' '))

let firstName = ' Asabeneh '

console.log(firstName)

console.log(firstName.trim()) // still removes spaces at the beginning and the

end of the string

30 Days Of JavasCript

30 Days Of JavasCript

Asabeneh

Asabeneh

9. includes(): It takes a substring argument and it checks if substring argument

exists in the string. includes() returns a boolean. If a substring exist in a string, it
returns true, otherwise it returns false.

let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript'

console.log(string.includes('Days')) // true

console.log(string.includes('days')) // false - it is case sensitive!

console.log(string.includes('Script')) // true

console.log(string.includes('script')) // false

console.log(string.includes('java')) // false

console.log(string.includes('Java')) // true
let country = 'Finland'

console.log(country.includes('fin')) // false

console.log(country.includes('Fin')) // true

console.log(country.includes('land')) // true

console.log(country.includes('Land')) // false

10. replace(): takes as a parameter the old substring and a new substring.

string.replace(oldsubstring, newsubstring)

let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript'

console.log(string.replace('JavaScript', 'Python')) // 30 Days Of Python

let country = 'Finland'

console.log(country.replace('Fin', 'Noman')) // Nomanland

11. charAt(): Takes index and it returns the value at that index

string.charAt(index)

let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript'

console.log(string.charAt(0)) // 3

let lastIndex = string.length - 1

console.log(string.charAt(lastIndex)) // t

12. charCodeAt(): Takes index and it returns char code (ASCII number) of the value
at that index

string.charCodeAt(index)

let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript'

console.log(string.charCodeAt(3)) // D ASCII number is 68

let lastIndex = string.length - 1

console.log(string.charCodeAt(lastIndex)) // t ASCII is 116

13. indexOf(): Takes a substring and if the substring exists in a string it returns the
first position of the substring if does not exist it returns -1

string.indexOf(substring)

let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript'

console.log(string.indexOf('D')) // 3

console.log(string.indexOf('Days')) // 3

console.log(string.indexOf('days')) // -1

console.log(string.indexOf('a')) // 4

console.log(string.indexOf('JavaScript')) // 11

console.log(string.indexOf('Script')) //15

console.log(string.indexOf('script')) // -1

14. lastIndexOf(): Takes a substring and if the substring exists in a string it returns
the last position of the substring if it does not exist it returns -1

//syntax

string.lastIndexOf(substring)

let string = 'I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can
you love.'

console.log(string.lastIndexOf('love')) // 67

console.log(string.lastIndexOf('you')) // 63

console.log(string.lastIndexOf('JavaScript')) // 38

15. concat(): it takes many substrings and joins them.

string.concat(substring, substring, substring)

let string = '30'

console.log(string.concat("Days", "Of", "JavaScript")) // 30DaysOfJavaScript

let country = 'Fin'

console.log(country.concat("land")) // Finland

16. startsWith: it takes a substring as an argument and it checks if the string starts
with that specified substring. It returns a boolean(true or false).

//syntax

string.startsWith(substring)

let string = 'Love is the best to in this world'

console.log(string.startsWith('Love')) // true

console.log(string.startsWith('love')) // false

console.log(string.startsWith('world')) // false

let country = 'Finland'

console.log(country.startsWith('Fin')) // true

console.log(country.startsWith('fin')) // false

console.log(country.startsWith('land')) // false

17. endsWith: it takes a substring as an argument and it checks if the string ends
with that specified substring. It returns a boolean(true or false).

string.endsWith(substring)

let string = 'Love is the most powerful feeling in the world'

console.log(string.endsWith('world')) // true

console.log(string.endsWith('love')) // false

console.log(string.endsWith('in the world')) // true

let country = 'Finland'

console.log(country.endsWith('land')) // true

console.log(country.endsWith('fin')) // false

console.log(country.endsWith('Fin')) // false

18. search: it takes a substring as an argument and it returns the index of the first
match. The search value can be a string or a regular expression pattern.

string.search(substring)

let string = 'I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can
you love.'

console.log(string.search('love')) // 2

console.log(string.search(/javascript/gi)) // 7

19. match: it takes a substring or regular expression pattern as an argument and it

returns an array if there is match if not it returns null. Let us see how a regular
expression pattern looks like. It starts with / sign and ends with / sign.

let string = 'love'

let patternOne = /love/ // with out any flag

let patternTwo = /love/gi // g-means to search in the whole text, i - case

insensitive

Match syntax

// syntax

string.match(substring)
 let string = 'I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can
you love.'

console.log(string.match('love'))

["love", index: 2, input: "I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript
what else can you love.", groups: undefined]

let pattern = /love/gi

console.log(string.match(pattern)) // ["love", "love", "love"]

Let us extract numbers from text using a regular expression. This is not the regular
expression section, do not panic! We will cover regular expressions later on.

let txt = 'In 2019, I ran 30 Days of Python. Now, in 2020 I am super exited to
start this challenge'

let regEx = /\d+/

// d with escape character means d not a normal d instead acts a digit

// + means one or more digit numbers,

// if there is g after that it means global, search everywhere.

console.log(txt.match(regEx)) // ["2", "0", "1", "9", "3", "0", "2", "0", "2",
"0"]

console.log(txt.match(/\d+/g)) // ["2019", "30", "2020"]

20. repeat(): it takes a number as argument and it returns the repeated version of the
string.

string.repeat(n)

let string = 'love'

console.log(string.repeat(10)) // lovelovelovelovelovelovelovelovelovelove

Checking Data Types and Casting

Checking Data Types
To check the data type of a certain variable we use the typeof method.

Example:

// Different javascript data types

// Let's declare different data types

let firstName = 'Asabeneh' // string

let lastName = 'Yetayeh' // string

let country = 'Finland' // string

let city = 'Helsinki' // string

let age = 250 // number, it is not my real age, do not worry

about it

let job // undefined, because a value was not assigned

console.log(typeof 'Asabeneh') // string

console.log(typeof firstName) // string

console.log(typeof 10) // number

console.log(typeof 3.14) // number

console.log(typeof true) // boolean

console.log(typeof false) // boolean

console.log(typeof NaN) // number

console.log(typeof job) // undefined

console.log(typeof undefined) // undefined

console.log(typeof null) // object

Changing Data Type (Casting)

 ● Casting: Converting one data type to another data type. We use parseInt(),
parseFloat(), Number(), + sign, str() When we do arithmetic operations string
numbers should be first converted to integer or float if not it returns an error.

String to Int

We can convert string number to a number. Any number inside a quote is a string
number. An example of a string number: '10', '5', etc. We can convert string to number
using the following methods:

● parseInt()
● Number()
● Plus sign(+)

let num = '10'

let numInt = parseInt(num)

console.log(numInt) // 10

let num = '10'

let numInt = Number(num)

console.log(numInt) // 10

let num = '10'

let numInt = +num

console.log(numInt) // 10

String to Float

We can convert string float number to a float number. Any float number inside a quote is
a string float number. An example of a string float number: '9.81', '3.14', '1.44', etc. We
can convert string float to number using the following methods:

● parseFloat()
● Number()
● Plus sign(+)
 let num = '9.81'

let numFloat = parseFloat(num)

console.log(numFloat) // 9.81

let num = '9.81'

let numFloat = Number(num)

console.log(numFloat) // 9.81

let num = '9.81'

let numFloat = +num

console.log(numFloat) // 9.81

Float to Int

We can convert float numbers to integers. We use the following method to convert float
to int:

● parseInt()

let num = 9.81

let numInt = parseInt(num)

console.log(numInt) // 9